jp 6-02 joint doctrine for employment of operational ...96).pdf · voice, data, facsimile and video...

1 October 1996

Joint Pub 6-02

Joint Doctrinefor Employment of

Operational/Tactical Command,Control, Communications, and

Computer Systems

PREFACE

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1. Scope

This publication provides command,control, communications, and computer (C4)systems doctrinal guidance across the rangeof military operations for those who:

a. Plan C4 systems support for jointoperations;

b. Employ C4 systems in support of jointoperations;

c. Provide operational and technicaldirection to C4 systems; and

d. Plan, manage, and employ C4 systemsnormally unique to Service or non-US forcesas part of joint operations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing the

mission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)will be followed except when, in the judgmentof the commander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

DENNIS C. BLAIRVice Admiral, US NavyDirector, Joint Staff

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

• Purpose..................................................................................................................... I-1• General..................................................................................................................... I-1• Joint Force C4........................................................................................................... I-1• Joint Force Planning Factors and Structure Implications for C4 Planning.................. I-2

CHAPTER IIJOINT C4 PRINCIPLES, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT

• Purpose.................................................................................................................... II-1• General.................................................................................................................... II-1• Commander’s Joint Force C4 Requirements............................................................. II-1• Planning Factors for the JFC and C4 Planners.......................................................... II-2• C4 Planning............................................................................................................. II-7• C4 Management..................................................................................................... II-11

CHAPTER IIIJOINT TASK FORCE C4 EMPLOYMENT AND MODULAR C4 PACKAGING

• Purpose.................................................................................................................. III-1• General.................................................................................................................. III-1• Predeployment....................................................................................................... III-1• Deployment........................................................................................................... III-1• Employment.......................................................................................................... III-2• Sustainment........................................................................................................... III-2• Redeployment........................................................................................................ III-3• Summary............................................................................................................... III-3

CHAPTER IVC4 SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT

• Purpose.................................................................................................................. IV-1• General.................................................................................................................. IV-1• Defense-Wide and Joint C4 Systems...................................................................... IV-1• Service C4 Systems................................................................................................ IV-7• The Joint Staff...................................................................................................... IV-11

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APPENDIX

A C4 Planning Considerations.............................................................................. A-1B References......................................................................................................... B-1C Administrative Instructions................................................................................ C-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................... GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions.............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Command Transactions................................................................................. I-2I-2 Information and Resource Transactions......................................................... I-3I-3 Targeting Transactions................................................................................... I-4II-1 Defensive Information Warfare Target Set.................................................... II-4II-2 Defensive Information Warfare Implementation Process............................... II-5II-3 Information Warfare..................................................................................... II-6II-4 Joint Communications Control Center........................................................ II-12IV-1 Military Satellite Communications Architecture......................................... IV-4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

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Discusses the Impact of Joint Force Commander’s Decisionson Command, Control, Communications and Computer (C4)Systems

Provides Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and ManagementConsiderations

Considers Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4Packaging

Discusses Major Related C4 Systems and Support

As driven by the mission, the foundations of the command,control, communications, and computer (C4) systems arelaid by the command and control (C2) organization offorces assigned to the joint force commander (JFC).Specific command relationships and the organization of units,staffs, and battlespace drive the interconnectingcommunications methods and means. C4 systems must supportthis C2 organization in a complementary fashion and C4systems must provide for the uninterrupted flow of informationto and from commanders at all levels. Based on the C2structure, C4 planners will determine the systems thatprovide the most effective vertical and lateral informationexchange connectivity. These determinations provide the basicstructure for the information exchange of the joint force. C4planners will choose from the available resources thosecombinations which can be tailored to meet the mission supportrequirements. Typically, the combined system will providevoice, data, facsimile and video communications seamlesslyand securely in an operator-friendly network. The joint forceC4 systems will allow force commanders to “pull”information from existing theater and national-levelinformation services. The warfighter’s information “pull”coupled with the “smart push” of information by higher levelswill provide the joint force commanders with an accurate andcomplete picture of their battlespace.

Command, control,communication andcomputer (C4) systemssupport the joint forcecommander (JFC) andsubordinate commands byproviding the continuousautomated flow andprocessing of information.

Introduction

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The C4 needs and capabilities of a small joint force with alimited humanitarian mission are vastly different from thoseof a combatant commander with continuing missions.Additionally, the different phases of a joint operation necessitatedifferent and distinct levels of C4 assets and employment. C4planners also must have a comprehensive knowledge ofthe joint force structure and relationships. The type ofcommand relationships will dictate different informationexchange needs. C4 planning must be an integral part ofthe joint force command planning. Reliable C4 is notplanned in a vacuum; it has to be accomplished within theframework of established planning processes. C4 plannersmust understand, expect, anticipate, and be prepared todeal with change. The size, composition, and deployment ofthe joint force will vary as the level or form of operationsescalate or decline in scope and intensity. C4 planners shouldclearly understand the capabilities and limitations of allpotentially available strategic, operational, and tactical C4systems and equipment, whether they are organic to Servicesand agencies, belong to non-US forces, are commercial, or areprovided by a host nation.

The joint warfighter’s C4 system must be flexible,interoperable, responsive, mobile, disciplined, survivable,and sustainable. These principles provide the foundation onwhich the C4 planners build their systems and are appliedduring deliberate or crisis action planning. The joint force C4system provides the JFC the ability to control the flow andprocessing of information. It supports the JFC’s decisionmaking and provides the JFC with the capability toinfluence the action during joint operations. The mission,the JFC’s intent, and the resulting concept of operationsdrive the joint force organization.

The JFC requires the capability to obtain information fromany location, at any time, and for any mission. The JFCand other warfighters must not be overwhelmed withvoluminous amounts of information. They must have thecapability to request and pull the information desired.

C4 planners mustunderstand the JFCmission, intent, andconcept of operations.

The primary task of C4systems is to ensure thecontinuous and automatedflow and processing ofinformation.

Joint Force Planning Factors and StructureImplications for C4 Planning

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

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Executive Summary

Reviewing the plan for consistency with the C4 principlesas stated in Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control,Communications and Computers (C4) Systems Support to JointOperations,” is a useful first step. The JFC should determineif the C4 plans rest solidly on these principles and its ability tosupport the unit and mission. Other factors to consider inevaluating a C4 plan are: incremental building, modular C4packaging, C4 interoperability, standardization, accommodatingchange, use of commercial capabilities, spectrum management,addressal of the level of training of operators of C4 systems,information protection, discipline, and timeliness.

Planning must proceed at various levels. The JFC’s C4 plannersperform high-level planning to develop comprehensive C4estimates. The JFC’s C4 detailed planning focuses ondesigning and engineering at the systems level; for example,radio transmission and message switching. The activation ofC4 links and networks occurs when an operation order isexecuted. During the execution phase of an operation, C4planners must consider the next phase of the JFC’soperational concept and plan for its support. Certainoperational considerations impose limitations on the use ofselected C4 systems, including connectivity, range, andenvironment.

C4 management allows the planners to maintain an accurateand detailed status of the C4 network down to the modularlevel. C4 management combines centralized control withdecentralized execution and provides effective and efficientC4 support for the JFC’s informational requirements.Management organizations include Command, Control,Communications, and Computer Systems Division (J-6)as well as the Joint Communications Control Center(JCCC) and Services and Component Management. TheJ-6 assists the commander in carrying out supervisoryresponsibilities for communications, electronics, andautomated information systems. The J-6 is responsibleto the JFC for fulfilling the staff functions on all C4 matters.The J-6 establishes a JCCC to manage all communicationssystems deployed during joint operations and exercises.Components and subordinate joint commanders establish C4control centers to serve as their single point of contact andresponsibility for joint C4 matters, and components andassigned support organizations should designate a single office

The most important factorsto consider in assessing aC4 plan are the adequacyof the C4 plan to satisfythe warfightersinformation requirementsand whether or not theplan is feasible.

Joint C4 managementindicates the exercise ofsystems and technicalcontrol over assignedcommunications systems.

Planning Factors for the JFC and C4 Planners

C4 Management

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within their communications staffs to coordinate with the jointforce staff J-6. Component C4 organizations should formulateand publish plans, orders, and internal operating instructionsfor the use of their component C4 systems.

C4 planning and other related mission support activitiestake place in unison with the activation and subsequentphases of joint task force (JTF) operations. During thepredeployment phase, the JFC is designated and forces areassigned. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff warningand alert orders provide the JFC with guidance to initiateplanning. The JFC issues a mission statement andcommander’s intent. Subsequent to the mission statement andcommander’s intent, the concept of operations is developed.During the deployment phase, the plan is completed andpublished. C4 assets incrementally deploy in support of thebuildup in the operational area. Initial tactical communicationsis global, but minimal in capacity. Its primary focus is ondecision support to the on-scene commander. In theemployment phase, the JTF and the components continue toincrementally deploy. As these assets arrive they are addedto the existing C4 system. The system increases in robustnessand capability. During the sustainment phase, improvementsare made to the C4 system. Changes in operation plans areaccommodated using the in-place C4 system as the departurepoint. Repair parts and consumables, to include thosenecessary for preventive and routine maintenance, becomean increasing concern. As in the predeployment phase,planning is the most important part of the redeployment.The C4 system must continue to provide information flow tothe commanders, even as it purposefully disengages and largepieces of the system are removed and returned.

