jprs-eer-86-142 24 september 1986jprs-eer-86-142 24 september 1986 east europe report contents...

JPRS-EER-86-142

24 SEPTEMBER 1986

East Europe Report

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FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE

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JPRS-EER-86-142

24 SEPTEMBER 1986

EAST EUROPE REPORT

CONTENTS

AGRICULTURE

ROMANIA

Research To Put Sandy Soil to Agricultural Use (Hie Purcaru; CONTEMPORANUL, No 30, 25 Jul 86) 1

ECONOMY

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Videoton Computer, Peripherals Viewed (SVET HOSPODARSTVI, No 70, 1986) 5

BULGARIA

Deputy Minister Outlines Achievements in Railroad Transportation (Stoil Ferdov; IKONOMICHESKI ZHIVOT, 30 Jul 86) 7

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Marchuk Comments on Need To Coordinate CEMA R&D (Guriy Marchuk; SVET HOSPODARSTVI, No 70, 1986) 13

Industrial Trade Cooperation With Non-Socialist Countries Discussed (SVET HOSPODARSTVI, 6 May 86) 16

Daily Views Trade Cooperation With Hungary (LIDOVA DEMOKRACIE, 30 May 86) 19

Steel, Metallurgy Problems, Modernization Viewed (HOSPODARSKE NOVINY, Nos 30, 31, 1986) 22

Deputy Minister Discusses Modernization, by Rudolf Hosek 22 - a -

Irrationality in Steel/Metallurgy Criticized, by Bohuslav Stanek „,

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Industrial Application of Computer Technology Discussed (Gerd Friedrich; EINHEIT, No 7, Jul 86) 32

Educational Demands of CAD Technology Assessed (Horst Enders; EINHEIT, No 7, Jul 86) 41

POLAND

Deputy Minister Explains New Position Certification Process (Janusz Pawlowski Interview; RZECZPOSPOLITA, 16 Jul 86) ... 48

Columnist Comments on August Meat Price Hikes (Grazyna Smulska; ZYCIE GOSPODARCZE, No 31, 3 Aug 86) 51

Consumption Patterns Discussed in Consumer Weekly (Tadeusz Podwysocki; VETO, 3 Aug 86) 54

ROMANIA

Report on Transportation, Telecommunications Conference (LUPTA CFR, 5 Apr 86) 5g

Conference of Union of Trade Unions 58

Report on Activity of Union Committee 59

POLITICS

POLAND

Press, Personnel Changes, Media Developments: May 1986 (PRASA POLSKA, No 7, May 86) 65

Composition of Government-Episcopate Commission (POLITYKA, 19 Jul 86) 69

Primate on Religious Instruction in Schools (TYGODNIK POWSZECHNY, 24 Aug 86) 70

Editorial Sees Congruence of Propaganda, Reality (Witold Filler; SZPILKI, No 30, 24 Jul 86) 71

Pron Organ Views Intelligentsia Role, Duties (Edward Kowalczyk; ODRODZENIE, No 30, 26 Jul 86) 73

- b -

Briefs FRG Bishops Pilgrimage to Czestochowa 7b

ROMANIA

Condition of Jews in Romania During 1938-44 Discussed at Symposium (Ion Bulei; ANALE DE ISTORIE, No 3, 1986) •• 77

YUGOSLAVIA

Problems of Turkish Minority Discussed (Marko Lopusina, Dejan Lucic; INTERVJU, No 134, 18 Jul 86) 90

SOCIOLOGY

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Intelligentsia's Urban Lifestyle Counters SED Plans (Siegfried Grundmann, Jens-Peter Heuer; DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUFR PHILOSOPHIE, No 8, Aug 86) 96

/9987

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JPRS-EER-86-142 24 September 1986

AGRICULTURE ROMANIA

RESEARCH TO PUT SANDY SOIL TO AGRICULTURAL USE

Bucharest CONTEMPORANUL in Romanian No 30, 25 Jul 86 pp 4-5

[Article by Hie Purcaru: "Dabuleni—a Precinct of Science"]

[Text] Dabuleni is an old and dignified village on Dolj's plain, located on the Danube, near the mouth of the Jiu, a few kilometers from the port of Bechet, and on sandy soil. It is one of the biggest communes in Romania (over 15 000 inhabitants). It is a village in which the civilization of the new has penetrated beneath complex, often overwhelming appearances, a civilization as- similated at a tempo that indicates the ever Increasing rate of man s life here, his capacity for mastery, his mental flexibility, his zeal for changing his isolated forms of life as rapidly and as much for the better as possible. It is a village with vigorous agriculture (the property of the CAP [agricultural production cooperative] has over 10,000 hectares and that of the IAS [state agricultural enterprise] over 6,000), with nuclei of new industry (among other things, a factory for welded pipe of big dimensions), with a freshness but also with a severity of landscape, with streets and boulevards laden with rose bushes and linden trees, with big houses, some sumptuous, many of them with two stories, all finely painted and decorated in a true competition of the pride of the householders. But it is a village, with all that a village means, even in the strict sense of our time. A village that, too close to Bechet (which will soon obtain city status), will remain a village, clothed in the homespun of the village, although adorned with expensive acces-

sories for urban use.

A red-letter scientific experiment has been going on for several years in this village. An experiment with a one-of-a-kind value, undertaken by the Central Research Station for Acclimatization of Plants in Sand, built on the edge of the commune. A station put, for about 2 decades, under the authority of a noted man of science, Univ Prof Dr Eng Petre Banita, a corresponding member of the Academy of Agricultural and Silvicultural Sciences. A station that, for about 2 decades, has introduced some figures of unanimous interest into the tables of values of Romanian agricultural science and practice.

It is the first—and, thus far, the only—station of this type in our country. It is a creation of the Nicolae Ceausescu Era, a pilot unit of the new in agriculture, whose evolution is closely connected with the name of the secretary general of the party. Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu has visited it twice, in 1972

fnJ 19f'^nalyzln8 its activity in detail and offering his generous support and valuable recommendations. FH

Founded in the middle of a desert of sand (in the so-called "Oltenian Sahara "

Lltn 'HV? ?e Vert6X °n the S0Uthern edSe of Craiova and with the' base on the bank of the Danube), daring an experiment without an equivalent in our country and, as it seems, with few rivals in the world, the station has

of arid8Usoil that ,%,in l*?****™- * a contribution to the fertilization ot and soil that, without hesitating over the word, we will call downright sensatxonal. Thanks to it, not only the 3,000 hectares that make up ^property but also over 200,000 hectares of sand in Oltenia and the rest of the country-places on which acacias and cherry plums barely managed to grow, with

:;;Cfr

ierS and SC3bby WlllOWS 3nd S6dgeS disporting themselves more exu- / T Pr°!lde valuable harvests of wheat and corn, of soybeans

relar^r"8' ^^ ""* 8rap6S' °f greenS and Potatoes. A couple dozen than 26 ZUJTZ nw «owned.wlth scientific degrees (over the years! no less than 26 doctors have been trained here!), rummaged tenaciously in the sand studying its production potentialities, not fearing failures, attempting to acclimatize over 30,000 varieties of plants. All the results of theseft-

tirPlLIir ^ftr\With rXlmUm strictness> there operating all the time, IxacJ faJt; ™ rCe of T° denyln8 the aPProx™ations and confirming the ITrhLi ' I ' 26 Plant8' t0 Which the ^searchers devoted special technologies, have proved viable in the "Oltenian Sahara" and in the other

ttli it ^ ^ country-technologies that are now available to all agricultural units on soil pronounced "dead" for all eternity, but which under man s_working, with strong germinative powers, has proved suitable'for the practicing of intensive agriculture. (Nota bene: The entire work of the station_is also read in the present appearance and life of the village of Dabulem in the vigorous design of the place's agriculture, cut, it seems into healthy black earth, not into ephemeral silicon powder.) Before this

cal ST f embarke? UP°n 3 UnlqUe t3Sk> engaglnS vast disPlays °* technical and human forces, the task of "fixing" and "molding" the sand dunes those insane constructions of a hostile nature, terrible when they are set in motion, when, stirred by the wind, they invade the crops, burning them like a ram of nitric acid. Therefore, they "fixed" and "molded" the^anger^us

"dead^laid-'witri8^" J^'V* T" ±n the Wlnd'S path' and' to enrich thi* dead land with life, tapped springs, collected them in basins, and pumped

Sadova cTrHCan ' a-d made hydrotechnical studies on the basis of whiL the Sadova-Corabia irrigation system, now covering 36,000 hectares, was built.

tv6of ItTrtTl reSearche^S at flrst- having Craiova, leaving the tranquili- ty of the chambers of studies and households consolidated by profession and

undpSrT^-SC\rny 5°ll0Wed Professor Banita here to start 111 over again

; rf

flCult conditions-in fact, in the absence of any conditions! but

a truf citvT °f P1°nee,ring' There are n0W 62> formlnS »ith their families of III »y- °°dern aPartment hou^s equipped with all the niceties of technology, a city of science" hitched to a rustic settlement. People who won a valuable bet with nature, demonstrating that soil unchanged on the geo- logic time scale can become contemporary with the new, with the present life

ILI ty,R°?anian laf' fnd also demonstrating-a not at all negligible matter- that the country life" is not incompatible with the comprehensive and

resounding scientific approach. Their works (one of them, the most recent, is Prof Petre Banita's book "Agricultura pe nisipuri" [Agriculture on Sand], an acme of innovations, enriching the field with original elements) have done and are doing well both in the country and abroad. People who meet periodically in information sessions, with guests from everywhere, people who bring out a publication of their own, who maintain scientific ties with similar units m the United States, the USSR, France, China, Hungary, Poland, and Israel, peo pie who are often asked to donate experience, to collaborate on the fertiliza tion of sand in other parts of the world, with the newest request of this kind coming to them from the Sahara. (Nothing more natural, says Professor Banita, who, as one who has tramped through all those remote places, has not found anywhere a conception of desert fertilization that would rival ours in its scope, complexity, and unitary character. Not just the professor says so; the many foreign specialists who have visited Dabuleni say so.) People who are ^ now—the professor director tells us—in the presence of "a new beginning, a new quality of research," dictated by the precepts addressed to agricultural science by the 13th party congress, by the forum of science and education, by the forum of the peasantry, and by the recent speeches given by Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu at the Plenum of the RCP Central Committee and at the Joint Plenum of the National Council of Working People and the Supreme Council for Economic and Social Development.

Three big programs are now being pursued here—the professor tells us—including 58 topics and 316 experiments, put under the sign of an ambitious project: that, in the final year of the 5-year period, the entire 409,000 hectares of sand in Romania may become a gigantic and compact platter for harvests. Be- cause the printing space does not allow us, we will not go over the whole itinerary of the original and spectacular, of vastness and intensity of the research, at the end of which the 409,000 hectares will resound in the wind with a thick and deep rustle of grain. We will note only that in Dabuleni, in order to attain the daring goal, integrated research teams, on which the dis- ciplines are combined, supplement each other, and are converted into a new, extremely efficient quality, have been formed for the first time. On these teams, the biologist, the physiologist, the biochemist, the agricultural chem- ist, and the economist appear alongside the agronomist, and the mathematician and the cybernetician will soon appear (preparations for receiving them are already being made!). At this point in the discussion, Dr Eng Emil Vladoianu, the station's scientific secretary and the chief of the teams of researchers, reminds us that the new agrarian revolution, as the party leadership conceives it, requires now, more acutely than ever, the articulation of all the efforts, the synchronization and unification of them into a single creative stream, formidable precisely through its quality, as a result of energies that con- verge toward the same goal.

In concluding our remarks, we will also note another fact of reference for the "scientific precinct" called by the name of a village on the plain. It is again a question of a one-of-a-kind experiment, which has chosen as its head- quarters the secondary school in Dabuleni and which has its origin in the visit that the secretary general of the party made here in 1972. Analyzing the station's activity and its promise for the future, Comrade Nicolae Ceau- sescu decided on the creation of a research-education-production platform

within the secondary school in the commune, having as an objective, among others—in fact, above the others—the training of specialist workers for the better utilization of sand and, as a natural consequence, the stimulation of research on new planes through a closer blending of it not only with the life of the land but also with that of its future servants. The day when the researcher and the doctor of science, members of the station, appeared at the lectern of a rural secondary school as new teachers meant a new color in the landscape of Romanian education. Only as teachers, not as holiday guests with teaching subjects put on the daily and mandatory class schedule. The lessons are connected with the station's production objectives, spreading the new scientific information according to its value for the sand in Dabuleni and the rest of the country. The theoretical lesson is followed, in the field or the vineyard in the garden or the orchard, by the "technological lesson- through which the children "see" the information, touch it, participate in the integration and practical development of it under the watch of the same professor researcher. (Extremely useful-it is said to us~this "technological lesson, under the condition in which our agriculture and, in general, our economy are assimilating modern technologies at a rapid rate. The children of Dabuleni you see, know these technologies simultaneously with their appearance!) At the start of each school year, Prof Dr Petre Banita and biology teacher Viorica Preda, the principal of the secondary school, prepare the rec-

^M?6 "u8 the station?s "searchers as teachers. In Dabuleni, 400 of the 2,200 hours that constitute a researcher's annual norm are devoted to teaching activity.

^Modern agriculture cannot be achieved," Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu stressed, without personnel without education of all grades based on the newest gains

of science and technology, without a close connection of education with research, with production!... It is therefore necessary for us to review the entire educational system and to rapidly make the suitable improvements, in order to raise the level of knowledge of the people, of the personnel, of our entire peasantry. '

A requirement that, along with those addressed expressly to our agricultural science, are bearing fruit, you see, brilliantly, on land once avoided by fruit, now fertilized through the working of the new.

We will undoubtedly hear more about scientific creation at Dabuleni.

12105 CSO: 2700/256


INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ECONOMY

VIDEOTON COMPUTER, PERIPHERALS VIEWED

Prague SVET HOSPODARSTVI in Czech No 70, 1986 p 3

[Text] The Videoton brand name has become associated mainly with television receivers in Czechoslovakia. We have imported a full million of them, but they should not cast a shadow over the other consumer electronics products and particularly the computer equipment. In this field, Videoton exports goods to us with an annual value of 50 million rubles, which represents 8 percent of the entire Hungarian exports. For 1990, the prediction is for it reaching about 70 million rubles. The enterprise's trade policy is based on careful marketing work, one part of which was the exhibit of computer equipment which took place from 4 to 6 June in Prague with the organizational participation of the Rapid publicity agency.

Videoton with its close to 20,000 employees represents the largest electronic enterprise in Hungary. Two thirds of its annual production, which amounted to 15.6 billion forints last year, is devoted to exports. Of the three key areas, in addition to consumer electronics and the production of compo- nents for communications equipment, 42 percent of the total volume is in the production of computer equipment. 3,800 employees are working on it; 751 are working on research and development and 605 on marketing and technical

services.

The first eight computer systems ever were delivered to Czechoslovakia by Videoton in 1974. From that time until the end of 1983, the deliveries grew to 188 computers and by the end of this year the number of installed systems will reach 349. Just in the years 1981 to 1985 this represents a value of 118 million rubles.

Of the total deliveries, 150 systems are of the EC 1010 and EC 1011 types and 199 systems are VT20's. They are being used in all branches of the national economy, especially in mining, energy production, and the chemical, medical, and electrical engineering industries. Vidoeton likewise is delivering more and more peripheral equipment serving to round out Czecho- slovak computer systems. By the end of this year, it will have delivered over 2,000 printers and the same number of monitor terminals.

Technical service and effective utilization of the computer equipment delivered is provided in Prague, in Bratislava, and in Kosice by 84 employees of the Center for Marketing and Technical Service of Videoton

in cooperation with the organizations Office Machines k. u. o. [as published] and Datasystem k. u. o. Consultative services are provided by 30 specialists in programming software and 28 technical specialists.

Videoton*s largest trade partner in Czechoslovakia is PZO (Foreign Trade Enterprise) Kovo, but the enterprise also cooperates with Transakta, Intercoop, and Research Services.

A promising field for specific production cooperation with our enterprises is just opening up in the case of 32-bit computers. At the exhibition, Videoton displayed its general purpose VT32 computer which, with the greater number of ZAVT (Automation and Data Processing Technology Plants) concerns ready to start production next year, could create an attractive joint system for export to third country markets.

At the exhibition, the Videoton firm displayed these new items from its production program:

—The VT32 microcomputer with multiple work areas and a 16/32 bit structure suitable both for independent usage or for interconnecting into a network which is used for R&D calculations, as well as for work in the fields of economics and administration and for processing textual and graphic information;

—the VT16 system which is placed in the category of professional computers, used as a personal computer and also as a remote intelligent terminal;

—the EC 1011 computer system, a modern design minicomputer with 4 MB of internal memory;

—The VT 23000 chain printer with high-speed printing of 300 pages per minute which is ideal for systems of mass data processing; and

—the VT 21400 tabletop matrix printer which is suitable for us as a supplemental unit for microcomputers designed for administrative office use. The advantages emphasize microprocessor control and the lone life of the printing system.

One of the promising future technologies which has already shown up at the Budapest exhibition is the laser printer which improves the print quality even more and also can without difficulty handle the creation of the graphics which are so much to be desired.

Photo caption: One of the advantages of the 32-bit microcomputer is its elegant design with the independent keyboard and rotatable screen. According to predictions, Videoton will increase its exports to Czecho- slovakia to a value of 70 million rubles by 1990 from the present 50 million and so one can predict that there will be more and more of a contribution S J™ 6 COffiPuters> at least as regards the intended cooperation with the ZAVT concern.

6285/12899 CS0: 2400/364

JPRS-EEt-86-142 24 September 1986

ECONOMY BULGARIA

DEPUTY MINISTER OUTLINES ACHIEVEMENTS IN RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION

Sofia IKONOMICHESKI ZHIVOT 30 Jul 86 pp 1,9

[Article by Stoil Ferdov, Deputy Minister of Transportation and General Director of the Bulgarian State Railroads: "Railroad Transportation at a Strategic Peak"]

[Text] The April strategy for priority development of railroad transportation, most clearly described in the decision of the Politburo of the CC of the BCP and statute No. 75 of the Council of Ministers of 1980, because a definite reality during the 8th 5-Year Plan. A decisive step forward was made in the technological equipment of the railroads. Seven hundred thirty-five kilometers of railroad were equipped to use of electric power. Electric energy is now used to transport 74 percent of all cargo and passengers. According to this indicator we stand alongside the leading nations as we respond with good results to the PartyTs command for nationwide economizing by saving tens of thousands of tons of fuel for the national economy each year.

The Way Toward Automation

The first comprehensive automated systems were introduced during the years of the 8th 5-Year Plan at the Gorna Oryahovitsa and Poduyane railroad yards. The construction of a comprehensive system for automated management of train traffic in the Sofia-Plovdiv section was started. Computer technology is steadily taking over the management of the technological processes and operational activity of the railroads. Local automated systems were built at various stations and depots. Initial steps were taken in the utilization of mini- and microcomputers in administration and management.

Rolling stock was renovated at an advanced rate. The relative portion of four-axle train cars increased from 12.3 percent in 1956 to 80.1 percent in 1985. The carrying capacity of the rolling stock has increased by a factor of 2.3, while the speed of construction of freight cars has increased by a factor of 2.

Last year, 68.63 percent of all cargo was processed mechanically. The necessary equipment and system were devised for transporting cargo in containers. Close to eight million tons were transported this way during the 5-year plan.

New technology is making its way in passenger transport in the suburbs as well. The electric trains in the sections Sofia-Pernik and Sofia-Bankya run on a timetable. So-called trains for efficient contacts were introduced between the capital and Plovdiv. Thirty-two million additional tons of cargo were transported as compared to the Seventh 5-Year Plan. We will continue with this quality achievement in the transportation process. Our fundamental task during the Ninth 5-Year Plan as well will be to ensure passenger and cargo transportation which is prompt, guaranteed, and with more courteous service.

The path of progress of the Bulgarian railroads toward the year 2000 passes over an even higher strategic peak described in the program documents of the February (1985) and January (1986) Plenums of the CC of the Party, in the historical decisions of the 13th Party Congress, and in the formulations of the notable document elaborated under the leadership of Comrade Todor Zhivkov: "For Quality New Growth of the Economy."

Priority Technological Systems

Our new daily work code requires us to accelerate at an unprecedented rate the introduction of the eight priority technological systems created on the basis of the highest achievements in science and technology.

What are the strong points of the main technological breakthroughs?

The system for automation and computerization of the technology and management of transportation is in first place. It includes: methods for automatic control of trains on double and single tracks; automation of railroad yards; seat reservations and ticket sales; and automation and optimalization of the operational schedule of the locomotives and rolling stock.

Electronic equipment will trace the path for the application of these methods during the Ninth 5-Year Plan. In comparison with the Eighth 5-Year Plan, the number of computers will increase by a factor of about 8, the number of terminals by a factor of 7, and the number of computer centers by a factor of 1.6. Similarly we will construct a centralized data transfer system for the operational management of traffic of all types of transportation. A program is developed on the basis of the personal computer "Pravets" to realize the motto: "A computer in each train station and computer technology at each railroad junction!"

By the end of this year we will start regular use of a comprehensive system for automatic control of trains in the Sofia-Plovdiv section and will begin its duplication in the Sofia-Yasen section. From Karlovo to Burgas we will improve dispatch centralization with locomotive signaling and radio communications. On the main railroads we will establish train dispatch communications and radio communications; we will automate the basic processes in the junction railroad yards; and we will ensure greater safety of train traffic by expanding the network of route relay centralization and automatic structure at crossings.

There will be a significant contribution by the system of technological methods for meeting the cargo transportation needs of the national economy. The method of transportation by express and high-speed freight trains connec- ting the capital with Ruse and Burgas occupies a leading place. We foresee that it will be applied in all other directions: Sofia-Vidin, Sofia- Diraitrovgrad, Sofia-Blagoevgrad, Ruse-Stara Zagora-Plovdiv. In this way the speed of transporting cooperative shipments, small lots, and perishable cargo will be increased, while preserving their quality and quantity.

The technological system for comprehensive transportation service requires: modernization of train stations; increased use of specialized deluxe trains, such as "Yantra," "Plovdiv," and "Arda;" expanded use of the timetable method in traffic management of commuter trains in the suburbs and industrial conglomerates, above all in the sections Bankya-Iskur, Devnya-Varna, Burgas- Petrochemical Plant, Ruse-Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Plant; connections of the capital cities of the provinces, the large towns, and resorts with rapid transit trains of the type "Intercity;" and accomplishment of a technological breakthrough in international passenger transportation by introducing international expresses.

We will achieve optimalization of loading and unloading by applying a technological system for comprehensive mechanization. It is expected that related methods for transportation of loose cargo with specialized self- unloading cars and for building trestles, shafts,and other transportation- related structures will be applied in 70 train stations and industrial branches. This system also includes transportation of cargo in containers, pallets, parcels, and other modular units of the type "door to door," as well as transportation of unpackaged cargo in liquid, pulverized, or gaseous

state.

Renovation on a Large Scale

To utilize energy and material resources more effectively we will apply the most modern technological system by electrification of the railroad network, introduction and utilization of improved rolling stock, modernization of the existing locomotive stock, remote control of energy supply to electric railroads, and parallel work of the power substations.

In a separate system we have combined priority technological methods for current maintenance and repair of the locomotives, train cars, loading and unloading mechanisms,, and manufacturing and restoring spare parts and other transportation-related devices. A necessary condition for the successful development of the system is the technological renovation of the railroad manufacturing plants which will be accomplished on the basis of 28 advanced technological methods. Seventeen of them utilize flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), automated technological modules, metal cutting by plasma arc, processing centers with digital programmable controllers, robots, and wheeled robots. These methods are being introduced in the railroad plant "G. Dimitrov," Sofia, the railroad car assembly plant, nCherveno Zname" [Red Flag], Burgas, and the railroad car plant "Andrey Zhdanov," Dryanovo. The remaining 11 methods deal with improvement of the repairs of rolling stock

using mechanized conveyers and automation of individual processes, as well as mechanization of manual and unattractive labor in the railroad car repair plants in Samuil, Karlovo, and Ruse.

We guarantee the effect of these eight priority technological systems which constitute the organizational framework for renovation of the railroads, by balancing and relating the flow of conveyances with the processing and traffic capacity of the railroad sections, the plan of construction, the technical capabilities of the rolling stock, railroad tracks, and other equipment, and interaction with other types of transportation.

We have also developed technological systems for maintenance and repair of the railroad tracks, the contact network and equipment, as well as manufacture of freight and passenger railroad cars.

The technological renovation of railroad transportation during the 9th 5-Year Plan will continue at an accelerated rate by electrification, as well as by doubling the trunk lines, which will result in a decisive, comprehensive, and overall increase of their traffic and carrying capacity. This establishes the prerequisites for making the economic ties between the large industrial centers, seaport complexes, and town systems narrower in terms of shortened travel time, and for satisfying more fully our clients' requirements for expeditious, effective, and quality services. By 1995 we foresee the completion of electrification of all main railroads, while just during the 9th 5-Year Plan we expect to supply over 700 kilometers with electricity.

Comprehensive and Accelerated Development

The completion of the electrified double circle Sofia-Plovdiv-Karnobat- Varna-Gorna Oryahovitsa-Sofia will be a large-scale action in the April strategy for railroads. During a meeting on June 3d of this year with the administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Bulgarian State Rail- roads, Comrade Todor Zhivkov assigned a primary role to this "receiving railroad trunk line," which, following the construction of radically directed lines, will receive the main traffic from the southwest through Plovdiv and Stara Zagora, and from the north through Mezdra and Gorna Oryahovitsa toward the Black Sea coast and the ferry boat complex in Varna.

The complex infrastructure of railroad transportation requires a congruous and expeditious development of all its elements. For this reason the rolling stock will be thoroughly renovated and the number of specialized freight cars increased. The railroad stations and yards will be thoroughly modernized through the construction of heavy-duty loading and unloading docks, new platforms, trestles, container terminals, and mechanized measuring equipment. We will continue the reconstruction of the railroad network, which in many sections will create conditions for a maximum speed of 130-150 kilometers per hour.

Quality new growth is the meaning and content of the railroads' future, which will be ruled by the motto "Science and its application go hand in hand!" For this reason we will combine the forces of all of our science and

10

engineering implementation units and organizations into a common technological center for research and implementation. Manufacturing enterprises will also be integrated. It is only in this way that we can speak of a technological renovation on an international level!

We will not progress successfully during the 9th 5-Year Plan unless we make a decisive change in the application, of economic principles as well.

The many thousands of railraod workers realize that their contribution to quality new growth of the national economy can be sufficient only if the goals match the resources available realistically. This is the surest guarantee that the railroads will fulfill their assigned program during the 9th 5-Year Plan, that is, to meet the transportation needs of the national economy and the public fully and with high quality and to ensure that there are only clean platforms in front of the "April Express" of the scientific and technological revolution!

Relative Portion of Cargo and Passengers Transported Using Electric Power (percentage)

JK riETHflETKA 82 I (9th 5-year plan) nnaHf

(8th 5-year plan)

(7th 5-year plan)

11

Railroads Equipped for Use of Electric Power (kilometers)

| [IX nETMriETKA tfSfe:« Ninth

5-year plan

795 •nnaH

yamcsESBSsaas planned<*>:

nETHflETKA 8th 5-year, p.tan

VII nETHHETKA Seventh 5-year plan Trr?c.v.!.!.:.!.:.!.%%%:.%%v«v.

13211/9435 CSO: 2200/160

12


ECONOMY CZECHOSLOVAKIA

MARCHUK COMMENTS ON NEED TO COORDINATE CEMA R&D

Prague SVET HOSPODARSTVI in Czech No 70, 1986 p 1

[Article by Guriy Marchuk: "Fulfillment of the Tasks Designated Requires Through Coordination of All Work"]

[Text] At a high-level meeting of CEMA member states in the summer of 1984, an agreement was reached on developing an Overall Program of R&D Progress which would become the basis for a coordinated R&D policy. In the course of one and one-half years, this program was worked out and approved at the latest CEMA session. The Overall Program of R&D Progress up to the Year 2000 includes five main areas of cooperation: electronization of the national economy; overall automation, including flexible automated systems; accelerated development of nuclear energy; new materials and the technology for producing and processing them; and accelerated development of biotechnology.

What is then necessary to be done for the development of each of these main areas of cooperation and what kind of results do the CEMA countries expect from implementing this program?

