julie babinard , world bank kinnon scott, world bank
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What Can Existing Household Surveys Tell Us about Gender and Transportation in Developing Countries?. Julie Babinard , World Bank Kinnon Scott, World Bank. Transport, Development and Women. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What Can Existing Household Surveys Tell Us
about Gender and Transportation in
Developing Countries?Julie Babinard, World BankKinnon Scott, World Bank
Access to affordable, reliable and safe transport is critical element for economic growth and poverty reduction
Transport planning typically not addressing differences in men and women travel needs
Social and economic roles of women:◦ Earnings opportunities (jobs, markets )◦ Household and domestic work (Child-rearing;
resources & food)◦ Access to social and health services
Transport, Development and Women
Access to fewer transport choices ◦ (Venter et al. 2007; Odufuwa 2007; Srinivasan 2002)
Spend more on transport ◦ (Kamuhanda and Schmidt 2009; Srinavasan 2002)
Complex travel patterns ◦ (Anand and Tiwari 2006; Odufuwa 2005; Abidemi 2002;
Rosenbloom 1995; Malmberg-Calvo 1994; Hanson and Hanson 1980;)
Quality and security concerns◦ (Okoko 2007)
Women’s travel patterns and mobility constraints
1. Access to transport by women2. Affordability3. Journey length and reasons for travel4. Quality of transport
How to fill in the gaps?
Knowledge and data gapsin gender and transport
“Stand alone” surveys of transport users or households◦ Costly to carry out ◦ Often one-off (not part of any system of data
collection in a country)◦ Urban
National household surveys ◦ Many countries carry out a range of surveys◦ Comparable across time, or across countries
Can existing household surveys in developing countries inform transportation policy?
Data sources
Variety of surveys are carried out Selection criteria:
Frequency of implementation (across countries and across time)
Data collected at the individual level Our assessment, a priori, of potential
usefulness
National Household Surveys
Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS)
Income and Expenditure /Household Budget Surveys (IES/HBS)
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS
National Household Surveys
Goal new, better quality data for public policy research on household behavior, household-policy interactions
Focus on welfare- (multi-topic) --causes Data on individuals and households Complementary data on community,
prices, facilities
Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS)
Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS)
Income and Expenditure /Household Budget Surveys (IES/HBS)
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS
National Household Surveys
Goal household expenditures, weights for consumer price indices, inputs for national accounts
Some demographics, education and employment data
Data are always collected at the household level Some contain individual expenditure diaries. Frequent: annually in Eastern Europe, every five
years in other parts Latin America, for ex.
Income and Expenditure/ Household Budget Surveys (IES/HBS)
Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS)
Income and Expenditure /Household Budget Surveys (IES/HBS)
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS
National Household Surveys
Goal data for policy on health, primarily maternal and infant health, fertility, family planning, nutrition, assets, education
Data at individual level and household level
Implemented systematically in many developing countries, multiple rounds
Comparable across countries and time
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
Living Standards Measurement Study Surveys (LSMS)
Income and Expenditure /Household Budget Surveys (IES/HBS)
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS)
National Household Surveys
Goal monitor progress on the goals adopted at the 1990 World Summit for Children, look at children and their welfare, indicators
Includes topics such as nutrition, child health and mortality, literacy, child protection, etc.
Major international effort- over 100 countries, multiple rounds
Comparability across countries and some add-ons allowed
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
LSMS: community level data to paved and unpaved roads; existence of bus service ◦ Caveat: not on individual preference or expenditure Overall use or demand for individual transport cannot be
determined
HBS/IES: individual expenditures on modes of transport; by rural and urban areas◦ Caveat: may have no disaggregation per trip type or number of
trips takenInability to assess mode shares and individual demand as (a)
costs related to mode use are aggregated ; (b) movements with no immediate expenditures not recorded (walking; bicycle) and (c) expenditures not equal to trips (private vehicles)
(1) Transport access and use
HSB/IES: Individual expenditure data by male and female on transport; type of mode used; number of trips◦ Caveat: Specific data on number of trips is not
always available unless collected in specific individual diaries/’open’ questionnaires
No conclusion can be drawn on whether one form of transport is more or less expensive for men or women
(2) Transport affordability
LSMS: Individual data on mode of transport, trip purposes and costs for access to education and health facilities, labor-related activities (but not necessarily across countries) individual data allows disaggregation of data according to gender and provides
reasons for not using health care (distance; lack of transport as options)
DHS: individual data on reasons for not using health care (distance; lack of transport as options)opportunities for geo-referencing with national surveys
MICS: Types of transport and mode owned and used for accessing social and economic activities (education; domestic and household chores – water & food)◦ Caveat: mainly household data availableOpportunity for custom-questionnaire and questions on reasons for not
attending school; not registering children’s birth (distance and travel time as options)
(3) Journey length and reasons for travel
The four survey types provide some information on transport access, affordability, trip purposes
No information on quality or safety Benefits of the four survey types
National level data sets Ability to link transport use with welfare
status, human capital Ability to track changes over time for
specific groups Not a substitute for transport specific
surveys
Conclusions
Incorporate additional questions to surveys with focus on gender and transport
Systematize questions as much as possible (International Household Survey Network)
Seek IES/HBS data that is disaggregated by expenditure
Investigate existing data sources before designing full transport survey
Recommendations
LSMShttp://www.worldbank.org/lsms/ IES/HBShttp://www.measuredhs.com MICShttp://www.unicef.org/statistics/index_24302.htmlhttp://www.childinfo.org/mics3_surveys.html
Additional resources
Brazil: Type of expenditure by women and men, Brazil
(% of men and women that made each type of expenditure per week)
Source: POF 2002/2003, calculations by authors
Males Females All
Bus or taxi 34.4 39.9 37.2
School Bus 9.4 9.4 9.4
Private car 6.4 6.9 6.7
Bicycle 1.4 0.6 1.0
Boat 0.9 0.6 0.8
Horse 0.3 0.3 0.3
Walk 47.1 42.3 44.6
Other 0.1 0.1 0.1
Mode of Transport to School: Panama 2003
Source: Encuesta de Niveles de Vida,calculations by authors