Joint task force (JTF) C4planning and operationalconsiderations dependupon the phases of a JTFmilitary operation.

Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4 Packaging

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Executive Summary

After identifying the necessary support requirements, the C4planner will select the system that supports the JFC’soperational needs. The following are some of the C4 systemsthat are available to the JFC and C4 planners to supportjoint force information requirements: the DefenseInformation Infrastructure; Defense Information SystemsNetwork; Federal Telecommunications System; Secure VoiceSystem; Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network;Automatic Digital Network; Defense Message System;Defense Data Network; Defense Satellite CommunicationsSystem; Military Strategic and Tactical Relay System;commercial satellite communications; military satellitearchitecture; Department of Defense Intelligence InformationSystem; Defense Special Security Communications System;Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System; JointDeployable Intelligence Support System; Frequency ResourceRecord System; Global Positioning System; Defense SatelliteProgram; Defense Meteorological Satellite Program;International Telecommunications Satellites; InternationalMaritime Satellite System; Fleet Satellite CommunicationsSystem; Public Switched Telephone Network; submarinecable; and the C4 systems of the Services.

This publication discusses the impact of the joint forcecommander’s decisions on the employment of C4 assets tosupport joint and multinational operations. It covers thefundamental structural elements of C4 systems. It discussesthe guidelines, basic tenets, and process for C4 planners to usein planning for the support for joint operations. It covers JTFC4 planning and operational considerations as they relate tothe phases of a JTF military operation. Finally, this publicationdescribes major related C4 systems and organizations.

The JFC has therequirement to exchangeinformation with theestablishing authority,components, the DefenseInformation SystemAgency, home station,Department of Staterepresentative in the hostnation, internal jointforces, and multinationalforces.

C4 Systems and Support

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

I-1

1. Purpose

This chapter provides the joint forcecommander (JFC) with the principal planningfactors which govern the construction of asuccessful command, control, communications,and computer (C4) system to support theJFC’s command and control (C2) informationrequirements. It speaks to the relationship thatexists among the mission, the commander’sintent, the selected C2 organization and theresulting C4 system. It provides informationon the meaningful capabilities that any C4system should provide the commander.

2. General

C4 systems support the JFC andsubordinate commanders. These systemsprovide for the continuous automated flowand processing of information. This flow ofinformation generates a common situationalawareness, speeds decision making, andintegrates the action of warfighters duringmission execution.

3. Joint Force C4

a. Joint Force Organization. Joint forcesare established on a geographic or functionalbasis at three levels: unified commands,subordinate unified commands, and joint taskforces (JTFs). See Joint Pub 0-2, “UnifiedAction Armed Forces (UNAAF),” for adetailed discussion.

• All joint forces include Servicecomponent commands and may alsoinclude functional component commandswith operational responsibilities.

• The JFC has full authority to assignmissions, redirect efforts, and directcoordination among subordinatecommanders.

b. Command and Control Structure. Asdriven by the mission, the foundations ofthe C4 system are laid by the C2organization of forces assigned to the JFC.Specific command relationships and theorganization of units, staffs, and battlespacedrive the interconnecting communicationsmethods and means. C4 systems must supportthis C2 organization in a complementaryfashion and, as indicated in Figure I-1, C4systems must provide for the uninterruptedflow of information to and from commandersat all levels.

c. Systems Requirements. Based onthe C2 structure, C4 planners willdetermine the systems that provide themost effective vertical and lateralinformation exchange connectivity. Thesedeterminations provide the basic structurefor the information exchange of the jointforce. C4 planners will choose from theavailable resources those combinationswhich can be tailored to meet the missionsupport requirements. Typically, thecombined system will provide voice, data,facsimile, and video communicationsseamlessly and securely in an operator-friendly network. The major componentswill be mobile or transportable and can beassembled and very quickly put intooperation. The C4 system can move asrequired and maintain connectivity amongits users during such movement. Thesystem may be modularized.

“Joint doctrine offers a common perspective from which to plan and operate,and fundamentally shapes the way we think about and train for war.”

Joint Pub 1, Joint W arfare of the Armed Forces of the United States

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the type of command relationships or otherauthorities, e.g., direct liaison authorized, alleffect the overlaying C4 system.

“If I always appear prepared, it isbecause before entering on anundertaking, I have meditated and haveforeseen what may occur. It is notgenius which reveals to me suddenlyand secretly what I should do incircumstances unexpected by others;it is thought and meditation.”

Napoleon I

4. Joint Force Planning Factorsand Structure Implicationsfor C4 Planning

C4 planners must understand the JFC’smission, intent, and concept of operations.For example, the C4 needs and capabilitiesof a small joint force with a limitedhumanitarian mission are vastly different

d. Information, Resource and TargetingTransactions. As depicted in Figure I-2, thejoint force C4 systems will allow JFCs to“pull” information from existing theater-and national-level information services. Thewarfighter’s information “pull,” coupled withthe “smart push” of information by higherlevels, will provide the JFCs with an accurateand complete picture of their battlespace. Asshown in Figure I-3, these C4 systems willalso provide sensor data directly to thewarfighter . This sensor information willprovide commanders a common picture of thebattlespace. Armed with the mission, thehigher commander’s intent, and this commonpicture, subordinate commanders can quicklyand accurately engage the enemy.

e. Changes. It is crucial that commandersand staff planners are sensitive to internaland external changes in their C2organization. Changes in levels of authority,

UNIT ANDPLATFORMLEVEL

FORCE LEVEL

THEATER LEVEL

COMMAND TRANSACTIONS

NATIONAL LEVEL

COMMANDTRANSACTIONS

NCA

CINC

CJTF

Functional ComponentCommanders

Joint Task ForceCommanders

Service ComponentCommanders

JTF UNITS

Figure I-1. Command Transactions

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Introduction

from those of a combatant commander withcontinuing missions. Additionally, thedifferent phases of a joint operation necessitatedifferent and distinct levels of C4 assets andemployment.

a. C4 planners also must have acomprehensive knowledge of the joint forcestructure and relationships. The type ofcommand relationships will dictate differentinformation exchange needs.

b. C4 planning must be an integral partof JFC planning. Reliable C4 is not plannedin a vacuum; it has to be accomplished withinthe framework of established planningprocesses.

c. C4 planners must understand, expect,anticipate, and be prepared to deal withchange. The size, composition, anddeployment of the joint force will vary as the

level or form of operations escalate or declinein scope and intensity. The nature and therate of fluctuation in the operational situationadd to the C4 planner’s challenges. Thecommand’s information requirements willchange as the mission and the operational andtactical situations evolve.

d. C4 planners should clearly understandthe capabilities and limitations of allpotentially available strategic, operational,and tactical C4 systems and equipment,whether they are organic to Services andagencies, belong to non-US forces, arecommercial, or are provided by a host nation.C4 planners should be aware of the following.

• C4 doctrine, tactics, techniques, andprocedures. The principles andpractical mechanics of how to bestprotect and move information must beknown and understood.

INFORMATION & RESOURCE TRANSACTIONS

NATIONALLEVEL

THEATERLEVEL

FORCE LEVEL


NCA

CINC

CJTF




JTF UNITS

"Reach-Back"

"Split-Base"

QA FUNCTION

INFORMATIONSERVICES

Figure I-2. Information and Resource Transactions

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• Procedures for accessing and usingsystems to provide global C4 connectivity.

• Details of the capabil i t ies andlimitations of assets controlled by theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff( C J C S ) , i n c l u d i n g t h e J o i n tCommunications Support Element(JCSE) and the process for obtaining itsspecialized communications support.

• C4 capabilities and employmentprocedures of non-US forces. As partof a multinational force, the US may haveto provide the bulk of the C4, particularlyto those multinational units above thetactical level. Release of hardware,software (operating systems andapplications), data and communicationnetworks, and C4 systems may benecessary when operating withmultinational forces. Release should

not be accomplished unilaterally by in-theater personnel. Such releases oftenrequire approval by the Secretary ofDefense or coordination with theSecretary of State (see references DODDirective 5230.11, “Disclosure ofClassified Military Information toForeign Governments and InternationalOrganizations,” and CJCSI 6510.01,“Defensive Information WarfareImplementation”).

e. Multinational O r g a n i z a t i o n s .Multinational organizations present specialchallenges. C4 planners must ensure thatcommunications links are established withnon-US and host-nation commanders. C4interoperability is essential and can beaccomplished through several means,including equipment interoperability,standardization, training, and liaisonofficers. The requirement for translators

TARGETING TRANSACTIONS

NATIONAL LEVEL

THEATER LEVEL

FORCE LEVEL


NCA

CINC

CJTF



JTF UNITS

SE

NS

OR

S


Figure I-3. Targeting Transactions

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Introduction

or other translation capabilities maybecome significant.

f. Department of State Diplomatic Post.Combatant commands must consider the earlyestablishment of direct communicationsbetween the JFC and a United Statesdiplomatic post using the most effectivemethods available. Communicationscapabilities and procedures for individualdiplomatic posts are found in the diplomatic

post’s respective emergency action plan.Emergency action plan communicationsinclude (where available) high frequency(HF), International Maritime Satellite System(INMARSAT), tactical satellite (TACSAT),and ultra high frequency (UHF) or very highfrequency (VHF) radios. The combatantcommander should direct JTF communicationsbased on the applicable emergency action planafter coordination with and approval by theDepartment of State.