Here it is necessary to develop a new-generation supercomputer which will be capable of carrying out 10 billion operations per second. Such a machine will solve expecially complicated scientific problems, flexibly manage economics, and carry out other extensive tasks. Mass-produced computer equipment is also being developed with established software which will be used in all branches of the national economy, in research institutes and development organizations, in the field of education, and in daily life. For already a decade and a half, the socialist countries have been producing a whole range of computers through joint efforts. Several tens of research centers and 70 plants in which more than 300,000 people work are contributing to their development and improvement. The dynamic rate of development of this branch can be seen in the following data: in 15 years, the mutual exchange of modern computer equipment in the CEMA countries has increased 32-fold. The application of electronics makes it possible for the CEMA countries to accelerate the growth of the national income, to reduce the material and energy demands of products manufactured by one-third to one-half, and to shorten by half the time for development and implementation of various programs and projects.

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Joint projects of the CEMA countries in the field of overall automation are concentrated mainly on the development of designing and managing technological processes and on the development of highly effective flexible production approaches in key branches of the national economy. All this shortens schedules by one-third to one-half and reduces expenses involved in introducing new types of products while increasing the productivity of labor by two to five times and obviously reducing the number of workers.

The accelerated development of nuclear energy is directed at an intense qualitative transformation of the structure of energy production in the countries which are taking part in implementation of the program. The consumption of organic fuels will be reduced and the heating supply improved, which will, of course, make the atmosphere cleaner. The new nuclear electric power plants will contain reactors with improved technical and economic parameters and the utilization of natural uranium will be improved.

As far as new materials and the technology of their production is concerned, the plans call for the development, for example, of ceramic combustion engines and combustion turbines and new amorphous, monocrystalline, and extremely pure materials. These are materials which have great resistance to corrosion and radiation, fire resistance, and resistance to wearing out. Their use will save on such expensive elements as platinum, cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and niobium. The new materials will become the basis for the development of the next generations of equipment.

Biotechnology is a new, modern area of R&D cooperation. By synthesizing the latest successes in microbiology, genetics, physiology, and a number of other sciences, it reveals new opportunities for increasing the sources of foodstuffs, extraction of minerals, finding new energy sources, and the development of production methods with no waste byproducts for the prevention and cure of dangerous diseases.

The primary tasks in this field are the development and the broad economic utilization of biologically active materials and medicines. These make it possible to carry out timely diagnostics and to cure heart and circulatory ailments, ulcers, and hereditary and infectious diseases, including viral illnesses.

New microbiological means will be developed for the protection of crops against disease and damage, bacterial fertilizers, and crop growth regulators. There are plans for the use of methods of genetic and cellular engineering to cultivate new types and hybrids of highly productive agricultural crops which are resistant to harmful external factors. Biotechnological methods will be used to acquire valuable products and feed additives, for maximum and effective processing of various waste products, and for obtaining biogas and highly effective fertilizers.

How will the Overall Program be implemented as a practical matter? From what has already been said, it can be seen that the CEMA countries firmly tie in their strategy of economic and social development to the latest successes of

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science and technology. Operational and thorough joint planning of all activities in this area is necessary for this. The basic tasks of the Over- all Program which are to be carried out in the immediate future are included in the economic plans of the member states of CEMA for the years 1986 to 1990, Obviously, it will be necessary to make certain adjustments in the plans already prepared, in which it will be possible and necessary to make the required changes. In them, attention will be paid to the results already achieved and to the new results of the dynamically developing world of science.

Specialized supervisory organizations have been designated for the implementation of the program. In the Soviet Union, these tasks have been given to the newly formed interbranch R&D complexes (MVTK) and also to the leading research institutes. For example, the Institute of Electrical Welding J. Paton in Kiev is becoming the leading organization for the development of the technology and equipment for automated welding, brazing, soldering, and heat cutting.

It is predicted that just in the USSR in the Twelfth 5-Year Plan (1986 to 1990) there will be savings of millions of tons of ferrous metals thanks to the results of these MVTKs. According to the unified plans, joint research production associations, such as the already formed Soviet-Bulgarian machine tool association or the multilateral Interrobot association, are also starting to work. Basic joint enterprises, firms, and development offices are also contributing to the effective implementation of the Overall Program of R&D Progress up to the Year 2000.

To carry out the approved program of the CEMA countries is no easy matter and there is much in it that is innovative. It requires considerable effort and good cooperation work throughout the entire cycle from the basic research and development up through mass production of new products and their mutually coordinated delivery. But we are convinced that the established tasks are realistic and that we can carry them out through our joint efforts.

6285/12795 CSO: 2400/364

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INDUSTRIAL TRADE COOPERATION WITH NON-SOCIALIST COUNTRIES DISCUSSED

Prague SVET HOSPODARSTVI in Czech 6 May 86 p 2

ITextJ Within the framework of its overall foreign trade policies, for several years the CSSR has been devoting more attention to the development of industrial cooperation with non-socialist countries [NSC's]. At the beginning of 1986, the Czechoslovak Commerce Bank [CSOB] recorded a total of 120 cooperative activities which were directed at the widest variety of branches and fields of our national economy. At the same time, cooperative exports for the entire year of 1985 reached a value of Kcs 517,018,000 FCO and Czechoslovak imports a level of Kcs 617,554,000 FCO. In comparison with 1984, there was thus an overall increase in cooperative turnover of Kcs 182 million FCO, that is of more than 19 percent. '

During 1985, a total of 27 new cooperative contracts were approved and signed with foreign firms in the NSC's. This amounted to almost a 100 percent growth in comparison with 1984 when 14 new contracts were concluded, At the same time, a positive feature is the fact that the branches involved in the newly signed agreements has expanded and there are thus changes taking place in their make-up as far as branches are concerned. Last year., the Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Foodstuffs of the CSR made the most cooperative contracts [eight cooperative cases]. This was followed by the Ministry of General Engineering with five newly signed contracts and the same number was signed in the CSR Ministry of Industry, while there were three new cooperative agreements each within the Ministry of Metallurgy and Heavy Engineering and the Ministry of Industry of the SSR. The remainder falls within the cooperative farm sector and enterprises of the local economy.

As far as the specific product orientation of the individual newly signed contracts is concerned, in the department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Foodstuffs the orientation is toward the production of laundry washing machines and soaps [Fats Industry/Transakta and the FRG firm Gnaunl, the field of livestock production [Slatinske Lazy/Koospol and the Imbe Italy firm], the production of lysozyme [Poultry Industry/Transakta and the firm Belovo Belgium], the production and exporting of live and slaughtered rabbits [Poultry Industry/Koospol and the Imbe Italy firm]

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steel farm buildings [Zempo/Strojexport and the FRG Kiwafirm], equipment for protecting crops [Zempo/Transakta and the Austrian fIrm Krobath] t

raising producing, and marketing vegetables [Zempo/Transakta and the FRG SÜ toeico], aJ processing agricultural produce [unified agricultural cooperative Slusovice/Unicoop and the firm Monsanto Belgium].

The Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Foodstuffs last year fulfilled the planned export volumes within the industrial cooperation framework by 100.6 percent. Very successful organizations in this area irrSr example, Poultry Industry, State Breeding Enterprise, and others.

In the engineering departments [FMVS -Federal Ministry of General Engi- neering and FMHTS - Federal Ministry of Metallurgy and Heavy Engineering], in 1985 there were cooperative contracts signed for the production of meters [TOS - Machine Tool Factories Hostivar/Stroj.Uaport and the^Marposs Italy firm], the production of home sewing machines [ZVS - General Engineering Plants Brno/Omnia and the Swiss firm Tavaro and FurrerJ, domestic electrical appliances [Prago-Union/Merkuria and the^Austrian firm Phillips], grinding tools [ZTS - Heavy Machine Tools Plants Martin/Transakta and the firm Tapmatic of the United States and Switzerland] Ayia auto- mobiles [Avia/Motokov and the French firm Renault], inthe field of mining machinery [Mining Construction Prievidz/Martimex and^the firm Polain France], and technical training and the production of combustion equipment [Choteborske Engineering Works/Omnia and the FRG firm Esab].

The FMVS fulfilled the planned volume of exports of cooperative goods for 1985 by 102.8 percent and the FMHTS by 112 percent. A great turnover in this field is being shown by the cooperative action between CKD [Ceskomoravska-Kolben-Danek] Dukla and the FRG firm Kraftanlagen in the ^ production of mobile locomotive sheds and some other items. To replace the terminated cooperative actions between TST-TOS [Engineering Technology Plants - Machine Tool Factories] Hostivar and the Italian firm Marposs, a new cooperative contract was signed which draws upon the already traditional relationships in this field.

Within the framework of the MP [Ministry of Industry] of the CSR, the newly concluded cooperative contracts with firms from the NSC s are oriented toward the production of accessory equipment for washing machines [Stroitex Dvur Kralove/Transakta and the FRG firm Hollingsworth], the production of skylights [Sklo-Union/Skloexport and the FRG Schollglas production], winter and summer sports clothing and recreational clothing [Kras Brno/Transakta and the FRG Univers], production of illuminating glass [Sklo-Union/Skloexport and the firm Light Source Electrical Equip- ment of Great Britian], and the production of musical instruments.

The MP of the SSR last year concluded cooperative agreements for the piece production of furniture and wooden parts [Mier Topolcany/Transakta and the FRG firm Huwil-Werke], the production of fluoting [as published] paper [South Slovakian Cellulose and Paper Works Sturovo/Transakta and the FRG firm Erwepa], and for the production of synthetic threads [Plants of the MDZ [as published] Bratislava/Transakta and the Austrian firm Kühnen].

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In the cooperative sector, it was a matter of cooperative contracts for the production of furniture pieces and sets [CSVD (Czech Union of Production Cooperatives)/VD (probably Production Cooperative) Lukavec/Transakta and the Valentina firm from Italy], the wood building industry [SZVD (Slovak Union of Production Cooperatives)/VD Detva/Transakta and the Austrian firm Matador], and the production of upholstered furniture [IIP (Ministry of Industry) CSR/Karna Marianske Lazne/Transakta and the Nehl firm from the FRG].

It is necessary to develop further the positive trend in the development of industrial cooperation between the CSSR and the nonsocialist countries, as has been done in the last year. A similar approach to this problem is being taken in the majority of the other European member countries of CEMA as well. Experience clearly confirms that this higher form of international division of labor can contribute to an expansion in advantageous bilateral relationships and the structure of foreign trade relations can be diversified in the desired direction.

6285/9190 CSO: 2400/369

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DAILY VIEWS TRADE COOPERATION WITH HUNGARY

Prague LIDOVA DEMOKRACIE in Czech 30 May 86 p 3

[Text] Budapest, this attractive and constantly fresh city on the Danube with its two million inhabitants, had lived through a hot day. And not just because the temperature had hovered around 30 degrees Celsius, but also because the tourist season is starting and from 21 May until Thursday an international engineering exhibition took place in which 2,000 exhibitors from more than 30 countries participated. The hotels were completely filled up and the staff in the service facilities were kept busy serving all the tours which came to the Hungarian city in that period. Dozens of excursion buses from Czechoslovakia were also parked around the exhibition grounds every day.

After the Soviet Union, the FRG, and the GDR, our republic is the fourth largest trade partner of the Hungarian Peoples' Republic and our participation in the Budapest exhibition was in keeping with that importance. Together with the Soviet Union and Poland, we were among the largest exhibitors from the socialist countries, while by far the largest exhibit area overall was occupied this year by companies from neighboring Austria.

As we were told by the director >of the participating Czechoslovak exhibition, Eng J. Kopacek, our machinery, equipment, and instruments here represented 16 foreign trade organizations, of which the largest exhibitors were Kovo, Motokov, and Strojimport. Economic cooperation with Hungary has for a long time consisted not just of developing trade exchanges, but is more and more moving toward the more progressive forms of the international socialist division of labor, toward cooperation and specialization. What does this mean specifically? The coordination of national economic plans and the concluding of agreements on specialization and cooperation have gradually created relations advantageous to both countries. We are successfully exporting to Hungary printing and office machinery, pumps, medical equipment, hydraulic elements, metal lathe and shaping equipment, equipment for energy engineering, trucks and cars, and agricultural, road, and construction machinery.

And, on the other hand, Czechoslovak imports from Hungary have made it possible for a number of Hungarian enterprises to specialize more narrowly on a selected inventory of engineering and electronics products

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and many assembly elements, for example, in the automotive industry. This means that in Hungarian exports to the CSSR an important role is played by various axles for trucks, buses, tractors, and farm machinery, but they also include measuring, regulatory, and control equipment. In consumer goods, there are televisions, tape recorders, and radios.

An important current bilateral document is, for example, the intergovern- mental agreement on specialization and cooperation, as well as mutual delivery, of road, agricultural, and construction machinery signed in 1981 and valid up to 1990. The volume of sets and groups actually delivered under this agreement amounts annually to over 100 million convertible rubles. This year the overall mutual exchange of goods with Hungary Will reach a turnover of almost 1.6 billion rubles, which is Kcs 16 billion. And that is quite a lot of machinery, equipment, various goods, chemicals, and medicine. To fulfill this agreement and to get closer together is why there are exhibitions just as the recently completed one in Budapest.

High-Quality Export Goods

Hungary is a high-quality economic partner and in order for us to develop further cooperation successfully, we also need high-quality export goods such as machinery, instruments, and cars. By their exportation we must also make forints to pay for the tourist trade. More and more of our people are going to Hungary and this costs the republic something. Last year, for example, they welcomed" about 15 million visitors to Hungary. Of these, 10 million were from the socialist countries and the most, over 5 million tourists, came from this country. Far fewer Hungarians come to visit us. Therefore, if we are to have enough forints for the tourist trade, we must export more goods. And this is also not simple. It is a matter of whether we have them and whether what we are offering suits our neighbors. What we are specifically doijig about this is what the chief of the Motokov exhibit at the Budapest exhibition R. Hermanek told us about. This year we put the emphasis here on new items in-the field of municipal vehicles and we exhibited the Bobr 16.2, which is a garbage truck on the Liaz 110 820 series chassis. We also displayed a street sweeping truck, the Liaz prime mover, and the Tatra 815 lowboy trailer. There is interest in Hungary in all these types of vehicles and this year we are offering an additional 200 Liaz trucks and 106 Avia cars over and above the agreed- upon number. Through this export Motokov wants to contribute to balancing the payment accounts with Hungary and to create conditions for the further development of the tourist trade going to Hungary.

The Kovo foreign trade organization likewise offered machinery and instruments here which have a good international reputation. They were a new series of transmission recording instruments, the Vareg 10 for measuring electrical output, as well as digital measuring probes of various types, all from Blansko Metra. The guarantor of the Kovo exhibit VI. Voracek also pointed out to us the Cyklos M 211 and Costar 4 duplicating machines and the printing machinery from Adamov Adast, the Romayor 314, the Grafopress, and in particular the Adast Dominant offset machinery, which is famous throughout the world and which was operating

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at the exhibition. Technician P. Nikl from Adamov Adast printed color posters on it which the visitors to the exhibition gladly took home. All of the above equipment and instruments are part of the specialization agreements and the Hungarians do not produce similar products, but rather

depend on us.

And VI. Voracek also gave us some interesting facts about one more of our products. That is the liquid fuel sales stand, also from Adamov Adast. Hungary is one of our biggest customers for pumpstands, as our motorists v/ho come here can see for themselves. We have supplied them here with several hundred of them and almost all Hungarian gasoline pumps are equipped with them, except for a few which were built by Shell. Our Adamov Adast also has a service contract with Hungary and we have trained a number of repairmen and technicians for them. Hungary also has great interest in our servodrives in the Modact and Climact series from Presov ZPA LIndus- trial Automation Plants or Equipment and Automation Plants] which make it possible to regulate remotely and automatically various pipes in the chemical or foodstuffs industry. We likewise exhibited these instruments.

6285/9190 CSO: 2400/296

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JJRS-BBR-86-U2 ^ September 1986

EC0N0MY CZECHOSLOVAKIA

STEEL, METALLURGY PROBLEMS, MODERNIZATION VIEWED

Deputy Minister Discusses Modernization

Prague HOSPODARSKE NOVINY in Czech No 31, 1986 pp 1, 6

Hfl1?-^ En§ ^°lf H°Sekj Candldate for Doctor of Science, Deputy Minister Mfdernization-f * En8ineering for the CSSR: "Developing the Bases for

CSsfforTnRfi°?qqnnt fp* 0bJe?tive^ of Economic and Social Development in the CSSR for 1986-1990 and Projections for the Year 2000 outlined the primary tasks of the current stage of socialist construction in the CSSR. The main objective continues to be to increase all aspects of our people's standard of living. The achievement of this goal is predicated on accelerated socio-economic development through intensification. This in turn involves the more rapid practical applications of R&D results. Achieving fundamental increases in the technical sophistication of products will depend on the progress that we make in the most important areas of R&D, namely electronics, comprehensive automation, nuclear power, production technologies, the processing of new materials, and biotech- nologies.

As the focus of R&D projects in all branches of the economy, engineering plays a significant role m this process. Full integration into the Comprehensive Program of R&D Progress for CEMA Member Countries Through the Year 2000 is also essential if the tasks before us are to be fulfilled.

In the heavy engineering sector the main emphasis is to provide equipment for nuclear power plants, machinery for coal extraction, equipment for the power generation, chemical, and food industries, waste water treatment equipment electric and motor driven buses, streetcars and trolleybuses, machining and forming tools, equipment for rolling mills, steel mills and foundries, parts for converters pumps, fittings and pneumatic equipment. Most of our attention will be devoted to the development of these selected priority sectors. Innova- tions must include products that are less energy-intensive and which make it possible to apply new technologies. Such technologies lead to increased labor productivity (through increased automation), and improved product quality (overall quality, reliability, useful life, etc.).

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New production equipment includes series W boring and milling machines, series SNT lathes, and series WPC gantrys. Also new are tandem rolling mills, section and billet mills, continuous steel casting equipment, and the TC 2N unit for the surface mining of coal.

The composition of the production program and the degree of product innovation are important factors that will determine the development of the production base. By the same token, the production base is the limiting factor in the production of innovative products. If we want to make a qualitative leap in innovative products, we must first make a qualitative leap in the development of our production base.

The current situation is such that the production base for heavy engineering contains more than 60 percent obsolete machinery and equipment, with a large percentage of machines over 15 years old. During the Seventh 5-Year Plan the percentage of NC machinery only increased from 0.7 percent to 1.3 percent of the total. This is totally inadequate and we definitely must increase this figure substantially.

In other words we must make fundamental improvements in our production base. To this end we plan:

—to introduce advanced equipment that will make it possible to increase labor productivity substantially;

—to introduce electronics into production processes;

—to modernize and automate unified worksites and to shift gradually to comprehensive automation of production equipment;

—to mechanize and automate materials handling and warehouse management;

—to produce a new generation of production machinery and equipment, especially machining and forming machines, and equipment for rolling mills, steel mills and foundries.

The production process in heavy engineering utilizes all basic engineering technologies. The production of individual economic production units (VHJ) in our sector varies considerably, with the result that there are great differences in the sophistication of the production process in individual enterprises. For this reason we want every VHJ in our sector to formulate and implement a comprehensive program for production modernization and reconstruction, and for systematic innovation in the production process based on modern production equipment and advanced technology. We will no longer allocate funds according to the formula "Everyone gets a little something for investment, so no one really gets anything at all". We intend to make single-purpose investments in effective reconstruction and modernization projects and in changing the structure of obsolete production operations.

Our sector is in a unique position as both producer and user of production equipment. Its most important producers, however, are the general engineering and

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the electrotechnical industry, which must also play a major role in the reconstruction and modernization of the production base of the Czechoslovak engineering. It will be necessary to increase the percentage of machinery and equipment from domestic manufacturers for both of the above sectors in order to accelerate the pace of modernization and reconstruction.

In order to assure the development of advanced technologies in our sector we have established tasks for both VHJ and research institutes that will provide tor ongoing work in developing such t echnologies even though we do not expect that any of the results will be implemented on any scale in the economy during the current 5-year plan. The Prague State Materials Research Institute and the Bratislava Welding Research Institute are currently working on sectoral R&D tasks for the Eighth 5-Year Plan which are directly related to the development of unconventional surface treatment techniques, the use of lasers for heat treatments, welding and cutting by lasers, etc.

One of the basic objectives of our sector in the development of engineering techniques is the development of modern and efficient techniques for the production of semi-finished goods, parts, machinery and equipment that are of sufficient quality to ensure an increase in the sophistication of the products of the sector. A number of computerized equipment workstations have been built in our sector with this objective in mind. These involve mainly the installation of digitally controlled machines and the construction of computerized equipment workstations using industrial robots and manipulators. During the Seventh 5-Year Plan we installed 805 industrial robots and manipulators and constructed Ih3 computerized equipment workstations. The targets for this year are the installation of 1,200 industrial robots and the construction of 750 computerized equipment workstations.

Specific examples of beginning the production of modern equipment include:

—Center VS-43 is operating at the Skoda concern. This is a flexible production system for the production of certain types of regulating mechanisms for nuclear power plants and for the production of geared wheels for machine tools. Work is being completed on a computerized unit for turbine blade production. The Vitkovice concern has completed an overhaul, which included reconstruction and modernization of their No 4 and No 6 blast furnaces and blooming mill I and use of the vibration technique of eliminating stress in weldments, etc.

TheChepos VHJ has implemented a system at the Chodov Chodos firm for the computerized handling and warehousing of materials. At the Sigma concern a technique has been developed for the electron beam welding of fixtures and the production o± fittings for the food industry. At the Czechoslovak Railway Car Plant 1985 saw the completion of construction of a new factory for the production of under- carriages for the Y 25 Cs freight cars that incorporates a significant percentage of computerized production, especially in the welding operations.

We are still not satisfied, however. The question is why we have not as yet made a qualitative breakthrough in intensifying the production base of plants arid factories? What factors limit the pace of application of advanced technologies in the production base?

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The principal culprit is current economic practice in which technical development has not yet really been incorporated into the system of indicators that is the backbone of the plan. Currently any plant that wants to produce a new product or modernize its production facilities must proceed more or less on its own because such activities do not usually yield any tangible positive, immediate economic impact, but rather a number of problems and concerns that derive at random from:

—cost incurred in development and the production of prototypes and test series;

—problems from the initial, normally less reliable products;

—changes in the usual production cycle;

—increased depreciation that comes with modernization of the production base;

—increased qualification requirements for organization employees.

We have already taken a number of steps to improve this situation. These involve formulating and upgrading economic mechanisms so that the application of technical advances to production will become not only a major focus of management at all levels but will be economically advantageous as well, especially at the end of the process—in the phase of end user application.

A second reason for our problems is a lack of balance between demand and the supply of capital assets needed for modernization. This expands and sometimes makes it impossible to implement a number of cost-effective modernization and reconstruction projects.

A related problem is the high acqusition costs of computerized capital equipment and especially of industrial robots and manipulators. This is due in port, to normally short production runs, a lack of specialization and cooperation, and inadequate spare parts availability. The ROBOT 86 exhibition confirmed this situation this year. The exhibition demonstrated the full range of applications for computerized equipment but also demonstrate the problems associated with the large-scale introduction of highly sophisticated computerized equipment.

The third factor to take into account is the human factor in production and the extent to which production organization employees are prepared to deal with the problems inherent in production intensification. It must be stated that we do not have adequate management, decision-making or implementation resources to introduce advanced technology successfully and to develop the production base. This is the result of the consistent underestimation of the importance of these activities in management, in public awareness and, in the final analysis, in past resource allocation to this area. The low numbers of industrial engineers, designers and technicians also reflects a general lack of interest in these demanding professions.

Because our sector is responsible for assuring the intensive development of production processes and speeding up the application of advanced techniques to existing procedures, we have been approaching the above problem with a number

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of measures. We have formulated a proposal to develop the production of single- purpose machines for the Eighth 5-Year Plan that provides for the production of approximately Kcs 2 billion worth of this equipment for domestic use. This program includes provisions for producing certain machines and equipment that are not readily available in specific VHJ for domestic engineering production.

A critical objective for our sector in the area of engineering technology development for the Eighth 5-Year Plan is the building of special purpose facilities for equipment R&D, for equipment design, for engineering single-purpose machines, formulation of management systems and production of single-purpose production equipment. We intend to set up such facilities in every VHJ so that their production can supplement, where necessary, the machinery, equipment and technology of specialized equipment suppliers. At the same time the creative resources of these facilities must provide for a comprehensive approach to the implementation of technical modernization. We will also have to strengthen aspects of centrally managed design facilities.

Irrationality in Steel/Metallurgy Criticized

Prague HOSPODARSKE NOVINY in Czech No 30, 1986 p 7

[Article by Bohuslav Stanek, Brno: "Metallurgy in Context; Knowing How Much"]

[Text] We have published a number of articles this year covering the production of the metallurgical industry of the CSSR. Opinions obviously have differed, mainly depending on the author's viewpoint. Now with some hindsight we are returning to the same issue, this time from the viewpoint of a long-time advo- cate of rational behavior.

Decisions about the future of metallurgy involve direct and related investment commitments in the tens of billions of korunas. Huge risk is involved, but serious mistakes can be avoided by a thorough discussion of all aspects of the problem. Here are my comments on the discussion of the metallurgical industry.

Very High Investment

I agree with the critical comments of docent eng Valter Komarek, Candidate for Doctor of Science, and particularly with the view of Dr Premysl Skala, Candidate for Doctor of Science, that we cannot afford to have excessive metallurgical production with its attendant heavy engineering requirements and high materials intensiveness, and that placing restrictions on metallurgical production would free up resources, energy and labor for modernizing the national economy. In my view, metallurgical works are insatiable goliaths that require more and more investment commitments amounting to billions of korunas, along with related investments in power generation facilities at the expense of other sectors, such as the textile or food industries, transportation or communications. A landlocked country with an undesirably long territorial configuration and expensive routes to the ocean cannot afford to import ore and export materials produced with a minimum of labor and R&D work.

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The arguments of proponents of metallurgical works contain many superficial considerations that are not acceptable in discussions of such a serious problem. Metallurgical exports only appear to be profitable because they are based on incorrect pricing, especially of energy. The prices of coal and electric power should include all costs, both direct and indirect. These include costs, for instance, for relocating villages, towns, railway lines, roads, and dams, for moving earth, for reclamation, for reversing damage to forests, costs of refores- tation, declining yields of agricultural crops resulting from emissions, and shares of damages due to corrosion for emissions, health care problems, etc.

I have figures that indicate that the costs per ton of standard fuel equivalent in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Mines in the Seventh 5-Year Plan averaged Kcs 400, with Kcs 556 projected for the Eighth 5-Year Plan. In the Ostrava-Karvina mines the figure was Kcs 604 for the Seventh 5-Year Plan, with Kcs 884 projected for the Eighth 5-Year Plan. Coal from the Slany mines will cost a projected Kcs 1,700 per ton. All the costs that are included in these calculations are not specified, but my guess is only direct and no indirect costs at all. I also do not know what the cost of coal from the new mines in the Podbeskyd region will be. I think that they will approximate the costs of the Slany mine.

This invalidates the argument of comrade deputy eng Zdenek Suchy, Candidate for Doctor of Science, in HOSPODARSKE NOVINY No 13 that the CSSR is one of a small number of countries for which coking coal is an essential precondition for the efficient production of pig iron. We have this coal, but how much will it cost and what investment will be involved for mining it at great depths? How much will a ton of coking coal cost at home and how much will a competitor charge? The efficient production of pig iron is possible, after all, only if prices are in line. What other country in the world proceeds with a project when this is not the case?

In other countries mines are being closed and coal is being obtained less expen- sively. We are investing huge sums in our mines. These funds are not available for use elsewhere. The output of these mines is being used for excessive metallurgical production. Investments in power generation facilities are skyrocket- ing: in the Fifth 5-Year Plan they were Kcs 6 billion, in the Sixth Kcs 60 billion, and the estimate for the Seventh 5-Year Plan was Kcs 180 billion (Source: synopsis of lecture by Prof Dr A. Nesvadba in Brno, 10 December 1981; I do not have more recent figures).

Behaviour According to the Situation

Comparisons with other countries with high metallurgical production are deceptive. The Austrian metallurgical works, VOST, have been experiencing a crisis for a number of years and have lost tens of billions of shillings. The Austrian Socialist Party has attempted to keep it alive so as to preserve jobs. The Western European metallurgical industry has also had marketing difficulties for several years. There has been an ongoing "steel war" with the USA over import restrictions because even the USA is trying to assure markets for its own metallurgical industry. In other words, more steel is being produced than is needed and there is unutilized capacity.

