11

Inside this

issue:

American

Symbol

2

Weed of the 3

Walk on the Wild

Side

4

Chamberbitter 4

Gardening for

Independence

5

Book Review 6

Hidden Dangers 6

Puzzle Time 7

Events 8

Last Word 9

...for discerning weeders July, 2012

On a recent vacation trip my wife and I had the

pleasure of visiting the Gamboa Rainforest

Resort on the banks of the Chargres River in

Soberania National Park in Panama. As a Mas-

ter Gardener it is not unusual to be introduced

to plants I have never seen before. When I saw

these red things hanging from a tree, the first

impression was some kind of pepper giving

birth. The natural reaction was to ask our

guide, “what’s that?” To my surprise he an-

swered a cashew tree. It is the only fruit that

has its seed on the outside. Try the fruit, it is

delicious. It was very sweet and slightly acid

and had a sort of fuzzy aftertaste.

When I returned home the desire to learn more

about this strange plant was compelling. It sure

would be nice to grow one. It is classified as a

small tree (-32 ft.) and likes sandy soil. Howev-

er, it likes temperatures between 50F and 105F

and will not tolerate any frost. Since Crestview

is not in South Florida, that leaves me out.

Research showed that the red portion called

the “ cashew apple” is a pseudocarp or false

fruit. It is a swollen stem that only enlarges

after the true fruit, the kidney shaped drupe

that hangs below has developed. The skin of

the apple is very fragile and cannot survive

transporting, therefore it is unknown to those

living outside of the tropics. It only lasts about

two weeks on the tree and then falls. Some rot

and others germinate.

Fortunately during my taste testing, I did not

attempt to try the nut part. It contains a caustic

substance inside the double shell that can blis-

ter the mouth. This is urushiol, a toxin also

found in poison ivy to which the cashew is re-

lated. Roasting destroys this toxin but this

must be done outdoors since the smoke con-

tains the chemical. The process of preparing

the nuts for consumption appears to be a labor

intensified task. Many growers concentrate

strictly on the apple and throw away the nuts.

No wonder they cost so much.

DON’T FORGET!

July meeting is on the

11th of the month!

Log in your hours!

WHAT’S THAT? By Bob Bayer

22

A PROUD AMERICAN SYMBOL By Linda Meyers

Our stars and stripes, Statue of Liberty, Uncle Sam, and Liberty

Bell are just a few of the American symbols we treasure. June 20,

1782 the bald eagle was chosen as the emblem of the USA and in

1789 became our country's official bird. The bald eagle is also a

sacred bird in some North American cultures, and are central to

many religious and spiritual customs among Native Americans.

So this month I thought it would be interesting to learn some

facts about the bald eagle.

Following severe decreases in population size, several federal

and state regulations were put in place to protect the bald eagle

including placing them on the list of federally endangered and

threatened species in 1978. Also all domestic use of the pesticide

Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) was banned. This

increased protection has led to the species recovery in Florida. In

2007 and 2008, the bald eagle was removed from the USFWS

endangered species list and the FWC imperiled species list. But

the bald eagle, their eggs and nesting sites continue to be pro-

tected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act and FWC's bald eagle rule (F.A.C. 68A

-16.002). Florida now has one of the densest concentrations of

nesting eagles in the lower 48 states, with over 1,000 nesting

pairs. Concentrations of nesting territories are clustered around

several significant wetland systems throughout the state.

The Bald Eagle is a powerful flier, and soars on thermal convec-

tion currents. It reaches speeds 35–43 mph when gliding and

flapping, and about 30 mph while carrying fish. Its dive speed is

between 75–99 mph, though it seldom dives vertically. It is a

large bird, with a body length of 28–40 in. The wingspan is typi-

cally between 5.9 and 7.5 ft and mass is usually between 5.5 and

15 lb. Females are about 25 percent larger than males, averaging

13 lb with the males' average weight of 9.0 lb. The bald eagle in

Florida can be slightly smaller.

The sexes are indistinguishable by their plumage. Adults are

dark brown with a white head and tail. The eyes, bill, legs, and

feet are yellow. Juveniles are dark brown overall with white

mottling or spots on the belly, tail, and under the wings. The

eyes are dark brown and the bill is gray to black. The plumage of

subadults, or birds which have not quite reached adult status, is

highly variable, according to age, with a decreasing amount of

white on the body and an increasing amount of white on the

head and tail attained with each successive shedding of feathers.