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nodes, and gateways also require responsivesystems and technical control.

b. The C4 infrastructure must be able todo the following.

• Support the flow and processing ofinformation across the range of militaryoperations.

• Support a smooth transition frompeace to any level of conflict.

• Provide decision support for maneuver,targeting, fire support, intelligence, airoperations, logistics, and informationwarfare.

• Support changes in the mission,operational area, or the size, composition,command and control structure, ordisposition of the forces. Combatant andcomponent headquarters should alwaysconsider the likelihood that a single-Service operation will become joint ormultinational. C4 planning mustaccommodate this possibility.

3. Commander’s Joint Force C4Requirements

The JFC and subordinate commandersrequire the capability to obtaininformation from any location, at any time,and for any mission. The JFC and otherwarfighters must not be overwhelmed withvoluminous amounts of information. Theymust have the capability to request and pull

CHAPTER IIJOINT C4 PRINCIPLES, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT

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1. Purpose

This chapter will provide the JFC withdetailed guidelines with which to judge a C4plan. It also provides C4 planners withspecific planning factors to consider inplanning and managing a successful C4system. It also discusses the C4 managementorganizations of the JTF.

2. General

As discussed in Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrinefor Command, Control, Communications, andComputer (C4) Systems Support to JointOperations,” the primary task of a C4 systemis to ensure the continuous, automated flowand processing of information. The jointwarfighter’s C4 system must be flexible,interoperable, responsive, mobile,disciplined, survivable, and sustainable.These principles provide the foundation onwhich the C4 planners build their systems andare applied during deliberate or crisis actionplanning. The joint force C4 system providesthe JFC with the ability to control the flowand processing of information. It supportsthe JFC’s decision making and providesthe JFC with the capability to influencethe action during joint operations.

a. The mission, the JFC’s intent, and theresulting concept of operations drive thejoint force organization. C4 plans whichare based on C4 principles support this intentand concept of operations. Matching C4capabilities to C4 requirements requiresdetailed planning. The resulting networks,

“War acknowledges principles, and even rules, but these are not so muchfetters, or bars, which compel its movement aright, as guides which warn uswhen it is going wrong.”

Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan

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INTEGRATED TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC SWITCHING

Commercial, high-volume transmission systems...significantly enhancedthroughput and enabled components to extend switched and dedicated voiceand message trunks to many locations. Extensions of strategiccircuits...allowed the component commands to turn their tactical satelliteterminals back to direct support of combat operations.

SOURCE: Jean M. Slupik, “Integrated Tactical and Strategic Switching,”in Alan D. Campen, editor, The First Information W ar

the information desired. Certain informationmust be disseminated widely in a pushmanner, such as warning of nuclear,biological, or chemical attack. Informationmust be resident with the JFC and theassociated components or automaticallyupdated as required. Information flow is notone way. The JFC and subordinatecomponents also provide information bothhorizontally and vertically. The joint force’shorizontal and vertical exchange ofinformation must occur rapidly, providingsupport to the warriors upon demand.

4. Planning Factors for the JFCand C4 Planners

The most important factors to consider inassessing a C4 plan are the adequacy of theC4 plan to satisfy the warfighter’s informationrequirements and whether or not the plan isfeasible. Reviewing the plan for consistencywith the C4 principles as stated in Joint Pub6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control,Communications, and Computer (C4)Systems Support to Joint Operations,” is auseful first step. Other factors to consider inevaluating a C4 plan are as follows.

a. Incremental Building. Because militaryoperations seldom occur at the same locationas the preponderance of our military forces,the JFC should expect to see C4 plannersbuild the C4 system incrementally. Mostoperations will initially rely on satellitecommunications to move informationbetween headquarters and commanders. As

the mission and assets allow, the C4 plannerswill install data and voice switching systems.Connections to the Defense InformationSystems Network and commercial networkswill become more extensive and robust. Thesystem should also redeploy in an incrementalfashion.

b. Modular C4 Packaging. Based on themission, the commander’s intent, theoperation plan, the capabilities, limitations,and availability of equipment, and the C4infrastructure in the operational area, the C4planner will build modular packages tomeet the commander’s needs. C4 plannerstailor these packages to existing conditionsand link the individual C4 modules into acohesive C4 system.

c. C4 Interoperability. Interoperabilityshould be achieved primarily by acommonality of equipment, software, andsystems. The C4 planner must know thecapabilities and limitations of the othercomponent C4 systems and must be able tointegrate them into the joint C4 plan.

d. Standardization. Standardizationshould be evident in the planned C4 system.The planner should ensure that equipmentstrings and system configurations arestandardized throughout employed units.The JFC’s C4 requirements must not becompromised by uncontrolled, widespreaduse of nonstandard systems, protocols,procedures, or terminology. C4 systems

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planners and operators must have a sharedframe of reference.

e. Accommodating Change. C4 plannersmust anticipate change and be able to respondin a timely manner to variations in the initialmission. The C4 plan should include adiversity of C4 systems. Connectivity amongcommanders, headquarters, and units mustincorporate alternate routes and methods.Ensuring this diversity of systems andalternate routes will contribute to the C4systems’ flexibility, survivability, andresponsiveness.

f. Commercial Capabilities. The C4 planshould consider the use of commercialsystems. The availability of commercial C4systems may offer an alternative means tosatisfy the JFC’s C4 needs and may reducethe number and size of deployed modularC4 packages. Commercial capabilities thatare resident in the operational area may allowC4 planners to compensate for tactical C4system shortages and meet the earlyinformation requirements of a joint forcedeployment. The use of commercial C4systems and networks may affect the plannedmix of deployable C4 modules. C4 plannersmust ensure that the deployed modularpackages include sufficient capabilities tointerface with commercial systems.

“It cannot be too often repeated that inmodern war...the chief factor inachieving triumph is what has beendone in the way of thorough preparationand training before the beginning ofwar.”

Theodore RooseveltGraduation Address, US Naval

Academy, June 1902

g. Spectrum Management. Frequenciesallocated to critical functions must beidentified and protected. As frequenciesmay be claimed by various national orregional entities, significant potential exists

for problems. To prevent such problems, theuse of radio and radar frequencies at allorganizational levels must be coordinatedthrough national and international channels.Frequencies must be managed to reduce thelikelihood for friendly electromagneticinterference (EMI). This is particularlyimportant when multiple systems share thesame frequency bands. The increasing use offrequency hopping radios further complicatesthe management process by spreading thepotential for EMI throughout the operationalarea. The JFC Frequency Manager hasessential responsibilities in spectrummanagement throughout the operational areaand must be an integral part of the planningprocess.

h. Training. The level of training ofoperators of C4 systems and managersshould be addressed. Resident trainingshould complement the Joint MissionEssential Task List. The application of jointdoctrine and tactics, techniques, andprocedures defines the C4 requirements fortraining, exercises, equipment, andorganization. C4 training should reflect theinsights gained from past experience.

i. Information Protection and C4System Defense. A critical aspect of effectiveC4 is the successful execution of informationwarfare (IW). IW applies across the range ofmilitary operations and at every level ofwarfare. Defensive IW (IW-D) integrates andcoordinates protection and defense ofinformation, information-based processes(including human decision making processes),and information systems (including C4systems, weapon systems, and infrastructuresystems).

• IW-D Pr ocess. The IW-D processintegrates and coordinates policies andprocedures, operations, and technologyto protect information and information-based processes, and to defendinformation systems (including C4

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6510.01, “Defensive InformationWarfare Implementation.”

• Elements of the IW-D Process. IW-Doccurs within the context of four inter-related processes: information environmentprotection process, attack detectionprocess, capability restoration process,and attack response process. Figure II-2illustrates the IW-D implementationprocess.

