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Principles and Mechanics of Water (Quality) (Risk ) Management On Mine Sites

Presented by :

Dr. Michael ten Lohuis(Ph.D. MEng. Sci. MIEAus (Chem), MASM)

8‐Jul‐15

Water Treatment Services Our Trained Staff provides assistance with expertise in the following areas:

Services Methods and Areas of ApplicationsSystem, Process and Regulatory Compliance Audits

Mining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental

Tailored Treatment Concept DesignMining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental

Custom Formulations, Bench and Pilot Testing, Treatment Validation and Evaluation Mining, Industrial, Municipal/Power Utilities, Environmental

Process Engineering Batching and Process Control Equipment, Chlorine Dioxide Generators,SCD‐controllers

Real Time Process MonitoringOn‐line Remote Monitoring of chemical and physical parameters; Data Interpretation, Process adjustments

Water Quality Modelling (species fate, scaling, corrosion indices etc.) Using various “State of the Art” modelling software packages

Customer specific service programs As required by site‐specifications, standards and regulatory compliance schedules

2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)8‐Jul‐15

Water Treatment Services

Product Typical Uses

Biocides Cooling circuits, Cooling Towers, Municipal

Anti‐ScalentsMining, Industrial, Power Generation, RO, Filtration

Dispersants Cooling circuits, Mining, Municipal

Deposit Inhibitors Industrial, Mining

Oxygen Scavengers Power/Steam Generation

Chemical Cleaning Agents Power/ Steam Generation, RO, Filtration

Process Chemicals (Soda Ash, HCl,H2SO4, Na OH) Industrial, Mining, Power Generation

Flocculants and Coagulants Industrial, Mining, Municipal, Power Generation

Corrosion Inhibitors Industrial, Mining, Municipal, Power Generation

Foam Control Agents Industrial

As a “Speciality Water Treatment Chemical Manufacturer” and Water Treatment Service Provider we design, supply, deliver and apply the following Key Water Treatment Products :

8‐Jul‐15 2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)

Owners and Operators of water harvesting, water‐treatment, water‐supply and water‐distribution systems need to demonstrateknowledge of:

• Risk management principles• Source/and system specific exposure hazards• Exposure/treatment barriers

This applies to water used for: potable/domestic use,bathing/recreational use, industrial processes, cooling waters, wash‐down/cleaning uses and wastewater‐recycling.

THIS INCLUDES ALL MINE SITES POTABLE, NON‐POTABLE, PROCESSAND RECYCLED WATERS!


Guiding Principles of Water Quality Management

Demonstrate Knowledge of Risk Management Principles


• It presents a mandatory unit within the new “National Certification Framework” for operators within drinking water treatment systems.

• This unit now comprises part of Certificate II – Water Industry Operations NWP07

• It presents a recognised “Professional Development” unit relevant to drinking water systems (must include some sort of assessment!)

NWP 279 – Demonstrate Knowledge of the risk managementprinciples of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines


Potable Water Risk Management Knowledge

• WHO Drinking Water Standards (1996)• Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011)• Public Health Act 2010, NSW• Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008, QLD• Safe Drinking Water Act 2003, VIC• Safe Drinking Water Act 2011, SA• Water Supply and Sewerage Services Act 2000, NT • Safe Drinking Water Regulations 2005, WA

WHO/National/State/Territory Drinking Water Legislations: (Examples)


Demonstrate Potable Water Risk Management Knowledge

AS3666 series of standards for design, installation, operation and management of: • Air‐handling systems• Water cooling systems• Evaporative cooling systems• Humidifiers

AS5059 standard• This Standard sets out control strategies considered to be suitable for use

for the major cooling tower water systems at power stations. • The strategies follow risk management principles and may also be suited

to other large cooling tower water systems for which shutdown is impractical.

Both standard series provide a guideline to risk management!

Legionella Risk Management Knowledge


• The Queensland Plant Code of Practice 2005 the Safe Work Australia 2012 Code of Practice Managing the Risks of Plant in the Workplace give practical advice on ways to manage exposure to risks related to the use of plant in general.

• Under section 20 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, owners of plant, such as cooling towers and other components of cooling water systems, have a primary duty to ensure the plant is maintained in a condition that ensures the plant is safe, and without risk to health, when used properly.