The eyes and bill turn yellow during the eagle's fourth year, and

full adult plumage is attained during the bird's fifth or sixth year.

The record lifespan for a bald eagle in the wild is 28 years.

Bald eagles are opportunistic foragers, feeding or scavenging on

a wide variety of prey. Primary prey of eagles in Florida includes

various fish and waterfowl species. Prey from one study was

composed of 78 percent fish, 17 percent birds, three percent

mammals, and one percent amphibians and reptiles. Most prey

is captured from the surface of the water, but bald eagles often

harass ospreys in flight to drop fish that they have captured.

Bald eagles in Florida also scavenge carcasses along roadways or

garbage at landfills.

Bald eagles use forested habitats for nesting and roosting, and

expanses of shallow fresh or salt water for foraging. Nesting hab-

itat generally consists of densely forested areas of mature trees

that are isolated from human disturbance. Daytime roosts are

generally in "super canopy" trees which poke above most trees in

the forest and are adjacent to shorelines. The greatest numbers

of bald eagle nesting territories in Florida are found along the

Gulf coast and around some of the larger inland lakes and river

systems in the peninsula.

Bald eagles are highly social outside of the nesting season, but

are extremely territorial when nesting. They are capable of

breeding as early as their fourth year. Bald eagles are thought to

be monogamous, with a pair of eagles possibly bonding for sev-

eral years. In Florida bald eagles begin building a nest in late

September or early October. Eagles can begin laying eggs as ear-

ly as October or as late as April. Nest sites tend to be built near

the edges of eagle habitats such as in a living tree that offers a

view of the surrounding area and that can support the eagle's

often sizable nest. This includes pine trees, cypress trees, man-

groves, or great blue heron nests, artificial structures such as

communication towers, transmission towers, and raptor nesting

platforms, and very rarely on the ground.

Nearly all bald eagle nests in Florida are built within 2 miles of

water. Bald eagle nests are spaced apart to ensure sufficient food

resources for nestlings and to raise young with minimal disturb-

ance from other eagles. Most nests contain clutches of two eggs.

Incubation lasts about 35 days. Nestlings in Florida fledge from

the nest, at around 11 weeks of age and remain with their parents

near the nest for an additional 4-11 weeks. Fledglings begin to fly

regularly in the vicinity of the nest before initial dispersal, which

occurs from April to July.

Most of Florida's breeding bald eagles, especially those nesting

in the extreme southern peninsula, remain in the state year-

round, but most subadults, or birds not quite fully grown, and

non-breeding adults migrate out of Florida. Eagles migrate

northward between April and August and return southward from

late July through late December. Florida's bald eagles use three

migration flyways - the Atlantic coast, Appalachian Mountains,

and the Mississippi River valley - with equal frequency, and they

use stopover sites for resting or foraging. Eagles also exhibit no-

madic wandering, mostly by subadults. Northern-breeding bald

eagles winter in Florida occasionally.

President John F. Kennedy wrote: "The Founding Fathers made

an appropriate choice when they selected the bald eagle as the

emblem of the nation. The fierce beauty and proud independ-

ence of this great bird aptly symbolizes the strength and freedom

of America."

Sources of Information: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation

Commission, The Bald Eagle - An American Emblem -

baldeagleinfo.com, The Bald Eagle - Wikipedia

33

Weed of the Month The Spurges of Summer by Jenny Gillis

Euphorbia maculata [Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small or Euphorbia maculata Prostrate spurge is a late-germinating, low growing, mat-producing summer

annual. It is very often found in fields, gardens, turf, waste areas and in un-

irrigated bark mulch common to parking lot tree islands, sidewalk crevices

and boulevards. It tolerates some shade but thrives in harsh full-sun baked

sites. Prostrate spurge develops a central taproot from which prostrate stems

form a flat, extensively branched mat up to 2 feet in diameter. The reddish

somewhat hairy stems produce milky-white latex when broken or injured -

similar to dandelion. Prostrate spurge flowers are pinkish, very small and

inconspicuous. They are cup-shaped and develop in terminal clusters or leaf

axils. They usually occur June to October.