• Information Environment ProtectionProcess. Information and informationsystem protection is critical to themilitary’s ability to conduct operationsand is the responsibility of informationproducers, processors, and users.Information protection applies to anymedium and form including hardcopy

systems). The objectives of IW-D are toensure access to timely, accurate, andrelevant information when and whereneeded, and to deny an adversary theopportunity to exploit friendlyinformation and systems for their ownpurposes. Effective IW-D implementationensures the availability, integrity,authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation of information. EffectiveIW-D ensures required service levels ofinformation systems (and, throughcoordination, services provided by non-US Government entities). Figure II-1illustrates the elements of the target setof information and information systemsprotected and defended by IW-Dprocesses. Refer to the CJCS Instruction3210.01, “Joint Information WarfarePolicy,” and to the CJCS Instruction

Figure II-1. Defensive Information Warfare Target Set

DEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFAREDEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFARETARGET SET

INFORMATION INFORMATION SYSTEMSHumanFactors

Nodes Links

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(message, letter fax), electronic,magnetic, video, imagery, voice(telephone, including cellular), telegraph,computer, and human. Informationprotection ensures the availability,integrity, authenticity, confidentiality, andnon-repudiation of information.

• Attack Detection Process. The attackdetection process requires closecooperation and/or coordination amonginformation system developers, vendors,administrators, users, service providers,law enforcement, and intelligenceagencies. The speeds at whichinformation system attacks occur haveoutpaced our ability to detect andrespond via human means. Anautomated way to assess the severity(including system damage, informationcompromise, and malicious logicinsertion) and to mitigate these effects isessential to effective IW-D. Timely

attack detection and reporting is key toinitiating the restoration and responseprocesses.

• Capability Restoration Process. Thecapability restoration process relies onpre-established mechanisms forprioritized restoration to minimumessential capabilities. Capabilityrestoration may rely on backup and/orredundant links or system components,backup data bases, or even alternativemeans of information transfer.

•• In some cases, required technicalrestoration capabilities are beyond theabilities of the affected sites. On-line ordeployable restoration assistancecapabilities provide required expertiseand tools to restore services. Commontypes of restoration assistance are thecomputer emergency response team andsecurity incident response capability.

ProtectedInformation

Environment

Detect"Attack"

Restore

Deter"Attack"

InfluencePerceptions

Civil

Criminal

Military(Force & NonForce)

Informational

Diplomatic

Economic

Ascertain:NatureSeverityCausalitySponsorshipComplicity

Domestic

International

Motives&

Actors

Response

DEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFAREIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Figure II-2. Defensive Information Warfare Implementation Process

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These restoration assistance programsexist at the Defense Information SystemsAgency (DISA), the Services, andcommercially.

•• Automated alerting mechanismsprovide system managers andadministrators with enhanced situationalawareness and create decision points.Immediate termination of adversarysystem access to protect against furtheractions and information exploitation mustbe weighed against the needs of the legaland intelligence communities to collectagainst and exploit the adversary foreffective implementation of the responseprocess. A decision to allow the adversaryto maintain access in order to gatherinformation for the response process relieson a risk assessment of continued accessand consideration of current and futureoperational and intelligence impact.

•• A key step in the restoration process isto inventory system resources to identifyadversary leave-behind capabilities.

•• Finally, post-attack analysis providesinformation about vulnerabilitiesexploited and leads to securityimprovements. Automated recording orcapturing of specific attack techniquesduring the incident can provideinformation required for analysis.

• Attack Response Process. The attackresponse process involves determiningactors and their motives, establishingcause and complicity, and may involveappropriate action(s) against perpetrators.The process contributes to informationenvironment protection by removingthreats and enhancing deterrence.

j. Discipline. C4 systems and resourcesare limited. The JFC should ensure that theinformation moving over these limitedresources supports necessary decisionmaking and overall mission execution. Themission and the commander’s intent will, tosome extent, guide what information isprovided to the joint force. Thecommander should provide additionalguidance on what information is to be“pushed” and “pulled” to the JTF f romthe “g l oba l g r i d . ” Considerationshould be given to using long-establishedprocedures such as “MINIMIZE.”

k. Timelines. The C4 systems goalshould be the transfer of information inreal time; that is, as the event happens. TheJFC can assist in making this goal a realityby identifying all critical informationrequirements. These requirements should belisted by priority levels, allowing timelyrestoration of the most critical informationin case of outages.

Information WarfareCJCSI 3210

Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversaryinformation, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while defending one’s own information, information-basedprocesses, information systems, and computer-based networks.

Figure II-3. Information Warfare

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“Unless a staff officer is able to assisthis commander in getting things done,in addition to coordinating, planningand policy making, he is not servinghis full usefulness.”

General Alexander M. PatchQuoted in Ray S. Cline,

Washington Command Post, 1951

5. C4 Planning

In Chapter I, “Introduction,” theimportant planning factors for the jointforce and their general implications for theC4 planners were outlined. The followingsection further refines C4 planningprocesses.

a. Additional C4 Planning Characteristicsand Tasks

• The planning process mustcommence as soon as possible. It isessential that all staff planners getinvolved in the planning process early.The process is continuous anditerative. Planners employ the C4principles to guide their activities,structure tasks, and determinesolutions to C4 requirements.

• Planning must proceed at variouslevels. The JFC’s C4 planners performhigh-level planning to developcomprehensive C4 estimates. TheJFC’s C4 detailed planning focuseson designing and engineering at thesystems level (for example, radiotransmission and message switching).The activation of C4 links andnetworks occurs when an operationorder is executed. During theexecution phase of an operation, C4planners must consider the nextphase of the JFC’s operationalconcept and plan for its support.

• Certain operational considerationsimpose limitations on the use of selectedC4 systems. These considerationsinclude the following.

•• Connectivity. The comprehensivelinking of C4 systems establishes alevel o f connec t i v i t y wh ichenables communication to and from thejoint force and its users. To themaximum extent possible, the hardwareand software interfaces should betransparent to the system user. Thecontinued flow of information should notdepend on action by an intermediate user.

•• Range. Range will continue to be afactor in connecting the nodal pointsand networks. Equipment capabilitiesand the distance between nodal pointsmust be considered.

•• Environment. The C4 system mustbe tailored for the environment toinclude hydrographic, terrain, meteorological,vegetation, manmade structures, andcultural features. Such environmentalsurroundings determine the usablefrequencies, output power, and locationof C4 systems.

b. C4 Planning Methodology. The C4planning process is divided into five areas:mission analysis, information needs analysis,interoperability and compatibility analysis,capabilities analysis, and allocation of C4assets.

• Mission Analysis. “What is the desiredmilitary end state?” The key toanswering this question is found in thecommander’s intent, concept ofoperations, and C2 organization. C4planners must clearly understand the C2structure and how the operation willevolve, and be able to anticipate likelydevelopments and problems during each

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phase of the operation. A thorough andcoordinated mission analysis must beperformed by C4 planners. The specifiedand implied tasks, coupled with theconcept of operations and commander’sintent, will provide the framework for aC4 structure. The C4 structureidentifies elements that need toexchange information and,subsequently, C4 systemsterminations. Having a plan thatreadily allows for expansion is vital.

• Information Needs Analysis. Informationneeds analysis answers the question, “Whoneeds to exchange information withwhom?” The information exchangerequirements identify the products to betransmitted and received and thethroughput, quantity, and characteristics ofthose products. This occurs for each phaseof the operation.

• Interoperability and CompatibilityAnalysis. This analysis identifiestechnical protocols, formats, datafields, operational, and securityconsiderations. Global C4 supportdepends upon the national systems aswell as tactical, commercial, and host-nation telecommunications systems.These systems must exchangeinformation. Personal intervention andprocedural fixes have been the methodsof choice to resolve interoperability andcompatibility issues. Such measures arenot adequate for the long term, and mustgive way to equipment-level solutions.Equipment, connectivity, and proceduralstandards must allow for the “seamless”transmission of information to the user.Mission success rests, to a great extent,on interoperability.

• Capabilities Analysis. Based on themission analysis, information needs, andinteroperability and/or compatibilityanalysis, the planner identifies the C4

systems required to support theoperation plan. C4 planners matchinformation requirements with capabilities andassets. The capabilities analysis matchesthe means of communication with theoperational needs. The result of thisanalysis identifies specific C4 systemsrequirements. Some suggested guidelinesfollow.

•• Strongly consider the use of thecommercial infrastructure when feasible.Commercial systems can add capability andoptimize the use of military resources. Inaddition to technical issues, planners andoperators must consider contractualarrangements and the associated costs.

•• In lieu of or in conjunction withcommercial systems, employ militaryterrestrial systems as a second alternative.This reserves military C4 systems for thestrategic and tactical requirements to whichthey were originally designed.

•• Use strategic and tactical satellitecommunications only when terrestrialsystems cannot meet user requirements.Operate satellite systems as a last resort.This limited resource should be employedin those critical situations where no othermeans can fulfill the requirement.

• Allocation of C4 Assets. Having identifiedthe C4 requirement, the C4 planner mustexamine all available resources and plana tailored C4 system. To employ allavailable C4 resources, planners must befamiliar with Department of Defense(DOD) and subordinate policies, directives,and publications. These documents givethe planner specific information on C4organizations who support the JFC. Someguidelines for allocating C4 assets are asfollows.

•• Establish the basic C4 system priorto the arrival of joint forces.