Legionella Risk Management Knowledge (QLD)

QueenslandGuide to Legionella Control in Cooling Water Systems including Cooling Towers (2013 Workplace Health and Safety Queensland)

Examples of International/ National/State Guidelines • Legionella and the prevention of Legionellosis, World Health

Organization, 2007.• SAA/SNZ HB32 ‐ Control of microbial growth in air‐handling and

water systems of buildings• NSW Code of Practice for the Control of Legionnaires’ Disease,

2nd edition, NSW Department of Health, June 2004 (under review)

• Guide to Developing Risk Management Plans for Cooling Tower Systems. 2001. Public Health Division, Victorian Government Department of Human Services


Demonstrate Legionella Risk Management Knowledge

Cover all aerosol‐generating systems that present a microbial risk by developing a Risk Management Plan in specific context to the system and organisation. For example:• Dust control sprays, foggers and humidifiers• Pressurised cleaning and wash‐down• Fire‐fighting sources (covered by a fire‐water standard)• Clarifiers/thickner sprays‐booms. Management Plans should include control strategies and risk‐based trigger action control protocols in case of detection of Legionellae in the system. Provide a well documented, integrated and auditable approach to ensuring maximum due diligence and duty of care

Legionella Risk Management Knowledge forNon‐Regulated Systems were Exposure toAerosolized Waters is Likely


Critical risk factors for Legionella growth in cooling water systems and resultant infection of people include: • stagnant water• nutrient availability• poor water quality• deficiencies in the system• location of the cooling tower system near the public and/or close

to other air handling services.

Risk Factors Covered in Most Standards and Guidelines


Demonstrate Legionella Risk Management Knowledge

Demonstrate a diligent approach to Legionella management by maintaining appropriate records such as: • Risk management plans, certificates from competent persons

(eg. drift eliminators, disinfection, scale/corrosion control systems)

• Lab analyses reports (chemical and microbiological)• Compliant notification, cleaning decontamination reports. • An assessment of the system location (exposure risks)• External contaminants (eg. make‐up quality)• Public access (exposure risks)


Legionella Risk Management Knowledge

• Recycled water is water that has been used and is then supplied for reuse, either treated or untreated. Recycled water may be sourced from sewage (wastewater treatment plants) or process water streams.

• Stormwater is the run‐off from roofs, roads, driveways and other hard surfaces. Stormwater must generally be treated for use. Water caught in rainwater tanks is suitable for some uses.

• Greywater is wastewater generated from showers and laundries. Greywater may be used treated or untreated, depending on its use.

Demonstrate Non‐Potable Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge (including recycled water


• The person in control of the workplace must manage any risks from the use, handling, storage, and transport of non‐potable water at the workplace.

• Under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, manufacturers, suppliers and users of non‐potable water in a workplace have an obligation to prevent death, injury or illness caused by the water.

Demonstrate Non‐Potable Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge


Queensland• The Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008 regulates

recycled water produced and supplied by a recycled water provider. The main aim of the Act is to ensure public health is protected. Your recycled water provider may have obligations under the legislation and may, for example, propose a recycled water agreement with your workplace.

• State government agencies in Queensland with regulatory responsibilities for the use of recycled water in the workplace include the Department of Justice and Attorney‐General [https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injuryprevention‐safety/workplace‐hazards/hazardous‐exposures/biological‐hazards/non‐potablewater]‐ using recycled water in the workplace

Demonstrate Recycled Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge


Examples of NationalGuidelines• Overview of the Australian Guidelines for Water

Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks 2006 (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council)

Demonstrate Non‐Potable/Recycled Water Quality Risk Management Knowledge


Risk Management/Source End‐Use Hazards/Treatment Barriers


We have covered the Risk Management Resources and now will provide examples of actual risks associated with specific water sources and end‐use.

• Catchment, geology and anthropogenic hazard sources

• End‐Use specific Hazard

• Effective water quality risk management requires identification ofall source water and system‐specific hazards, hazardous events,and an assessment of the level of risk presented by each.

• A structured, site‐specific approach is important to ensure thatsignificant source and system‐specific issues/hazards are notoverlooked and that areas of greatest risk are identified.


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System‐Specific Hazards

Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example Catchment/Storage)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System Exposure Hazards

Example: Cyanobacterial blooms and resulting cyanotoxins can havesevere health effects if ingested and/or contacted


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Catchment/Storage)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System ExposureHazards (Example: Protozoans)

(Cryptosporidium Giardia) can cause acute gastrointestinal problems


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Geology) and chronic exposure toradionuclides


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Fluoride)

Chronic Exposure causes brittle bones/teeth


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Anthropogenic Origin)

Eg. Mine Waters adjacent to surface/groundwaterextraction (eg. acids, heavy metal mobilisation)

Surface/Groundwater Extraction


Acidic mine‐dams can mobilise heavy metals

Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Heavy Metals)Prolonged exposure affects organs, nervous system

8‐Jul‐15

Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Hydrocarbon Spillagesfrom vehicle work/shops)


Summary of some Ingestion Hazards

Source Hazard Examples Examples of Barriers

Catchment GiardiaCryptosporidiumAmoebaCyanobacteriaBacteria, Virus, DBP‐precursors

