judo biomechanical classifications
TRANSCRIPT
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Biomechanical Classif ication of
Judo Throwing Techniques Nage
Waza)
A .
Sacripanti
Italian Wrestling. Weigh~liftingand Judo Fcdcrat ion .
F.1
L . P . J . ) . R o m c . I ta ly
I) HISTORICAL SURVEY
The classification of standard Judo throwing techniques (Nage Waza)
was born from the following didactic requirement o group thc
standard techniques under logica1 criteria for an easier understandin g and
useful systematic study
The two problems of Classif icat ion and Teaching arrangement were
tackled a nd solved by dr . Kan o (fou nder of Judo) and his assistants in a
scientific way, according to the knowledge of their t ime.
The first classification of Nage Waza (1882) was carried out by a real
proto-biomechanical m ethod .
As a m atte r of fact, the s tand ard technique s were classified by pa rts of
Tori s ( the at tack er) body which work a s greater contact-point for energy
transfer in throwing.
From tha t w e have the ~ K o do k an l a s si f ica t ion~ :Te waza shoulder ,
arm and hand techniques;
Koshi waza
hip techniques;
Ashi waza
Icg
techniques; Sutemi waza body-abandoning techniques or sacrif ice
techniques (Tab. 1) .
This a dmirab le classification is simp le, intelligible an d almo st perfect.
Th at is the reason of its long success even if it ha s som e shade s in itself; in
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fact i t is unusual to see hands, hips or legs of Tori working alone in
throwing.
Besides the Kodokan classification uses a different way to classify the
body-abandoning techniques, which are classified by the body side
touching the mat :
Ma sutemi waza
a n d
Y o ko sutemi waza
body-
abandoning techniques on his own back and on his own s ide .
In h is go lden book My s tudy of J u d o ~ . Koizumi c lass if ied the
s tandard judo techniques by U ke s ( the defender) body mot ion.
Th is s tudy, perforrned as systematical analysis of N age W aza, perm its
to g roup th e s tandard techniques in thre e se ts , according to th e bas is of
the technical principles.
Namely th e ((Koizumi Class i f ica t ion ~:
Kuruma waza
wheel techni-
ques .
Th row s which a re effected in such a way. that Uk e s body is curled an d
turned as a wheel .
Tenbin waza
Scale techniques. Throws which are effected by
tripping or prop ping Uke s bod y, a s a scale while it is held a s a pole.
Tsumazukase waza
Tripping techniques . Th rows which ar e effected
by tripping U ke s foot o r leg, preventing it from rnoving to regain o r
maintain stabil i ty.
In reccnt years
A
G e es in k a n d G .
R .
Gleeson have synthet ized othe r
kinds of classification.
Th e formcr Du ch ch ampion , in his work, emphas izes the dynam ic role
played by biodynamical chains, while the lat ter, English senior coach.
surely the subtlest s tudent of western judo ones, in his historical book
~ ( J u d o or th e W est, make s a very c lever c lass if ica tion based on his
enormous theoret ical and empir ical knowledge.
This classification collects the throwing techniques under two groups;
First-Class o f x t u rn i n g ~U ke S bo dy around an obstacle
(hip, leg, e tc . )
Second-
Cla ss o f x s t r ik i n g ~ U k e
s
legs.
This historical survey through various classifications introduces the
atte m pt to rationalize the m atters in a scientific way, looking for the basic
physical principles of Nage Waza.
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T A B L E
FIRST K O D O K A N CL A SSIFICA T IO N (1 8 8 5 )
T E W A Z A
K O S H I W A Z A A S H I W A Z A
Uki waza Uki goshi
Okuri ashi harai
Seoi nage
Hara i goshi Sasae tsurikorni ashi
Kata gururna Tsuri korni goshi Uchi rnata
Tai otoshi
Koshi gururna Hiza gururna
Obi o toshi
O goshi O sot o gari
Seoi otosh i Ushi ro goshi
De ashi harai
Uki otoshi
Ha ne goshi K o uchi gari
Tsuri goshi K o soto gari
Utsu ri goshi Hara i tsurikorni ashi
O uchi gari
Yarna arashi
O soto gururna
O soto otoshi
M A S U T E M I W A Z A Y O K O S U T E M I W A Z A
Tornoe nage Yok o gake Uchi rnakikorni
Ura nage Yok o gururna Tan i otoshi
Sumi kaeshi Yok o otoshi
Hikkikorni gaeshi Daki wakare
Tsuri otoshi Yok o wakare
Taw ara gaeshi Soto rnakikorni
LI) BIOMECHANICAL CLASSLFICATION
A biomechanical analysis of judo throwing techniques must be dcalt
with in the following steps: firstly by simplification and secondly by
gcneralization.