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•• Employ additional equipment andreconfigure connectivities to providedirect routing to principal organizationsin the operational area.

•• Provide alternate routing. Alternatepaths increase the robustness of anetwork and prevent site isolation.Alternate routing must be provided toprincipal organizations and to themaximum extent possible, to othersubordinate organizations of the jointforce.

•• Have sufficient equipment andtechnical personnel on hand for rapidresponse to new missions and criticaloutages. Establish single points ofcontact at each termination site totroubleshoot network problems.

c. Spectrum Management. C4 plannersmust manage the use of the electromagneticspectrum. They must ensure that frequencyusage requirements are met and deconflictedand they must ensure that compatiblefrequencies are incorporated intocommunications-electronics annexes,communications-electronics operatinginstructions, and joint communications-electronics operating instructions (JCEOIs).When networks become active, C4 managersmust monitor the frequency spectrum forelectromagnetic interference. Planners andcontrollers must resolve conflicts and, asnecessary, reallocate and reassignfrequencies.

d. Space-Based Asset Management.Key in the commander’s ability to gatherinformation and to command and control anoperation is his ability to exploit all of hisassets. Assets that operate in space are criticalto fully understand and exploit. These assetsinclude communications, imagery, weather,geographic intelligence, and other relatedsystems. In order to fully exploit theseresources they must be managed properly and

deliberately. Special individuals are availableto incorporate these assets into the C4 plan.

e. Planning Tools. Generally,communications requirements arecategorized by the volume of informationto be transmitted, the speed of servicedesired, the destination(s), the transmissionmedia, and the security classification of theinformation. The most difficult factor toestimate is volume. Volume comprises thequantity and length of transactions to betransmitted. The volume of traffic a circuitcan handle depends upon its type andcapacity. Capacity represents the size of thecircuit.

• Manual Planning Techniques. A C4systems planner can use manual methodsto help refine the C4 support requirements.These include the following.

•• Structural Analysis. Structuralana lys is i s the founda t ion o fcommunications architecture studies.Given the time and information, thismethodology is probably the best way todefine communications trunking andswitching requirements and long-term C4needs. Depending on the degree of detail,the technique can yield estimates of varyingprecision. Structural analysis consists ofthe following steps. (1) Define the generalenvironment, distances involved,geography, and commercial infrastructure.(2) Evaluate the enemy’s capabilities. (3)Identify the information required to performthe mission and tasks, such ascommander’s intent, concept of operations,and organizations involved. (4) Developinformation flow in terms of connectivityand information characteristics. Determinewho must communicate with whom andthe volume, type of traffic, securityclassification, and frequency of reporting.(5) Finally, translate functional andinformation flow requirements intoperformance requirements. How much and

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how fast do particular users need theinformation?

•• Stated Requirements. This methodrelies on obtaining system performanceand usage estimates from questionnairesand interviews. This technique is onlyapplicable when an operationalbaseline system exists and wheninterviewed personnel have experienceoperating, maintaining or, in the case ofwarfighters, being supported by thissystem. The stated requirementtechnique is easier than collecting actualtraffic measurements. The disadvantageof the stated requirements approach isthat it may be skewed by subjectiveinputs or interpretations, while the trafficmeasurement approach relies uponspecific, objective inputs.

•• Traffic Flow Experience. Thistechnique involves using historicalusage data as the basis for developingrequirements estimates. The planner usesdata to lay out the topology of thebaseline system and establish the networktraffic flow. This model is modifiedthrough the use of expert input asnecessary to reflect the parameters of theprojected system. (1) There aredifficulties associated with measuringcommunications baseline usage duringspecific situations and then applying thatdata in hypothetical situations. Theassumption implicit in this technique isthat historical data or current usage isindicative of actual communicationsneeds. (2) Traffic records are availablemore often for fixed and commercialcommunications systems than for tacticalor mobile systems. These fixed systems,which are primarily common-usersystems, usually have data available forthe number of attempts over a specifiedtime period, as well as the percentage oftime each circuit was used. Recordedtraffic measurements are presumed to

accurately indicate user communicationsrequirements. (3) Historical usage is notnecessarily a good indication of futurerequirements. Only communicationsneeds that are supported can bemeasured. Historical usage data ignoresany unfulfilled needs and does notdifferentiate between “essential” and“nice-to-have” communications needs.The adage that system use expands tofill capacity generally holds true. (4)The strength of this technique is in itsreliance on accurately measured datarather than on perceptions.

•• Rule of Thumb. This technique isused primarily by commercial systemarchitects who rely on past experiencefor the design of systems servingcustomers who often share similar needs.

• In a broad sense, the allocation oftelecommunications resources in a militaryenvironment can be correlated to“standard” needs. During the forcestructuring process for a operational area,it is a normal procedure to allocateresources according to force size andcomposition. C4 planners simply allocatethe “normal” (rule of thumb)communications support to a commandbased on previous requirements andexperience. That allocation is usually agood starting point for a more detailedanalysis.

• The final communications requirementsestimate will probably result from acombination of techniques, includingstructural analyses, statements of userrequirements, computer-based simulations, andexperienced intuitive judgment. Thecombined use of the var iousapproaches will help to develop preciseestimates. Basic warfighter requirementscan then be defined in terms of volumeestimates, speed of service estimates, andsecurity levels.

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management combines centralized controlwith decentralized execution and provideseffective and efficient C4 support for the JFC’sinformational requirements.

a. Management Organizations

• Command, Control, Communications, andComputer Systems Division. The J-6assists the commander in carrying outsupervisory responsibi l i t ies forcommunications, electronics, andautomated information systems. TheJ-6 is responsible to the JFC forfulfilling the staff functions on all C4matters. This includes the developmentof C4 architectures and plans, as well aspolicy and guidance for the integrationand installation of operational C4systems. The J-6 formulates policy andguidance for all communication assetssupporting the JFC. The J-6 and his orher staff assist the JFC in publishing C4plans, annexes, and operat inginstructions. They review C4 plansprepared by subordinate componentcommanders, manage the frequencyspectrum within the operational area, andcoordinate with host-nation authorities.

• Joint Communications Control Center(JCCC). The J-6 establishes a JCCCto manage all communications systemsdeployed during joint operations andexercises. Components and subordinatejoint force commanders establish C4control centers to serve as their singlepoint of contact and responsibility forjoint C4 matters. The JCCC, as anelement of the J-6, exercises controlover all deployed communicationssystems. The JCCC serves as the singlecontrol agency for the management andoperational direction of the jointcommunications network. As discussedin detail in the CJCSM 6231 series, theJCCC performs planning, execution,technical direction, and management

• While forecasting essential traffic is animportant factor in sizing militarycommunications systems, there are otherrelevant factors. In particular, alternaterouting or added capacity must beincluded. This added capacity will allowthe C4 Systems Division (J-6) to maintaincritical communications despite possiblesystem degradation. The reliability ofuser services will vary depending onwartime conditions, the level of use, andatmospheric conditions. Planning,alternate routing, and additional systemcapacity will mitigate these fluctuationsand provide the necessary support. Theplanned capacity of the C4 systemmust meet the needs of a wartimesystem.

f. Development of Network Plan. Afterthe planners identify a system which satisfiesthe JFC’s informational requirements, theycoordinate with the transportation planners toensure a successful deployment. Finally, theybegin detailed planning to interconnectmodular C4 nodes and gateways into thesystems and the network. The network isnow defined in terms of C4 nodes, gateways,and associated systems keyed to operationalmission phases and deployment schedules.

g. Continuous Planning. C4 plannersmust continuously update their plans, evenafter implementation. C4 packages and theactivation of the C4 system must continuallybe tailored to changing mission situations.Once the C4 networks have been activated,C4 staffs must manage the existing networkand plan future actions.

6. C4 Management

Joint C4 management indicates theexercise of systems and technical controlover assigned communications systems. C4management allows the planners to maintainan accurate and detailed status of the C4network down to the modular level. C4

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functions. Figure II-4 depicts a notionalJoint Communications Control Center.

• Services and Component Management.Components and assigned supportorganizations should designate a singleoffice within their communications staffsto coordinate with the joint force staffJ-6. Component C4 organizationsshould formulate and publish plans,orders, and internal operating instructionsfor the use of their component C4systems. The Services and componentsmay have different designations for theircommunications control facilities thatmanage their deployed C4 assets. TheArmy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Navyand Joint Special Operations Task Force(JSOTF) normally refer to theircomponent communications controlcenters as systems control (SYSCON).All of the component’s technical controlfacilities perform network control andreconfiguration. For example, they

change circuit channelization, directtrouble shooting to resolve problems, andprovide status information.

b. Management Implementation. WhenC4 networks are activated, C4 planners andoperators begin monitoring the status of thesystems, networks, and nodes. Theyimplement corrective actions to restore anyoutages. User-detected C4 system problemsare reported to the user’s immediate chain ofcommand and supporting SYSCON.SYSCON directs the technical control facility.The technical control facility then resolves theproblem or coordinates with other technicalcontrol facilities and the user’s chain ofcommand to solve the problem.