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West European coastal countries have inexpensive water transportation and sufficient currency resources to purchase inexpensive foreign coal. The same is true of Japan. These countries are trying to maintain their metallurgical industries because they have a large unemployment problem. We, on the other hand, have problems with a labor shortage, especially for services, in part because of nonessential and inefficient production. Moreover, in developed capitalist countries steel production is being noticeably reduced and replaced by plastics, especially in pipe production. Without being completely precise it can be estimated that one ton of plastic pipe can replace four to five tons of steel pipe and that the plastic pipe will be serviceable for 50 years without any insulation. Academician Boris Paton spoke about this at the 27th CPSU Congress.

By 1990 General Motors has plans to produce one million cars with plastic bodies. This will reduce demands for steel and further reduce steel production. In how many other areas will plastics be replacing steel? Has our metallurgical industry considered this? On more than one occasion we have invested in areas that other countries are already phasing out.

Underutilized Resources

One cannot responsibly argue that we do not have adequate electric furnace capacity for improved utilization of scrap iron, as maintained by eng Veslav Maroszczyk, in HOSPODARSKE NOVINY, No 11. Our mistake was that we did not build these furnaces a decade or more ago. The blame for this belongs to officials in the metallurgical industry, in the State Planning Commission and in the State Commission for R&D and Investment Development. For at least 30 years we have publicized the desirability of recycling scrap Iron. It has been estimated that one ton of scrap saves two tons of high quality anthracite coal and four tons of iron ore. It reduces water consumption by 40 percent, electricity use by 75 percent and air pollution by 85 percent, and substantially reduces investment requirements for facilities to process iron ore. Metallurgical industry representatives never said that these figures were inaccurate, and silence is consent. Given these advantages, why did they not build the necessary facilities to make maximum use of scrap iron?

A possible explanation was offered by Z. Suchy in HOSPODARSKE NOVINY, No 13, where he stated that deliveries of ore and concentrates from the USSR have made it possible to produce iron without expending energy on its extraction and processing. I consider this explanation to be very unfortunate because it makes the maximum use of scrap impossible. Approaching the matter logically, imports of ore from anywhere, whether it be the USSR, India or Brazil, imposes a double load on the power system, both direct and indirect. First, electricity consumption is higher in the production of steel from iron ore than in its production from scrap. Secondly, we must expend energy to produce the export goods that we need to pay for the ore than we are importing. Given our general lack of raw materials we must often import the raw materials to make the above export goods. For these reasons it is much preferable to produce as much steel as possible from domestic scrap.

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We are doing in a very complicated manner what can be done much more simply. This is one of the reasons for our labor shortage and for material and energy shortages. Once we realize this, we can set ourselves the goal of making full use of every bit of domestic waste materials, whether it be iron, wood, glass, paper, plastics or whatever else. We should become a world leader in the organization of secondary raw material recycling. Presently our waste dumps contain immense amounts of reusable raw materials and are a sharp indictment of the State Planning Commission, economics as a science and economics schools. These facilities are supposed to train people to think and act economically, but they are doing a poor job of it. With the ongoing publicity about scrap iron recycling, I have never been able to comprehend why there are still locomotives on sidings all shot up from World War II. Nor do I understand why there is no oxygen or manpower to dismantle all the idle boats or the long lines of rolling stock that clutter up our train stations, or why there is a chronic shortage of trucks, rolling stock and diesel fuel for transporting scrap to the metallurgical works. How is it at the same time possible that the transportation resources, fuel, energy, oxygen and labor are available to produce the goods we use to pay for imports of ore. A lot of iron that should be recycled is irrevocably lost, piles up, or litters the environment at innumer- able unmanaged dumps. This is the result of poorly focused thinking.

It is erroneous and oversimplified to think that higher quality steels, new product lines and modernized mills will make it possible to increase substantially the efficiency of engineering exports. All of the above are, to be sure, necessary, but none of them are critical. They may make it possible to increase exports by 10 percent, but we need to increase them by much more than that. V. Komarek has pointed to the difference: the average kilogram price of our engineering exports to the European Economic Community is three dollars, while the average per kilogram price of their exports is eight dollars. The difference exists because we export mainly materials while they export mainly ideas.

Achieving Increased Efficiency

We need to make a radical change for the better. We need to determine all, absolutely all, the reasons for the low efficiency of our engineering sector exports, rank them in order of importance, and then solve them one by one. One of the main reasons is bureaucratic planning, bureaucratic regulations, and a lack of incentives. However, there are many more reasons. There are poor managers who request increases in metallurgical industry exports because this is desirable for the balance of payments. They follow the path of least resistance regardless of whether or not they will ruin the national economy. After all, a kilogram of engineering sector exports will usually replace several kilograms of metallurgical industry production. If the products are innovative, the relationship could be many times greater. To the extent that we want to improve the balance of payments by increased metallurgical industry exports, we will continue to have overloaded railways, shortages of materials, energy and labor. World leadership in the production and consumption of iron and energy does us no credit. It represents, rather, leadership in waste.

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From the past we know of crisis situations that have forced people to give their maximum efforts. There are many of these in capitalism where firms must produce or fail. There are relatively few under socialism, where inefficient firms live well at the expense of others and where, for instance, the potential exists for replacing inadequate engineering sector exports with metallurgical sector exports. Comrade prof eng Josef Svatos, Candidate for Doctor of Science, states (in HOSPODARSKE NOVINY No 2) that the foreign currency payback is currently good, even better than for many engineering sector exports. Export items can be eliminated only as fast as the other sectors succeed in replacing the appropriate amounts in the payments balance. Actually this payback is illusory because the calculations on which it is based are incorrect. These accounts will actually run more and more in the red because coal and energy costs will be much higher in the future.

The other sectors will replace the appropriate amounts in the balance of payments only when the situation forces them to do so and when the incentives to do so are much better than they are today. At present the bureaucracy has them tied hand and foot.

In short, V. Komarek is right in objecting to the across-the-board modernization of metallurgical works, P. Skala is especially on target when he states that we could get by with production of roughly one-third the current amount of iron. This is based on the current ratio of 3:8 in the average prices of engineering products between us and the West. It is our responsibility to demonstrate the advantages of socialism over capitalism, in this case by achieving a better average per kilogram export price. This means that we have to use one-third of the materials and energy that we currently use on the exports in question.

Production for domestic use will also have to be of higher quality, less material, energy and labor-intensive. This is another reason that one-third of the current level of metallurgical industry production should suffice, all of which should be up to worldwide quality standards. We can import some of this from other CEMA countries. The curently overscaled level of metallurgical production is a great misfortune for our national economy because, along with related power generation investments, it soaks up most of our investment capital, forcing other sectors to stagnate.

Let us get to the heart of the matter: the main reason for this backwardness is not the metallurgical works but a lack of sophistication in the work of social fronts which are not teaching people to think in correct economic terms, to get to the root of problems, to calculate costs constantly, to perceive all contingencies and interrelationships, to compare everything on an ongoing basis with the rest of the world in order to achieve world leadership in all important 33T63.S •

The article that appeared under the common title Who Teaches Economic Thinking in HOSPODARSKE NOVINY nos. 7 and 17/1985 indicated the low level of sophistication of our economic thinking. They did not, however, specify how to correct the problem, and this is what is important. It is the main thrust of this article. At present it looks as if students at our economic and technical schools are only taught how to fulfill the plan at whatever cost so they can

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collect the biggest possible bonuses. They are not taught, apparently, how to get ahead of capitalism, how to use the advantages of socialism in competition with capitalism so we can eliminate our backwardness and so that capitalism

cannot threaten us.

I see only one sensible resolution: using our collective intelligence and critical and self-critical capabilities to search for all possible means for incorporating more intelligence, science and research in products, thereby obtaining better average export prices than the capitalists. In theory socialism, with its planned economy, has many advantages over capitalism. It should therefore not be too difficult to surpass capitalism. So far we have utilized these advantages very poorly in practice. Let us find out the reasons for this and eliminate them.

9276/7051 CSO: 2400/386

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ECONOMY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY DISCUSSED

W8598!604n EINHEIT ln German V01 41 N° ?' JUl 86 (si8ned t0 preSS U Jun 86)

[Article by Prof Dr Gerd Friedrich, deputy director of the SED Central Commit- tee s Central Institute for Socialist Economic Management: "Accelerating the Reproduction Process in the Combines»)

[Text] In the SED Central Committee's report to the 11th SED Congress comrade Erich Honecker described the character and content of the party's economic strategy with a view to the year 2000. The central issue is to »combine the advances of socialism more effectively with the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution which itself has entered a new age. Microelec- tronics, modern computer technology, as well as the use of computer-aided design, planning and controls in production are determining to an ever greater extent the output potential of a national economy. As an immediate reciprocal effect, other key technologies are expanding, such as flexible automatic manufacturing systems, new processing methods and materials, biotechnology nuclear energy and laser technology.» Comrade Erich Honecker emphasized'that

^S1T,wCerninS thf §rOWth °f lab°r Pr°d^tivity are being made in this area and that m view of increasingly more rapid international development of productive forces, we cannot select our own tempo. »This means winning the race against time, achieving the advantage in,important areas and by so doing achieving major economic and social results."

The combines and their enterprises are playing a key role in this process of striving to achieve peak performance and to accelerate the rate of scientific and technical progress in production. They are the backbone of our planned socialist economy. Essential steps for improving socialist relations in production whereby greater latitude is given to dynamic productive forces are embodied m their development. Developing economic capacity within the combines, which themselves bear clear economic responsibility in accordance with the economic plan, establishes crucial conditions for accomplishing tasks at this new level of implementing the party's economic strategy and ensuring long-term, comprehensive intensification.

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Combines—Broadest Possible Base for Key Technologies

The basic idea already employed in forming the combines—combining those things which belong together from the point of view of national economic reproduction processes and thus linking science, production and sales to the greatest possible degree—is currently gaining in importance at higher levels: Structuring the combines to provide the broadest possible base for the economically effective development and application of key technologies, effectively renewing production, and reacting quickly to changes in demand require that all phases of the reproduction process in each combine be structured in the most effective manner. Employing their scientific and technical capacity they must increasingly achieve peak performance of international caliber. For them this means:

• expanding basic research specific to certain branches of technology and utilizing cooperative relationships in terms of the facilities of the Academy of Sciences and the universities in order to produce the kind of scientific head-start necessary for revolutionary developments in terms of products, processes and technologies

• substantially increase the effectiveness of scientific and technical potential by using computer-aided work stations in R&D, design, planning and technology

• building up their own capacity for extensive use of microelectronics and modern information technology

• achieving a balance between the capacity for R&D and that for transforming scientific and technical results into production such that the necessary high rate of renewal is achieved and the R&D—production—sales cycle is shortened.

Such results—like the development of equipment for the production of one- megabit memory circuits at the Carl Zeiss JENA combine, compressed dust gasi- fication of ballast-rich coal at the Schwarze Pumpe gas combine, the new electronically controlled flat knitting machine at the Textima combine (which in conjunction with a computer-aided pattern design station in fact represents a complete CAD/CAM user system), or the Mukran-Klaipeda railroad freight shut- tle which employs a completely new kind of transport and loading/unloading technology—are evidence of the practical development and effective management of scientific and technical potential in those combines and at the same time of the close cooperation between combines and academy and university facilities. From such cooperation, which is being implemented from an economic standpoint based on contractual obligations, "we expect increased strength which will be a decisive contributing factor in establishing a permanent basis for intensification. The crux of the matter is to achieve outstanding levels of performance which can be judged economically viable, as well as to produce new ideas which only basic research which reaches far into the future can produce. This is a concrete example of combining the advantages of socialism with the scientific and technical revolution."

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Renewing the product assortment has become the main way to compete in the international market and a basic requirement for satisfying the increasing demands of our own national economy. Additional incentives are thus provided for shortening the cycle time involved in scientific and technical renewal and increasing the speed at which it progresses. Consumer demand both at home and abroad for certain characteristics, for product quality in the overall sense of the word, is increasing noticeably. Outstanding scientific and technical performance which manifests itself in new products and technologies is an essential source of greater effectiveness and productivity. It is also the primary means of getting the most out of the energy sources, raw materials and other materials used and of better satisfying demand in terms of both quality and quantity with a more favorable cost-benefit ratio.

Of central importance for ensuring an intensively expanding reproduction pro-

?o«S "/^c1186 production of quality-related ancillary equipment. Between 1981 and 1985 the percentage of overall production of graphic arts machines equipped with microelectronics was able to be increased from 27 to 60 percent and that of textile machines from 12 to 45 percent. This is primarily because the Polygraph and Textima combines laid the necessary groundwork for this development in their own reproduction process by establishing the two enterprises, "Polygraph-Elektronik" and "Textima-Elektronik." Combines like Umformtechnik and Textima have in the past few years used up to 40 percent of their investment money for establishing the proper balance between the initial and final stages of production. In-house production of quality-related ancillary equipment is also a basic prerequisite for being able to respond quickly to changing demands.

In order to control the renewal process, quantitative and above all qualitative development in terms of constructing the means for rationalization has become a focal point in the combines: whether it is a matter of constructing flexible automated manufacturing sections or modernizing existing systems whether^it involves necessary increases in fixed assets for implementing a new generation of products or special testing and measurement techniques—always in demand are "collateral" in-house efforts. The job of each combine is to develop m-house construction of the means for rationalization such that the major portion of modernization of its fixed assets and the introduction of new products can be realized. In-house construction of the means for rationalization is the foremost and, in many combines, the crucial source of security in terms of equipment needs for investments. It is the crucial link in the chain with regard to the materialization of many scientific and technical efforts, ensures important prerequisites with regard to reproduction of fixed assets based on the unity of product and process development, and, particularly in cases of flexible automation, acts as an important link between the traditional producers of investment goods and the users of the machines and equipment.

The higher quality of scientific and technical work and the use of key technologies must manifest itself perceptively in the production of new, high- quality technical and industrial consumer goods. These are the challenges made by the 11th SED Congress which affect equally both the combines involved in the production of traditional consumer goods and those which produce primarily capital goods: the entire national economy must become even more

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involved in producing consumer goods of higher quality and in sufficient amounts, corresponding to demand. High-performance capacity is to be created in each combine. Based on higher economic results in science and technology and in conjunction with changes in demands among the population, 30 to 40 percent of the products involved in consumer goods production are to be renewed each year.

The dynamics of demand, the renewal of production and the use of key technologies required numerous combines to seek out new solutions, also related to specialization in terms of enterprises, technology and production organization. In so doing, prerequisites had to be established for more rapidly renewing product assortments, shifting important assortments with as little friction as possible using available capacity, reacting more quickly to special customer demands, and making production-ready changes related to design or technology in the shortest possible time. As a rule this requires that the unity of product and process development be employed more effectively and that more energy be invested in ensuring, both materially and technically, the process of putting products into production (increased proficiency with regard to prototype construction, test bays and experimental departments, technical schools and pilot projects, and constructing the means for rationalization). Ways of producing modular and strictly standardized products are being pursued in order to permit centralized production of structural elements and structural groups despite declining product series size and despite the explosion in the assortment of parts. Not infrequently, prerequisites had to be established for producing parts of the assortment in parallel at several enterprises within a combine. New ways of combining series production of standardized products and subassemblies with custom manufacture as per special customer requests were found. All of these examples deal with the ability of each combine to renew products and technologies within an internationally typical time frame, to react flexibly to changing demand and market structures and to improve the cost-benefit ratio.

Effective Use of Modern Information Processing Technology

Modern information processing technology is proving to be a powerful lever for increasing the level of performance in terms of scientific and technical potential in the combines and for accelerating the overall reproduction process. From its economic use we expect "greater effectiveness in terms of the work of design engineers, project drawing offices, model makers and technical personnel in addition to.a more flexible and effective structuring of the entire working process."

The construction of CAD/CAM systems in particular is increasingly becoming a prerequisite for keeping pace with product renewal, reaction to customer demands and the internationally standard time limits involved in preparing supplies for the world market. The economic effects of modern information processing technology are primarily in the direction of a significant increase in labor productivity within information processing itself, a substantial reduction in production preparation and the production cycle, qualitative improvements in production documentation and better use of available capacity, and a reduction in inventories. Faster and better economic decisions are possible.

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Computer-aided preparation for and management of production has in many cases Proven to be an important prerequisite for fully exploiting the economic op- tions of flexible automation in production. Thus, the use of modern information processing technology in the combines and enterprises means opening up significant effectiveness potential. Criteria for this include:

• shortening the time involved in development and getting new products into production by 50 to 75 percent

• a five-fold increase in the labor productivity of project drawing offices designers and technical staff '

• cutting development costs in half

Of course, such effects can only be achieved when CAD/CAM technology is not simply -forced into» available structures and work methods in the combines and enterprises, but rather—as comrade Guenter Mittag recently emphasized-is used as a catalyst to change the entire work method from the ground up. It is a far-reaching process in which all of the work from the design to the technological preparation to product completion and sales is fundamentally altered to reflect higher labor productivity and an acceleration of the entire system. Experience in those combines which are among the most advanced in the use of modern information processing technology, such as the metal-forming technology combine in Erfurt, the »Fritz Heckert» machine tool combine in Karl-Marx Stadt, the petrochemical combine in Schedt, the high-grade and stainless steel combine in Brandenburg and the chemical plant construction combine in Leipzig/ Grimma, indicates that the effectiveness of introducing CAD/CAM solutions is largely dependent upon successfully:

• selecting and employing information and computer technology according to a well thought-out overall concept integrated into the combine's improvement planning. This means ensuring concentration on those performance and management processes which determine effectiveness, the ability to integrate individual solutions, the compatability of the technology and the software and much more. '

• organizing systematic qualification of cadres and providing early instruction and expertise, particularly with regard to how the technology is to be used at the workplace w

• building up the necessary software capacity in the combines and ensuring cooperation in the acquisition of software and the maximum subsequent use of available software solutions

• linking computer-aided solutions to problems of production preparation and management with flexible production automation

• providing all organizational prerequisites for the effective use of information processing technology

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The use of modern information and computer technology doubtlessly provides the major incentives for improving organization and increasing the level of business economics in the combines in conjunction with corresponding new demands placed on management and planning personnel. Diverse methods of raising the level of business economics—for example, in the processes involving sales and supply, in the organization of production, in management and planning—are absolutely necessary among other reasons in order not to undo the time reductions achieved with the information processing methods on which automation is based. The effectiveness of computer-aided production preparation and management must in the final analysis be assured by the overall level of socialist business economics and organization in the combines.

High Level of Economy of Time—General Requirement

At the 11th SED Congress comrade Erich Honecker emphasized that the more rapid increase in labor productivity to be achieved by implementing the economic strategy of the party means "more effective actions according to the rule of economy of time." This requirement holds for all combines and enterprises, for all areas of our national economy because "economy of time—this is really what all economy boils down to."

Increasing labor productivity and reducing production consumption, increasing product quality and continuity in production, increased economy in funding and a reduction in transport costs—all this contributes to fundamental improvement of the cost-benefit ratio in the economic life of the combine and allows the combines to make a growing contribution to the national income.

But Marx points out a second consideration in conjunction with the rule of the economy of time: Economic effectiveness is at the same time dependent upon reducing the time involved in economic cycles, i.e. accelerating the return flow of prepaid funds, reducing production and circulation time. Precisely this aspect is gaining in importance in terms of more rapid renewal of production.

Each combine is faced with the task of organizing the economic utilization of new scientific and technical expertise in the best possible way. In order to do this it is necessary to plan and manage development, production and sales of new products in the combines as a unified process. Thus the experiences of the Carl Zeiss JENA combine show that an important point of departure for demand-oriented management of the entire reproduction process in the combine is close product-related cooperation involving scientific and technical potential and the sales area.

Exact knowledge of user requirements, market and sales conditions and basic trends in scientific and technical development lay the groundwork for economically based objectives in R&D and for production preparation which reflects market demands. High rates of renewal and short transition times for new generations of products require that product development and market preparation be conducted in parallel and be closely linked to one another over the entire period of production preparation. Without timely applications research, customer advice and sales arguments, new products collide with an unprepared market with its associated consequences in terms of starting up

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series production. Therefore, a number of combines have turned to preparing product-related sales concepts or "marketing duty logs" in parallel with their science and technology duty logs. The experiences of such combines with regard to applications, such as ORSTA-Hydraulik, Mikroelektronik and EAW Treptow, speak for the fact that good conditions can be created for adapting products to various user requirements in optimum fashion and for achieving an active position with regard to supply.

In terms of rapidly transforming scientific and technical expertise into production and radically reducing the times involved in design-related and technological production preparation—which can amount to as much as 60 percent of the overall production cycle in small-run series production in machine construction—the introduction of CAD/CAM solutions is achieving primary importance. At the metal-forming combine in Erfurt it was thus possible to reduce the processing time involved in production preparation by about 40 percent. But at the same time this required reorganization of the interactions of designers, technical staff and manufacturing staff based on computer-aided work stations. A higher degree of parallel activity between design and technical people had to be established-earlier introduction into production of those parts which determine the overall throughput time of a product in production.

Substantial reserves for accelerating the reproduction process also exist in terms of organizing production, cooperation and material supplies. There is no doubt that the stormy development of CAD/GAM technology resulted in a lively international discussion concerning the use of principles of logistics in structuring the overall flow of products, supplies and materials. Reducing the times involved in planning, design and technology on the part of the final producers, particularly by employing CAD solutions, also requires a reduction in the overall process by the supplier industries in order for the final producers to actually realize shorter order and delivery times. The combines have also had their first experiences with production-controlled material supply systems. At the NARVA combine, for example, supplies of electrical installation materials from the ceramic works combine in Hermsdorf are controlled with the aid of an office computer. Information on the operative agreement and cooperation between the two combines is readily available.

In order to structure production and sales more flexibly and to shorten the time involved in ordering and delivery, each step involved in the streamlining of production and in improving organization, thus making it possible to increase the proportionality and continuity of production and accelerate production throughput, must be determined systematically based on analyses and model calculations. These solutions can be both at the combine level—development of central manufacturing facilities, capacities for product-specific ancillary supplies, central storage of special materials and spare parts items and much more—as well as at the combine enterprise level—streamlining the pre-production process, outlining maintenance work, adapting shipment procedures or even transport, transhipment, and storage processes to changed conditions with regard to production and sales, and much more.

Controlling qualitative changes in the product line, the technology and the production sequence requires increasingly complex organizational solutions

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which ensure the continual flow of parts and subassemblies under new conditions, which permit improvements in the proportionality between pre-production and assembly, and which permit better control in terms of machine utilization, throughput planning, balancing capacity, making production materials available and organizing storage and other ancillary processes. Computer-aided production preparation and control and flexible automation, leading to far-reaching integration of primary and ancillary processes in the individual sections of a production department, are doubtlessly the keys to accomplishing this.

There is no question that the effectiveness measures established by the 11th SED Congress also make substantially higher demands in terms of horizontal and vertical coordination of the reproduction process both within and between the combines. Product-related forms of management and the work performed in product groups are gaining in importance just as is the rapid spread of systems for production-controlled material supplies and computer-aided balancing at all levels of management within the national economy.

Political Leadership in Economic Processes

The successes achieved in realizing economic strategy in the combines and enterprises are determined by the creative, involved and disciplined actions of the employees and their collectives—which are working more and more closely together in socialist cooperation all the way from R&D to sales—by the actions of a qualified leadership, by further emphasizing the role of the party of the working class and by the steady pursuit of socialist competitive- ness on the part of the trade unions.

With the transition to broad applications of new technology in particular— comrade Erich Honecker pointed out with emphasis—great attention must be paid to the human aspect, to man's abilities, interests and needs, his thoughts and suggestions. Accordingly, the leadership activities within the party are concerned with making man the focal point, better satisfying his needs by consistently realizing a policy with this main objective, encouraging high levels of performance by providing for improved job and living conditions for the employees and by consistently applying the performance principle, providing for worker qualification procedures in keeping with job requirements and thus continuing to open up new sources of economic growth.

At the same time the political responsibility of the manager also increases. How well he succeeds specifically in combining social requirements with the interests of the collectives and the individual employees in the qualitative transition processes and leads the collectives to higher performance levels depends to a great extent on his abilities and his working style. His special expertise and his powers of persuasion, his ability to motivate and stimulate the collective to high performance levels and to organize the work to proceed smoothly are gaining in importance particularly under dynamic economic conditions. "\^

The introduction of new technologies, the further development of product assortments in machine construction, the expansion of microelectronics and its applications, but also higher quality in the combines of the metallurgical and

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chemical industries, and quantitative and qualitative development in the production of consumer goods lead to new labor requirements and new job content to higher demands in terms of development and utilization of society's labor' capacity, in particular intellectual potential, and increasingly require that employees be obtained for performing new tasks. Thus the responsibility of the combines for educating and training the next generation of cadres increases at the same time. These processes have at the same time a far-reaching effect on the job and living conditions of the employees. They require new labor attitudes and modes of behavior. Improved product quality, implementation of zero-error production and increased effectiveness are required in terms of both scientific and technical performance as well as qualified con- scientious work at each work station, from the research level to production to customer service, at each combine.

FOOTNOTES

1' ^TuaiLEliCh Honecker> "ReP°rt of the Central Committee of the SED at the iith SED Congress," Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1986, p 49.

2. Guenter Mittag in "Qualitative New Steps Toward Highest Performance Levels," Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1986, p 48.

3. Honecker, pp 29-30.

4. Mittag, pp 43-44.

5. Honecker, p 50.

6. Karl Marx, "Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Oekonomie" [Outline of Criticism of the Political Economy], collected works, Vol 42 Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1983, p 105.

12552 CSO: 2300/498

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ECONOMY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS OF CAD TECHNOLOGY ASSESSED

East Berlin EINHEIT in German Vol 41 No 7, Jul 86 (signed to press 11 Jun 86) pp 605-610

[Article by Dr Horst Enders, senior scientific assistant to the professor of industrial economics at the SED Central Committee's "Karl Marx" Party College: "Mastering CAD Technology—A Challenge to Political-Ideological Work"]

[Text] Decisions concerning the rate of growth in labor productivity are being made by the widespread and rapid application of key technologies throughout the entire national economy. How our economy is able to meet human needs, fulfill the diverse internal requirements for development in our nation and maintain its position internationally depends on these decisions. (Foot- note 1) (See "Report of the SED Central Committee at the 11th SED Congress," by Comrade Erich Honecker, Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1986, p 49). Achieving more outstanding performance in these areas creates the highest possible demands in terms of complex control of the renewal process in the combines and requires a widespread increase in the level of creative activity and breakthroughs in terms of effectiveness within the new scientific and technical area. This means intensifying the scientific and technical labor process itself, in particular structuring it so that the percentage of intellectual and creative work involved is substantially increased and thus the level and tempo of the research, development and production startup processes are decidedly elevated.

An essential requirement for accomplishing this is the application of modern computer technology. Increases in the performance and communications capability of the computer have transformed it and the field of electronic data processing from a once centralized "exotic singularity" into a workplace-integrated tool which can be used to manage the large groups of labor operations typical to R&D. The new division of labor which can thus be established between man and computer in the scientific and technical work process increases the scope and degree of the impact of human labor. This is verified convincingly when computer-aided design (CAD) is employed in actual practice. Be- cause the programming, the software packages, the models and data banks which make up this new technology encompass the best experiences and solutions in the form of information, the scientist, designer or technician who calls up and further processes this information to solve his problems is able to work more productively and effectively. Because modern technology performs such

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typically time-consuming operations as calculating, drawing and balancing better, more quickly and more reliably, there is more time for creative R&D work.

But even using the most modern computer technology or the best CAD systems does not automatically lead to a higher degree of creative work in the R&D process or necessarily to increased effectiveness. To what extent these possibilities become reality depends primarily on the performance capability and behavior of the user, on the extent to which he incorporates the new technology into his own intellectual makeup and actively uses it. Making employees in the labor collectives fully aware of the requirements and consequences involved in the use of key technologies to intensify R&D work is an important management-related task and also sets higher standards in terms of the political and ideological leadership involved in these processes. This means above all creating awareness of the fact that:

• this technology is essential in the struggle for significant progress in terms of increased labor productivity and must be put into effect as quickly as possible on our way to socialist rationalization

• this includes revolutionary changes in labor methods, labor content and behavior requirements

• necessary, qualified job preparation includes the task of motivating researchers, design engineers and technicians such that they really exploit the performance potential of this technology through activity that is full of ideas and initiative

• the party collectives must adjust to the new demands which develop in terms of party work and that the communists are expected to set an example in the way they accomplish these new tasks

The introduction of CAD technology into the scientific and technical labor process is a multi-faceted task. Because this new technology takes on an increasing number of labor functions formerly performed by man, there are changes not only in the technical but also the social conditions involved in the labor process. Therefore, the proportions between the creative and the routine type of activity involved in scientific and technical work are different and the way in which the R&D process is broken down is changed by restructuring within the organization of the enterprise. The potential for cooperation and the necessity thereof are substantially increased in the enterprises and combines, for example, by establishing a standardized material and technical foundation of information processing based on a clear theoretical concept.