Spotted spurge is a summer annual with a taproot; it has an open and prostrate

mat-forming growth habit. It branches freely from the base. The reddish or green

prostrate stems often choke out desirable turfgrasses. Once established, each

plant forms a thick mat that can be up to 3 feet in diameter. Its hairy, reddish

stems branch out from a central point and carry many tiny, oval leaves. When

the stems are broken they emit a milky juice.

The leaves are opposite and vary in color from a pale reddish-green to a dark

green but usually have a conspicuous maroon blotch. Spotted spurge may flower

within three to four weeks after emerging in mid-summer. Flowers are very

small, pinkish-white, inconspicuous, and borne in the leaf axils. The fruit, a three-lobed capsule, develops rapidly.

Spurge spreads quickly throughout weak areas in your lawn. A single plant can produce several thousand seeds,

which are small and can remain dormant in the soil until conditions are suitable for germination (sprouting). Even

though it is a summer annual, late-season seeds can sprout next spring af-

ter lying dormant during cold temperatures. This warm- weather pest be-

gins seed production a mere 5 weeks after germination, so early detection

and treatment is key.

Spurge germinates best when temperatures are 75° to 85°F, but germina-

tion can occur at temperatures as low as 60°F and as high as 100°F. When

moisture is available, germination can occur from February through Sep-

tember. Light also is a requirement for maximum germination; seeds bur-

ied deeper than 1/2 inch won’t germinate well. Plants that germinate early

in spring in cool conditions can remain as small seedlings until tempera-

tures are more desirable for growth.

These spurges are classified as summer broadleaf annuals. That means

you can control it two ways: by applying an appropriate pre-emergent chemical in spring or by spot-spraying each

clump with a broadleaf weed killer when you notice it. The weed is also easy to pull by hand.

http://tinyurl.com/7lubrp5

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44

A Walk on the Wild Side Linda Meyers

July -the dog-days of summer, Independence Day celebrations, and great wildlife activity in our area to look forward to:

Birds

Shorebird migration starts in mid-July, peaking in August. Swallow-tailed kites begin gather-

ing as do purple martins and tree swallows in preparation for migrating south for the winter.

Look out for nesting shorebirds, and keep your vehicles and dogs from disturbing them.

Amphibians/Reptiles

Later this month, young alligators and crocodiles will begin to hatch. Listen for Eastern nar-

rowmouth toads ("waaa", like a baying sheep) after heavy rains. Treefrogs are laying eggs

which hatch into tadpoles in about 5 days.

Insects

Mosquitoes and chiggers are abundant, so watch out while you're camping or working in the yard. Female mosquitoes

feed on blood to help their eggs develop into offspring. When they bite, they re-

lease saliva into the bite area. Allergic reactions to the saliva cause the itchy

bumps and swollen hives some people get after being bitten. If a mosquito is car-

rying a virus, that virus can be transferred to humans through the mosquitoʼs

saliva. Mosquito-borne diseases currently of public health concern in Florida in-

clude St. Louis encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, West Nile virus encepha-

litis, and dengue.

Mammals

Gray squirrels are being born. Baby raccoons, foxes, armadillos, possums, and bobcats leave dens and begin following

parents.

Plants

Scrub morning glory and butterfly weed begin to bloom.

CHAMBERBITTER IS BITTER! By Bill Buckellew

In my never-ending quest to find a

use for our favorite weed and discover

new culinary delights, I made a cup of

Chamberbitter tea recently. In other

countries, folks drink it as an herbal

health aid. It’s supposed to help liver

and kidney function and probably oth-

er stuff as well. The technique was

simple: Pull it up, dry it out, and steep

it in hot water for a while. The results

were less than spectacular. The stuff

tastes like the medicine it’s purported

to be. I got through a quarter cup be-

fore giving up. This is not to say you

wouldn’t like it; some of you even eat

broccoli and liver, so try it yourself if

you’re brave enough. My plan

was to like it so much that I

would bring it to a future

meeting and serve it, but I

think I’ll let you be the judge.

Meanwhile, I’m looking for

another recipe.

Ed Note: Discovered that

‘organic’ chamberbitter sells

for about $180 in a 4 gram

bag....mail order.....from

India.....we are in the WRONG line of

work!