• Technical control facilities continuallymonitor and evaluate the condition ofthe C4 system, with attention to suchaspects as inter-nodal connectivity,trunks, and circuits. Technical controlfacilities receive status information from

JOINT COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL CENTER

INFORMATIONWARFARE/COMMAND ANDCONTROL WARFARE CELL

LIAISON

HEADQUARTERSSUPPORT

FREQUENCYPLANNING ANDMANAGEMENT

NETWORKPLANS

NETWORKCONTROL

FUTUREOPERATIONSAND PLANS

NETWORKSCURRENT

OPERATIONS

COMPUTERSYSTEMSSUPPORT

DEFENSE INFORMATIONSYSTEMS AGENCY LIAISON

OFFICER

DIRECTOR, JOINTCOMMUNICATIONSCONTROL CENTER

COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, ANDCOMPUTER SYSTEMS DIVISION

(J - 6)

CIRCUITS

MSG SWITCH MSG SWITCH

TECHNICALCONTROLFACILITYCIRCUITS

CIRCUITSWITCH

TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS

TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS

TACTICALAUTOMATIC

SWITCHCONTROLOFFICER

COMMUNICATIONSSECURITY

MANAGEMENT

Figure II-4. Joint Communications Control Center

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the system operators and localmonitoring equipment. They regularlytest trunks and circuits for compliancewith technical and quality specifications.

• The technical control facilitiesmaintain a current status of keysystems, circuits, communications-electronics facilities, and majormodular C4 packages. The technicalcontrol facilities also report thisinformation to the JCCC and SYSCONsthrough technical management anddirection channels.

• C4 planners at the JCCC and thecomponents use status information toobtain an operational profile of the C4network and to identify problem areas

and solutions. Planners mayreconfigure the network to maintain C4connectivity and adequate user support.Status information can also assist inplanning network expansions orcontractions by identifying criticalcircuits and alternate routing.

c. The Joint Spectrum ManagementSystem (JSMS). The JSMS is a personalcomputer-based application which supportsthe JTF and component spectrum managers.This application includes a planning template,frequency assignment data base, equipmentcharacteristics data base, and a collection ofengineering tools to calculate the effects ofcurrent and proposed spectrum use on theelectromagnetic environment.

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Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIIJOINT TASK FORCE C4 EMPLOYMENT AND

MODULAR C4 PACKAGING

III-1

1. Purpose

This chapter discusses the various phasesof a joint operation and the communicationsconsideration during each phase.

2. General

a. The notional JTF used in the followingparagraphs is made up of an Army Corps, aNumbered Air Force, a Marine ExpeditionaryForce, a Navy Battle Group, and a JSOTF.

b. C4 planning takes place in unisonwith the phases of JTF operations.Applicable operational phases includepredeployment, deployment, employment,sustainment, and redeployment.

3. Predeployment

The JFC is designated and forces areassigned. The Chairman’s warning and alertorder provides the JFC with guidance toinitiate planning. The JFC issues a missionstatement and commander’s intent.Subsequent to the mission statement andcommander’s intent, the concept ofoperations is developed.

a. The C4 Objective. Produce a plan tosupport the commander’s intent, mission, andconcept of operations.

b. The C4 Method. Using the planningmethodology previously discussed in ChapterII, “Joint C4 Principles, Planning, andManagement,” the C4 planner will develop a

“rough” plan that supports the commander.Automated aids, historical data, previousexperiences, and intuitive judgment willassist in developing the initial plan.Subordinate organizations must be contactedearly in the planning process. The planningis conducted concurrently with subordinateorganizations. Joint force C4 planners supplysubordinate organizations decisions andinformation as it becomes available. Closecontact is maintained with supporting defenseagencies such as the DISA, and supportingunified commanders such as the USTransportation Command.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of theoperation will rely almost exclusively on theinstalled commercial and governmentcommunications infrastructure.

4. Deployment

The C4 system must continue to provideinformation flow to the JTF and componentcommanders, even as it purposefully deploysand large pieces of the system are movedtowards the operational area. The plan iscompleted and published. C4 assetsincrementally deploy in support of thebuild-up in the operational area. Initialtactical communications is global, butminimal in capacity. Its primary focus is ondecision support to the on-scene commander.

a. The C4 Objective. Provide for thecontinuous flow of information betweencommanders during the initial phases of theoperation.

“The Services put more electronic communication connectivity into the Gulfin 90 days than we put in Europe in 40 years.”

Lieutenant General James S. CassidyJ-6, The Joint Staff

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b. The C4 Method. Lift assets will deploythe initial JTF C4 capability. This initial C4capability is comprised of a modular packagewhich provides the commander’s voice anddata connectivity. The system is global andprovides a logical point from which toincrementally build the remainder of thesystem. The initial system is not robust andmay be severely degraded when disturbed.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of theoperation will rely on UHF satellite,commercial and/or military super highfrequency (SHF) satellite, extremely highfrequency (EHF) satellite, and othercommercial assets to support strategic andlong-haul communications requirements.VHF, HF, and UHF radios assets are usedextensively by subordinate units for internalinformation requirements.

5. Employment

The JTF and the components continue toincrementally deploy. As these assets arrive,they are added to the existing C4 system. Thesystem increases in robustness and capability.

a. The C4 Objective. Produce a C4system which provides for the automated flowand processing of information.

b. The C4 Method. As dictated by themission, commander’s intent, the concept ofoperations and, to a certain extent, lift assets,more capable C4 systems arrive and are addedto the initial network. Large capacity satellite,terrestrial switching, and transmission systemsarrive. Numerous alternate routes areestablished which substantially increase therobustness of the network. Local areanetworks (LANs) abound and connection toJTF and global wide area networks (WANs)vastly increase information flow. The networkincreases in complexity, necessitating moresophisticated systems and technical control.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of theoperation will rely on whether large capacityground mobile forces (GMF) compatible andcommercial satellite systems will connect tothe global grid. SHF and UHF terrestrialmulti-channel radio will connect voice anddata via digital switches and technical controlfacilities. Maximum use is made of existingcommercial and government systems.

6. Sustainment

Improvements are made to the C4 system.Changes in operation plans are accommodatedusing the in-place C4 system as the departurepoint. Repair parts and consumables, toinclude those necessary for preventive androutine maintenance, become an increasingconcern.

a. The C4 Objective. Sustain and improvethe automated flow and processing ofinformation to the commanders.

b. The C4 Method. As guided by thecontinuing mission, the needs of thecommander, and the users, changes are madeto the constructed C4 systems. These changesimprove the overall capacity of the system toseamlessly and transparently moveinformation among components and nationalorganizations. Less-than-perfect circuitdesign is corrected. As design faults arecorrected and the C4 system becomesincreasingly reliable, attention is turned tothose actions which will keep the systemfunctioning. Preventive and routinemaintenance, stockage of spare and/or repairparts and consumables demand increasingattention.

c. The C4 Means. JCCC directs changesin the C4 system in response to changingmission requirements and user demands orcomplaints. Technical control facilities takeon an increasingly important role as they make

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Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4 Packaging

changes in the established systems withoutinterrupting service to the customers. Organicand common-user transportation assets moveconsumable and repair parts to establishedrepair facilities.

7. Redeployment

As in the predeployment phase, planningis the most important part of the redeployment.The C4 system must continue to provideinformation flow to the commanders, even asit purposefully disengages and large piecesof the system are removed and returned.

a. The C4 Objective. Disassemble andreturn the unnecessary C4 systems whilesimultaneously providing automatedinformation flow and processing to the JFC.

b. The C4 Method. The easiest way tovisualize the redeployment phase is to playthe previous three phases in reverse.Sustainment capability will decrease.Redundant systems will redeploy, followedby the high capacity satellite and terrestrialsystems. In the final days of this phase, theC4 systems may look very similar to that

which originally deployed. Planning is ascritical for the smooth redeployment of a C4system as it was for the initial deployment.

c. The C4 Means. The original commercialand government infrastructure should supportas much of the C4 redeployment as possible.Lacking such an infrastructure, the lastsystems to redeploy will likely be the mobile,easily transportable assets, such as UHFsingle-channel and small SHF satelliteterminals.

8. Summary

The five phases of JTF operations arehighly situation- and mission-dependent.Timelines between phases may be severelycompressed, with the actual deploymentoccurring prior to completion of all of thepredeployment planning. Employmentmight follow so quickly on the heels ofdeployment as to appear simultaneous.Redeployment could easily be thepredeployment phase of a follow-onoperation. In other words, these phases donot follow each other in lock-step. They do,however, provide a benchmark, a guide post,for the JFC and J-6 planner.

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Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IVC4 SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT

IV-1

1. Purpose

This chapter describes major related C4systems and organizations which may beemployed in support of joint operations.