Promote New Modes of Thought and Behavior

Preparing the collectives for these new tasks requires first of all that they become aware of the possibilities and consequences involved in the new technology with regard to the pertinent labor process. Concrete awareness of the expected effects is so important because in the case of both underestimating the situation, as well as placing expectations too high, the potential of this

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technology cannot be taken full advantage of through one's own intellectual efforts and it therefore unquestionably leads to economic losses and further reinforces ideological reservations. A collective will cooperate all the more actively in the introduction of the new technology, the more successfully the changes, based on an analysis of its current activity, are clearly represented to show that implementing the new technology is necessary, beneficial in terms of the work involved and enhances its potential for development.

This provides a broad area of effectiveness for the highly responsible work of the party organization which must again and again urge that the experiences of the advanced combines be adopted. Experience has shown that success with CAD technology requires that first the labor process must be thoroughly analyzed and organized in optimum fashion. Proceeding any other way can lead to bitter disappointment. Experience has shown, for example, that in enterprises in which the introduction of CAD technology did not achieve all of the desired results, the prerequisites for its introduction had not been fulfilled. It was necessary to clearly demonstrate this connection in order to allay certain reservations and initiate successful work. In those collectives, on the other hand, which can point to success based on customary types of work in R&D, the approach to CAD technology is more or less: Why should I learn to drive a car, when I have always managed to get there on foot? This clearly shows that the realization of the necessity of new performance requirements, which can only be managed by using the new technology, does not happen all by itself.

The party organizations at the research center of the VEB Carl Zeiss JENA combine, for example, have performed on-going political and ideological work along these lines and also produced an appreciation of the difficulty of managing the new processes. Today it is generally recognized there that the use of CAD technology is indispensable in the struggle to achieve a high scientific and technical level, originality and quality in terms of products and processes and high economic effectiveness, and that its use leads to the greatest possible and also most long-term success when it is based on a well thought- out strategy of rationalization with respect to the R&D process and when it is possible to motivate R&D employees to rapidly obtain an intellectual grasp of the new technology. This shows yet again that the activity of the employees increases when they know the extent to which the level of creative work involved in their concrete area of activity will increase when the new technology is used—for example, how the ability, for the first time to any appreciable extent, to make comparisons of different variations, perform calculations on optimization and have rapid access to information will raise the level and effectiveness of their work and create more room for creativity.

In political and ideological work it is worthwhile to take into account that when the overall work process is thoroughly restructured using CAD technology, the greatest possible effect in terms of motivation and stimulation can be produced by various factors: This can be an interest in improved working conditions and in work which involves more content or more responsibility, an interest in dealing with modern technology and thus in the opportunity to employ more effectively the expertise obtained, the need for greater diversity and variability in the work, even including an interest in a different kind of work rhythm, or for more consistency in evaluating different kinds of work within the collective.

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Making clear that all these possible work-related changes can occur is a prerequisite for determining, as early as the job preparation stage, that the desired social effects—in conjunction with the economic effects—are also achieved in the restructuring of concrete job content and job conditions.

In general, R&D employees—like all other workers in our nation—are open- minded and receptive to rationalization of their labor processes because they know from experience that the overall society is served while they themselves also benefit directly. Transforming this readiness into utilization of the new technology to produce the most effect requires a "custom-made" employment concept and greater consistency in its realization and in on-going political and ideological work. Insufficient conceptualization and inadequate obligations in terms of stipulations cannot awaken and promote the creative curiosi- ty, the enthusiasm and the motivation which this new technology requires.

Learning Consistent Actions

The development of CAD technology and its introduction into the R&D process requires the mobilization of considerable resources—in terms of personnel and materials—which are to be utilized according to plan within the scope of socialist rationalization. This cannot be accomplished "incidentally." Fore- sight and thinking in perspective are absolutely necessary in order to effectively utilize the substantial amount of resources required in the reproduction process within the combines. Rationalization projects which "come up short" in perspective certainly do not take into account the new qualitative demands. Party work involving the development and introduction of CAD technology should be directed toward making everyone truly aware of the intellectual, material and technical dimensions of the task, laying the organizational groundwork necessary for its application and preparing the cadres in due time to master and effectively use the new technology.

Managing the basic changes in R&D technology so closely linked to the introduction of the new technology requires the same kind of step by step process within the scope of a long-term concept as has long been commonplace in product development. Based on thorough analyses of the process of reproduction however, each step must lead to noticeable effects, taking into account the complexity and intricacy of the tasks included in the rationalization strategy and aligning itself with the overall economic objective. Accordingly, the basic tenet is always that socialist rationalization in R&D which is accomplished on a qualitative new material and technical basis requires management action which contains both long-term concepts and immediate operative aspects. Such instruments of planning and management which have proven capable of accomplishing this goal are the socialist rationalization plan with a one-year time frame, the rationalization concept established for a five-year period and the research program set to last at least 10 years. The same criteria used in product development are to be applied to all three instruments and the processes for realizing them.

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Mobilization Criteria

Demanding tasks stimulate creative work and the overall performance behavior of R&D personnel. Therefore it becomes the task of the party to see to it that R&D objectives correspond to national economic criteria. This applies in particular also to the criteria and planned objectives upon which the rationalization projects for developing and introducing CAD technology are based. In terms of the political management of the CAD process this means establishing the criteria—within the competitive program, for example—for providing a solid orientation regarding the processes of labor, learning and education, organizing the initial successful efforts and setting standards by means of leadership examples. This will help to provide that:

• every task is derived directly from the research program or the long-term rationalization concept and thus directed toward priorities within the reproduction process

• the national economic guidelines for the utilization and effectiveness of the computer technology employed in the GDR are met or exceeded in the duty logs

• reductions in routine work and improvements in working conditions are demonstrated and the ability to integrate CAD solutions based on certain principles of planning and design is ensured

• the economic effects, which each object of R&D in the socialist rationalization plan and each CAD solution must provide, lead to changes in the guidelines

As part of its leadership activities, the party organization should urge that the corresponding tasks be convincing in terms of their economic and social objectives and thus provide the motivation to employ them. Much depends on what result is actually achieved with the first sample solution and what criteria it is judged by. Thus, the first CAD solution, created in 1981 at the research center of the VEB Carl Zeiss JENA combine, based on Soviet equipment technology—it was the "model work station for microscope lens development"-- showed that the design engineers required only 130 hours processing time per lens instead of 440 hours. This was possible because form-related manual tasks involved in producing the documentation, such as drawing, preparing the quality and testing guidelines, and preparing the parts lists, were performed completely automatically.

In implementing such solutions it is important not to let the picture become clouded by problems caused by lack of experience and insufficient expertise which can occur when introducing complicated new types of labor technology. Moreover, so many setbacks are attributable not to how the technology is handled but rather to areas of neglect in the work performed to date. Inade- quate discipline and order with regard to the preparation and handling of primary data, for example, cannot be compensated for by any CAD system. In other words, without effective solutions in terms of the organization of the enterprise and in terms of design-related and technological preparation, automation cannot be expected to produce any appreciable economic effects.

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Keeping Abreast of Increasing Demands

An emphasis on new types of job content and on structuring working conditions suited to our socialist society deserves a great deal of attention on the part of the party organization in terms of introducing CAD technology. Because structuring job content for motivation and performance behavior is of crucial importance, effective leadership in this area is all the more important. Even in the planning stages the work of the Scientific Labor Organization must be integrated so that scientific labor requirements can be included in the new projects as soon as possible and extensive corrective measures can be avoided. It is necessary that the labor process in R&D be more strongly characterized by labor science. The work of the party organizations is thus to promote interdisciplinary work between hardware and software specialists labor scientists, labor economists and future users. Joint solutions must be worked out for structuring labor conditions which are project-specific, for the division of labor within the collective, for the organization involving set-up and the course of production, and for training and continued education. Thus, the software developer simultaneously improves working conditions while the labor scientist's also an R&D technician. The design of each CAD system requires a thorough investigation into the essence of the activity, into future demand trends and last but not least into the psyche of the R&D employees; they must also accept the job characteristics to be developed. Thorough consultation with the employees is necessary because the new activity is a part of their future way of life. The basis for this consultation must be a clear idea of the content of the future activity of each individual and of the personal perspectives in his future field of endeavor, as well as a clear-cut qualification program.

Practical experience has shown that the successful implementation of CAD systems-assuming you have reliable hardware and user-friendly software-is determined to a large extent by its organizational ties to the process of design and development and by the level of qualification of the user An essential aspect to be considered in terms of process organization is the three-tiered implementation of computer technology which includes a two-tiered use of dialogue. Since it is now, and will also in the future, be necessary for one work station to be used by several design engineers to perform certain computer-aided work in the R&D process, each user "books" his planned dialogue session for a specific time and depending on the time booked structures his work period accordingly. This "project-specific" organizational solution ensures that there are neither waiting lines nor unused time slots. But it also requires that the users utilize the technology in two shifts. For tasks which are provided as services from a central area, a fixed shift regimen has proven successful.

Another question which deserves attention with respect to party work involves the improved use of CAD solutions. It has been shown that even collectives which have used the computer in their labor process for many years frequently have difficulties in employing qualitatively more advanced solutions similar to those experienced by collectives which are employing the computer for the first time. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly analyze how well integration is progressing, to what extent the users can work independently with the new solution and how they are managing to work more effectively using the

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new technology. The extensive preparation for a dialogue session, the unac- customed work with large columns of numbers, the quick reaction time in terms of task processing and the precise setting of goals is very demanding in terms of individual work planning. This work method is still very new for many people and must be practiced, evaluated and classified. What has proven successful is to seek out effective work methods using CAD solutions through joint competition and to exchange thoughts, ideas and experiences at user seminars.

Achieving greater productivity and effectiveness in the R&D process using this new technology requires both a willingness to work on the part of the user, as well as aptitude, knowhow and technical competence. With the introduction and use of the CAD solution called "Models for Optical Systems" at the research center of the VEB Carl Zeiss JENA combine, the state leadership, together with the party group, held the view that independent work using this CAD solution was an urgent work requirement and therefore an obligation for every employee in the appropriate sector.

At the same time it must be kept in mind that state leadership and party organization proceed in coordinated fashion with the introduction of CAD solutions and thus take into account ability, desire and need. Ideological work operates in a vacuum when the use of the new technology is not subject to binding controls or when the enterprise leadership does not pay enough attention to the necessary organizational solutions in terms of introducing CAD technology.

All experience to date has shown that mobilizing the degree of knowhow, willingness to learn and creativity necessary for managing this key technology depends entirely on what incentives are provided by management and how well management concentrates on those processes which point toward the future without neglecting demanding everyday tasks. Therefore, it is important that the party organization, in struggling with the necessary criteria, begin with the demands placed on the managers. What does he do in order to implement this technology in his sector? How is he qualified to do so? Which conceptions or concrete job characteristics determine his work?

We must recognize that despite the importance of how far we have already come and the good results we have achieved overall, we are still just beginning to develop the many opportunities provided by this technology.

In the estimation of the 11th SED Congress, work in the combines will be directed primarily toward organizing concrete individual steps within the combine enterprises in terms of a common goal and structuring the individual solutions in integrated fashion so that they can be linked to one another. In the advanced combines the introduction of integrated CAD/CAM systems is the order of the day. Party-related experiences already obtained in the process of developing and using CAD/CAM solutions can provide valuable assistance in this regard. They must be studied attentively, evaluated and put to concrete use in order to meet the requirements which will arise out of the necessary integration of computer-aided design and manufacturing.

12552 CSC: 2300/498

47


ECONOMY P0LAND

DEPUTY MINISTER EXPLAINS NEW POSITION CERTIFICATION PROCESS

Warsaw RZECZPOSPOLITA in Polish 16 Jul 86 p 5

[Interview with Janusz Pawlowski, deputy minister of labor, wages and social affairs, by Romana Kalecka]

[Text] [Question] Certification [atestacja] became the slogan of the day even before the initial information regarding this matter had the chance to reach public awareness. It will be the main auxiliary implement in the enormous process of improvements which the general review of organizational structures and work positions announced in the resolution of the 10th PZPR Congress is to be. What this method is based on and how it differs from the previous, generally poorly effective reviews conducted in work establishments is the question asked of Janusz Pawlowski, deputy minister of labor, wages and social affairs, by the PAP journalist.

[Answer] In the broadest possible terras, certification of work posts is a process aimed at the comprehensive evaluation of the functioning of the work post, based on objective criteria and as a result, leading to more efficient and improved functioning of all work posts in a given work establishment. The work post is also reviewed from the point of view of several criteria: technical-technological, organizational, economic and working conditions as well as industrial safety and hygiene. As a result of such a review, decisions should be made as to the usefulness and future of the reviewed post, and the need for modernizing and improving it artd should it be necessary—even eliminating it.

[Question] However, it would be worthwhile to present this subject in more specific terms. What precisely will be the obj ect of the review?

[Answer] For example, the technological level of the position, its contemp- oraneity. The object of the analysis will be the degree of outfitting of the position with indispensable equipment and tools as well as its technological state and, therefore, the degree of wear and tear, and the production capacity which it attains in comparison with the planned position, etc. Added to this is the analysis of the position's usefulness from the point of view of the production technology itself. Therefore, the following question must be answered: Is it possible to obtain a world-class technologically modern product in a work position which is so equipped?

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[Question] But how is it possible to answer such a question without knowing the most modern solutions; should this be a so-called common sense evaluation?

[Answer] Obviously, it would be a good idea if the point of reference for these evaluations were to be earlier prepared standards; i.e., modern solutions used in the world or in other Polish enterprises. However, even there where such information is lacking, it is possible to effectively conduct a review by using the knowledge and skill of engineers and technicians as well as experienced workers.

At the same time, it should always be kept in mind that certification is not a single action but a continuous method of acting over a long period of time. The coming years will be the first phase of this process which should bring a thorough understanding of the situation. On this basis, it will be possible to define the program of gradual improvement; of the road to attaining the desired state.

[Question] This makes it possible to introduce organizational progress more quickly and at a lower cost.

[Answer] Of course, and this is the next objective of the review. Careful consideration should be given, above all, to whether the evaluated position is necessary in the specific succession of positions in the technological process. If the answer is yes, we then pose further questions. For example, is it properly situated from the point of view of internal transport? Does the way in which it is equipped take into account the exigencies of improved work organization? Have efficient supply deliveries of raw and other materials as well as the taking of delivery of finished products been assured for this position? Is tie staff employed at this post functional from the point of view of using its production potential? Are the qualifications of the employees compatible with the type of work performed?

The use of Hm^ and reasons for work interruptions should be examined as should the conforming of norms to the realistic technological-organizational conditions of work as well as the forms and extent of the control of work results.

The last group of issues taken into consideration in the certification is the economic assessment of the position. We, therefore, ask for example, about the relationship between the principle of paying emoluments and the kind of work performed; about the share in the structure of factors directly related to work results and about the kind of incentive wage factors which dominate: quantitative, qualitative or those that encourage savings.

[Question] And what follows such a comprehensive evaluation?

[Answer] Each of these elements is given a point value. The sum of the total number of points will give the answer to the fundamental question whether the examined position may be allowed to continue functioning without reservation; i.e., whether it receives full certification or whether it requires changes and "corrections."

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[Question] And what about positions which turn out to be useless and have no chance for certification?

[Answer] They will be eliminated although not right away. It will be necessary, for example, to determine where the employees from these posts should be transferred in order to better utilize their qualifications; where to move the operations performed at these posts and how to manage the sluggish production area.

[Question] Under conditions of economic reform nothing should be imposed upon independent enterprises by administrative means. We may only suggest. Is certification to be a "proposal that cannot be refused"?

[Answer] In a certain sense, yes, as an implement that will enable enterprises to function more effectively under conditions of the tightening of the economic constraints announced in the resolution of the 10th Party Congress. At the same time, let us not treat certification as the only possible avenues leading to more efficient management. If the enterprises find even better ways of dealing with the new, more stringent regulations of the economic game—so much the better.

In general, however, certification should be a "life preserver" for enterprises that cannot manage under difficult economic conditions.

[Question] And the final question: Do you not feel that plain human fear of changes and especially the imposition of supervision in those enterprises where certification may reveal their incompetence in management may become an obstacle on this road?

[Answer] Certification leads to favorable changes for enterprises and the work force; to increased productivity but not by way of intensifying physical effort but by the better use of all intensive factors of production growth, especially cadre qualifications and it also leads to improved work conditions and safety.

However, as far as the apprehensions of the management cadre are concerned, the best answer was given by the PZPR Central Committee Politburo at its first session following the 10th Congress: "Those who judge that the new tasks and stricter requirements surpass their capabilities should of their own initiative give a change to those whose activity, energy and personality traits create guarantees of sustaining the greater responsibilities; a chance to talented, dynamic people who until now have not always been noticed."

9853/12851 CSO: 2600/626

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ECONOMY


POLAND

COLUMNIST COMMENTS ON AUGUST MEAT PRICE HIKES

Warsaw ZYCIE GOSPODARCZE in Polish No 31, 3 Aug 86 p 3

[Article by Grazyna Smulska: "More Expensive"]

[Text] The price hike in meat and cold cuts is in principle the one before the last of the envisaged and announced earlier official increases for this year (a change in transportation tariffs is yet to take place in the fall). In accordance with the announcements, the increase is within the range of 8 percent and is, therefore, relatively small which—regardless of the degree of understanding of the justification and economic determining factors as well as the thickness of wallets—produces a rather general sigh of relief.

The price hike is somewhat differentiated. The prices of the particular kinds of meats and its processed products have risen 7.2 to 8.7 percent owing to which the amount of the increase published in the official announcement evokes less of the doubts and reservations common in similar situations because it is not necessary to average all the prices on one's own account. However, the nearly identical price increase on the various kinds, varieties and categories of meat appears to be a rather unfortunate move since it does not take into account the structure of demand. Thus, the current price hike like all the previous ones has not been discounted for the improvement of the assortment balance. Better grades of meat and cold cuts continue to be sought after as yielding more in cooking and in consumption. On the other hand, other types of meat, particularly beef with bones turn green on store shelves and hooks.

In spite of the hopes expressed earlier, the current price hike is also not associated with the elimination or at least the partial limiting of controls [reglamentacja]. According to some experts, the total elimination of controls would be possible only with increases of from 40 to 50 percent. It has been calculated that indispensable supplies of meat and its products for the flow of these goods to the market under conditions of free sale [woIna sprzedaz] should amount to approximately 2,200,000 tons. Meanwhile, the balance of meat for June of this year [1986] worked out by the agricultural, forestry and food management ministry envisages an increase of meat supplies from 1,510,000 tons entered in the CPR [Central Annual Plan] to 1,683,000 tons. Next year, according to this ministry we can count on at the most the same amount ("Ration Card Game" ["Gra w kartki"] ZYCIE GOSPODARCZE, 27/86). However, experts

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consider the gradual limiting of controls as purposeful and possible. This would require various price adjustments other than those that were ultimately decided upon but not necessarily—in total terms and not in terms of variety- higher ones.

Therefore, the only step in the direction of normalizing the meat market is connected, with expanding nationwide the open air market [targowisko] sale of meat from farm slaughter [uboj gospodarski]. The concerns of the opponents of this form of trade that a second purchasing center competitive with the socialized one and considerably more advantageous for farmers would form did not prove true. The interest of farmers in this is limited and according to GUS [Central Office of Statistics], the prices are very differentiated; in some parts of the country not much higher than the official prices and sometimes even lower. Unlike at the beginning of this "experiment", stock farmers can currently sell meat also outside of their province.

The August retail price increase on meat and its products occurred soon after the July increase of official procurement prices on basic agricultural products. Contrary to appearances and logic, these facts are not tied to each other in a direct way. This year's retail price increase compensates for the financial effects of last year's procurement prices increase. The total profitability of meat and cold cuts production; i.e., the elimination of both meat and meat product subsidies as well as of fodder subsidies would require that prices be raised 25 percent.

However, with or without delay, retail food prices are rising along with procurement prices and with rising processing and turnover costs which constitute a separate and no less complicated problem.

The aim of the procurement price hikes is to maintain the profitability of agricultural production by balancing its cost increases, which are independent of farmers, and the partial compensation of maintenance costs. Both types of costs are rising very rapidly. Taking advantage of its legal rights, the Farmers and Agricultural Circles and Organizations Association submitted a proposal to the minister of finance for increasing procurement prices from 1 July [1986] on agricultural products an average of 25.7 percent. Indeed, after multilateral negotiations, prices increased an average of 11.5 percent. However, no one questioned the bill of costs presented by the association. The main reason for the increase in agricultural production costs is the price increase of the means of production for agriculture: machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and fodder. The government is doing everything to squelch these increases. This year they were 50 percent lower than had been proposed by producers. However, these are, first of all, actions inconsistent with the reform. Secondly, in the short run a part of these products are subsidized whereas the prices on others have been set on the borderline of profitability.

However, complications are also based on something different. On the basis of an analysis of the correlation between prices and the amount of purchased agricultural products, it can be seen that procurement rises or falls not only

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as a result of price changes. However, regardless of the need for other nonprice measures various more flexible and effective solutions are also possible in the area of procurement prices. For example, greater decentrali- zation of procurement prices is proposed as is the elimination of monopoly in procurement and permitting competition as well as making margins of profit more flexible, etc. However, these proposals remain without reverberations.

The materialization of the announcement regarding meat and meat product price hikes does not mean that we were not successful in fully implementing the indicators of price increases assumed for this year and more broadly speaking, the money market situation. In accordance with the Central Annual Plan, prices and incomes were to increase at the same rate. In the meantime, it is estimated that the income growth during the first half of the year outpaced price increases by 2 to 3 points whereby both incomes and prices grew more rapidly than had been anticipated. The higher increase of income than prices extremely impedes the strengthening of equilibrium on the food market, although all indications are that the plan of supplies will be implemented. Only problems in the assortment available may occur.

Another disquieting phenomenon is the fact that contracted prices rise more rapidly than official prices thus causing the food to which these prices apply relatively to become less expensive in relation to industrial goods. Thus, the demand for food grows along with this. Perhaps there would be nothing wrong with this if we could fully provide for the needs of the food market. Meanwhile, we can do this only if the harvest is good. It is difficult to count on imports.

As every price increase, this was one also hits those population groups the hardest who are in the worst economic situation. After all, not everyone participated or participated unequally In the above-plan average income increase. As usual, retirees and large families evoke the most concern. The former have been taking advantage as of 1 March [1986] of increased benefits. Nearly 6 million persons (94.1 percent of benefit recipients) were included in the increase, whose average level amounted to 1,431 zloty (13.7 percent by comparison with December 1985) in the case of work benefits and 2,742 zloty (39.9 percent) in the case of farm pensions and retirement pay. From 1 Septem- ber of this year, 4.2 million persons will benefit from the next increases which will be from 600 to 2,000 zloty (approximately 1,450 zloty on the average), Assistance for families was raised in March of this year (by 350 to 250 zloty per person).

Theoretically, therefore, the meat price hike should not have an impact on worsening the standard of living of low income families but as always, a portion of the average income family will feel it sharply.

9853/12851 CSO: 2600/626

53


ECONOMY p0LAND

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DISCUSSED IN CONSUMER WEEKLY

Warsaw VETO in Polish 3 Aug 86 p 5

[Article by Tadeusz Podwysocki: "A Puppet at the Marketplace"]

[Excerpt] Consumption has an immense deciding influence on shaping life within society, attitudes and the aspirations of each and every one of us. The politico-economic life of every country depends on consumption patterns and a system of values associated with them. It would be difficult to reject Prof Jerzy Wiatr's sound argument that the legitimacy of a political system depends on successfully meeting the needs of the people, and consequently, anything done to upset the work of satisfying consumer needs becomes a source of political tension and infringes on the politico-ideological legitimacy of that system. This conclusion is based not only on Prof J. J. Wiatr's research on the socio-political complexities of consumption and value systems existing in Poland during 1976-1980.

By conducting research on consumer trends in Poland we found that hitherto there has never been a range of strategies or choices in selecting a suitable, comprehensive consumption pattern. The fact on the matter is that due to policy conditions, the selection of a consumption framework resembled a paper tiger. To put it simply, steps taken were always short of their mark. The country's low economic level and technological backwardness prevented the creation of new consumption patterns. Changing consumption habits is an undertaking not without a price, on the contrary, the costs are high. One would have to modify production techniques and manufacture different and innovative goods. But this would depend on the level of the economy and technology. Without new goods and improved technology, the world would not be presently controlled by a consumption mechanism.

This should not come as a surprise. The entire western system of advertising, marketing and high pressure selling serves one purpose: to control the consumption process and to shape those patterns guaranteeing the highest rate of return. Consumer sovereignty, in my opinion, has never existed anywhere. The choice between consumption patterns and a system of values is very limited in today's world and, therefore, the individual, lost and stupefied by all of this, resembles more a puppet at the marketplace than a homo sapien.

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Professor Jozef Pajestka calls this phenomenon the demonstration effect. It concerns the forced adoption by us in poor Poland of consumption patterns held by higher-income, more advanced countries.

Consumer demand rose due to advertising and propaganda drilled into our heads throughout all of the post-war period. How often were there promises of "glass houses", shelves bursting with hams, a car for practically every family, access- ibility to the fruits of culture and science, and inexpensive vacations! We continued to believe in these promises but appetites exceeded realistic capabilities. This led to continuing pressure not on satisfying basic needs— which would have been understandable—but on providing a life according to a model, to consumption patterns equal to those of highly industrialized countries with highly developed economies, that is, the richest countries. In comparing the standard of living in Poland with those of other nations, no one in our country would mention Brazil, Mexico, Greece or Turkey. We always compare our consumption appetites with those of the FRG, Sweden or France. It is now time for us to see our true place in the world. Based on our economy and standard of living, Poland belongs to a group of countries far removed from the wealthiest.

The forementioned demonstration effect is extremely influential in this country due to existing propaganda playing up Poland's economic might and standing in the world. As a result of historically held and actual social influences, Prof J. Pajestka points out that our society finds itself under pressure from the highly developed countries. Certain consumer patterns have been imposed which are more or less resonable, but which are, however, nonetheless strongly influential.

It is worth mentioning the opinion held by this well-known and esteemed Polish economist that the gap in the consumption level between our country and those more advanced made it difficult to oppose the adopted patterns and counteract them with our own.

The truth of the matter is that there was nothing here to counteract this. The possibility of creating a more realistic consumption pattern represented and continues to represent only wishful thinking. The consumption aspirations of our society have been aroused and, as is maintained by another well-known economist—Prof Zbigniew Landau, it should come as no surprise that consumer demand in Poland is generally compared not with that existing in countries having a similar socio-economic structure and level of economic development but always with that of more advanced and wealthier capitalist countries.

Meanwhile, research on consumption indicates that in the 20 year period from 1950-1970, consumption of meat and animal fat rose annually by 18 kilograms per person, the consumption of non-animal fat by 9 kilograms, eggs by 70 units, milk by 104 litres and sugar by 18 kilograms. This represented a clear sign of progress. In Prof Z. Landau's opinion, the 10 year period from 1970-1980 saw a stabilization, and at times even an acceleration, in a trend towards instituting positive alternations within the consumption framework. The

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consumption of grain products and potatoes fell while, on the other hand, there was a rise in the consumption of meat (by more than 20 kilograms per person between 1970-1980), fats (by 4 kilograms) and eggs (by 36 units). But this was consumption purchased on credit borrowed from abroad.

The quantity and quality of food bought by the consumer is determined by his income. Observation shows, states Prof Bogdan Kolodziejek from the Main School of Planning and Statistics (SGPiS), that the dominating factor in countries where individual incomes are low is the population's poor dietary habits. This is based on an abundance of vegetable products and their relatively low price as compared to other foods.

One can assume that in reality, our present consumption model is prescribed and forced on üs by the country's economic situation. Research shows that in consumer households (of which there are more than 11 million in our country), the consumption pattern is based on calculating and weighing the benefits of different variants of not only food but all household needs. The higher cost of living forces one to choose between the purchase of different goods of equally low grade. As a result, homemade goods are becoming more popular— it is cheaper and better to make homemade macaroni than to purchase ready-made.