As a sirnplification principle for
thc problem of classes of forces
involved, at first wc can use the differential rnethod pointed out by dr.
Kano: subdivision of the throwing rnovernent in three steps l Tsukuri
(preparatory movernents aimed at throwing out of balance Ukc's body);
2 Kuzushi (the final unbalancing action); and 3 Kake (execution of
rnovements aimcd at throw ing), and later we analyse the motion of U ke's
body
eutting out secondary forces
Th en we gene ralize th e classes of forces, putting ou t the in ner physical
principles of standard judo throwing techniques.
This rnethod, applied to Nagc Waza. is able to group 77 throwing
techniques 40 Kodokan go-kyo and 37 others) under two dynarnic
principles.
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It is correct to remark that this is one of many possible biomechanical
classifications, and we select it for its valuable simplicity and immediate-
ness.
It comes very handy to find th e Genera1 Prin cipl es~ ,
irst to d efine two
corollaries on direction o f forces (Statical Analysis), and then to analyse
Uke s body
flight paths
(Dynamical Analysis) and their symmetries.
STATICAL ANALY SIS
Principium o f resolution o f forces.
These two corollaries determ ine the whole directional problem of static
use of forces to execute throws.
UNBALANCES
1 Forces are eff ective and can be app lied, on the horizontal plane, on
the whole round angle 3607.
Unified under these terms are the biomechanical problems of forces
employed for unbalancing U ke s body. (Tsukuri-Kuzushi steps).
THROWS
2 Forces are ef fec tiv e and can be a pplied, on the vertical plane, nearly
for the width o f a right angle 907.
Determined under these terms are the biomechanical problems of
forces employed for throwing Uke s body. (Kake st ep) .
Rea1 limits of throwing force s can be obtain ed with an angle of nearly
45 degree s, up or down a horizontal line, because the resistance caused by
Uke s body structu re o r by force of gravity, beyond these ang les, allows
throwing again but with more waste of energy.
DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS
Principium o f composition o f forces
Study o f flight paths and symm etries
If in th e space the composition of forces obeys, at the sam e time, the
previous static two corollaries the solution of dynamical problem
(considering time) goes through the study of flight paths and their
symmetries.
Paths along which Uke s body moves during flight following throwing
can be collected under two simple types or their composition:
Circular paths and Helicoidal paths.
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I CIRCULAR PATH: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
F or thro win g techniqu es in which the limbs of Uk e s body follow a
circular path
the radius of circumference coincides with the distance from the rotation
axis of inertial momentum.
These techniques
have spherical symmetry and circumfcrence that is
t he ~ g e o d e t i cine of sp he re (th e shortest line between two points) is the
path of minimum work then th e trajectory of least waste of energy which
extrema l parts of U ke s body can cover.
11 HELICOIDAL PATH: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETR Y
For throwing techniques in which Uke s body follows a helicoidal path
the bending radius of helix is prop ortiona l to distance from the rotation
axis of inertial momentum.
These techniques have cylindrical symmetry and the helix that is the
geodetic line of right cylinder is the path of minimum work then the
trajecto ry of least waste of energy which U ke s body can cov er.
If we think of two corollaries on direction of forces (Statical Analysis)
and study of trajectories followed by Uke s body (Dynamical Analysis) it
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A Techniques where Tori makes use of a couple of forces for throwing
Uke
B
Techniques where Tori makes use of physical lever for throwing Uke
Movernents , that seemingly make dif ferent throwing techniques , in
appearence but non in biomechanical essence, can be col lec ted in
Tsukuri-Kuzushi s tages and ot her preparatory act ions (Taisabaki , e t c . ) .
W e think this classification, g rou nd ed o n clear scientific cr iter ia, is very
suitable to give an easie r understan ding of physical pr inciples linking judo
throwing techniques .
A Techniques of couple of forces
In th e f irst gro up , we fou nd al1 throw s produce d by sweeping away legs
and pul l ing o r pushing Uke s body in the opp osi te direction s imulta-
neously
The techniques o f
~ G r o u p f couple o f f o r ce s ~
an be classified
b y
parts o f Tori s bod y which apply the couple o f forces on Uk e s body.
Namely : two a rm s , a rm and leg , t runk and leg , t r unk and a rms , two
legs . (Tab. 2 .