55

I thought this would be a catchy title for a series of articles beginning-when else?- around the Fourth of July, the idea being that raising and preserving one's own food is an obvi-ous means to self-sufficiency and independence. There are many aspects of gardening for independence that are less obvious but also important and include such things as buy-ing locally-raised produce when possible, thus reducing our dependence on the transportation grid. Conserving water and other resources either in the raising of our own food or by purchasing from those who use best management prac-tices is another important component of gardening for in-dependence. These are all things that we can think about and incorporate into our lives as master gardeners and in the help and advice we give to the public. The first thing I discovered is that my catchy title has al-ready been taken by other writers. There is even a book out called “Gardening for Independence” (which I have not read). In any case, it's a great concept and it's something I've been giving a lot of thought to ever since I wrote the newsletter articles on the Victory Gardens of WWI and II. While researching those articles on how they did it during the world wars, I acquired a new contemporary hero in the form of a guy who lives in Pasadena, CA and gardens on about a tenth of an acre: http://urbanhomestead.org/ On his little urban postage-stamp of land, he manages to raise about 6,000 lbs of produce a year! I don't personally aspire to raising 3 tons of produce per year but I remain dazzled by the possibilities of what one CAN do with a small amount of land. Most of my ½ acre yard is already devoted to ornamental gardening, ponds and swimming pool, as well as some natural habitat for birds, turtles, etc. Not wishing to get rid of any of that, I've set aside a mostly overgrown and neglected portion of the yard and am devel-oping plans for doing some very intensive gardening there, using raised beds and lots of vertical space. This year is devoted to clearing brush and constructing the raised beds and trellises. I hope to get the beds into production over the winter (how lucky we are to live in Florida!) and to really get it producing next spring. I bought a couple of books that have been useful. One is the “All New Square Foot Gardening” by Mel Bartholomew. This is an updated version of a book that has been around for decades and it always seemed somewhat 'gimmicky' to me. I never had any real interest in the concept of square foot gardening until I started sizing up the area I intend to devote to intensive food production and thinking about how to maximize the use of that small space. It was then that the idea of placing actual square foot grids on the raised beds began to make sense to me, from the stand-point of using limited gardening space very precisely and efficiently. So, I plan to construct a few of the square foot grids and experiment with using them as guidelines for planting my raised beds in the coming months. Another useful book is called “Vertical Vegetables and Fruit-Creative Gardening Techniques for Growing Up in Small Spaces” by Rhonda Massingham Hart. Because if you lack horizontal space for maximizing your production, where do you go? Up, of course! The book is full of lots of good ad-vice and tips for building and using trellises and other ver-

tical supports and has given me some great ideas for 'growing up'. There are also a lot of good ideas to be found on the 'net and here are two that I plan to modify and use in my intensive garden: http://www.pvcplans.com/trellis.htm This structure is much larger than I need but I like the sturdy PVC construction ideas and, more than that, I really like the idea of growing my cucumbers (or other vines) in recycled plastic pots. That impresses me as a great way to re-use the many planting pots we all accumulate every year. It should also be an excellent way to provide good, rich soil for the vines to grow in, much better than the less than ideal conditions that exist in my planned 'intensive' area. So that's a pretty exciting idea. I also came upon several sites offering plans (for sale) for a strawberry pyramid. I like free plans best so I searched until I found these instructions: http://runnerduck.com/strawberry_tree.htm After years of very limited success at growing strawberries here (using everything from ceramic strawberry pots to grow-bags) I spent some time studying the procedures that Akers of Strawberries in Baker uses very successfully to produce a lot of good strawberries. It seems pretty clear to me that the best way to grow straw-berries in our area is to copy Akers' success and grow them as annuals, getting them started in mid to late winter for a planned harvest in April-May. With limited space, a vertical growing method seems like a natural and a cedar tower should be a practical and attractive addition to the inten-sive garden. I hope to find time to build the tower and get strawberry plants started this winter. Along with producing more food comes the need to pre-serve that food for future use. Lacking freezer space and not owning a food dehydrator, my method of choice for preserving food is canning. With all these great plans for increasing my home-grown produce next year, I haven’t been a slacker this year! With my small herb garden on the patio and my usual half-dozen tomato plants and peppers in containers, as well as several citrus trees and blueberry plants in containers, my garden has been surprisingly pro-ductive! I’ve canned tomatoes, salsa, and blueberry jam, all from my own harvest, and made blackberry jam from wild blackberries that we picked. I’ve also made several forays into some of the local farmers’ markets and grocery stores and bought a lot of fresh produce that I’ve canned. It’s been a fun and interesting endeavor that has monopolized my life for the past month and given us a pantry full of food for the winter. Or in case the world as we know it ceases to ex-ist, whichever comes first. ‘Adventures in Canning’ will be the subject of my next article. In the meantime, if any of our Master Gardeners have experiences or suggestions to offer for in-creasing food production from small spaces, please send them to me: tkharper@cox.net and I'll share them here.