The Institute on the Domestic Market and Consumption, using consumption data for 1985, performed a recent study showing how greatly living conditions affect consumption patterns. It was shown that more than one-half of all household expenditures went towards food, a level common to Third World countries. If we compare present data with that which existed in 1983-1985, then we can see that money allocated for food is systematically and continuously on the rise and this is the case for all household income groups. We should note that families of pensioners followed by farmers spend the most on food proportionate to their income. Research indicated that families of workers' had a signifi- cantly more modest dietary standard due to the purchase of cheaper and poorer quality food. The authors of the research conclude that families in this group showed the lowest level of consumption for all foods. There has been a sharp drop in the consumption of milk (and this is not due to continued poor quality), fish, butter, and other dairy products.

The main reason for the change in consumer spending results from the higher cost of living, that is, an increase in prices. It is no coincidence that unskilled worker-peasant households spend a higher proportion of their income on food followed by lodging costs and clothing and shoes. Skilled worker households, on the other hand, after food spend money on clothing and shoes. Lodging costs for this consumer group ranked third.

Prof Wiktor Herer and Prof Wladyslaw Sadowski hold that we will soon reach a minimal level of meat consumption which should not be allowed to decline any further. We have also reached a maximum waiting period for an apartment. It would seem that we could regress no further unless, that is, investment in the food and housing sectors were to drastically limit. investment in industry. The tragedy of the situation which we have found ourselves in is based, therefore, on an economy which has lost the ability to maneuver and to make choices.

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How are we, placed in such a situation, to create and shape any sort of desirable consumption pattern? For after all, this concerns something more important than just a return to a consumption level as it had existed in the late 1970's. Our well-known sociologist, Prof Jan Szczepanski—who in 1971- 1975 led research on a system of values and consumption patterns—asserted that a sudden influx of additional family income breaks set spending and saving behavior and set eating and clothing habits. Subsequently, new stores emerge offering more goods, new and better apartments become available, entertainment improves with more movie houses, radios, televisions, restaurants and cafes. In other words, investment in industry "guarantees increased consumption, a broader range of services, a better opportunity for an education, improved health benefits", and access to culture. Fortunately, while satisfying material and spiritual demands, a change in consumption patterns can only provide economic and scientific-technical development.

There exists a basic truth which states that the better the economic situation of a society, the greater is the impetus for investment, technological boom and level of satisfying consumer demand. As Prof J. J. Wiatr reminds us, material consumption rose uninterruptedly up to the end of 1977 and it was not until 1978 that a drop in the consumption rate was shown; in subsequent years, a drop in consumption occurred~r-unevenly it should be added as regards to specific population groups—due to deepening economic difficulties.

Our society does not realize that a decrease in investment, especially in industry, would result in a steady drop in consumption. If in the 1990rs we succeed in moving ahead with development, modernizing industry and inducing shifts in production, then we will reach a higher level of consumption in the country. Only then will there be a realistic chance and simultaneously a justifiable necessity in expediently shaping its course. What then should be our native consumption model? I would like to address this question in my next article in this series. We at present have ample time to ponder over the type of social consumption patterns we are to have. It so happens that socio- consumer policy has always aroused different feelings and itself invites a broader discussion in the press.

Let us not forget that almost all models, patterns, social attitudes and hierarchial values fit within consumer demands. According to Prof B. Suchodolski, consumer demands assist human individuals in discovering an important meaning to their personal life and attachment to the community. While speaking on the art of living, the outstanding philosopher [Tadeusz] Kotarbinski envisioned a competence for rational decisionmaking and planning of one's own activity by each and everyone of us. He proclaimed that: "the rationality of such decisionmaking and planning will be best remembered by the one who ponders the meaning of those exceptions which were found to have wasted life away".

Editor's note: We are treating this article as a controversial report and encourage letters discussing consumption patterns, individual and group eating habits, and household situations with particular emphasis on their budgets.

13090/12851 CSO: 2600/605

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5^^-86.242

ECONOMY ROMANIA

REPORT ON TRANSPORTATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE

Conference of Union of Trade Unions

Bucharest LUPTA CFR in Romanian 5 Apr 86 pp 1, 4-5

[Unattributed article: "The Conference of the Union of Trade Unions in Trans- portation and Telecommunications"]

[Text] In the atmosphere of spirited revolutionary political commitment that the whole country is experiencing on the eve of the 65th anniversary of the creation of the Romanian Communist Party, the proceedings of the Conference of the Union of Trade Unions in Transportation and Telecommunications took place on Saturday, 29 March.

In this framework, the conference constituted an enthusiastic and stirring manifestation of the feelings of boundless affection and deep attachment that the working people in transportation and telecommunications harbor for our glorious Communist Party and the brilliant leader of our party and state, Com- rade Nicolae Ceausescu, the one who for 21 years has guided the destinies of the party and the country toward the highest peaks of civilization and progress, the eminent revolutionary patriot who has inscribed in the homeland's history a golden age of the most remarkable and prodigious creative fertility, called by the Romanian people, with justified patriotic pride, the Ceausescu Era. At the same time, the conference paid respectful homage to Comrade Aca- demician Dr Eng Elena Ceausescu, an eminent politician and statesman, a schol- ar of wide international repute with essential contributions to devising and implementing the domestic and foreign policy of the party and state.

The conference represented a broad and responsible analysis of the activity of the union committee and affiliated bodies and organizations from the preceding conference to the present and, on this basis, established the directions of action of our trade union bodies and organizations for even more widely mobilizing those who work to steadily implement the party's program, the magnifi- cent objectives mapped out by the 13th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party, and the tasks and orientations given by Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu.

The proceedings of the conference were opened by Comrade Grigore Comartin, chairman of the Committee of the Union of Trade Unions in Transportation and Telecommunications, who welcomed on behalf of the participants the presence at

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the proceedings of Comrade Ion Sirbu, member of the RCP Central Committee and vice chairman of the Central Council for Worker Control of Economic and Social Activity; Comrade Vasile Bulucea, member of the RCP Central Committee and minister of transportation and telecommunications; Comrade Stefan Korody, alternate member of the RCP Central Committee and secretary of the Central Council of the UGSR [General Union of Romanian Trade Unions]; and party and state activists—management personnel in the ministry—invited to the conference.

After the close of the discussions on "The Report on the Activity Performed by the Committee of the Union of Trade Unions in Transportation and Telecommuni- cations From the Preceding Conference to the Present and the Tasks That De- volve on the Union and the Affiliated Trade Unions for Implementing the Deci- sions of the 13th RCP Congress" and the other documents presented, the conference unanimously elected the new union committee, composed of 95 members and 14 alternate members, its bureau, composed of 17 comrades, the auditing commission, composed of 8 comrades, and the 162 delegates of our trade unions to the Congress of the General Union of Romanian Trade Unions. (We publish in the newspaper an abridged version of the report, an account of the discussions, and the composition of the new committee and its bureau.) The report on the activity performed by the union committee, the auditing commission's report, and the report on the activity performed by the Women's Commission were approved, also unanimously, and the Decision of the Conference of the Union of Trade Unions in Transportation and Telecommunications was adopted.

Through lively and vigorous applause, the participants in the proceedings unanimously approved the telegram addressed to Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu, secretary general Of the Romanian Communist Party and president of the Socialist Republic of Romania, through which the working people in transportation and telecommunications express their feelings of high esteem and deep gratitude for the brilliant leader of our party and state and their unwavering determination to perform in an exemplary manner the tasks that devolve on them from our people's great epic of building the multilaterally developed socialist society and advancing Romania toward communism.

Report on Activity of Union Committee

Bucharest LUPTA CFR in Romanian 5 Apr 86 pp 4-5

[Abridged version of unattributed report: "Report on the Activity Performed by the Committee of the Union of Trade Unions in Transportation and Telecommu- nications From the Preceding Conference to the Present and the Tasks That De- volve on the Union and the Affiliated Trade Unions for Implementing the Deci- sions of the 13th RCP Congress"]

[Text] Stressing that the proceedings of the conference took place under the conditions of the patriotic revolutionary enthusiasm of the working class, of the whole populace, closely united around the party and its secretary general, Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu, for implementing the decisions of the 13th party congress and for fulfilling the eighth 5-year plan in an exemplary manner, an enthusiasm generated by the approaching jubilee of the Romanian Communist

59

Party, the report points out the strong development of transportation and telecommunications in that period and the big increase in activity.

The union committee and the trade unions in transportation and telecommunications, which performed an intense activity to mobilize the working people in the branch to fulfill the plan targets and steadily implement the domestic and foreign policy of our party and state, also made their contribution to these accomplishments.

In the period analyzed, the union committee devoted priority attention to economic activity, acting to improve the organization and holding of the socialist competition, and to growth in its effectiveness in mobilizing the working people to fulfill the plan targets. Twelve economic units were helped to become model units in organizing the competition. We are proud of staffs of working people like those at the Constanta, Cluj, and Bucharest Railroad Re- gional Units, the Fetesti Roundhouse, the Iasi and Bacau CFR [Romanian Rail- road] Stations, the Constanta Port Operation Enterprise, the Caras-Severin Au- tomotive Transportation Enterprise, and the Bistrita-Nasaud and Mehedinti County Directorates of Posts and Telecommunications and othersy which, twor three, and four times, occupied top spots nationally in the socialist competition during that 5-year period. A large number of units obtained the title of excellent workers in the branch.

The expansion and generalization of their experience, of worker initiatives that demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing the consumption of fuel and electric power, such as the following, stood in the center of the union committee's activity: "Let's Travel 100 km With Fuel Saved," "Let's Repair 25 Railroad Cars per Month With Reconditioned Spare Parts," "Let's Travel 1,000 Nautical Miles With Fuel Saved," "Not 1 Kilowatt-Hour Consumed Without Econom- ic Efficiency," and others. Action was taken to include the above-mentioned initiatives in the Savings Account of the Trade-Union Group. Starting last year, all trade-union groups approved pledge-programs of their own for achieving annual savings of at least 1^000 lei per group member on the average beyond the planned level.

In the rolling-stock and automotive repair units, It has become a tradition to organize each quarter exchanges of experience on the topic of the recovery of reusable materials and the reconditioning of spare parts. The exchanges of experience on a national level organized at the Rolling-Stock Machine Enter- prises in Pascani and Cluj, the Cimpina, Craiova, and Cluj Automotive Repair Enterprises, the Iasi Road and Bridge Directorate, and the Bucharest-Grivita and Brasov Railroad-Car Overhaul Units and others ended in good results.

In the period analyzed, together with the management of the ministry, departments, and centrals, the union committee organized a number of actions aimed mainly at the rational utilization of the means of transportation and instal- lations, the growth of labor productivity, the improvement of traffic regularity and safety, and the growth of the quality of the repairs on rolling stock. The exchanges of experience organized at the Craiova Roundhouse on the topic of "The Improvement of the Utilization Indices for Locomotives and of the Quality of the Repairs on Them and the Achievement of Railroad Transportation

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Under Full Conditions of Traffic Regularity and Safety," those at the Bucha- rest-Grivita, Iasi, and Galati Railroad-Car Overhaul Units on the topic of "The Introduction and Generalization of New Technologies in the Preparation of Trains and the Strengthening of Labor Discipline," the symposiums in Predeal and Focsani for generalizing the positive experience in road maintenance and repair, the exchange of experience in Rimnicu Vilcea on the topic of improving the work in the railroad construction units, and others proved particularly useful. For generalizing the positive experience, these actions resulted in programs of joint measures of the union committee and the ministry.

The union committee acted to set up in all economic units in transportation and telecommunications joint commissions, run by the chairmen of the trade unions, for organizing political and organizational actions with a view to implementing the measures contained in the programs for more marked growth in labor productivity, and attention was devoted to developing the activity of mass scientific and technical creation, to generalizing modern technologies, to assimilating new equipment and products, and to developing self-equipping, with exhibitions of technical innovations being organized annually at the level of the ministry.

The union committee, the commissions of the trade-union organizations, and the committees of the trade unions helped to properly carry out the activity of the school network, which contains 51 specialized secondary schools, 64 vocational schools, 8 training centers, foremen's schools, and advanced training centers, and to improve the vocational training of the working people, within which the Personnel School, for the traffic-safety workers in transportation and telecommunications, and the Crew School, for seamen, as well as the competitions according to trades, occupy an important place.

The concern for providing and carrying out the production processes under conditions of full labor safety and for preventing occupational accidents and ailments constituted a major objective of the activity of the union committee and our trade unions. Stating that in transportation and telecommunications 978 million lei were allocated for labor protection during the last 5-year period, the report points out a number of actions undertaken: the organization of the annual labor-protection competitions, the improvement of the activity programs of the labor-protection offices, the use of modern means of audiovi- sual propaganda to train and instruct all personnel, and the formation of a mass opinion against those who violated the standards on protection, hygiene, and labor-safety techniques. As part of the social concerns, action was also taken to properly operate the cafeterias, to improve the quality of the menus and diversify them, and to develop and set up new adjoining farms.

The patriotic and revolutionary education of the working people, the formation of the new man, with a high socialist consciousness, an active and conscious participant in fulfilling the great ideals of socialism and communism in our homeland, constituted the main objective of the political, cultural, and educational activity performed by the union committee and the trade unions in the branch. The trade unions organized broad actions to acquaint all working people with the domestic and foreign policy of our party and state and the theses and ideas of inestimable theoretical and practical value contained in the work

61

of the secretary general of the party, Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu, his contribution to the development of socialism and communism and to the establishment of peace and collaboration among all peoples of the world. The trade unions were involved more with actions of their own in the political and educational events devoted to the 40th anniversary of the antifascist and anti-imperialist revolution for social and national liberation and to the welcoming of the 13th Congress of the Romanian Communist Party and of all the historical and political events in the life of the people, the party, and the country that occurred in the period analyzed.

In developing the activity of physical education and sports, the union committee and the trade unions in the branch organized many sports activities and competitions. Over 60,000 working people from the railroad-transportation and postal units participate annually in the Ceferiada [based on CFR] and the March of the Mailmen, competitions specific to the branch.

The detailed analysis of the shortcomings and deficiencies noted in the activity of transportation and telecommunications, materialized in the failure to fulfill some basic indicators last year, occupies an important place in the report. The main indicator—tons transported—had a shortfall of 5.8 percent in the ministry as a whole, which represents 42 million tons of freight not transported. Except for aircraft, the other means of transportation—freight cars, trucks, and river and seagoing vessels—were not used well; their utilization indicators were below the planned level. There were also shortcomings in achieving fnd improving the static load per axle and the use of the freight car's capacity to the maximum and in reducing the empty hauls and other freight-car-utilization indicators. Nor were locomotives always used well; the average distance between breakdowns and the number of lapses in warranty remain quite high, with locomotive maintenance and repair not rising to the required level.

In the automotive sector, the truck-use indicator—tons of freight transported per ton of capacity—was fulfilled to a degree of only 95.9 percent. The percentage of empty hauls with motor vehicles is high, and trailers are not used properly. We find a wholly unsuitable situation regarding use of resources in ship transportation, where the ship-utilization index had with respect to the plan a shortfall of 17 percent for river vessels and over 18 percent for seagoing vessels.

In a self-critical spirit, we feel that we too, the union committee and the trade unions in our branch, are responsible for these shortcomings, because we did not do everything to eliminate the lack of discipline in using the means of transportation and did not sufficiently mobilize the masses of working people in efficient actions that would have led to Improvement in the indices of utilization of rolling stock, motor vehicles, and vessels.

Traffic and navigation safety, the fulfillment of the transportation plan without traffic and navigation accidents or incidents, constitutes the most obvious expression of the quality of the work in transportation. Although accidents and incidents have fallen year by year, the situation is not at all of a nature to satisfy us in any of the transportation sectors. The lack of

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discipline manifested by some working people, the failure to follow the official regulations and instructions, constitutes the main cause of all the traffic and navigation accidents and incidents. We feel that not even the union committee did everything to establish that strict discipline so necessary in our branches; we did not use every means to create and develop a strong and sound collective mass opinion that would take a stand and promptly combat any breach of discipline, any deviation, no matter how small, from the traffic and navigation rules.

We must state that the activity performed by the union committee and the other trade-union bodies and organizations in the social field has not risen everywhere to the level of the tasks mapped out by the party leadership and of the financial efforts that are being made in this regard. Although the number of work accidents is on the decline, a series of work accidents nonetheless occurred in 1985, the majority caused by deficiencies in the organization of production and labor and by indiscipline and disorder at some workplaces. The union and the trade-union bodies and organizations did not act with sufficient firmness to take the steps to prevent work accidents with a view to carrying out the production processes in full safety.

Analyzing things responsibly, at the level of the requirements formulated by the party leadership, we must recognize that shortcomings are still appearing in the political, cultural, and educational work of our trade unions. The failure to fulfill some plan indicators in transportation and telecommunications and the disciplinary situation in some units are directly connected with the shortcomings existing in the political and educational activity performed by the trade-union bodies and organizations, demonstrating that the trade unions in the branch have not always devoted the necessary attention to improving the content of all the political and educational actions, that they are not always anchored in the concrete achievements of the workplaces.

It is therefore necessary for the trade-union bodies and organizations in transportation and telecommunications to continually improve their style and methods of work for steadily fulfilling the transportation tasks required for carrying out the party's program for forging the multilaterally developed socialist society and advancing Romania toward communism.

The better organization of the socialist competition, for the exemplary fulfillment of the plan targets to all indicators, must constitute an important objective of the activity of the trade-union bodies and organizations in our branch. It is necessary for the trade-union bodies, together with the collective leadership bodies, to constantly undertake actions that would contribute to full use of the transportation capacity and the work force, the optimization of transportation and the elimination of irrational transportation, the steady application of the principles of overall piecework, the generalization of it in all units and at all workplaces, and the continual improvement of the labor-norm-setting system and of the technical and vocational training of all the working people. The trade unions should make to the utmost their contribution to organizing the activity of multilateral training, of acquisition of a second trade by the working people in all sectors of activity, so that at

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least 50 percent of the worker personnel will have mastered the second trade by the end of this year.

In their entire activity, the trade union bodies and organizations in transportation and telecommunications must put a special accent on the reduction of production expenses during this 5-year period. We must act more steadily in all the economic units to recover and utilize all reusable materials and resources resulting from the production process and must perform broad mass actions with a view to rationally utilizing and sensibly managing fuel and electric power.

In the action of mass scientific and technical creation within the "Song of Romania" National Festival, we should involve the broad mass of working people and all the specialists in the enterprises and scientific-research, technological-engineering, and design institutes in solving the technical and organizational problems with which the economic units are confronted, in finding new solutions that would lead to the improvement of the existing technologies.

The actions for patriotic and revolutionary education of the working people, which must help to a greater degree to cultivate and affirm the pride in the glorious fighting past of our people and party, to develop the love for our country, and to strengthen the unity of the whole populace around the party, will be intensified.

In honor of the 65th anniversary of the creation of the Romanian Communist Party, our trade unions are called upon to organize broad political and educational events having as an objective the raising of the revolutionary socialist consciousness, so that high responsibility, honesty, and a spirit of sac- rifice may be manifested in each working person's consciousness and behavior.

Inspired by the great prospects established by the 13th party congress—it says in the conclusion of the report—and deeply attached to the policy of the party and state, the working people and the trade unions in our branch express their determination to work with abnegation to perform the tasks mapped out by Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu, the secretary general of the party, for the working people in transportation and telecommunications and meet the requirements of the economy on time and in the best way, making their full contribution to implementing the party's program for building the multilaterally developed socialist society and advancing Romania toward communism.

(Abridged version)

12105 CSO: 2700/247

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POLITICS POLAND

PRESS, PERSONNEL CHANGES, MEDIA DEVELOPMENTS: MAY 1986

Warsaw PRASA POLSKA in Polish No 7, pp 51-59

[Excerpts] 2 May—Ryszard Federowski was appointed to the position of editor- in-chief of GLOS ZABRZE.

3 May— An agreement was signed at the Journalists1 Home in Warsaw on cooperation between the Journalists' Association [SD] of the PRL [Polish People's Republic] and the Journalists1 Union of Nigeria for the years 1986- 1988. The agreement anticipates, among other things, an annual exchange of journalist groups without the exchange of foreign currency, a mutually supported exchange of editors without the exchange of foreign currency, an exchange of experience in the journalistic area, an exchange of specialized publications and information about each others activities. The organizations will invite each other to an international journalism conference organized by them. The SD PRL is obligated to provide help in training the cadres of journalists in Nigeria and to secure a corresponding cadre of specialists toward this end.

The document was signed for the SD PRL by the vice president, Editor Marian Kruczkowski, and the secretary general, Editor Andrzej Ziemski, for the Journalists* Union of Nigeria by the president, Editor George Izobo, and the secretary general, Editor Jola Ogunlusi. (An interview with the activists from the Nigerian Journalists' Union is found on pages 24-27).

5 May—In the Journalists' Home in Warsaw the Polish International Journalism Club of the SD PRL organized a meeting with the GDR ambassador, Hörst Neubauer, who shared his reflections about the recent Eleventh Congress of the NSPJ and answered the questions of the journalists, who were interested, among other things, in the possibilities of increasing cooperation between Poland and the GDR, especially in the economic sphere, the economic achievements of our Western neighbors and relations between the GDR and the FRG.

5-7 May—in Popow near Warsaw the Club of Socio-Legal Journalists of the SD PRL—together with the Minister of Justice—organized a meeting of press spokesmen from the department of justice and socio-legal journalists dedicated to the functioning of the press law.

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9-11 May—In Zielonogorski the Polish Club of International Journalism of the SD PRL organized a session on the topic "Europe—Our Common Home." Editor Ryszard Wojna and Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld read papers to open the discussion. Prof Mieczyslaw Tomala presented an introductory paper, partly on German culture. A large group of the party's cadre of lecturers and the active members of the "Wisla-Odra" Association and the Association of Friends of the ONZ [United Nations Organization] were invited to participate in the session. Regional meetings took place in Zielona Gora in the "Piastowska University," in Krosno Drzanski, in Sulechow, Swiebodzina and Zaganie. Our club has met for the twentieth time for a traveling session in Nadodrze in Zielona Gora," stated Editor Marian Podkowinski, "traditionally joining our journalistic debates with the participation of representatives of the Propaganda Division of the Central Committee of the PZPR and the MSZ [Ministry of Foreign Affairs], with informative contacts and discussion in the readers' environments. We spoke in the course of the session and during these meetings about matters which are important to the reason for existence of the socialist Polish state, to our foreign policies, and in addition to this they define the particular range of journalistic activity that serve them. As journalists, we want to work in these areas more and more convincingly and purposefully."

15 May—in the Sejm building the Club of Parliamentary Reporters of the SD PRL organized a meeting with the president of the Deputies' Club of the PZPR, Tadeusz Porebski, who, in answer to journalists* questions, discussed his aspirations in various areas, in conjunction with the approaching Tenth Congress and the work of the Sejm. All of the great problems which face the citizens in the election campaign were reflected in his speech: housing, schooling, health, environmental protection, the battle against inflation. In conjunction with the proposal prepared for the Tenth Congress of a review of all structures of government and administration of the state, among others a simplification of the structures of control, and in this light the cancellation of many unnecessary regulations and excessive restraints on reporting and the withdrawal of various procedures which make life and work more difficult—Tadeusz Porebski stated that the Sejm will certainly take up all of these tasks. This entire undertaking will demand great energy, wisdom and assertiveness.

21 May—In the Journalists' Home in Warsaw the Journalists' Club for Foreigners of the SD PRL organized a discussion forum on current topics, with particular regard to the new economic strategy of the GDR. Editor Walter Florath—editor-in-chief of AKTUELLE KAMERA (the GRD TV daily), participated in the meeting.

22 May—at the Journalists' Home in Warsaw the Economic Club of the SD PRL organized a meeting with the president of the Polish Economic Association on the topic of the instruments of reform in the 5-year plan.

23 May—in the Warsaw Committee a meeting took place between journalists and the party leaders of the capital. The initiators of the meeting were the Main Administration of the SK PRL and the Warsaw Committee of the PZPR. The first secretary of the Provincial Committee of the PZPR, Janusz Kubasiewicz, and the secretary general of the SD PRL, Andrzej Ziemski, led the meeting. Among the invited were the delegate to the Tenth Congress of the party, Editor Edward

66

Kwasizur, the delegates to the Warsaw pre-congress conference and the active members of the association of journalists. The economy and its most difficult problems were discussed—housing, industry, culture and rest. ^ Among other topics discussed were the role of the journalists in initiating and popularizing thrift, organizational actions of the press, radio and television and the picnics, fairs and concerts already popular in the city. One suggestion voiced was that letters and complaints addressed to the mass media would be a subject of interest to the Warsaw level of the party. Many remarks were made on matters regarding the social and living environment of journalists. These will be the topics of further meetings, for the May meeting has begun a standing cycle of meetings of Warsaw journalists with the party leaders of the capital.

23 May—a meeting took place in the Journalists1 Home in Warsaw, within the framework of the journalists' pre-congress forum, with a member of the Political Bureau, the secretary of the Central Committee of the PZPR, Marian Wozniak, on the topic of the socio-economic problems contained in the plan for the party program and theses for the Tenth Congress. Also discussed was the participation of journalists in propagating the content of the pre-congress documents. They also spoke about enlarging the economic themes with the suggestions and observations of the entire environs. During the meeting Marian Wozniak addressed the problems and questions presented. Among other things he stressed the necessity for consistency in achieving economic reform. Much time was devoted to matters of apartment building and intensifying exports.

25-27 May—in the Sulkowski Castle in Razyna the Club of Scientific Journalists of the SD PRL organized—together with NOT [Chief Technical Organization]—a session on the topic of the role of popularizing technology in society and on its influence on the shaping of the technical culture.

26 May—In the Journalists' Home in Warsaw the Club of Socio-political journalism of the SD PRL organized a meeting with Mieczyslaw F. Rakowski on the topic of the of the Socio-economic Advisory Council and other advisory organs of the ninth term of the Sejm.

27-29 May—in Kolobrzeg the National Club of Reporters of the SD PRL organized a session dedicated to inside reporting. Editor Marek Rymuszko began the session with a discussion of the legal and moral dilemmas of inside reporting and Editor Jacek Waloch with a representation of this type of reporting in Poland. Editors Marian Bijoch, Marian Buchowski, Janusz Niczyporowicz and Marek Miller joined the circle of reporters in the discussion. In the opinion of the participants of the session, this confrontation was the best of all such "circles" to this time.

29 May—the editor-in-chief of PA INTERPRESS, Stanislaw Glabinski delivered a paper entitled "Poland and Poles '86" in London. Representatives of the ministry of foreign affairs, the British Council and journalists were present at the talk.

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SUPPLEtmra?—In the previous issue we did not include all decisions regarding personnel changes in the press in our "Chronicle." We print a supplement to this information below:

1 April—Tadeusz Kolodziejczyk was appointed to the position of editor-in- chief of the weekly RADA NARODOWA.

15 April—Zofia Dlugosz was appointed to the position of first assistant editor-in-chief of KDBIETA I ZYCIE.

21 April—Jerzy Krygier was appointed to the position of assistant editor-in- chief of ZAGADNIENIA I MATERIALS.

21 April—Andrzej Maslankiewicz was appointed to the position of assistant editor-in-chief of the weekly RADA NARODOWA.

21 April—Janusz Skladowski was appointed to the position of assistant editor- in-chief of the weekly RADA NARODOWA, and simultaneously removed from his position as assistant editor-in-chief of IDBOIOGIA I FOLITYKA.

21 April—Lech Winiarski was appointed to the position of assistant editor-in- chief for the weekly RADA NARODOWA.

30 April—Andrzej ziemski was removed from his position as assistant editor- in-chief of ZYCIE WARSZAWtf in conjunction with his acceptance of a job with the SD FRL.

12972 CSO: 2600/600

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POLITICS POLAND

COMPOSITION OF GOVERNMENT-EPISCOPATE COMMISSION

AU291155 Warsaw POLITYKA in Polish 19 Jul 86 p 2

[From the Press Review]

[Text] GAZETA ROBOTNICZA on 28-29 June published an interview given by Kazimierz Barcikowski, deputy chairman of the State Council, to Jozef Bartoszewski. Here is an excerpt from it:

[Bartoszewski] You have been co-chairman of the Government-Episcopate Joint Commission. The public knows very little about this commission's place in our reality, its duties, methods of work, and composition.

[Barcikowski] As for the commission's composition, the state is represented by me, by Witold Lipski, who is a member of the State Council and ZSL deputy in the Sejm, by Professor Adam Lopatka, and by Aleksander Merker, who is the commission's secretary. The Catholic church is represented by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, who is co-chairman, Archbishop Bronislaw Dabrowski, secretary of the Episcopate, Jerzy Stroba, archbishop of Poxnan, and Father Orszulik, who is the commission's secretary and head of the Episcopate Press Bureau.