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GROUP OF COUPLE OF FOHCES
STATICAL
C O N D I T I O N S D Y N A M I C A L C O N D I T I O N S
Complete unbalance angle 36 C i r c u l a r r l i g h t p atti
n i g h t t h r o w i n g a n g l e
9
S p h e r i c a l s y m m e t r y
This biomechanical classif icat ion is able to show new likness not
evident in standard techniques, e.g. the asymmetry face-back of human
body explains astonishing examples of biomechanical likness: Soto
Cari
and
Uchi Mata
are the same techniques applying the couple of
forces on Uke s body.
,It is very intercsting to note that most throws of couple of forces (thc
ones app lied by Tori standing on a leg) can be led to only one Tori s basic
aetion: rotation on coxo femoral articulation with three degrees of
fredom.
First:
rotation o f trunk leg set on coxo femoral articulation around
horizontal latcral lateral axis o f rotation.
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Second:
rotation of runk-leg set on coxo-femoral articulation around a
horizontal antero-posterior axis of rotation.
Third: rotation o f trunk-leg set on coxo-femoral articulation around a
vertical axis of rotation.
This points out the fundamental role played by COXO FEMORAL
ARTICULATION in this gro up, an d entails tha t this athlete s articula-
tion must be provided with a great flexibili ty.
B echniques
o
physical lever
In the seco nd gr ou p we found al1 throws produ ced by turning U ke s
body round a s topping point
hip, leg, foot, etc.).
Th e techn iques o f
Groupofphysical lever*
can b e classified by length
of arm of lever , appl ied on Uke s body.
Namely : m in imum a rm ( fulc rum under Uke s wa is t ), medium a rm
(fulc rum under Uke s knees ) , maximum arm ( fulc rum und er Uke s
malle ola), variable arm (variab le fulcrum from the w aist dow n t 6 CTke s
knees ) (Tab l .
3 .
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Because in this group throws of ~minimumarm are energetically
unfavorable (greatest force applied), that clears why, for competition,
people like more to turn them in throws of variable arm, pulling down
fulcrum under U ke s waist more and m ore .
That rneans less waste
o
energy
GROUP OF MOMENTUH OF FORCE
ComplcLc unbalance an gle
360
iight thro wing a ng lc
90'
Minimiim arm
Maximum applicd lorcc
Medium arm
Medium applied Corce
Maximum arm
Minimum applied lor cc
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CROUP OF PIiYSICAL LEVER
o
D Y N A M l C A L C O N D I T I O N S
Fligh t path minlmum end mcdlum arm lielicoidal
maxim um a rm Clrcula r or Ilelicoldal
S y m m e t r y m i n l m u m a n d m e d l u m a r m C y l i n d r i ce l
m a x i m u m a r m S p h e r i c a l o r C y l i n d r i c a l
360
560
_ _ . ... _ _ o .
.
_ _ _
_ _ _ _
Minimuin arm
Maximum appl icd forcc
Fulcrum of pliyslcal levcr
Medium arm
Mcdium applied force
Mnximum arm
Minirnuin applicd rorcc
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Again this biomechanical classification shows, in this group, l ikness
examples: classica1 Ashi Guruma and Hiza Guruma a re t he same
techniques applying a lever of medium arm on Uke's body.
It is very interesting to note that most throws of grou p of lever can be
led to only o n e Tori 's basic action , if w e do not co nsider the severa1 Tori 's
legs positions:
rotation o f trunk on waist around a generic variable axis o f rotation.
Also the b ody-abandoning techniques must b e classified as throw s of
G ro up of physical levern with m aximum ar m, in this case thc s topping
point (fulcrum) is givcn by friction between foot and mat (tatami).
Altho ugh thcy are more favorable encrget ically spcaking, the start ing
force
bo d y weight falling dow n)
is applicd with an angle grcatcr of
45
(see I1 corollary of statical analysis).
Th at is matters n ced significative, directional help by a rm s or legs, for
rightly throwing Uke's body.
In the light of our analysis we think thc clarification of basic physical
principles and the evidence of basic action, proving the leading role of
Tori 's
pelvic bclt,
can be useful for a better understanding of inner
mechanisms and for looking at ncw improvements in training thcory,
whieh should prevent erroneus mcthods and possible damages in the
joints.