2. General

The JFC has the requirement to exchangeinformation with the establishing authority,components, DISA, home station, USDepartment of State representatives in the hostnation, internal joint forces, and multinationalforces. After identifying the necessary supportrequirements, the C4 planner will select thesystem that supports the JFC’s operationalneeds. The following are some of the C4systems which are available to the JFC andhis C4 planners.

3. Defense-Wide and Joint C4Systems

a. Defense Information Infrastructure.The defense information infrastructureencompasses the information transfer,processing, storage, manipulation, retrieval,and display resources of the Departmentof Defense. The defense informationinfrastructure is the interconnected system ofcomputers, communications equipment, data,applications, security, people, training, andother support structures which serve the localand worldwide information needs of theDepartment of Defense. The defense

“No matter where we fight in the future, no matter what the circumstances,we will fight as a joint team. We will have fingers on the team that areindividual Services, but when it comes to the fight we want the closed,clenched fist of American military power. The days of single Service warfareare gone forever.”

Admiral David E. Jeremiah, USNVice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 12 June 1993

information infrastructure connects usersthrough voice, data, video, and multimediaservices.

b. Defense Information SystemsNetwork (DISN). The DISN is asubelement of the defense informationinfrastructure. The DISN provides theend-to-end, consolidated worldwidetelecommunications infrastructure forinformation transfer in support of militaryoperations. Its operation is not overtlyapparent to end users. It facilitates informationresource management and is responsive tonational security and defense needs under allconditions. The DISN will establish aseamless, secure, robust, agile, reliable, and cost-effective telecommunications network that willsatisfy all of the DOD end-to-end informationneeds. This C4 system will allow the JFC toglobally focus his efforts at the point ofconflict and dominate the battlespace.

• The DISN provides long haul, end-to-end common-user and dedicated voice,data, and video service. It provides theconnectivity for secure and nonsecurecommunications. The DISN architectureprescribes a global network whichintegrates existing DISA assets, militaryand commercial satellite communications,and leased telecommunications servicesas well as the existing worldwidetelecommunications infrastructure.

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c. Federal Telecommunications System(FTS) 2000. FTS 2000 is the telephone anddata system of the US Government. It isinteroperable with DISN and the DefenseCommercial Telecommunications Networkin the con t inen ta l United States(CONUS), Hawai i , and the U Sterri tories. The General ServicesAdministration participates in managementof FTS 2000. FTS 2000 provides thefollowing services to the Department ofDefense.

• Switching and transmission service forcommon-user voice.

• Transmission of compressed and full-motion video.

• Switching and transmission service forraw or packeted data.

• Switching and transmission service forsystems requiring high data rates or theuse of the Integrated Services DataNetwork.

d. Secure Voice System (SVS). The SVSuses the transmission and switchingcapabilities of the DISN and the public packetswitched network to provide an improvedworldwide secure voice capability. SVSimproves the DOD worldwide secure voicecapabilities by using secure telephone unit III(STU III) terminals and expanding the numberof subscribers, via bridges, to the Defense RedSwitch Network. SVS also provides point-to-point secure voice, secure conferencecalling, and interface capabilities in supportof the National Command Authorities (NCA)and the Department of Defense.

e. Automatic D i g i t a l N e t w o r k(AUTODIN). AUTODIN is a store-and-forward message switching networkcontrolled by DISA. It is designed to meetthe operational requirements of theDepartment of Defense. AUTODIN consists

of AUTODIN switching centers, Service andDefense agency processing facilities, and avariety of terminal facilities. AutomatedMessage Processing Exchanges (AMPEs)provide limited switching functions forattached AUTODIN terminals. Additionally,AMPEs provide for the conversion ofdestination names into internal AUTODINaddresses and the criteria based distribution ofmessages. Local and unit telecommunicationscenters are the principal entry and exit pointsfor AUTODIN messages.

f. Defense Message System (DMS).DMS consists of all hardware, software,procedures, standards, facilities, and personnelused to exchange messages electronically.DMS combines messaging and electronicmail using x.400 protocol and addressingx.500 directory service to increase the speedand capacity of messaging. DMS addsreliability, security, and a worldwide directorycapability supporting the interface of tacticalmessage systems with commercial and alliedmessage systems. DMS will be the onlymessage system in the Department ofDefense.

g. Defense Data Transport. The defensedata transport is composed of three separatenetworks: Military Net - unclassified level,Internet Protocol Router Network(NIPRNET) - Sensitive but Unclassified,Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET- Secret Level), Joint Worldwide IntelligenceCommunications System (JWICS - TopSecret Level). User communities areseparated based on security levels and highspeed commercial carriers. Each classifiedsubnet is protected by encryption devices oneach trunk. The means for achieving themulti-level network include special securitydevices at the user system connection points.Special security devices are also used atpacket switched nodes and the automated keydistribution centers. This approach convertsolder, physically separated networks intologically separate subnetworks.

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h. Global Command and ControlSystem (GCCS)

• GCCS is the key command, control,communications, computers andintelligence (C4I) system in satisfying theC4I for the Warrior concept. It providesa fused picture of the battlespace withina modern C4 system capable of meetingwarfighter needs into the 21st century.GCCS incorporates the core planning andassessment tools required by combatantcommanders and their subordinate JFCsand meets the readiness supportrequirements of the Services. In movingthe joint C2 support capability into themodern era of a client-server openarchitecture, GCCS brings to the ongoingDOD C4I migration strategy theessential tools for the Services andagencies to successfully reduce the largenumber of systems in use today. GCCSis a user-focused program under theoversight of the Office of the Secretaryof Defense and the Joint Staff.

• At each GCCS site, one applicationserver is configured as the executivemanager (EM) providing LAN desktopservices. It also hosts applications notloaded on the data base server. The EMserver acts as the user interface,providing access to GCCS applicationsthrough user identification and discretepasswords. GCCS software applicationsare categorized in four groups: Kernel,Common Operating Environment( C O E ) , c o m m o n , a n d m i s s i o napplications.

i. Military Satellite CommunicationsArchitecture. As indicated by Figure IV-1the military satellite communicationsarchitecture provides a wide range ofcapabilities to the JFC and the C4 planner.The architecture consists of both commercialand military satellite capabilities. No onesub-architecture can effectively satisfy the

wide range of communications servicesrequired by the Department of Defense andagencies. Access to Military SatelliteCommunications (MILSATCOM) isgoverned by CJCS Memorandum of Policy37, “Military Satellite CommunicationsSystems.”

• The UHF Satellite CommunicationsSystem is comprised of the fleet satellites(FLTSATs), leased satellites (LEASATs),Gapfiller satellites, and UHF-Follow On(UFO) satellites. These satellites arepositioned to provide UHF satellitecommunications from 70 degrees northand 70 degrees south latitudes over fourservice areas: CONUS, Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean.The constellation requires two satellitesin each service area. The system providesa variety of low capacity long haul, point-to-point, broadcast, and netted single-channel communication links amongmobile and shore units. Each UFO satelliteprovides 39 discrete channels withfrequencies ranging from 240 to 320megahertz (MHz). Selected UFO flightswill include an EHF package compatiblewith Military Strategic and Tactical RelaySystem (MILSTAR).

• Defense Satellite CommunicationsSystem (DSCS). DSCS provides multi-channel communications services and isthe only DOD-wholly-owned militarylong-haul communications system. Itprovides worldwide, responsive, wideband and, under special circumstances,portions of DSCS and can provide anti-jam service satellite communicationssupporting critical national, strategic, andtactical C4 requirements. DSCS is thebackbone for high-capacity C2,intelligence, and multi-channelcommunications service among usersworldwide, to include the NCA, theWhite House Communications Agency,Diplomatic Telecommunications Service,

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the Department of Defense, nationalgovernment agencies, and our allies.The DSCS constellation consists of fiveprimary DSCS-III satellites and sixresidual satellites, (DSCS-III and DSCS-II). DSCS III supports jam-resistantsecure communications for emergencyaction message dissemination, missilewarning, integrated tactical warning andattack assessment information, andNCA, Joint Chiefs of Staff , andcombatant commander conferencecalling. The mission of the DSCS is tosupport the tactical, deployed warfighter.The Navy uses DSCS to provide high-capacity communications to capitalships. Joint force elements shouldconsider satisfying long-haul strategicrequirements with commercial systemsbefore turning to the DSCS, as DSCS isoriented toward forward deployedoperational forces.

• Military Strategic and Tactical RelaySystem. The MILSTAR satellite systemprovides a survivable and enduringwarning to and control of strategic forcesduring and after nuclear attack. Inaddition, MILSTAR provides robustcommunications to tactical forces and isless susceptible to nuclear effects orjamming than DSCS. To ensurecontinued availability, MILSTARsatellites incorporate a variety ofsurvivability features. MILSTARprovides significant protected mediumdata rate capability to deployedoperational forces and extendsMILSATCOM support to Army echelonsbelow corps. Polar EHF coveragerequirements are satisfied by payloadson polar host satellites.