During the crisis the commission met every month, but now it meets more or less four times a year. We always begin our sessions by exchanging information about the country's current situation, about the situation concerning Poland's affairs, and about events that are bad for correct State- Church relations. Then we go over to the agenda that was previously agreed on. On 13 June we tackled an extremely difficult and delicate question to which the representatives of the Religious Office and of the Episcopate devote their attention all the time. This question is the church's legal status in the socialist state, the settlement of the legal principles of State-Church relations, and the settlement of the legal status of the Church institutions. This is a most delicate question. Every formulation and every date count. I would like to remind all those who dream about a greater drive of our work in this regard that it took 13 years to negotiate a settlement between the Italian Government and the Vatican.

/12913 CSO: 2600/680

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POLITICS POLAND

PRIMATE ON RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN SCHOOLS

AU281319 Krakow TYGODNIK POWSZECHNY in Polish 24 Aug 86 p 7

[Unsigned report: "Jasna Gora on 15 August"]

[Excerpt] During the high mass at Jasna Gora, Jozef Cardinal Glemp delivered a sermon and said among other things: "All our worries about economic and moral problems such as sobriety, about the unity of the family, about respect for public property, and about spiritual and religious issues should not deprive us of the joy that is based on faith and that men join us to look more optimistically at the world surrounding us.

Looking forward in undisturbed calm to another visit to Poland by the Holy Father should be the primary element of our present courage and hope. Although a formal invitation has still not been issued, we want to maintain and develop the atmosphere of expectation in the deep conviction that the Holy Father, who continues to strengthen his brothers* faith, will also strengthen their other noble aspirations toward uniting and elevating the nation.

Another element of our hope is the spreading sobriety, despite the obstacles put up by the administration. The fact that many of our countrymen have left the prisons is also a cause of our hope. The pilgrims coming to Jasna Gora have experienced many moving tokens of the goodness and affection of the people along the roads. No one will be able to count all the acts of goodness shown to the praying pilgrims. These features of man's goodness show how people yearn for moral renewal in the face of various acts committed by anarchist, subversive, and blasphemous groups.

Today when the religious instruction program is to be introduced into schools we can raise many questions that demonstrate the entire senselessness of this program. Religion, the primate said in conclusion, can in no way be regarded as morbid. On the contrary, faith that has been tried through adversity becomes more and more mature, conscious, and reliable through God. Through this gift of faith and joy we pay homage to our best mother—to Holy Mary—who leads us in our earthly pilgrimage."

At the end of the high mass the pulpit was taken over by Bernard Cardinal Law from Boston, who was the chief mass celebrant. In the name of his country men

and the faithful from his diocese he greeted the Polish people and thanked the primate for the invitation to visit Poland, expressing admiration for his courageous religious stand. He conveyed to all pilgrims wishes for unshakable hope and for the victory of their faith.

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POLITICS POLAND

EDITORIAL SEES CONGRUENCE OF PROPAGANDA, REALITY

Warsaw SZPILKI in Polish No 30, 24 Jul 86 p 3

[Editorial by Witold Filler]

[Text] Recently a beloved Second Poland lived in our propaganda. It was made entirely of icing, flowed with milk and honey, and no one saw it. From the podium of the 10th Congress, Comrade Jaruzelski told us about Poland "B." It turned out that we all know this Poland. Littered, drunken, incompetent, crafty. That is the what the preponderance of reality, which screeches over the mythology of propaganda, looks like. And what will the triumph of reality over weaknesses look like? I believe that already in a few years we will be able to look at this triumph. Stop! Nothing will be given to us! Everything depends on us.

It promises to be a difficult time, and for everyone, really. For the honest, because the Congress appealed to their sense of responsibility. And for the scoundrels, because the Congress declared war on them. "No one and nothing is beyond evaluation, inspection, or criticism." These words by Jaruzelski rang with the credibility shown by the General's past achievements. Every word in them was always important. "Criticism is no longer a guest in the party. It has become a member of the household." This is more than just a declaration. It is a program.

There is plenty to struggle with. We know this. The 10th Congress did not cover up the immensity of the tasks. It did not gloss over the list of deficiencies. On the contrary, it called for them to be enumerated exactly as they exist, and not "through a smoke-screen," as Zygfryd Kwiatkowski, a skipper from Ustka, said in his loudly applauded speech. Anyway, every Pole is very familiar with this list from his own observations, experience and reflection. True, we have gotten into the habit of conveniently promoting our troubles to the rank of immanent evil, which we fell heir to after 40 years of mistakes and distortions. The doctrinairism of the 1950's, the unwillingness to modernize under Gomulka, the voluntarism under Gierek, the confusion after August. Conditions varied. But what tomorrow will be like is determined not by the past, but by the present, today. Our ambition, diligence, knowledge, talent and persistence. The dynamism of its resolutions, the innovativeness of the Congress' documents, the thrust of the leadership apppointed at the Congress, make us believe that the appeal will bring the desired results! We

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often complain in SZPILKI about the long production cycle of our weekly. This time it did not fail us, because the reflections written on the final day of the 10th Congress will reach the reader exactly on the July Holiday.

That which is victorious for the party provides a chance to the nation. That which is indispensable to the nation is vivifying to the party. These mutual relationships were always obvious, but they now take on a special meaning.

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POLITICS POLAND

PRON ORGAN VIEWS INTELLIGENTSIA POLE, DUTIES

Warsaw ODRODZENIE in Polish No 30, 26 Jul 86 p 9

[Article by Edward Kbwalczyk: "The Intelligentsia"]

[Text] We have recently observed an increased interest in the problems of the Polish intelligentsia. These problems were examined by all of the political parties as well as by various social organizations and associations functioning in intelligentsia circles. Sometimes it was even possible to observe signs of coquetry toward these circles. It is "most timely" to deplore the low social prestige of the intelligentsia, its financially underprivileged status, its lack of political subjectivity, underscore its special social role in the development and modernization of the country, etc. It was also postulated that wording in the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic referring to the workers-peasant alliance be replaced by wording referring to the workers-peasant-intelligentsia.

The intelligentsia problem was the subject of discussion at the PZPR 10th Congress. The position of the intelligentsia circles in the arrangement of sociopolitical forces, as well as their role and tasks in the implementation of the nationwide program to develop and strengthen the People's Republic, which was presented at the Congress, was clearly defined in the paper delivered by the first secretary of the PZPR CC and in the discussions.

The question arises: What now determines the membership of a given individual in the sphere of intelligentsia and whether these kinds of "assignments" have a character, in socialism, that is linked to the future, or whether we should attempt to find definitions which preserve a striving for various types of divisions of society.

In speaking of intelligentsia circles, I am referring to those circles of people who not only have a definite store of knowledge but also have specific personality traits which enable them to use their minds in processing that store of knowledge, their talents and skills, into socially useful values and assets, and who furthermore, want to take advantage of these capabilities and demonstrate socially creative attitudes. And maybe it is not just education, but also the additional principle personality traits and pro-social creative attitudes which are synonymous with intelligentsia. This leads some people to conclude that an assemblage of people with such traits is neither a class nor

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a social strata, but a certain social totality which is the vivifying tissue penetrating the entire nation and growing in all parts of the social system.

Thus intelligentsia is rather the name of a category of individuals guided both by the knowledge they possess as well as by their personal traits in the performance of specific social functions, in accordance with the social division of labor, in which the primary executing instrument is the mind, the primary resource is knowledge and skill, and the primary area of activity is the area of intellectual activity. Knowledge can be obtained not only in school but also through personal experience and one's own work on oneself. Thus the measure of knowledge possessed is not always the diploma. But to possess knowledge and demonstrate a willingness and skill in using it for practical social use, is something entirely different. A person who is an "intellectual egoist" or is "rigidly programmed" in traditional methods of thinking does not constitute a very great value in terms of society's total intellectual resources. The nature of these resources should be such that they can be used for purposes of development and social progress, which does not appear to be possible without the personal involvement, patriotism and social attitudes of the people making up these resources. Naturally, we are speaking primarily about the intelligentsia circles. It was to those circles, favorably oriented towards our political system, aware of their role and tasks in our country at the threshold of the 21st century, that Wojciech Jaruzelski turned in his paper at the 10th Congress, when he spoke about the party's confidence in Polish intelligentsia, whose "greatest duty today is to pave the way for a scientific and technical revolution, cultural and social progress—" Suitable conditions will be created in Poland for the fulfillment of these duties.

The intelligentsia, as a whole, manifests its intellectual and personality qualities in the activities of specific circles, e.g., the so-called circle of intellectualists, i.e., creators of science and culture, which constitute a particularly weighty "condensation" of social intellect. Everywhere in the world this circle clearly stands out against the background of people who remain at a certain higher-than-average mental level. Another circle which plays an extremely important social role and function are the teachers and educators, who are responsible for the state of education in the country, for progress in the area of reform of national thinking.

The official circles have a great deal of influence on the functioning of the state and the economy and on the exercise of authority. The health service, the justice system and legal services, form a community of nonmaterial services. In particular circles we can also name some groups which represent narrow specialized interests.

It is obvious that intelligentsia, as its own kind of "intellectual undergrowth" which grew out of the national substrata, lives by the same things that the entire nation lives. It lives by the same ideals and strivings as the entire social worker-peasant substrata which it grew out of during the era of the People's Republic. But the intelligentsia should know how to synthesize and even intuitively be ahead of certain social feelings and experiences, issue specific interpretations, demonstrate their moral reason,

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form the necessary assessments and opinions, and then make the entire nation aware of them.

The internal construction of the intelligentsia totality is complex and cannot be treated superficially. This construction has the ability to create strong mental and emotional ties in society, often causing opinions, viewpoints and attitudes to become crystallized.

Just as during crystallization a sometimes inconspicuous "germ" leads to the formation of a large structural monocrystal, so too, a suitably dynamic intelligentsia group can crystallize large areas of its social environment due to the structure of awareness as well as the structure of behavior, and then action. Specific factors can influence crystallization. In physics and chemistry these are physical factors. In social phenomena these are sociopolitical factors which exert a catalytic effect.

The intelligentsia problem is made up of an entire complex of psychosocial phenomena. It encompasses a number of sociostructural elements which must find their right place in the general social structures. For example, in the structure shown by the order of elements in the form of: "politics, culture, economy." In this order of elements it appears that political relationships hold first place and influence the reasons connected with culture and the economy.

What is important, therefore, is the concept of influence on a behavior by the intelligentsia complex which would be not only officially compatible with our political goals, but would superbly enhance the process of their effective implementation. For this to happen, in going to the Polish intelligentsia with certain political initiatives, to people so sensitive, active and mentally alert, we cannot show that we ourselves are not committed to what we are saying. We cannot employ hackneyed political jargon. We cannot apply cheap demagoguery calculated to achieve temporary and superficial recognition. We cannot avoid taking a clear position of matters which stir the hearts and minds of all Poles.

The Polish intelligentsia is the nation's intellectual binder. It is something of a vivifying tissue which penetrates all of its parts, layers and classes, from which it is not possible to tear away into a separate part. That is the general thought which ensues from the deliberations of the 10th PZPR Congress. Which leads to the assertion that at the present stage of the dialogue on struggle and agreement, it is not the social divisions that are important, but the unity of goals, desires and strivings of the Polish intelligentsia and the workers and peasants in the achievement of common goals.

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POLITICS POLAND

BRIEFS

FRG BISHOPS PILGRIMAGE TO CZESTOCHOWA—On 25 August, on the eve of the Czestochowa celebrations in honor of Our Lady, a delegation of the German Bishops' Conference arrived In Warsaw. The delegation, which will attend Czestochowa celebrations, is led by Joseph Cardinal Heoffner and includes Johannes Archbishops Dyba of Fulda, Franz Bishop Hengsbach of Essen, Walter Bishop Jansen of Cologne, Paul Bishop Nordhues of Paderborn, Friedrich Bishop Ostermann of Muenster, Gerhad Bishop Pieschl of Limburg, Wilhelm Bishop Schraml of Regensburg, Father Wolfgang Klemp from Kunzell, Father Wilhelm Reitzer representing the Caritas in Vienna, Father Wilhelm Schaetzler, secretary of the German Bishops' Conference, and Father Professor Jerzy Likierski from Essen. Two lay persons—Dr Rudolf Hammerschmidt and Dr Gerhard Albert—are also members of the delegation. Speaking during his visit to Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski's tomb, Cardinal Hoeffner recalled his last meeting with the late Polish primate in Warsaw in September 1980 and his sermon in the Warsaw Cathedral, including the following words amounting to a spiritual testament: "Our two nations, who have lived in such close proximity for centuries and who are nited in their homage to Jesus Christ and in their membership of the same Church, are capable of finding a common tongue and are duty-bound to do so." [Report signed "(J)": "On the Eve of Mary of Czestochowa Celebrations—A Delegation of the German Bishops* Conference Has Arrived"] [Excerpts] [Warsaw SLOWO POWSZECHNE in Polish 26 Aug 86 pp 1, 6 AU] /12913

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ROMANIA

CONDITION OF JEWS IN ROMANIA DURING 1938-44 DISCUSSED AT SYMPOSIUM

Bucharest ANALE DE ISTORIE No 3, 1986, pp 133-141

[Article by Ion Bulei: "Romanian-Israeli Scientific Symposium: Jerusalem, 12- 14 January 1986")

[Text] The third Romanian-Israeli scientific symposium was held in Jerusalem on 12-14 January 1986. The cooperation between the Institute of Historical and Social-Political Sciences of the RCP Central Committee and the Yad Vashem Institute, initiated in the fall of 1982 by the directors of the two institutes, Ion Popescu-Puturi and Yitzhaq Arad, is continuing with most fruitful results for both sides.

The Israeli delegation was composed of Yitzhaq Arad, director of the Yad Vashem Institute; Dr Jean Ancel and Dr Leon Volovici, scientific researchers, both of the Yad Vashem Institute; Dr Efraim Ophir and Pinhas Haikis, members of the same institute. On the Romanian side the symposium was attended by Dr Ion Calafeteanu, Dr Livia Dandara, and Dr Ion Bulei, senior scientific researchers at the Institute of Historical and Social-Political Studies of the RCP Central Committee.

The opening session was attended, among others, by Dr Y. Artzi, member of the Israeli Parliament, who expressed warm appreciation for the foreign policy conducted by socialist Romania and President Nicolae Ceausescu and for the Romanian state's attitude toward the Jewish community of Romania. Also present was Dr Moses Rosen, head of the Jewish community of Romania, who presented the leadership of the Yad Vashem Institute with 30 files on Romanians who helped Jews during the Antonescu dictatorship, and in whose memories trees will be planted at Yad Vashem.

The symposium did not have a previously established theme. All the papers presented examined, however, the situation of the Romanian Jews in the 1938-44 period, and thus complemented each other. The only exception was, in a way, Dr Yitzhaq Arad's paper, which referred only indirectly to the above period. Its topic was the Belzek Ccncetration Camp in Poland, where Romanian Jews had been scheduled to arrive in the fall of 1942 to be exterminated; fortunately, that Hitlerite plan did not materialize. The author stated that in 1942 there had been three extermination camps in Poland: Treblinka, Majdanek, and Belzek, where 2 million Jews were slated to be assassinated. The railway directors of

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Germany and of the European countries under Hitlerite domination or occupation met on 22-25 September 1942 to discuss this issue; the director of the Romanian Railways had also been invited to attend, but he failed to show up, claiming that the invitation had reached him at the last moment.

That meeting in Berlin established the specific ways and means of conveying the Jews to the Polish extermination camps; they even set a precise timetable for the trains that were to be used, and decided that each shipment should contain 2,000 people. Everything was planned with the characteristic Hitlerite meticulousness. Yitzhag Arad stated that the idea of the gas chambers was adopted because the mobile extermination units found that shooting Jews into the graves they had themselves dug was too slow a method, in addition to the disadvantage of making secretiveness problematic. Moreover, its psychological effect on the German soldiers charged with the executions had to be considered. Consequently, the Germans sought other methods. Having about 400 experts in the use of gas poisoning, whom they did not want to send to the front for fear that they might betray their former activities, the Germans put them to work. They began to build gas chambers at the Polish camps. However, the problem was where to obtain the necessary gas without the news spreading. The solution that was finally adopted involved carbon dioxide from tanks (on the exhaust pipe principle). Introduced through pipes into the specially prepared chambers, the carbon dioxide killed all human life within 15-20 minutes. They also employed mobile liquidation machines, especially on Soviet occupied territory. Initially, Belzek had three 20-square meter gas chambers. Some 250 Jews were crowded in each chamber. Two thousand Jews, i.e., one shipment, were thus liquidated within 3 hours.

Yitzhaq Arad spoke in detail about the organization of the Belzek camp. The personnel consisted of 20 SS men led by a captain and a lieutenant first grade; 100-200 Ukrainians, former prisoners of war, selected from the POW camps; and 700-800 Jewish prisoners selected from the Jewish shipments. The Jews took out the corpses, cleaned the train cars so as to leave no trace of their occupancy/ sorted personal effects, pulled out the gold teeth from the corpses, then buried them (later, when the Hitlerite troops began withdrawing from Russia, the dead were incinerated so as to eradicate all traces). These prisoners were then themselves gassed. Some 600,000 Jews and several hundreds of Gypsies were exterminated at Belzek. In October-November 1942, after it became clear that the Romanian Jews were not arriving, the camp was dismantled. later, between December 1942 and April 1943, all the bodies were exhumed and burned. The last surviving Jews were told that they would be sent to Berlin, but were killed at Sobibor. An agricultural farm was established on the site of the camp. In the summer of 1944, upon arriving on the spot, the Soviet army found no trace of the camp. Only two Jews escaped from Belzek, one of whom died in 1945. Yitzhaq Arad illustrated his paper with the aid of a map of the Polish camps and a detailed drawing ("the death drawing11) of the Belzek camp and its operation.

Dr Efraim Ophir presented the paper: "Romania's Attitude on the Emigration and 'Aliya' Plans in the 1938-44 Period." He stated that the establishment of the royal dictatorship was the result of the conjugated action of the upper army echelons, the big capital, and moderate rightist politicians, and in the last analysis, the fulfillment of King Carol's wish. The new regime acted against

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both the Iron Guard and the "historical" parties. "Needless to say," the author pointed out, "the regime was also against the left and against the various democratic groups and movements.,,

The Jews received the establishment of the royal dictatorship with "a sense of relief," because it came instead of the anti-Semitic Goga-Cuza government. "But the hopes of the Jews were dashed not only by the composition of the government, but also by its declaration of principles, which stated, among other things, that the process of revising the citizenship of the Jews would continue."

The author then discussed the controversial question of the number of Jews living in Romania on the eve of World War II, controversial because the revision of the Jews' citizenship, begun by the Goga government, had been justified by the many migrations from Russia, Hungary, and Germany to Romania. The only figure viewed as realistic by Dr Efraim pphir was 756,930, arrived at by the 1930 population census (the memorandum sent on 12 March 1939 by the Romanian government to its representations abroad cited 1,200,000 Jews, both citizens and non-citizens, which was 6 percent of the country's total population). Many Jews had managed to secure false papers. Octavian Goga even spoke of 500,000 Jews with fraudulently obtained citizenship. "This," the speaker concluded, "constitutes the ideological basis for the decree to revise the citizenship of the Romanian Jews, the purpose of which was to permit the state to rid itself of as many Jews as possible through so-called legal means." The policy of the Goga government in this respect was continued by the Miron Cristea government. The Revision Regulations were issued on 9 March 1938. The prime minister stated: "The rights of the truly indigenous Jews but only after the documents of all the Jews have been revised." The author of the paper said: "The regulations made it very diffcult for the Jews to prove their citizenship, especially in Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina. During all of 1938 the citizenship revision remained one of the gravest threats to the life of a large percentage of Romania's Jews, who could not document their citizenship, although some of them were even war invalids. On the one hand, the implementation of the law constituted a means of depriving the Jews of their nationality, and on the other hand, of getting rid of them by pressuring and urging them to emigrate. There is no doubt, as we will see, that the Jewish problem and its resolution through emigration constituted a weapon in the internal struggle of the various governments, also during the royal dictatorship, against the Iron Guard, as was noted by the British ambassador after a discussion with the Romanian foreign minister: "The anti-Semitic policy of the government was necessary in order to prevent the Iron Guard from coming to power.•"

Dr Ophir then dwelt on emigration as a means of solving the Jewish problem: "The majority of the Romanian politicians, including the royal dictatorship circles, viewed the organized emigration of the Jews to Palestine or any other destination as a means of solving the problem of the Jews in Romania. The idea of emigration assumed various forms, some of which emerged even before 1937. However, there is no proof that it came as a result of foreign, i.e., Nazi pressures. The slogan 'Yids to Palestine' became acceptable even prior to 1937. But the explanation that the Jews must find a country in which to settle and work with the aid of the Jewish Organization was first heard in the

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declaration of Patriarch Miron Cristea of 20 August 1937. Later, after becoming prime minister, he informed the British ambassador of his intention to ask the League of Nations to find a country for the Jews who were to be deprived of their Romanian citizenship. In an electoral speech in 1937, Ion Mihalache, one of the leaders of the National-Peasant Party, explained why it was necessary to get rid of the Jews, stating that 'The state must help, with all the national and international means available, to promote the mass emigration of the Jewish community.'"

The speaker then showed that the idea of financial aid from the Romanian state for this purpose was accepted. "King Carol, too, viewed the Jewish emigration to Palestine as *a means of resolving a complex problem' (the Jewish problem). The king reiterated this idea in a more explicit form at the beginning of 1938, when he noted that the emigration of the Jews would alleviate the struggle against the Iron Guard. At the same time, however, he added that another territory had to be found for the Jews.

"In the end, the above ideas acquired a more explicit form in the discussion between the British foreign minister and the Romanian foreign minister of April 1938 (that is to say, after the Anschluss), and subsequently in a memorandum among the western powers.

"1. In Romania there is a large number of Jews, some of whom do not enjoy civil rights. The increasing number of Jews constitutes a factor of unrest. Romania does not have the capacity to return those Jews to their country of origin.

"2. Consequently, it is urgently necessary to find a radical and humane solution to the problem of the Jews in central European countries, something that is extremely important from an international viewpoint.

"3. Since Palestine does not provide a complete answer to the Jewish problem, another homeland must be found for them through international cooperation.

"The minister announced that he had also contacted the U.S. ambassador about increasing the volume of emigration from Romania so as to include the refugees from Austria and other central European countries. He suggested the appointment of a representative invested with extensive powers, who could mobilize international loans and added that Romania, too, would of course make available yearly funds for emigration. With these funds and with appropriate organization it should be possible to secure a territory in some intermediary place in the world or in the British Empire, to resettle the Jews from Poland and Romania.

"What were the considerations of the Romanian government upon making these proposals? These proposals were one of the means of.fighting the Iron Guard, as we stated before, aimed at proving that the Jews can be removed in humane ways. This was also expressed in Armand Calinescu's press statement and in his explanations to his suggestions to the Jewish organizations, in which he claimed, among other things: 'The emigration of 50,000 Jews would permit us to cut off the grist from the Iron Guard's mill and prove that our civilized policy is not mere words.'

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"The above mentioned proposals were directed at the western powers and were designed to create the impression that to a certain extent they were the outcome of internal pressures, so as to stem Anglo-French criticism.

"There is no doubt that the Romanian government seriously considered resolving the Jewish problem through emigration, which required the involvement of the western powers, particularly Britain. Although the Romanians had not been the only ones to view emigration as a solution, they showed consistency in this respect both during World War II and throughout the period of German pressures.

"However, at the time the Romanian proposals were advanced, the Polish government, too, had a parallel proposal. At the Warsaw meeting between Col. Beck and Foreign Minister Gafencu on the eve of the latter's visit to London, they decided that a joint proposal should be presented to the British government on the matter of Jewish emigration.

"The seriousness with which the Romanians continued to view this solution of the Jewish problem was reflected, among other things, in their support for the Zionist Organization and the New Organization."

Dr Ophir then spoke about the contacts between Armand Calinescu and Aristide Blank and W. Filderman, and the proposals made by Dr S. Singer, Dr M Kotik, R. Weinberg-Verea, and Iosef Kandel, which were all aimed at finding means to encourage emigration. He also recalled the parallel negotiations between Filderman and Foreign Minister Petrescu-Oomnen on the same topic (Filderman's memorandum of 12 December 1938), and the 11 October 1940 meeting between the Zionist leadership (S. Singer and L. Mizrahi) with I. Antonescu designed to "facilitate the emigration and transportation to Palestine on vessels of the Romanian Maritime Service," and so forth. The author's conclusion was that: "An examination of the various plans and the negotiations among various Jewish Zionist and non-Zionist leaders in fact explains, at least partially, why emigration to Palestine was possible through Romania for a lengthy period of time, while other countries did not permit it."

Efraim Ophir's paper was very well documented; he tapped sources from British archives, the archives of the Institute of Historical and Social-Political Studies, the Israeli archives of the Department of Oral Testimonies of the Hebrew University, and the Yad Vashem archives.

Pinhas Haikis' paper dealt with "The Efforts of German Diplomacy to Incorporate Romania in the Nazi Camp in the Summer of 1940." He stated: "At first sight it appears that Romania joined the Nazi-fascist camp of its own free will and out of a sense of ideological identity of its leadership and the majority of its population. However, an examination of the documents, diplomatic correspondence, and German activities in Romania in the 1930s reveals a totally different reality. German diplomacy made intensive efforts, directly and indirectly, through constraints and pressures, to draw Romania closer, with a view to taking over its economy and subjugating it politically. Neither the people nor the leading circles were gratified by all this "attention" on the part of Germany. But the Nazi machine timed its steps intelligently and sophisticatedly, and gradually brought direct and indirect

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pressure to bear until Romania, isolated and deprived of any other alternative, was compelled to accede to economic and political, and finally military cooperation, with Nazi Germany.

"In order to understand Germany's interests in south-east Europe in general and in Romania in particular we must consider several basic facts.

"1. The German desire to expand toward the east and south-east was not something new. Ever since Bismarck and World War I Germany reverberated with the 'Drang nach Osten» slogan and was perpetually in search of the opportune moment to fulfill this dream. That become possible under Hitler.

"2. From a geopolitical viewpoint, Romania was located in a very sensitive area, at the gate of the Balkans, on the crossroad to the Black Sea and the straits, and in the proximity of the Soviet Union, which after 1917 became the rival of the capitalist world and the No 1 enemy of the Nazis. Moreover, Romania was rich in raw materials, oil, and agricultural produce. All these factors dictated to the German Reich the steps it took and the behavior it adopted.

"Germany's infiltration in Romania's economic and political life, which gradually increased toward the end of the 1930s, the agreements which were signed, the activation of the entire diplomatic and information system, the open support for the Iron Guard and profascist elements, and the expropriation of parts of its territory finally enabled the Nazis to take over the country. The process started at the beginning of the 1930s with the arrival in Romania of German agents, propaganda men, and businessmen to influence public opinion and the leading circles. The Nazis were greatly aided by the local German minority in Romania which considered itself allied with the Nazis, and by right-wing pro-German circles, especially the Iron Guard." The author then added: "After the Munich agreement the Germans became more aggressive toward Romania. In the fall of 1939 the German ambassador to Bucharest, W. Fabricius, voiced Germany's displeasure with Romania's foreign policy and gave it to be understood that the 'day of reckoning' was not far away. He revealed that Germany was aware of all of Romania's foreign policy maneuvers and that very soon it would have to give them up. 'In the international situation of the 1940s Romania cannot afford to be a tool in the hands of the big western powers.' Those were the words of the German ambassador. Even before the outbreak of the war the German ambassador brought heavy pressure to bear to make Romania officially declare its neutrality. Germany was very much interested in having Romania remain outside all conflicts so as to be able to supply the Reich with food and oil. Neutrality would also have made other south-east European countries refrain from becoming involved in the conflict.

"Romania's situation was difficult and the country was seeking a middle path toward the western world. The apprehensive policy of the western powers toward the Nazis on the problem of Czechoslovakia and then Poland, when they abandoned their friends, served as a warning to other states. The Romanian leading circles began to entertain doubts as to the value of the guarantees and agreements with the western powers in the face of the Nazi threat. Romania continued its ties to the traditional friendly countries of the west and endeavored to strengthen regional pacts. At the same time, it sought ways and

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solutions, especially in the economic area, to satisfy the Germans and improve its relations with Germany."