GARDENING FOR INDEPENDENCE By Karen Harper

66

BOOK REVIEW By Ed Smith

WHAT A PLANT KNOWS, By Daniel Chamovitz, Ph.D.

The title may appear more esoteric than scientific but let me assure you the infor-

mation is all science based and is easily read by the nonscientists. Daniel

Chamovitz is the Director of the Manna Center for Plant Biosciences at Tel Aviv

University. His research in the biological processes of plants spans more than

twenty years. The book was published by Scientific American.

You may wonder how the term “knows” could be applied to plants as there is no

detectable nervous system or brain to act as a central control. The answer lies in

the human limitations in understanding a different life form. Knowing in this case

is used to verify the detection of and response to external stimuli. The anthropo-

morphic terms allow us to better formulate a concept with which we may more eas-

ily comprehend the family of plants. The five senses, normally attributed to the

animal kingdom, are therefore used to explore and explain “What a Plant Knows.”

There are chapters on sight, sound, touch, smell and even memory. Others men-

tion the awareness of plants and the commonalities within our genomes. Reading

this may even alter your own awareness and attitude. While the body of the book is

small (149 pages ) there are copious footnotes and references for the inquisitive

reader. The website www.danielchamovitz.com also provides additional infor-

mation about the author. When seeking the book you may find this ISBN helpful.

ISBN 978-0-374-28873-0

HIDDEN DANGERS By Bob Bayer

Have you ever wondered what the oth-er ingredients were in your bag of ferti-lizer? If a product says 15-0-15, we know there is 15% nitrogen and 15% potassium but what is the additional 70%? It is interesting to note that nei-ther the federal government nor most states require fertilizer manufacturers to disclose what harmful ingredients may be present. The fertilizer makers only need to list items that are claimed to be beneficial. A recent speaker at our Master Gar-dener meeting spoke of the wonderful success he had with “ Ironite” to ferti-lize his container grown vegetables and flowers. He claimed that unlike other fertilizer, it didn’t matter how much you used, it wouldn’t burn your plants. This is probably right. Ironite is intend-ed as a supplement to a regular fertili-zation program and may not, by itself, provide all the nutrients normally re-quired. It is low in nitrogen and potas-sium (1-0-1) but is loaded with micro-nutrients. Now for the bad news and hopefully this has changed. Ironite was and still may be made from mining waste gen-erated by the Iron King Mine in Arizo-

na. In 1998, the state of Oregon tested Ironite and found it classified as haz-ardous waste due to levels of arsenic in the product. An undated report stated that according to the Ironite Products Company and published by Washing-ton State Department of Agriculture, it contained 4380 parts per million arse-nic and 2940 ppm of lead. The compa-ny claimed the product was safe be-cause the chemicals were tightly bound and not absorbed by the body. Wash-ington State disagrees. They claim 81% of the lead and 36% of the arsenic is bioavailable. No fertilizer label, including Ironite, is required to advise users to take precau-tion during or after use of their prod-uct, such as keeping children and pets away from treated areas or washing hands and clothing after exposure.

WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW COULD BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH.

Ed Note: As with ANY chemical, you should ALWAYS read the instructions and take the proper safety precautions to prevent accidental exposure.

Please!

Check the conditions BEFORE you

go in the water!

Make sure family, friends, and

visitors pay attention to the flags

and life guards!

