js-formative assessment 1

8/12/2019 JS-Formative Assessment 1

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Commercial LawGroup: B

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT I: PROBLEM QUESTION

Ti! i! a !ale o" !peci"ic #oo$! i$e%&i"ie$ a& &e &ime o" &e co%&rac& a%$ 'ow%e$ or

po!!e!!e$ () &e !eller* +!,-+./ Sale o" Goo$! Ac& .010 a! ame%$e$ +'SGA*//, Ti!

i! u!uall) a !ale () $e!crip&io% +!,.2 SGA/ o" wic &ere !eem! &o (e %o (reac

!i%ce3 pre!uma(l) Fo4#lo5e a%$ Trac6 a#ree$ &e !ale o" rail!3 wic i! wa& pa!!e$

u%$er &e co%&rac&,

Sec&io% .7 co%&ai%! e4cep&io%! &o &e #e%eral rule o" ca5ea& emp&or3 wic a!!e!!

we&er &e rail! are o" !a&i!"ac&or) 8uali&) a%$ "i& "or purpo!e, For &e applica&io% o"

&e!e !ec&io%! i& i! "ir!& %ece!!ar) &o $e&ermi%e we&er &e !eller i! !elli%# 'i% &e

cour!e o" (u!i%e!!*, Ba!e$ o% &e "ac&!3 Trac6 are railwa) opera&or! a%$ %o& i% &e

(u!i%e!! o" !elli%# rail!3 owe5er3 a! !ow% i% Stevenson v Rogers.3 cour&! &a6e a

(roa$ 5iew o" &i! re8uireme%& !o &e !eller $oe! %o& %ee$ &o $eal i% &e #oo$! o" &e

&)pe !ol$ "or &e &ra%!ac&io% &o "all wi&i% !,.7,

Te %e4& 8ue!&io% i! we&er &e rail! are o" !a&i!"ac&or) 8uali&) u%$er !,.7+9/,

S,.7+9A/ !&a&e! &a& &e #e%eral !&a%$ar$ o" !a&i!"ac&or) 8uali&) i! wa& a rea!o%a(le

per!o% woul$ re#ar$ a! !a&i!"ac&or), Bramhill v Edwards9ol$! &a& &e

rea!o%a(le%e!! &e!& i! o(ec&i5e a%$ co%!i!&! o" wa& a rea!o%a(le per!o% i% &e

po!i&io% o" &e (u)er wi& 6%owle$#e o" all &e (ac6#rou%$ "ac&! woul$ e4pec&3 '&a6i%#

accou%& o" a%) $e!crip&io% o" &e #oo$!3 &e price +i" rele5a%&/ a%$ all &e o&er

rele5a%& circum!&a%ce!*, ;e a5e limi&e$ 6%owle$#e o% wa& wa! a#ree$3 owe5er3

i" &e rail! were $e!cri(e$ &o Trac6 a! !eco%$ . All ER ?.29=9@@7> E;CA Ci5 7@22Bartlett v Sidney Marcus Ltd =.0?-> . ;LR [email protected]=.01>QB 022


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&a& &e purpo!e o" &e %ew "ormula&io% o" !,.7+9B/ i! &o ol$ $e"ec&i5e #oo$! a!

u%!a&i!"ac&or) $e!pi&e &e "ac& &a& &e $e"ec& coul$ (e reme$ie$ a& &ri"li%# co!&, -

Tere"ore3 crac6i%# woul$ co%!&i&u&e a mi%or $e"ec& re%$eri%# &e rail! u%!a&i!"ac&or),

A$$i&io%all)3 &e po!!i(ili&) o" $erailme%& mea%! &a& &e rea!o%a(le (u)er woul$

co%!i$er &e #oo$! i%ere%&l) u%!a"e a%$ &ere"ore u%!a&i!"ac&or) u%$er !,.7+9B/+$/,

I" &e !eller a$ war%e$ &e (u)er o" &e po&e%&ial "or $erailme%& &i! mi#& a5e

re%$ere$ &e rail! !a"e?3 owe5er3 we ca%%o& co%clu$e &i! "rom &e "ac&!, Fi%all)3 i& i!

clear &a& &e $e"ec& wa! a la&e%& o%e &a& ma%i"e!&e$ i&!el" a"&erwar$!, Te &e!& "or

la&e%& $e"ec&! i% Kendall v Lillico1i! we&er a rea!o%a(l) (u)er wi& "ull 6%owle$#e

o" &e $e"ec& woul$ re#ar$ &e rail! a! !a&i!"ac&or), I% m) opi%io%3 &e ri!6 o"

$erailme%& woul$ a5e pre5e%&e$ a rea!o%a(le (u)er "rom $oi%# !o, O5erall3 &ere i!

%o e5i$e%ce &a& a%) o" &e e4cep&io%! o" !,.7+9C/ e4clu$e Trac6! o(li#a&io% &o

pro5i$e #oo$! o" !a&i!"ac&or) 8uali&), U%le!! Trac6 a$ $raw% Fo4#lo5e! a&&e%&io% &o

&e #au#e cor%er crac6i%#or Fo4#lo5e a$ co%$uc&e$ a% e4ami%a&io% &a& ou#& &o

a5e re5eale$ &e #au#e cor%er crac6i%#03 &ere a! (ee% (reac o" co%$i&io% u%$er

!,.7+9/,

Te %e4& 8ue!&io% i! we&er &e rail! were "i& "or &eir par&icular purpo!e +!,.7+2//,

For !,.7+2/3 &e (u)er mu!& ma6e 6%ow%3 ei&er e4pre!!l) or implie$l)3 &e par&icular

purpo!e "or wic &e #oo$! are (ou#& a%$ &e #oo$! mu!& &e% (e rea!o%a(l) "i&

"or &i! purpo!e, Si%ce &e o%l) purpo!e o" rail! i! &o ma6e a railwa)3 i& i! el$ &a&