Pinhas Haikis examined the Romanian internal situation, MgMighting the pro- French and pro-British leanings of the leading political circles. He noted, however, the existence of pro-German groups, especially the Iron Guard, about which he said: "The Iron Guard, a fascist organization, intensified its activities toward the end of the 1930s. Some of the Romanian governments made efforts to curb its activities and to contain the German influence, but these efforts were not always consistent or resolute enough. Several Romanian leaders paid with their lives for these efforsts. I want to note that the Germans viewed the Iron Guard as a serious movement with an ideology and a plan of action, and led by personalities capable of leading the state; however, the guard was a convenient means of threatening the government, causing disorder and terror, and exercising pressure on the governmental circles to adopt a more radically pro-German position." Coming to the heart of his topic, Pinhas Haikis said: "The year 1940 was a decisive and tragic year for the Romanian people and state. In that year Romania took great strides toward the Nazi camp. It was compelled to renounce its neutrality and join the pact forces. Despite its ties to the western powers, by the end of 1939 it became clear that Romania could not expect any help from them. Regional Balkan negotiations were also not sufficient to stand up to the Germans. On the other hand, the German forces were advancing upon the Romanian borders, posing a real threat which could bring about the end of the Romanian state. This situation explains the policy adopted by King Carol II and his rapid succession of governments. On 22 June 1940, when France capitulated, the last ray of Romanian hope in western help disappeared. The king understood that in the prevailing conditions he needed a realistic policy in keeping with them, and formed a new cabinet. Gigurtu's pro-German government was formed on 4 July 1940 with the participation of pro-German elements. In answer to German wishes, the government took actions that reinforced the reactionary character of the regime... Following the Nazi model, the government legislated measures impairing and restricting the rights of the Jews and placed them outside the protection of the law. This was a cheap price to pay, and the government paid it willingly to ingratiate itself with Nazi Germany.

"In the summer of 1940 Romania found itself completely isolated. Its neighbors, Hungary and Bulgaria, were planning to tear away hunks of its territory. The Romanian governments made great efforts to avoid losing territories, while Romania made more and more economic and political concessions: it left the League of Nations, revoked its alliance with France and England, and publicly declared that it wanted to cooperate with Germany. All this in order to ensure its territorial integrity.

"But it did not help. Germany had different plans. It did not side with Romania at time of crisis, when the Soviet ultimatum came, and did not support it against Hungary's and Bulgaria's demands, which it even encouraged. For Germany it was easier to take over a small and weakened Romania; it did not view Romania as an ally, but as a tool to satisfy its interests and a source of raw materials, oil, agricultural products, and manpower. This was brutally brought home to Romania when it found itself isolated in the face of territorial demands. Cynically, Germany not only did not help it, but it put

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into motion all its resurces to ensure its own interests, 'persuading1 Romania to give in, so as to preserve peace in the area."

The author presented a detailed picture of Germany's policy toward Romania in the June-August 1940 period, when the latter was forced to cede considerable portions of its territory. His report was very thoroughly documented, in the spirit of historical objectivity, and patently unbiased, allowing the truth to speak out from the pages of history. The greatest majority of his sources were German, many of them published in Akten zur Deutschen Auswertigen Politik, Vol X, Frankfurt, 1963.

Dr Jean Ancel, known for his lengthy research into the problems of the Jewish population of Romania, this time presented a paper on "Romania's Attitude Toward Its Jewish Citizens in Germany and in Nazi-Occupied Europe."

Concerning the situation of the Romanian Jews in Germany and in countries under its occupation, the author said that in November 1941 the German Legation in Bucharest asked the government to give its consent for applying to them the measures taken against the German Jews. On 13 November 1941 von Killinger reported to his superiors that Marshal Antonescu had expressed his agreement, but only cxxncerning the Romanian Jews found in the territory of the Reich. The paper stated:

"Antonescu's permission sealed the fate of about 1,100 Romanian Jews living in the territory of the Reich, or of Germany itself, within its 1939 borders. The Nazis, however, viewed Antonescu»s permission as automatically extending to the Jews who lived outside the Reich itself: the Protectorate (Czechia and Moravia), and the other German occupied territories—primarily Poland, then France, the Netherlands, and the rest of Europe. The number of Romanian Jews in those countries was rather large: in France alone there were 5,000. However, Romania still considered itself as an ally, or at the least ex-ally of Czechoslovakia (whose dismembering and occupation by the Nazis had at the time incensed the Romanian public and diplomatic circles) and with Poland (which in 1939 was allowed to move its national treasure to England and to send very high ranking officials to that country). Moreover, in Romania itself the citizens of those countries who had found refuge on Romanian territory, enjoyed certain rights which were granted only to allies. These rights had been extended to alien Jews, too. An order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of 29 July 1941, signed by General J. Popescu, specified: 'In view of the fact that the residence conventions signed by Romania with various states do not differentiate among aliens on the basis of race, and that the internal legations of the majority of states do not make or accept such distinctions, the abovementioned department, in order to both not harm the interests of Romanian subjects abroad by such reprisals on the part of the respective countries, and not to prejudice our relations with foreign countries, deems that the decrees of the law concerning the Jews must not apply to Jews of foreign citizenship living in Romania. •

"On 23 September 1941 M. Antonescu, deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers, sent a note to all the cabinet ministers in which, after reaffirming previous orders, stated that the government had decided that, in implementing the decrees of the law that curtailed the civil and political

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rights of the Jews, 'account should be taken of foreign citizenship status without any discrimination, on the basis of the conventions in effect and of reciprocity.» M. Antonescu gave the order 'to repeal any measures that may have been taken toward foreign Jews, measures that affect their property or freedom to reside and practice their profession, and that stem from the laws applied to the Jews as such.'

"The Romanian decision on the status of alien Jews hid behind it another aspect of Romanian policy which in time became more pronounced: the refusal to accept the new European map as it had been 'cut out' by the German armies, or the disappearance of central and west European countries occupied or annexed by the Germans. Romania could feel safe only in a Europe composed of states, not empires. This aspect of Romanian policy was to be continuously repeated by Mihai Antonescu to German diplomats and even to Hitler himself, at the January 1943 meeting. That is why the German decision to include the Jews of the Protectorate and of other territories occupied by the Nazis within the anti- Jewish measures turned out to have been a mistake. Various Romanian consulates in Berlin, Vienna, Paris, Lyon, etc. began to protest or to intervene—albeit with sometimes fatal delay—in favor of the Romanian Jews."

Jean Ancel described in detail the fate of Romanian Jews living in Germany and in countries occupied or subordinated (especially in Vichy's France), until the time of Ion Antonescu's order of 13 July 1943 ("Jews of Romanian citizenship living in Germany or in German occupied countries are not to be sent to Transnistria and may return to their country") and until May 1944, when Jews of Romanian citizenship who lived in France and other occupied countries and survived, were repatriated.

In his paper, Dr Ancel resumed the discussion of the previous symposium~held in Bucharest on 11-13 June 1984—on the Romanian government's refusal to accept the deportation of Romanian Jews to the Belzek camp. A report of the chief of the Security Police and SD, dated 26 July 1942, Dr. Ancel said, stated that in Romania the preparations for the deportation of the Jews to Poland had concluded. On 21 August 1942 the German embassy in Buchareset reported that the evacuation of the Romanian Jews was to begin immediately, beginning with those of the Arad, Timisoara, and Turda Counties.

On 11 September 1942 G. Richter signed "The plan to exterminate the Romanian Jewry, being convinced, like his superiors in Berlin, that the cattle trains were to begin the evacuation to Belzek of the Jews of southern Transylvania and the Old Kingdom." "In the meantime, however, rumors began spreading about the fate of those deported 'to the east, • reported in part by Romanian diplomats in Berlin and Vienna, who related that deported Romanian Jews 'had disappeared without a trace. • When the Romanian government opposed, in various forms, the deportation of the Jews from southern Transylvania and the Old Kingdom, it for the first time outlined the possibility that the Romanian Jews may be saved from the claws of »the final solution.' However, it must be stressed that the Romanians did not immediately return a clear NO, and that by the time they did, it was already too late for the few thousands of Romanian Jews of France, Germany, and the Protectorate who had been 'evacuated to the east.• The relevant conclusions were:

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"1. Over 1,100 Jews, Romanian citizens, living in Germany and Austria and an unknown number of Jews in the Protectorate, Poland, and Holland perished as a result of Ion Antonescu's consent to let them be included in the 'anti-Jewish measures1 taken by the Nazis against their own Jews.

"2. Over 3,000 Romanian Jews living in France were deported and killed by the Nazis as a result of Mihai Antonescu's permission of 10 August 1942.

"3. Over 4,000 Romanian Jews living in France were rescued by the Romanian government as of the moment when it decided to allow their repatriation and requested the Nazis to respect diplomatic practices and Romanian passports.

"4. A small part of them—several hundreds—were repatriated through the Romanian government and traveled through the territory of the Reich, an almost unprecedented fact in the history of the Holocaust.

"5. Concerning the Jewish problem, an ideological problem of enormous importance to Germany, the Nazis made Romania two extremely important and significant concessions: a) they accepted Romania's refusal to deliver its Jews for extermination; b) at a certain point they gave up the deportation of Romanian Jews from France. These concessions cast a fresh light on the role of each satellite or allied state concerning the fate of its own Jews. As far as Romania is concerned, is puts under question the degree of this country's dependence on Germany."

J. Ancel's paper, like the preceding ones, was very thoroughly documented by many sources, the majority of them gathered by himself and published in Documents Concerning the History of Romanian Jewry During the Holocaust.

Dr. Leon Volovici's paper bore the title "Romanian and Jewish Intellectuals During the Years of Antonescu's Dictatorship."

Among the first anti-Jewish deccrees issued by the "national legionnaire state" proclaimed on 14 September 1940, the author said, were those banninng the activities of all Jewish intellectuals or limiting it to a strictly Jewish environment. "Anticipated by the measures taken by the Goga-Cuza government in 1938 and by the royal dictatorship, the new legislation affected all the areas of intellectual, educational, and cultural-artistic activities: the university and other schools, press, all forms of artistic and publicistic activities, law, medicine, engineering, architecture, etc. In order to stringently implement the 'Romanization' policy, the authorities, through the intermediary of the relevant ministries, over a period of several years frequently issued new orders, decrees, and decisions stemming from the new legal status of the Jews...

"The entire anti-Jewish legal system created by the Antonescu administration constitutes an important chapter in the history of the European anti-Semitic laws, presenting significant differences from similar legislations passed in other countries in the Nazi sphere of influence. A Sorbonne University professor (H. Labrone) even asked the Romanian authorities in 1943 for the necessary documents to lecture to his students on the 'Romanian anti-Semitic legislation' and its 'rationale.•

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"The Jewish intellectuals, integrated in the Romanian social and political life, legitimately viewing themselves as representatives of Romanian culture, and in the case of many of them, maintaining a rather ambiguous relationship to their Jewish origin, within a rather short time found themselves excluded from the Romanian cultural environment, regarded as strangers and enemies and as harmful to the indigenous culture, and exposed to humiliation and threats."

What was the attitude of the Romanian intellectuals toward the systematic official policy of persecution of their Jewish colleagues, Leon Volovici asked himself. "Following the official press of the time," the author opined, "we see almost complete approval. All the professional intellectual organizations —the Bar, the Journalists1 Union, the Artists Union, the Society of Romanian Writers, the General Association of University Lecturers, etc.—hastened to hold general meetings to oust their Jewish members from their ranks, and later to accept large amounts of money collected from the Jewish population through the community organizations, at the order of R. Lecca, the government agent dealing with the Jewish problem in Romania. Other sources of information—the underground left-wing press, diaries and memoirs, and documents, many of them recently published by Dr Jean Ancel—show, however, that the support of the Romanian intellectuals was far from unanimous. Not only in the case of individual reactions, but even at the level of professional organizations, certain abrupt changes of behavior were noted. For example, the Romanian Writers Society—with the same composition and board as on the day of the vote on excluding the Jewish colleagues (4 October 1940)-^was described as follows by the Jewish poet Alexandru Dominic in a letter dated 26 July 1940, that is only a few months earlier: "The Romanian Writers Society has had and continues to have a faultless attitude toward its Jewish members. Its current president, the distinnguished Professor Herescu, recently stated, when several young members raised the problem of our presence in the society, that any policy stops at the gate of the society, and rejected the antisemitic suggestions. Similarly, the society behaved admirably even toward some Jewish writers who are not members. In the theater violations of racial restrictions were frequent, while the general directorate of theaters in December 1941 called attention to the fact that 'the press and other state bodies often signaled to us the interference of Jews in the management, steering, editing, staging, and even financing of Romanian shows. •'

"Another communique, issued in the same year by the General Directorate of Theaters recognized the solidarity of the Romanian theater members with their Jewish colleagues: 'The General Directorate has been informed—through private channels—that Jews are allegedly working illegally at various theaters as translators or even on the stage. However, we cannot verify this since the managers of the respective theaters deny it. We have also received such information, but the investigations conducted cannot be verified or confirmed because the theater managers themselves, who are also Romanians, seem to favor the Jews. • One well known example was the • conspiracy' of a group of Romanian actors to stage the play of M. Sebastian 'The Nameless Star' in March 1942. There remains, however," the author adds, "an impression of approval and of passive acceptance of anti-Jewish discrimination on the part of many categories of Romanian intellectuals during the years of the war." In support of this statement Leon Volovici cites I. Iudo and in particular three diaries

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by Jewish intellectuals from the 1940-44 period: the diary of M. Sebastian (chapters from it appeared in various Romanian contemporary publications), that of Emil Dorian (published in the United States a few years ago in English translation), and that of the journalist B. Branisteanu, which has remained in manuscript form. The quotations from those diaries are numerous and they indeed convey an impression of the depression and isolation felt by the Jewish intellectuals during the Antonescu dictatorship. That is only natural, since their authors were at the time doomed to "alienation."

The paper presented by Dr Livia Dandara was entitled "Romania's Attitude at the International Talks Concerning the Situation of the European Jews (1938- 39)." Against the general background of the situation that preceded World War II and in the context of hasty endeavors to deal with the first wave of refugees and victims of persecution from the countries invaded or threatened by Hitlerite Germany and of the series of actions that epxressed the country's foreign policy, complicated by the complex events of the internal political regime (the Goga-Cuza government, the establishment of King Carol's dictatorship), Romania concerned itself with the fate of the its Jewish population, too. At the League of Nations and its specialized bodies, at conferences of the Small Entente and the Balkan Entente, within bilateral contacts with allied or neighboring countries, and in its dialogue with international or local Jewish organizations, individually or conjointly with other governments, Romania insisted, throughout the year 1938 and until the summer of 1939 that the Jewish problem should be studied and resolved. Romania's actions culminated in two diplomatic initiatives under Foreign Ministers N. Petrescu-Comnen and Grigore Gafencu.

On 2 December 1938 and then on 12 March 1939 Romania sent a memorandum to all foreign representations in which it suggested a comprehensive, humane, and efficient solution to the Jewish problem through extensive international cooperation. As the only viable solution it suggested the establishment of a genuine Jewish national state in Palestine.

Romania's initiatives elicited evasive and stalling responses, and thus remained unfollowed and without concrete consequences. Romania's dignified, humanitarian, and constructive solution of 1938-39 was replaced by the Hitlerite version of "solving" the Jewish problem through genocide during the world war. Documents attest beyond doubt that the Romanian people and their leaders did not wish to follow the holocaust solution.

Dr Ion Bulei, in his paper "Romania's Situation in the Summer of 1940 and its Repercussions on the Jewish Population" emphasized the circumstances in which, given the difficult conditions prevailing in the country, an anti-Jewish sentiment emerged among part of the Romanian army as a result of the hostile attitude of certain narrow groups among the Jewish population. The Romanian state leadership and that of the army, the author showed, took measures to ensure order, while the workers class parties, the democratic press, and the Romanian people strongly condemned those actions in the legitimate belief that that was not the time for incriminations, violence, and revenge and that what was needed was calm and solidarity on the part of the entire population.

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Dr Ion Calafeteanu presented a paper on "The Situation of Romanian Citizens of Jewish Origin Living Abroad During Antonescu's Dictatorship."

The study of this topic confirms, on the one hand, the concept of the Antonescu regime on solving the Jewish problem by removing this population from the country and, on the other hand, it highlights the liberties he took— in both directions—from this general line, as proven by the tens of thousands of Jews who suffered under the regime, as well as the repatriation of Romanian Jews from Germany and Axis occupied countries and the rescue of the Jewish community on the Romanian territory.

The discussions that accompanied the papers were very interesting and added to the mutual information concerning the historical phenomenon under study. During its stay in Israel the delegation of Romanian historians met and had talks at the Holocaust Institute of the Hebrew University with Prof Dr Yisra'el Gutman, director of the institute and scientific director of Yad Vashem, and with Prof Z. Yavetz, dean of the History Faculty of Tel Aviv University. Interesting discussions were conducted at Haifa University with Professor Gelber, director of the university Holocaust Insitute, with Professor Salberg, dean of the History Faculty, and with several Israeli historians. Generally speaking, the symposium and the talks held in Israel were very fruitful and once again confirmed the need for bilateral contacts for the benefit of Romanian and Israeli history science and for strengthening and diversifying the cultural relations between Romania and Israel.

12782 CSO:2700/275

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POLITICS YUGOSLAVIA

PROBLEMS OF TURKISH MINORITY DISCUSSED

Belgrade INTERVJU in Serbo-Croatian no 134 18 Jul 86 pp 38-40

[Article by Marko Lopusina and Dejan Lucic: "The Very Roads Will Wish for Turks"]

[Text] The more and more pronounced disappearance of the Turkish population from our country has threatened this national minority with a complete loss of its cultural and national identity. Furthermore, in some places the Turks who are exposed to pressure sometimes either assimilate or emigrate to Turkey.

In a recent speech to the Veterans' Association on the topic of brotherhood and unity and "examples of the lack of national equality for small and not numerous nationalities," Osman Jusuf, a war veteran and a retired Yugoslav People's Army officer, as well as a delegate from Pristina, emphasized the following: "Many examples from the areas of language and orthography, culture and education, employment, and also some political actions indicate that the Turks do not enjoy the status to which they are entitled under the Constitution. Among other things, this is evident from the speeches of some prominent comrades who, when listing the nationalities and national minorities, fail to mention the Turkish national minority..."

He added: "Is it possible, after more than 40 years of building socialism, to hear during an employment interview a member of the commission freely state that the applicant in question could be a Turk who is using the Turkish language; or to have a teacher call the parent of a pupil to warn him that his son speaks Turkish, and reproach him for that; or to have an official in the admissions office of a university refuse to accept a diploma in the Turkish language, because she does not understand even the grades written in Arabic numerals? The next example is of an official in the health care field who, when checking the validity of a health record, notices a stamp in three languages including Turkish, and disputes the validity of the stamp. There are also various celebrations and demonstrations from which the Turks are totally excluded. As an example, let us cite the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the work and activities of "RILINDJA" and the celebrations devoted to the Partisan detachment "Zejnel Ajdini." It is very painful to feel as a foreigner in one's own homeland. I cannot suppress the feeling that we are being punished with all these things because we declared our nationality. It is a fact that earlier we enjoyed more respect. It is a

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Strange thing that in all areas of life and work the Turks are constantly posting a decline rather than an increase, from the size of the population to the number of students in schools, which is now only symbolic; not to mention the leading cadres ...

A Quiet Dying Off

Osman Yusuf also discussed Turkish emigration, citing the fact that such emigration was only a consequence while the causes were threats, physical attacks, insecurity, uncertainty, and inequality, and warning those present that no one nationality was to blame for this, neither the Serbs nor the Albanians, but that "one could talk about those to whom the leadership of the society was entrusted ..."

In contrast to the 1968 speech by Kadri Raufi, Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Province Committee of the League of Communists of Kosovo (in which he warned the Kosovo leadership about the process of forced assimilation under pressure from Albanian irredentists, and the increasingly difficult position of the Turks), which caused a tumultuous disapproval and Raufi*s resignation (Dr Hasan Kalesi suffered a similar fate), Osman Jusuf's speech from the podium of the Veteran's organization went almost unnoticed.

Statisticians, however, maintain that the quiet dying off of the Turkish population in our country is continuing, as is emigration (last year in Gostivar, 20 Turkish families requested permission to move to Turkey).

According to the 1931 census, 132,300 persons in Yugoslavia used Turkish as their mother tongue. Immediately after the war, in 1948, a new census indicated that only 97,954 persons declared themselves as Turks, while five years later this number grew to a record 259,535. In 1953, which was a time of a renaissance of the Turkish nationality in Yugoslavia, the Turks accounted for as much as 1.5 percent of the Yugoslav population. As early as 1961, however, there was slight demographic disappearance — there were 182,964 Turks. Ten years later, a new census counted only 127,920, and the latest, the one taken in 1981, showed a mere 101,291 Turks. For the most part, they were in Macedonia (85.6 percent) and Kosovo (12.4 percent), while in other areas the census counted zero.

In Search of Heritage

Where did the Turks disappear to?

Emil Ilhani, a respected Skopje writer, film director, journalist, translator of Tito, and cultural and political worker, explains it in the following manner: "For many years, these people were identified only as conquerors, even when they became inhabitants of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Unfortunately, even today it sometimes happens that the Turks are identified as invaders, and it frequently happens, because of similar names, religion, and customs, that they are identified as Albanian nationalists. One thing is certain, however. Those who remained in Yugoslavia longed for years for their relatives. Many families were divided, and for that reason properties were divided and forever lost. That is why Turks began to emigrate to Turkey.

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They did it for family, economic, and religious reasons. The first wave left after Austria-Hungary's attack on Serbia, the second immediately after the First World War, the third at the beginning of the fifties, and the fourth began in the sixties and is still going on. People continue to leave, in groups or by themselves, searching for their grandfathers and fathers ... Most of the Turks emigrated in the fifties, when diplomatic relations were established with Turkey and when Turkey was economically prosperous.

"Around 1955, Islam Mehmed, a handicapped veteran from the Srem front and an official in the Skopje local committee, went to Smyrna to find and see his father, who had left him when Mehmed was only six years old. First, he had to give up his Yugoslav citizenship and accept Turkish citizenship. He also had to change his last name. This is because Turkey demanded that our citizens give up their homeland and citizenship. Also, since Turkey accepted only "pure Turks" who had lived in Macedonia at least two years, many of our emigrants from other parts of the country first moved to Macedonia, and then left across the Bosphorus. Many Moslems, Albanians, and Torbesi [Slavic Moslems from Macedonia] also took this road, searching for their roots and an economically better life. In their new homeland, they all became and remained only Turks.

Cases of National Mimicry

Djordje Ilijevski, counselor in the Macedonian republic committee for foreign relations, warns that more than 10,000 "pure" and over 200,000 "false" Turks have gone to Turkey in this fashion. For this reason, the 1953 figure of 259,535 Turks must be taken with reservations, because in it are hiding all those who threw away their identification cards in Belgrade and Skopje and purchased with gold counterfeit documents attesting to their alleged Turkish origin.

A certain social and political climate in Yugoslavia certainly contributed to the mass emigrations in the fifties and sixties. Nationalization of large farms and collectivization in the villages raised fears among the Turkish farmers that they would be left without land, and among artisans that they would be left without "espap" [Turkish for business]. The ban on raising goats dealt a grave blow to the clan-like lifestyle of the Turkish farmers. This was the reason for the fact that some of them resisted the new socialist system during those years. Rumors from neighboring countries that Yugoslav borders would close only encouraged these people even more to go to Turkey in a disorganized manner, almost overnight.

Istanbul publisher Kemal Karatekin, a former member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia in Stip, told us about the fears of the "protectors of Bulgaria" and "Worshippers of only the Macedonian nation" that the Turks in Stip could take the law into their own hands, and of the legal elimination of Communists of Turkish descent from political and public life thirty years ago. Erol Hajretin from Skopje told of cases of "national mimicry," where Turks, with the assistance of census takers changed their national affiliation every ten years, like "ethnic transvestites." It happened to him as well that the census taker renamed him Ajredinov Erol. According to him, this is a typical example of the "Macedonization" of the Turkish population.

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Albanizatiori is Going On

Our interlocutors, however, were unanimous in the view that these political reasons were and continue to be a poor reason for the demographic disappearance of Turks from Yugoslavia. If one were to take them at their word, however, Albanian nationalism has caused the Turks much more trouble in the political arena.

"As early as 1912, the creators of the idea of a so-called "Greater Albania" have tried to deaden Turkish national consciousness with theories and theses that all Yugoslav Turks were in reality Albanians. Tirana is also spreading this idea right now, and one can frequently hear statements from the Albanian leaders to the effect that it was for the most part the persecuted Albanians who emigrated from Yugoslavia into Turkey, and that as many as three million Albanians are living in Turkey. When the Albanian nationalists came to power, they used their superior numbers and the fact that their position was strengthened through the "key" system to begin to suppress the Turkish population. Even the Moslem clergy began to hold religious services in the mosques only in Albanian. Because of careerism and opportunism many Turks joined in quickly. At that time, our farmers understood that it was better to be an Albanian than a Turk. An Albanian will have a loan approved sooner, and it will be easier for him to find a job for his child. This process of Albanization is still going on. Each week, several families move from Gostivar to Turkey, and their farms are bought by Albanians."

These were the sincere words of Veli Ahmet, an editor of the journal "Birlik."

Such a demographic disappearance of Turks from Yugoslavia has encouraged an even stronger process of their assimilation through mixed marriages and lack of national commitment. The worst thing, however, as we were told by Osman Jusuf, is the fact that through their numerical and actual disappearance the Turks as a national minority have now been placed in a position of social and political inequality as far as the other nationalities and national minorities are concerned, and they are threatened with the loss of their cultural and national identity.

No One's People

"It seems there is no hope for the Turks. The pressures are stronger and stronger and cruder and cruder. Even elementary schools conducted in Turkish are being abolished because of a lack of pupils. The society is much more interested in the fate of the Serbs and Montenegrins in Kosovo. It is not equally concerned with the fate of the Turks who were the first to feel the pressure of Albanian hegemony," claims Jusuf.

Ibrahim Arslan, a journalist for the Pristina newspaper "Tan," told us that Turkish children were forced to use in school a language that was not their mother tongue, because there were not enough textbooks for them. For that reason, many young Turks are unable to write well in literary Turkish, even after completing their higher education. For example, since the department of Oriental studies at the Pristina university has offered studies in Arabic language for 13 years, many Turkish youths and girls go to Istanbul to study.

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According to Arslan, the Turkish language is thus systematically being pushed into the background.

The president of province committee of the League of Communists of Kosovo for information and a former editor of Turkish language television programs, Maksut Sakir, and his older colleague from Skopje Dusko Djordjiev, president of the committee of internationality relations of Macedonia, do not agree with these views. They claim that the Turkish national minority participates in political and public life with full equality, and that it is successfully developing its cultural and national identity. Djordjiev even reminded us that, during the war of national liberation, the Turks were the only people who had no traitors, and that, during the post-war period, nationalism of any kind was not successful in any area inhabited by Turks. Maksut Sakir, himself a member of the Turkish national minority, told us that there were Turks in all socio-political organizations and leadership positions in the province. Djordjiev confirmed this with examples from Macedonia. In Yugoslavia, the Turks have their literature, newspapers, theaters, publishing concerns, and artistic expression. The Turkish ambassador to Yugoslavia is satisfied with the situation.

Emil Ilhani says: "Looking at it from a formal and legal point of view, the Turks here live much better than their compatriots in other countries. Still, because of its demographic disappearance, the Turkish population is becoming insecure, mistrustful, and fearful of the future. The cultural identity that we possess is sufficiently strong to keep those who have not yet decided to go to Turkey, they are an investment in our future." He added: "Still, if the schools continue to close, this investment will disappear. The rest of the Turks will either assimilate or emigrate and disappear in Turkey. This means that people with two countries could in reality be left with none."

[Boxed Article: "Young and Educated]

[Text] Today, there are a little more than 100,000 Turks living in Yugoslavia, and they account for only 0.5 percent of the population. According to the 1981 census, most of them live in Macedonia, 86,691, and Kosovo, 12,513. There are fewer in Serbia proper, 1,182, Croatia, 279, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 277, and Vojvodina, 240. Slovenia and Montenegro have the least, 87 and 67, respectively. Such a demographic distribution of the Turkish population in our country is a logical consequence of the breakdown of the Ottoman empire, according to Skopje professor Mitko Panov. The Turks held on to the Balkans until 1912, by having control over Kosovo and Macedonia. For this reason, these areas have the largest number of Turks, who did not wish to withdraw with the Turkish army.