77

ACROSS

4. White sand

7. Dog Days of

8. Red, White and Blue

9. A place for ants

10. Our National Bird

14. Under windows

15. Summer day meal

16. Marching bands

17. Army, Navy, etc.

19. Light up the sky

22. Let it ring

23. Waving in the breeze

24. Bunting, streamers

DOWN

1. No cooking in the kitchen

2. Tents and weenie roasts

3. It’s not the heat, it’s the

4. The South is famous for it

5. Our weather during the summer

6. A way to cool off

11. Where you put the charcoal

12. We get a lot of this

13. What we celebrate

15. A box of fun that ‘sparkles’

18. What we hope doesn’t break on a hot day

19. Pulled by trucks

20. Red flags are out, dangerous

21. Where weeds grow

88

YES, IT’S HOT

Yes, it’s sticky

without your help

the nursery will

get icky!

There is still work

to do even though

the weather is hot

and humid!

Even giving one

hour would help!

Head on down to

the nursery and

lend a hand!

99

Your member site:

www.ocmgamembers.org

The Foundation for the Gator

Nation.....An equal opportunity

institution.

LAST WORD Marg Stewart

Have pictures or an idea for

an article?

Send it in!

Articles and pictures are

always welcome.

I got it into my head the other day that

I was going to make cheese. Mozzarella

to be exact. I mean really, how hard

could it be? The directions looked fairly

straight forward so I made the trip to

the store for the necessary supplies.

Upon returning home, I discovered at

the end of the recipe was the fact that

you can’t use ultra-pasteurized milk.

Did I also mention that this whole thing

requires TWO GALLONS? Thankfully,

powdered milk would work. Okay, fine,

now I have everything.

I follow all the instructions, pull the

resulting mass like you’re supposed to

and ended up with....drum roll....a hunk

of mozzarella that wasn’t even as big as

a softball.

Did I mention that it was two gallons

of milk?

Then it was on to additional rain bar-

rel installation. I mean, there is a tropi-

cal storm brewing and indications are

that we’ll get something out of this. The

clock is ticking right?

In order to start, I have to move the

current rain barrel and....WHAT is that

smell? Great. A squirrel has gotten in

there and didn’t fare well. UGH! It real-

ly is amazing how long you can hold

your breath when you have to deal with

something like that.

Mid way through the install I discover

that I didn’t have the right connector so

it’s off to the store to try and find a cou-

pling that will marry 1/4” to 1/2” with

threads on the 1/4” side. An hour later,

finding out that the part doesn’t exist

and having to puzzle a few others to-

gether, I have something that will work

and the storm is still brewing.

Back home, finish the install just as it

begins to rain.....for 10 minutes. That’s

it....10 minutes. The storm heads else-

where and I have a very nice, dry set of

rain barrels.

Okay, time to just take a breather and

regroup. Frustration level has reached

it’s peak (keep in mind I’m sparing you

from all the other mini and major disas-

ters of the week).

Sitting here, I got to thinking about

frustration. Why was I frustrated about

the cheese? Well, for starters the info

about the milk really should have been

at the beginning of the instructions

BUT if I had read them completely to

begin with—problem avoided. Granted,

it was a small hunk of cheese but it was

awfully good.

The squirrel in the rain barrel? Well, I

can’t control the actions of squirrels

and since there were 7 in my yard the

following morning, it sure didn’t impact

the population around here. Yes, it was

disgusting and smelly but solvable.

The hassle of getting a part? Okay,

most of the problem was previous part

seekers not putting things back where

they found them. Again, something I

can’t control. I did manage to get some-

thing that would work and face it, we

will get rain and the barrels will get

filled.

So, I guess the frustration is of my own

doing. How often do we get frustrated

when it’s something we can’t control to

begin with or just because something

isn’t going to happen on our own sched-

ule?

I’ll make cheese again (after all, it was

good) but will be wiser about the out-

come. I’ll double check rain barrels to

make sure that critters can’t gain en-

trance, and if they do, I’ll deal with it.

In the meantime, I’ve gotten a few

more tomatoes out of the garden and

the rest of the harvest is coming in. I’ll

have plenty of storage space when the

rain does come and even have an extra

pump to help with the watering. When

you get right down to it, we don’t have

much time to waste on being frustrated,

now do we?

Marg Stewart—Editor

Shari Farrell, Karen Harper

and

Linda Meyers—Co-Editors