Restricted access, buffer zones,Life‐stock/wildlife barriers, flow/retention, aeration/de‐stratification

Geology Heavy metals, fluorides, salinity, radionuclides, solids

Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis,

Anthropogenic Input Nutrients, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial/process chemicals,Bacteria, Virus, Disinfection By‐products (DBP’s)

Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis, disinfection,


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example Artesian Water Make‐Upfor Cooling and Dust‐suppression)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Make‐Up)(eg. Artesian Water)

• Artesian Sources are often corrosive, nutrient rich and exhibit temperatures in the range of 30‐45 degC, which provides optimal conditions for amoeba and for Legionella growth

• Mines may transport the Artesian Water over long distances in surface pipe networks exposed to the sun, therefore maintaining an optimal temperature for Legionella growth

• Mine‐sites may store well aerated, warm/hot water in ponds and storage tanks that provide a suitable environment for Legionella growth


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Example: Inhalation of Legionellacontaining Aerosols via spray‐nozzles)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and System ExposureHazards: (Example: Spray‐drift of Cooling Towers,evaporative condensers)

Example:

Many of Australia’s River SystemsCarry significant quantities of legionella bacteria and risks require to be managed in cooling water systems


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazard (Example: Legionellae exposure viahand‐held high pressure hoses and drill spray‐nozzles)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Examples: Legionellae exposurevia large area fogging)


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Legionellae in Dust Suppressionand equipment cooling)Example: Scraper Dust‐suppression and Drill ‐equipment cooling circuits


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Legionellae exposure via ShowerRoses)


Australian and New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS 3500.4.2:1997) which sets a minimum temperature of 60°C for hot water storage systems to protect against legionella.

Summary of Legionella Exposure Hazards viaaerosol inhalation)

Hazard Examples Barriers

Make‐up water Re‐inoculation with LegionellaBacteria

Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source,

Cooling Water Providing suitable growth conditions for LegionellaBacteria

Disinfection, side‐stream filtration, management of (flows, retention, dead‐legs)Regular flushing/blowdown, drift‐eliminators, P2‐maskPPE, restricted access,

Water used in shower facilities and for dust‐suppression

Inhalable aerosol generation of waters that contain Legionella Bacteria

Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, prevention of aerosol, restricted areas, P2‐mask PPE, hot‐water storage temperatures,


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemSecondary Contact Exposure Hazards (Example:Recycled STP Effluent)



Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemSecondary Contact Exposure Hazards (Example:Recycled STP Effluent used in irrigation)

Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent use for road dustsuppression


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent blended withrecycled process water


Demonstrate Knowledge of Source and SystemExposure Hazards (Contact with Pathogens inRecycled Water)Example: Recycled STP‐Effluent re‐used in dustsuppression and process.


Hazard Examples Barriers

Recycled STP‐effluent

Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses in irrigation, dust‐suppression, process re‐use

Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, membrane filtration, PPE

Recycled Process Water

Process water specific organic and inorganic chemical exposure; additional bacteria

Oxidation, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation,clarification, floatation, filtration, ion‐exchange, reverse osmosis, disinfection, PPE

Blended Natural and Recycled Water Sources

Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses, Process water specific organic and inorganic chemical exposure; bacteria, cyanotoxins,

Disinfection, clarification, filtration, change of source, prevention of aerosol, temporary restricted access, PPE,


Summary of Recycled Water ExposureHazards (via Secondary Contact)

• The water harvesting storage treatment and supply system must have, and continuously maintain, robust multiple barriers appropriate to the level of potential contamination facing the raw water supply.

• The owners and operators must demonstrate knowledge of the capabilities and key principles of the treatment barriers.

Demonstrate Treatment Barrier Knowledge


• Catchment management /source water protection

• Water extraction and storage systems

• Water Treatment systems

• Distribution systems

Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points ( HACCP)


8‐Jul‐15

Treatment Barrier Critical Control Point Knowledge

2015 HEALTH IMPROVEMENT AND AWARENESS COMMITTEE MEETING (Brisbane)

• Catchment Barriers and Restricted Access• Intake Weirs and Screens• Clarification (coagulation, flocculation, filtration,

sedimentation); • Filtration (conventional and membrane)• Ion‐Exchange; softening; demineralisation processes• Reverse Osmosis• Disinfection (halogens, CLO2, non‐oxidizing,ozone,UV)

Summary of Treatment Barriers


Clarification Barriers


Membrane Filtration Barriers


Disinfection Barriers


Disinfection Barriers (Chlorine Dioxide)


Microbe Log‐Reduction of Treatment Barriers


On behalf of Water Treatment Services I would like to thank the audience for the opportunity to present this summary and we hope that it will assist you in managing your water‐quality associated risks on your sites. Feel free to contact us if you require further information and help to achieve compliant water qualities. 07 47 288920


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