Today, the Turks account for 4.5 percent of the population of Macedonia, and numerically they hold the third place, immediately after the Macedonians and Albanians. They inhabit mostly the western areas of Macedonia (Skopje — 20,600, Gostivar — 10,997, Tetovo — 4,680). They can also be found in the Vardar area and eastern Macedonia (the village of Jurci). Stated more specifically, Turks can be found in all 17 opstinas in Macedonia. In Kosovo, on the other hand, the Turks are concentrated for the most part in Prizren (8,078), Pristina (1,974) and Gnjilane (1,180).

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The average age of the Yugoslav Turks is 24. They are a young people with a high birth rate. Only 15 percent of them are illiterate, 30 percent have completed secondary education, and 4 percent have completed higher education. They are therefore well educated on the average. They speak three languages in addition to their mother tongue. Most frequently these languages are Macedonian, Serbian, and Albanian. Their cultural and educational level is higher than that of the Albanians, the Gypsies, the Romes, and the Moslems, unfortunately, their employment rate and social participation are lower. Only 30 percent of the Turkish population in Yugoslavia works (in Macedonia — 27,902, and in Kosovo 3,401). The majority, especially the women, are unemployed. For this reason, as many as 70 percent of the Turks are supported by somebody else.

For example, an analysis of demographic trends in Serbia, prepared by the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, indicates that of the 4,427 working Turks in Serbia, 58.2 percent are engaged in blue collar occupations, and 25.7 in white collar occupations. Only 18 percent of the Turks in Serbia make their living as farmers. This analysis also indicates, however, that there are only 59 Turks in leadership positions in Serbian economy (for the most part, as directors of basic organizations of associated labor). There are even fewer in political positions. This leads one to conclude that they are represented very poorly in leadership positions and have a very slight influence on social events.

9110/12913 CSO: 2800/340

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SOCIOLOGY GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

INTELLIGENTSIA'S URBAN LIFESTYLE COUNTERS SED PLANS

East Berlin DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUER PHILOSOPHIE in German Vol 34 No 8, Aug 86 (signed to press 2 May 86) pp 708-717

[Article by Prof Dr Siegfried Grundmann and Dr Jens-Peter Heuer, of the Insti- tute for Marxist-Leninist Sociology at the SED Central Committee's Academy for Social Sciences: "On the Territorial Distribution of the Intelligentsia in the GDR"]

[Text] The 11th SED Congress brought to mind that the capital city Berlin and other bezirks and cities bear a special responsibility for using and further developing our country's intellectual potential. Principally addressed by the high requirements in electrical engineering and electronics and in machine construction, playing a "pioneering function" in ensuring our further economic performance improvements, "are the important microelectronic production centers in our country," as the 11th party congress Central Committee report put it.-^ Through "exemplary solutions in comprehensive rationalization and automation" and "by model achievements in the development and application of key technologies," based on deepened relations between the combines and the large science potentials of the capital, we have to boost particularly the "Berlin economy's contribution to the GDR's economic performance growth at an above-average rate."2 Something much like it could well be said also about the function and responsibility of other centers. E.g., half of the population of Jena is directly or indirectly through family ties linked with the VEB Carl Zeiss Combine Jena.

That brings up a problem that plays an important role in the social activities not only of the scientific-technical intelligentsia, but of the other groups of the intelligentsia as well. What matters more than ever in using the intellectual potential is "utilizing more effectively still the territorial opportunities for implementing the economic plans and, at once, ensuring the systematic improvement of the working and living conditions.

The question should be raised as to the consequences resulting from the particulars in the territorial structure of the intelligentsia (including the well known high degree of concentration in large cities) for the exercise of overall social responsibility on the part of the scientists, artists, physicians, teachers, and other members of the intelligentsia. Which specifics in territorial distribution conform to the intensification requirements—wherefore they should be reproduced and in part possibly be even reinforced. The question also states in which way the

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nature of the work to be performed might cause or imply specific intelligentsia requirements and lifestyle features within the territorial structure. Of interest furthermore are the inferences to be drawn from the territorial mode of existence of the intelligentsia for the further development of that stratum and the consoli- dation of the alliance of the social classes and strata.

Though this topic is of noteworthy social, economic, and political relevance, the territorial mode of existence of the intelligentsia has so far been rather ignored in social science research. For all that, there are rather many research data available on that, hypotheses and suggestions in studies on territorial social structure and on migration. Studies dealing explicitly with the intelligentsia hardly touch on the question of the territorial mode of existence of that stratum.

The Territorial Distribution of the Intelligentsia

Of all social classes and strata in our country the intelligentsia has the highest degree of territorial concentration. It is not merely an urban stratum, but mainly a metropolitan one. To some extent that also applies, if less so, to the ruling class in our society, the workers class. That class is principally linked with industry, hence its territorial distribution can in principle not differ from that of industry. A higher degree of territorial concentration, compared with agriculture and the service sector, is not only possible here, it is necessary, a condition for effective economic activity. So the cities and conurbations are also centers of the workers class. By contrast, the class of the cooperative farmers is mainly a rural, agricultural class. A territorially rather equal distribution, strong ties to comparably smaller settlements, and less territorial concentration in comparison with the workers class becomes a condition for effective economic activity here—the effective use of the soil as the most important agricultural means of production. The territorial distribution of the cooperative and private craftsmen and tradesmen finally shares the specifics of territorial distribution in the services sector. The purpose of the work to be performed here mainly lies in the services for the population, including personal services—such that would call for relativley close contact with consumers. Thus the territorial distribution of the craftsmen and tradesmen can in principle be no other than that of the consumers of services, i.e. the resident population.

As far as territorial structure goes, the social classes and strata thus have fairly distinct characteristics. What always holds true is this however: The given extent of territorial concentration or dispersion is a condition for effective labor, of the optimum contribution a class or stratum may make to the shaping the developed socialist society. So it does not become a matter of doing away with these distinctions, the job rather is to reproduce them. This does not preclude that productive forces development might also bring along certain modifica- tions here. Microelectronics and robot technology may possibly raise the importance of smaller industrial enterprises and, hence, also of smaller settlements near which industries are located.5 On the other hand, productive forces development has caused a certain enterprise and territorial concentration in agriculture. Through a territorially well functioning system of reception centers the actual handling of repair commissions can also industrially and territorially be mare strongly concentrated. The general features in the territorial structure and distribution of the workers class, the class of the cooperative farmers, the

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craftsmen and tradesmen are thereby, however, not placed in doubt. As we shall see, that also applies without reservation to the intelligentsia.

Considering that the residential population shows most disparate degrees of territorial concentration too, the concentration of members of the intelligentsia in large cities and conurbations should surprise no one. What does merit special attention, however, is the high above-average degree of concentration by the members of the intelligentsia in the large cities and conurbations, their high above- average proportion of the resident and working population in the large cities and conurbations. If we—in a somewhat simplified yet still acceptable manner-— rate a college or technical school graduation as the criterion for belonging to the intelligentsia, our social structure surveys on cities and communities for the early 1980's give us the following picture:

—The proportion of working people with college or technical school degrees is clearly higher in the 28 urban districts of the GDR—including the capital city of Berlin, district towns and large cities and a few larger medium-size cities— than in the other towns and rural communities. The urban districts resemble one another greatly in this regard also.7 Of the working people residing in them 27.2 percent are college or technical school graduates. (By comparison: Towns in Neubrandenburg Bezirk, 17.9 percent; in Dresden Bezirk, 17,3 percent; total number of communities in Meissen Kreis, 11.9 percent; and total number of communities in Demmin Kreis, 9.7 percent.)

—Though less pronounced, the corresponding proportions are higher even in the "kreis-free towns''^ than in most of the communities; differentiations among those towns are much smaller, to be sure, than among the totality of the urban and rural communities, but larger than those of the GDR's urban districts.

—Within the periphery of the district towns and large cities and other centers of intellectual life the proportion of college and technical school graduates is much higher than in the more remote communities. That is true especially for the perimeter of towns that have a particularly high proportion of college and technical school graduates, especially when they then also are located within an attractive scenery. E.g., all urban and rural communities in Dresden-'Land' Kreis had a corresponding proportion of 16.3 percent, i.e. nearly as much as all towns in Dresden Bezirk.

—In urban sprawls the proportion of members of the intelligentsia in the resident and working population is higher than in the sparsely settled agrarian concentration areas.

—Not only are the proportions of technical school graduates much higher; there also is a greater resemblance in this regard between the towns and communities. Large city features are ascertainable mainly with regard to the proportion of college graduates at work; a very high degree of territorial concentration is a feature mainly of the college graduates at work.

It cannot be ignored that as to the degree of territorial concentration there are noteworthy differences among the various groups of the intelligentsia. The comparatively smallest degree of territorial concentration goes to the pedagogic and then to the medical intelligentsia. The territorial distribution of these

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groups is by and large in line with the territorial distribution of the users of such activities, i.e. the resident population. That is a condition for effective work. Spatially remote from the pupil, the teacher's activity becomes meaning- less. The same is true of the connection between the physician and his patient.

All the higher is the territorial concentration of other groups of the intelligentsia—those of the scientific-technical, the artistic, the journalism and the college intelligentsia, and those of specialists in other fields. And here it is to be noted that as a rule cities with an especially high degree of concentration in the scientific-technical intelligentsia also are points of concentration for the artistic intelligentsia, the college and journalism intelligentsia and the specialists in other fields. These features are by no means characteristic of all the large and bezirk cities in our republic; they mainly apply to Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt and Jena. That illuminates the special responsibility those cities have for the economic and social progress not only of their environs or bezirks, but for the GDR as such.

In examining the territorial distribution of the GDR's research potential, one finds that in a few cities, including Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, Karl-Marx-Stadt, and Jena, more than half of those in research and most of the research techniques are concentrated.10 The big cities in the GDR held in 1981 a proportion of 26.1 percent of the resident population of the GDR, but some 80 percent of the college professors and lecturers; Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, and Halle alone had a 14.8- percent of the resident population, but more than 55 percent of the GDR college professors and lecturers. An analysis of the Ninth GDR Art Exhibition of 1981 revealed that 57.9 percent of the artists exhibiting there lived in Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, and Halle, but only 16 percent of them in other large cities and bezirk towns. Some 60 percent of the Movie and TV Association members and circa half of the authors of our country live in the capital. Some 50 percent of the GDR journalists work in Berlin. The more the specific intellectual criterion of "calling for mainly intellectual and high-skill activities" is pronounced, the higher normally also is the degree of territorial concentration for such activities. Thus everything that otherwise has been said about the intelligentsia holds true mainly for the members of this stratum in the capital of Berlin, in Dresden, Leipzig, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt, Jena, and some other cities in our country.

In our view, these specifics in the territorial distribution of the intelligentsia, as well as the specifics in the social structure of the bezirk and large cities, are not phenomena that are to be eliminated but specifics and potentials that are to be preserved and utilized. The high degree of concentration of colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, and central management and planning institutions in Berlin and other cities is as little a defect of the social structure as the high proportion of cooperative farmers and agricultural workers in the resident population of small settlements or the high congruity between the territorial distribution of the resident population and those who are working in the services sector. The capital and other large cities patently offer the most favorable preconditions for the use and reproduction of intelligentsia-specific knowledge and skills. The spatial concentration of research institutes (including research institutes most diversified in profile), colleges, computer centers, libraries, museums, concert halls and theaters, publishing houses and so forth, but also of industrial enterprises and other institutions that to a special degree need and process research data is a first-rate advantage of

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location—which does not preclude that in this regard some other sites may have some catching up to do. All the greater is the responsibility the capital and some other cities have for scientific-technical progress and the development of intellectual life on the overall social scale. If there is some justification here in pointing out inadequacies, then in the sense that the given opportunities for effective cooperation among members of the intelligentsia and among science institutions of various types and under different lines of command, or the chances for jointly using modern research equipment and interdisciplinary work are not yet used to the extent they should be used. The high territorial concentration of members of the intelligentsia contrasts, as it were, with the not equally so developed division of labor and cooperation.

We definitely oppose thereby the notions of many bourgeois ideologists who regard the high degree of territorial concentration by the intelligentsia as no longer timely under the conditions of the scientific-technical revolution and predict an end of such sprawls and big cities altogether—a progressive "deurba- nization." At a conference in Turin in April 1985, the U.S. economist (economist and technocrat) Anthony Pascal contended that the miniaturization of the machines and the'computer revolution altogether, especially when linked with advances in telecommunication, worked against the densely settled city, and newly evolving technologies soon will offer an excellent substitute for personal contact, the most important remaining reason for the survival of the traditional city. . . Where it was necessary in the past to concentrate large groups of managers, telecommunications will soon offer an alternative. . . In view of the preference for densely settled places of residence a progressive depopulation of the cities seems inevitable. "Ü

We do not deny that the scientific-technical revolution gives rise to modifica- tions in the territorial structure of the intelligentsia and other population groups. It is gratifying that microelectronics and robot technology open new prospects for smaller towns and settlements. Yet one should not confuse what is technically possible with what is economically and socially feasible. From the stagnation in population growth in many large cities in the industrially developed countries one should not simply deduce an approaching "end of the big city." A "rapid end" it could not be anyway. The vast volume of real estate piled up in the big cities, the extant infrastructure, and the complexity of the economic and social structure evolved over a long period of time would not allow it. When the big cities get depopulated one would have to newly create elsewhere and at large costs the necessary as well as the desirable infrastructure and the needed jobs—all this all the more costly, the more sparsely the target area of such migration is settled. Telecommunication cannot replace the physical proximity of a research project to be worked on that exists only once or is established only once while yet many scientists are engaged in it—nor can it replace a work of art, a material test, a newly developed apparatus and so forth. A concert, an opera performance will only be conceivable as an ensemble performance way into the far distant future. Many activities by members of the intelligentsia are, from the outset, possible only through direct contact with the consumers of those activities. Physicians may choose their residence in the suburbs or elsewhere, yet they will never be able to do without the physical proximity of their patients (or potential patients). A teacher has to have his pupil near by. Above all (though Anthony Pascal appears to put that aside as irrelevant): Man (even the member of the intelligentsia) is a social being by nature (more precisely: a biological being, bearing social and physical needs); man is by nature

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no data processing machine, but the "ensemble of the social relations."12 As in the past so also today "the mere social contact" of the working people (and so also of the members of the intelligentsia) produces a "new power potential, an excitation of the animal spirits, elevating the individual's performance capability. ,!l3 So it comes that society even in the far distant future is not likely to do without a high degree of territorial concentration by members of the intelligentsia and the local proximity of members of that same group of the intelligentsia and members of other groups.

Territorial Aspects of the Social Reproduction of the Intelligentsia

The territorial structure of the intelligentsia is one factor that explains the specific spatial mobility and territorial particulars in the social reproduction of this stratum. Secondly one has to take into account that the intelligentsia is reproduced from all classes and strata, hence from all bezirks and kreises, towns and communities in our country. Thirdly, one must pay attention to our citizens' strong ties with their places of residence and the influence of territorial conditions as they affect study preferences.

The students in GDR colleges and technical schools are coming from all urban and rural communities; that alone greatly involves the urban communities (at a population proportion of 76.5 percent in 1981) in the reproduction process of the intelligentsia. In 1981, however, only 24 communities had colleges and 123 had technical schools—0.3 or 1.6 percent respectively of the communities in the GDR.. Yet the cities of Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, Halle, Karl-Marx-Stadt, and Jena had a total share of 64 percent of full-time college students and 30 percent of full- time technical school students. (For the bezirk cities the corresponding values were 77 and 47 percent respectively.) Most students starting their studies had to leave their place of residence1^—college students more frequently and for larger distances than technical school students. Starting their jobs after their training again meant a change of place of residence for most of the graduates. The number of places where a job is is much larger than the number of places where one can study; only in exceptional cases are both places identical. For graduates, however, who want to work in a research institute, at a college, as a journalist or artist their place of work is most likely going to be a bezirk or large city. When they then afterwards change residence, they normally move from one big city to another. Altogether one may say that the young intelligentsia is territorially the most mobile group of the population.

A sociological survey on the social structure of the migrants established that the proportion of intra-kreis migration clearly drops when skills improve, "whereas the proportion of inter-bezirk migration processes grows accordingly. Thus moves over larger distances (inter-bezirk migration) are typical especially of members of the intelligentsia, mostly of college graduates. Technicians clearly show shorter moves and also an above-average bond to their home bezirk. Of migrants who are college graduates, according to the survey data—compared with groups of other qualifications—a lower average age is typical. Some 75 percent of the college graduates were below 30 years of age—in all different qualification groups the proportion of that age group was some 10 percentage points lower. The inference to be drawn from that is that the specifics of the college graduates' migratory behavior more than among the other groups directly

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relate to the training process, and urban migration via relatively large distances thus marks the intelligentsia as :-an urban social stratum largely concentrated territorially in the big cities. As to the migratory behavior, there are however certain differences between college and technical school graduates as well as among the various groups of the intelligentsia. Due to the diverse degree of job concentration, e.g., members of the scientific-technical and the pedagogic intelligentsia clearly are less long-distance and big city oriented than the art intelligentsia. Closely linked with skill differences though not identical with them are differences in the migratory behavior between those who are working in production trades, those working in other trades, and the creators of culture. As to the migratory distance, the last named group shows the largest distances (42.5 percent of those migratory processes were inter-bezirk moves whereas those in production trades, only 18.7 percent). Creators of culture at the same time often moved into bezirk cities (big cities) or between them at an above average rate."15

Our own analyses and comparisons with other surveys indicate that an intelligentsia-specific migratory behavior becomes all the more apparent, the higher the intelligentsia proportion in the target locations of migration is. Even between Dresden and the capital Berlin such differences can be ascertained. Whereas in 1981 of the creators of culture moving in 19.1 percent (production workers: 50.1 percent) came out of the neighboring kreises of Dresden, only 4.7 percent of the creators of culture moving into Berlin had previously lived in the kreises contiguous with the capital. The proportion of moves from Dresden Bezirk in case of the creators of culture and from the city of Dresden totaled 44 percent (production workers: 69 percent), the corresponding proportion of moves out of the bezirks of Potsdam and Frankfurt/Oder (comparable with Dresden Bezirk in terms of migratory distances), however, was only 16.4 percent (production workers: 21.2 percent). Worth noting here also is that the proportion of long-distance migrants in the case of the capital (i.e. not only as far as the creators of culture and the college and technical school graduates are concerned) is generally higher than in the case of the city of Dresden. There is then evi- dently not only an intelligentsia-specific, but also a big-city and capital- specific migratory behavior. This ought to be qualified, however, by saying that the migratory requirement of the capital because of its size and for reasons of population density in its surroundings can be satisfied only to a limited extent through moves from the surroundings.

One circumstance that has received but little attention thus far in the literature and that somewhat mitigates the territorial mobility of the intelligentsia is the fact that the intelligentsia is not absolutely interested in large migratory distances. As the members of other classes, strata, and groups, so also the members of the intelligentsia are interested in the lowest possible moving expenditures and, hence, the briefest possible distances. (If in spite of that relatively large distances are generated, that is mainly because of the territorial distribution of intelligentsia-specific jobs.) Moreover—starting with the formation of study preferences—the occupational interests and lifestyle of the members of the intelligentsia also are largely formed by the conditions of their original homes or territories.16 The study guidance procedure is another relevant circumstance. All that helps to explain that of the full-time college students coming out of Berlin—all those sent into full-time college studies from Berlin schools and enterprises—48 percent in 1981 studied at the Humboldt University

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or other colleges in the capital; 25 percent of the full-time college students from Berlxn and other bezirks studying in Berlin came from Berlin. A simiSrly cillf'TKY I the Place or bez^k of origin can be made out also for other cities andbezxrks. Thus the intelligentsia greatly reproduces itself out of a gxven terrxtory. Big cities and district towns offer above-average favorable conditions for xntelligentsia reproduction. Thus mainly in the following types of cities must the management and planning of social processes pay attention to the economxc aspects of the territorial reproduction and the migratory heha- vxor of the intelligentsia: *

First, a high above-average territorial mobility is an essential attribute of the intelligentsia and fully functional only under that premise. Above all in socialist society can and must the intelligentsia reproduce Itself from all cxtxesand communities, all bezirks and kreises-which does not preclude the modifyxng influence of territorial conditions.

Second the migratory behavior of the intelligentsia can conform with or contra- dxct the economic requirements. It conforms with them when the labor of a given member of the intelligentsia is more urgently needed at the target place of the move than at the original place or at other places or territories. Here one has to take into consideration that economically required moves and moves that do not fully conform to economic interests often get intertwined because of the family structure in such a move. The likelihood that college graduates marry college graduates increases the likelihood of economically not absolutely necessary moves in that spouses often just "move along." All the greater is the need to rate and guide migration processes more than before as family moves.

Third many ties with one's residence also may accord with or contradict economic requirements. Much allegiance to one's residence contributes to the productive - forces reproduction at the given localities. The latter is necessary especially under the conditions of the mainly intensive expanded reproduction. On the other hand, members of the intelligentsia are increasingly being needed in all territories, xncluding less developed territories in those regards—needed on behalf of the scientific-technical progress, the further improvement of working and Ixvingconditions, and the solution of other tasks. The territorial mobility of members of the intelligentsia therefore often is not too high but too low.. Especially the outspoken inclination of college and technical school graduates to remain at their place of studies is problematic.

Te'rrit'orxes11'1 ^^ °f ^ Intelligentsia in Educing Social Disparities among

The state of affairs of a very high territorial concentration of the intelligentsia the specxal role of the capital, the big cities, and the district cities in Xer- cxsxng xntelligentsia-specific activities is one condition for its efficacy, and

lLatZ-Pr^qUiSite t0uan °PtimUm contribution by the intelligentsia to reducing the social disparities between town and countryside and other territorial units WM' ^ Xn T Contefs> also aPPlles this: Surmounting all territorial dispa- 5S ?« n n°^a PrTqUiSlte f°r surmountlnS s°cial disparities among territories. What xs possible and necessary rather is the simultaneous reproduction of sociostructural and other specifics of the city and of the village, and of towns dxfferent xn type and size.

;L03

On the other side it cannot be denied that there are some phenomena in the territorial distribution and the migratory behavior of the intelligentsia which to some extent obstruct the optimum exercise of its social responsibility while they are also expressing social disparities among territories. That includes the already mentioned and discussed phenomenon of "moving along" on the part of labor not absolutely needed at the new place and, above all, the strong inclination to move to places felt to be generally attractive (also for reasons of their scenic surroundings), even when an optimum utilization of qualifications acquired cannot be ensured there while elsewhere a deficit of precisely such specialties is found. The counterpart to it is seen in too little of a willingness to change jobs and places of residence in response to economic requirements. A consequence of such migratory trends or of sticking to where one lives is a labor concentration (not always assigned according to proper skills even) that transcends the social measure and causes some deficit elsewhere. So it comes about, e.g., that in some big cities certified farmers who are urgently needed elsewhere are engaged in entirely different activities or that in some agrarian concentrations, even in some industrial areas, shortages of physicians are still found. Worth mentioning especially is some need to catch up in cities with a rapid population increase thus far which, however, have few traditions as to the exercise of intelligentsia-specific activities.

All this pertains to social disparities among cities different in type and size, between town and countryside, and among industrial areas as well as agrarian concentrations. The intelligentsia reacts here the same way members of other social groups do: Better working and living conditions, better chances for satisfying material and intellectual-cultural needs, are preferred. Something specific about the intelligentsia is, however, that it does have the better opportunities for it.

If we now ask how undesirable migratory losses might be reduced or done away with or how the trend of such migration may be turned around, the answer is obvious in overall social and long-range terms: An all-round and above-average, rapid improvement of the living conditions in territories that have thus far sustained high migratory losses—starting with the housing conditions via the atmosphere in the residential area all the way to the modernization of production and the ensuring of jobs calling for the proper qualifications—is of crucial importance for it. It also includes, however, a resolute intensification in all the sectors of the municipal economy, hence also in the non-producing sectors with a high proportion of college and technical school graduates. To the extent that territorial disparities in the standard of living disappear, the migratory losses caused by them will also fall by the wayside. Through the intensification in cities and communities with thus far high positive migratory balances the pull then also drops regarding the social labor capacity of the small towns and villages including the members of the intelligentsia who are living and working there.

That alone, however, cannot take care of the question raised above. Migratory losses contradicting economic requirements, including those caused by members of the intelligentsia, should be reduced to a minimum, yet not at a later time but as soon as possible. Incidentally, territorial disparities in the standard of living will disappear only after specific people, including working people with very high levels of skills and education, have fought for it. Migratory losses can only vanish if first migrations "against the current" have come about— migrations into the territories with the generally worse living conditions.

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The subjective factor here also proves decisive in many respects. There are examples of the sort that a village no one ever expected anything of received a new vitality through an energetic LPG chairman or mayor who defied all difficulties. It is necessary that members of the intelligentsia, not last, through understanding social requirements, remain in towns nnd communities where living conditions are not all that favorable thus far or e- >i move there. That calls for a high ethos together with the comprehension th " such towns and communities also need physicians, teachers, engineers, and skilled managers on the various levels. College and technical school training and influencing the intelligentsia therefore includes not only the dissemination of specialized knowledge, but also the instilling of attitudes. It also includes the use of instruments to control migration that would make possible or facilitate migrations "against the stream." Targeted measures in the form of making high-class apartments available, in support of building one's own home and so forth should help compensate for the not so easily remediable problems of a town or rural community. If migratory processes generally are to be controlled only as mass processes, which attaches but secondary importance to any individual move, in the case of moves "against the stream" the influence brought to bear on individual moves by a central organ proves a social requirement.

FOOTNOTES

1. E. Honecker, "Bericht des Zentralkomitees der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands an den XI. Parteitag der SED," Berlin, 1986, p 28.

2. "llth SED Congress Directive on the 5-Year Plan for the GDR's Economic Development, 1986-1990," NEUES DEUTSCHLAND, 23 April 1986, p 3.

3. Cf. W. Biermann, "Main Task Course Shows Its Vitality" (Paper Presented at the llth SED Congress), NEUES DEUTSCHLAND, 18 April 1986, p 11.

4. W. Stoph, "llth SED Congress Directive, on the,5rYear Plan for the GDR's Economic Development, 1986-1990," NEUES DEUTSCHLAND, 20 April 1986, p 5.

5. Cf. the statements made at the llth SED Congress about the possibility and need to rationalize and automate even small and medium-size series production, even in small and medium-size enterprises and, hence, also in small towns having an above-average proportion of such enterprises. (Cf. "Bericht . . .," p. 28; W. Stoph, op. cit., p 4; "llth SED Congress Directive . . ., PP 5, 10.)

6. On the relation between membership in the intelligentsia and a college or technical school graduation, cf. M. Loetsch, "Working Class and Intelligentsia in the Dialectics of Scientific-technical, Economic, and Social Progress." DEUTSCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUER PHILOSOPHIE, No 1, 1985.

7. As a measure of resemblance the variability coefficient (V) was used. V = spread (S) in percent at x. (x = average of given city/community group, with each city/community weighted identically. The number of college and technical school cadres was ignored here, not so the proportion).. The smaller the instance of V, the larger is the homogeneity of the given group.

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8. To compute the percentage proportions (x) see footnote 7.

9 Kreis-free towns = Towns which in the GDR's administrative classification do not themselves have kreis (city-kreis) status. Towns = Communities with town status (to be distinguished from urban communities = communities with 2,000 or more inhabitants).

10. Cf. Paper by H. Kusicka given at the joint conference of the Science Council for Economic Research and the Chief Territorial Council for Matters of the Productive Forces' Site Distribution, on the topic "The territorial structure of social reproduction as a condition and subject of comprehensive intensification," 14 May 1985 in Berlin. In: "Territorialstruktur und umfassende Intensivierung." Berlin, 1985, pp 51 f.

11. A. Pascal, Ph. D. (Senior Economist, The Rand Corporation): "The 21st Cen- tury City." Paper at Conference "The Cities' Response to Technological Chal- lenge," April 1985, Turin.

12. K. Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," MEW [Marx/Engels Works], Vol. 3, p 6.

13. K. Marx, "Das Kapital" Vol I, MEW, Vol 23, pp 345, 355.

14. Although practical statistics differ in this, we regard a change of residence by a student as a case of migration.

15. I. Schmidt, "On the Demographic and Sociostructural Aspects of Migration," WIRTSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFT, No 3, 1985, pp 373 f.

16. Cf. H. Adler, "Territorialer HochschulZugang in der DDR. Grundzuege, Ent- wicklungstendenzen und Einflussfaktoren" [Territorial College Access in the GDR—Principles, Developmental Trends, Influence Factors], Institut fuer Hochschulbildung, Berlin, 1981 (unpublished manuscript).

5885 CSO: 2300/537 END

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