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T BLE
BIOMECH NIC L CL SSIFIC TION
TECHNIQUES OF COUPLE OF FORCES
Couple Applied by
A R M S A R M IS A N D L E G
Kuchiki daoshi D e ashi barai
Ko uchi gari Yo ko gake
Kibisu gaeshi Oku ri ashi barai K o soto gari Ko soto gari
Kakato gaeeshi
Ko uchi barai O uchi gari
O uchi gake
T e gu r um a
O uchi barai K o uchi gake K o sot o gake
Tsub ame gaeshi Harai tsukiromi ashi
T R U N K A N D A R M S T R U N K A N D L E G
Mo rote gari sot o gari Uchi mata Harai goshi
O soto guruma Han e goshi Yama arashi
LE GS O soto otoshi Han e makikomi O uchi sutemi
O tsubushi Oku rikom i uchimata
Kani basami
T BLE
3
BIOMECH NIC L CL SSIFIC TION
TECHNIQUES OF PHYSIC L LEVER
Lever applied with
M I N I M U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S W A I S T )
O guruma
Ka ta guruma
Tama guruma
Obi otoshi
Sukui nage Taw ara gaeshi
Ushiro goshi Ur a nage
Utsuri goshi Ganseki otoshi
Soto makikomi Uchi makikomi
M E D I U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S K N E E S)
Ashi guruma Hiza guruma
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M A X I M U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S M A L L E O L A )
Uki otoshi
Yoko otoshi
Sumi otoshi
Ura otoshi
Waki otoshi
Tani otoshi
Tai otoshi
Uki waza Sasae tsurikomi ashi
Dai sharin Seoi otoshi
Tom oe nage Hiza seoi
Sumi gaeshi Suwari seoi
Hikkomi gaeshi Obi seoi
Yok o guruma Suso seoi
V A R IA B L E A R M ( V A R IA B L E F U LC R U M FR O M T H E W A I ST D O W N T 0
KNEES )
Tsuri komi goshi Uki goshi Kata seoi
Sasa e tsurikomi goshi O goshi Seoi nage
KO tsuri komi goshi Koshi guruma Eri seoi nage
tsurikomi goshi Kubi nage Mor ote seoi nage
Sode tsurikomi goshi
111 JUD O SKILLS AND THEIR TREND IN TOP COM PETITION
With the continuous evolution of competitive style, for a right training
of top athletes, we need a better understanding of judo skil ls and thcir
trend in top competi t ions.
Obviously the basic physical principles of standa rd judo techniques and
judo skil ls (competi t ive throwing techniqucs) are the same, but thc
dynamical condit ions are quite different (fast movements, more opposi-
t ion, t iming, change of speed, ctc.) .
Th e right way to learn the connection with standa rd techniques, and to
understand the competitive evolution of judo skills, was signed for the
first time, by dr. Kano with the formulation of principium of ~ M a x i m u m
c f f e c t w ith min imum e f f o r b
This principium can be transla ted in two useful biomecha nical rema rks:
1 To improve techniques to win, signifies to produce maximum economy
of movements.
2
To better techniques to win, signifies
t
produce rnaximum economy of
strain.
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The explication of remarks is: in competition champions, consciously
or unawares, tend to find the right methods of minimizing the total
energy to win.
In two ways: either minimizing his own muscular strain with right
changes in throwing patterns e.g. pulling down the fulcrum), or
minimizing the defensive antagonist capability with right changes in
attack directions e.g. attack in the direction of the adversary side where
the resistive muscular capability is weaker).
These are two biomechanical rules, which give us a better understan-
ding of trend of judo skills in top competitions.
BIBLIOGR PHY
Judo Kyohan okoyama Sakujiro and Oshima Eisuke: traduit par Messieur Le
Prieur, Berger Leverault ED. Paris 1911.
My Study of Jud o G . Koizum i, Sterling Publishing New York 1966.
Lo Judo A. Gees ink, A. Mondador i ED . Milano 1975.
Judo for the West . R. Gleeson 1973.
I Principi dell Analisi Quantitativa Biomeccanica Kronenberg E D . Stampa
Sportiva Roma 1983.
Muscles Reflexes and Locomotion -T. Mc M ah on , Princeton University Press 1984.
Biomeccanica del Judo A . Sacripanti , In print 1987-88.
Th e Kinetics of Jud o M . Ikai and Y. Ma tsum oto 1958.
Electromyog raphic Studies on the Nage Waza (throwing techniques) of Judo .
Ikai et al. 1963.
Stud ies on Jud o Techn iques with Respect to Distribution of Body W eight
Matsumoto, Y. et al . 1963.
Analysis of the Kuzushi in the Nage Waza Ma tsum oto, Y. et al. 1978.
Kinetic Analysis of Jud o Tec hniqu e ez uka , M . et al. 1983.
Fisica e Jud o acripa nti, A. 1986.
Lo Squilibrio Statico in Jud o acripa nti, A . 1987.