Fo4#lo5e a! implie$l) ma$e 6%ow% &e par&icular purpo!e o" &e rail!,.@Al&ou#

Trac6 ma) a5e (ee% aware &a& &e rail! woul$ (e u!e$ "or a railwa)3 &e) ma)

ar#ue &a& &e) &ou#& &e railwa) wa! recrea&io%al a%$ &ere"ore e4pec&e$ i& &o (e

!u(ec& &o le!! i%&e%!i5e u!e a%$ %o& a! i& wa! !u(!e8ue%&l) u!e$ "or i#

&rai%!, I% re!po%!e3 parallel! ca% (e $raw% wi&Ashington Piggeries..were &e

!eller! 6%ew &a& &e erri%# meal wa! &o (e u!e$ "or a%imal "ee$ (u& %o& &a& i& wa!

&o (e u!e$ &o "ee$ mi%63 owe5er3 &e ma6i%# o" mi%6 "oo$ "ell wi&i% &e (roa$er

ca&e#or) o" a%imal "ee$ a%$ wa! %o& a% u%"ore!eea(le u!e, Similarl)3 &e u!e o" a

railwa) "or i# E;CA Ci5 .91@0%hornett & ehr v Beers & Sons =.0.0> . B 7?.@Priest v Last '()*+,9 B .7..Ashington Piggeries v #hristo"her Hill=.019> AC 77.


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railwa) a%$ i& i! rea!o%a(l) "ore!eea(le &a& &rai%! o" 5ar)i%# !pee$! will &ra5el o% &e

railwa),

Ba!e$ o% &e "ac&!3 &e rail! are %o& "i& "or &e (u)er! par&icular purpo!e a%$ woul$

&ere"ore co%!&i&u&e a (reac o" !,.7+2/ u%le!! Trac6 pro5e! &a& &e &ra%!ac&io% "all!

u%$er &e e4cep&io%! &a& &e (u)er a! %o& relie$ or &a& i& wa! u%rea!o%a(le "or im

&o rel) o% &e !6ill a%$ u$#me%& o" &e !eller, Si%ce we a5e e!&a(li!e$ &a& &e

!eller i% &i! ca!e 6%ew &e par&icular purpo!e3 &e relia%ce o" Fo4#lo5e o% Trac6 i!

a!!ume$, Te (ur$e% i! o% Trac6 &o re(u& &i! pre!ump&io%, Trac6 ma) ar#ue &a&

&e)3 a! railwa) opera&or!3 are %o more a% e4per& o% rail! &a% Fo4#lo5e Railwa)

Socie&) a%$ &ere"ore &ere i! %o $i!pari&) o" !6ill or u$#me%& &o u!&i") lia(ili&) u%$er

!,.7+2/, Dowe5er3 per Lor$ Rei$ i% Kendall v Lillico.93 i" Fo4#lo5e are (u)i%# rail!

"rom Trac6 "or &e "ir!& &ime3 &e% Trac6 were e4erci!i%# !6ill a%$ u$#me%& i% pu&&i%#

&em o% &e mar6e&3 &u! 5ouci%# &a& &e) were #e%erall) "i&, Al&ou# "ac&! are

5er) limi&e$3 i& coul$ (e po!!i(le "or Trac6 &o pro5e &a& a%) relia%ce o% &em "or &e

rail! wa! u%rea!o%a(le () rel)i%# o%-ewson v Boyhan..2I& i! clear &a& Fo4#lo5e a$

relie$ o% &em "or &e i%&ri%!ic 8uali&ie! o" &e rail! (ei%# "i& "or a railwa) u%$er

!,.7+9/3 owe5er3 &e) coul$ ar#ue &a& Fo4#lo5e a$ %o& ma$e 6%ow% &e par&icular

purpo!e o" &e rail! "or i# !pee$ &rai%! a%$ e5e% i" &e) a$ $o%e3 !uc relia%ce

woul$ (e u%rea!o%a(le !i%ce a%alo#ou! &o &e ma%%er i% wic ew!o%! were

u%aware o" &e par&icular carac&eri!&ic! o" &e "la&! a%$ &eir SAP ra&i%#! i% or$er

&o 6%ow &a& &e rail! ma) cau!e $erailme%& &e) woul$ %ee$ &o 6%ow e4&ri%!ic.7

"ac&or! !uc a! &rai% !pee$, Ti! ar#ume%& !eem! &e%uou! o% &e limi&e$ "ac&! a%$

Fo4#lo5e are li6el) &o (e !ucce!!"ul i% claimi%# &a& &eir u!e o" i# !pee$ &rai%! o%

&e railwa) wa! rea!o%a(l) "ore!eea(le a%$ &u! &ere wa! relia%ce o% &e !eller,

Tere"ore3 al&ou# "ac&! are limi&e$ I woul$ co%!i$er !,.7+2/ (reace$,

Breac o" (o& !,.7+9/ a%$ !,.7+2/ i! !&ric& lia(ili&), Si%ce &e (reac i! %o& !li#& i&

!eem! u%%ece!!ar) "or &e purpo!e! o" !,.-A &o $e&ermi%e we&er or %o& Fo4#lo5e

i! $eali%# a! a co%!umer or %o&, I% &erm! o" reme$ie!3 Fo4#lo5e will (e e%&i&le$ &o

reec& &e #oo$!3 &e re&ur% o" &e price a%$ $ama#e! "or a%) lo!!,

..00 wor$!

.9Henry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd=.0?0> 9 AC 2.3 a& 7

.2

=9@@2> E;CA Ci5 .@[email protected]##


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js-formative assessment 1

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