• Global Broadcast Service (GBS). GBSprovides a revolutionary advancement in

DSCS

EHF

MILSTAR

SHF

TACSAT -

UHF

- DefenseSatelliteCommunications System

- Extremely HighFrequency

- MilitaryStrategic & TacticalRelay System

- Super-HighFrequency

TacticalSatellite

- Ultra-HighFrequency

MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

MOBILITY CAPACITY

SURVIVABILITY

UHF SHF

UHF(TACSAT)

SHF(DSCS)

EHF(Milstar)

Commercial

Each System Provides Unique Advantages

Figure IV-1. Military Satellite Communications Architecture

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satellite communications. GBS fills twokey needs of the warfighter. It provideshigh data rate service to many users atonce and high delivery rates to verysmall, low cost user receive-onlyterminals. GBS reduces the need to sendinformation more than once to reachmultiple users and thus reduces theo v e r a l l b u r d e n o n e x i s t i n gcommunications means. No othercurrent DOD satellite provides thiscapability. The interim GBS capabilityconsists of four high-capacitytransponders on selected UFO satellites.

• Commercial Satellite Communications.The joint force’s growing communicationsrequirements will increase reliance on theuse of commercial satellite systems. Theuse of commercial satellite communicationsrequires advance p lanning andcoordination with DISA. DISA managesleasing arrangements, host-nationapproval, and frequency allocation.Lease and operating costs must beconsidered and added to operationalplanning documents. The CommercialSatellite Commercial Initiative bulkleases commercial transponders for directmanagement by the Department ofDefense through a BroadcastManagement Center. This arrangementreduces costs and increasesresponsiveness to changing DODneeds. The primary commercialsatellites used by the Department ofDefense are InternationalTelecommunications Satellite (INTELSAT)and INMARSAT.

•• International TelecommunicationsSatellites. INTELSAT is an internationalenterprise of over 120 member countriesand is the largest commercial system inthe world. Its network consists ofsatellites in geosynchronous orbit overthe Atlantic, Pacific, and the IndianOcean areas. INTELSAT currently has

19 satellites on-orbit and is projecting afleet of 33 by 1997. Commercial satellite(COMSAT) is the US signatory andowns just over 20% of the INTELSATsystems. There is nothing in theINTELSAT agreement that prevents theDepartment of Defense from using thissystem for military purposes, and thePresident has emergency powers overCOMSAT’s facilities and operations.

•• International Maritime SatelliteSystem. With headquarters in London,England, the INMARSAT organizationhas 74 member nations. It operates aconstellation of four satellites and leasedtransponders on other commercialsatellites. Originally designed formaritime use, INMARSAT has grown tobe a popular system for mobileapplications. There are restrictionsconcerning the use of INMARSAT bycombatant elements. Planning shouldconsider these restrictions listed in thereference INMARSAT Convention, 16Jul 79.

j. Department of Defense IntelligenceInformation System (DODIIS). DODIISis a worldwide computer network whichlinks intelligence data handling systems.These systems support the collection,production, and dissemination of variousdefense intelligence products. DODIISconsists of approximately 40 nodes and ischaracterized by various means of intelligenceinput processing, including imageryexploitation, electronic intelligence,communications intelligence, and humanintelligence.

k. Defense Special Security CommunicationsSystem (DSSCS). The DSSCS uses the samesystems as the AUTODIN. Traffic separationis provided at the various AUTODINswitches. The Critical IntelligenceCommunications Network and the SpecialIntelligence Communications Network are

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both part of DSSCS. The special intelligencecommunication network is a dedicated familyof circuits, terminals, and facilities that servethe Special Security Office functions at mostmajor headquarters worldwide.

l. Joint Wor ldwide In te l l igenceCommunications System. JWICS is highspeed (up to T-1/1.544 megabytes per second[Mbps]) communications system designed toprovide secure, top secret and sensitivecompartmented information (SCI) data,interactive video teleconferencing, and videobroadcasting capabilities subscribers.Subscribers to the system includes the unifiedcommands, subordinate componentcommands of the unified commands,designated joint task forces, the Services,Service intelligence centers, science andtechnology intelligence centers, DODagencies (e.g., Defense Intelligence Agency[DIA], Defense Mapping Agency, NationalSecurity Agency), and selected non-DODagencies (e.g., Department of State, FederalEmergency Management Agency, and theWhite House). Video-capable subscribers willbe able to conduct interactive, point-to-point,and multi-point video teleconferences withany one or combination of subscriber(s). Allsites will have the capability to receive high-speed data transmissions (including bulk datafiles) and imagery. Sites will have access todata bases and will be capable of electronicpublishing, in conjunction with the JointDeployable Intelligence Support System(JDISS). INTELINK, available via JWICS,is an automated intelligence dissemination andcollaboration medium that uses Internettechnology in a secure communicationsenvironment. INTELINK provides uniformmethods for exchanging intelligence amongproviders, and between providers and usersof intelligence. INTELINK servers areupdated periodically with a variety ofintelligence products including video,imagery, and current as well as long-termintelligence production. Deployable JWICSare also available to support contingency

operations. The JWICS gives Indications andWarning centers, Joint Intelligence Centers,and watch centers, including appropriatelyequipped ships afloat, the ability to share anddiscuss time-critical information worldwide.The JWICS uses primarily commercialsatellite communications in combination withterrestrial transmission media. It alsointerfaces with the Washington, D.C., area’sSecure Video Teleconferencing System andcan transmit in collateral and SCI modes. DIAis the JWICS program manager.

m. Joint Deployable IntelligenceSupport System. JDISS is a standard UNIXmultifunctional workstation. JDISS usescommercial off-the-shelf hardware andsoftware to provide a consistent user interfaceand interoperable applications acrosscommands. JDISS is the joint standardworkstation for DOD intelligence. All unifiedcommands and subordinate commands useJDISS.

n. Frequency Resource RecordSystem (FRRS). FRRS is a virtual addressextension and/or video management systemapplication to support national andcombatant commander frequencymanagers. It includes a frequencyassignment data base, a proposalpreparation and validation capability, DefenseSecure Network connectivity, and proposalcoordination and approval notification.

o. Global Positioning System (GPS).GPS provides users with their latitude,longitude, altitude, and velocity. Secondly,GPS detects nuclear detonations and transmitsthe detonation locations and characteristics toproper authorities. Finally, GPS providesprecise global time.

p. Defense Satellite Program (DSP).DSP is a space-based satellite systemdesigned to detect and report missilelaunches. Launch data is down-linked toprocessing stations, evaluated, then

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forwarded to strategic and theater users.Primary means of disseminating launchinformation to the geographic combatantcommanders is from US Space Command’s(USSPACECOM’s) Theater Event System overtwo separate UHF broadcast systems.

q. Defense Meteorological SatelliteProgram (DMSP). The only DOD weathersatellite system, DMSP provides a 1400nautical mile swath coverage twice daily.Weather images (infrared and visual) aretransmitted real time to tactical receiversduring each satellite pass. Informationprovided includes atmospheric moisturealtitude profile, cloud cover and environmentalinformation.

r. Fleet Satellite Communications System iscomprised of the FLTSATs, LEASATs,GAPFILLERs, and UFO satellites. Thesesatellites are positioned to provide UHFsatellite communications from 70 degreesnorth to 70 degrees south latitudes over fourareas of service: CONUS, Atlantic Ocean,Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Thesystem provides a variety of long haul, point-to-point broadcast and netted single-channelcommunication links among mobile and shoreunits. The US Navy and other DOD usersinterface through the Fleet SatelliteCommunications system into the DISN andthe Naval Telecommunication System.

• The LEASATs are leased commercialsatellites designed as a supplementalsystem augmenting the FLTSATs toensure fulfillment of non-strategicMILSATCOM requirements. EachLEASAT provides users 13 discretechannels with frequencies ranging from240 to 320 Mhz.

• The GAPFILLERs are leased UHFpayloads on maritime satellites as atemporary service designed to fill the“gap” in UHF MILSATCOM betweenthe previous TACSATs and the FLTSATs.

s. Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN). PSTN is routinely used by themilitary for a myriad of purposes. The PSTNis a highly competitive but smoothlyintegrated mix of long-distance carriers,regional operating companies, and localservice providers. Alongside familiartechnologies such as secure and nonsecurevoice and FAX, military users increasinglydepend on new categories of service,including pagers, cellular telephones, highcapacity data links such as fractional T-1,T-3, Integrated Services Digital Network,Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and videoteleconferencing.

t. Submarine Cable. Submarine cable isone of the oldest, most reliable long-haulcommunications systems available.Submarine cable systems are used as part ofthe DISN system and provide links fromCONUS to Europe, the Caribbean, and thePacific.

u. Improved Emergency Message AutoTransmission System (IEMATS). IEMATSprovides the Joint Staff and single integratedoperations plan combatant commanders withautomated emergency action messageprocessing capability. IEMATS allows rapidcomposition, review, release, receipt, andacknowledgment of emerging actionsmessages and automatic injection intosupporting C4 transmissions means.

4. Service C4 Systems

C4 service systems support strategic-through tactical-level requirementsincluding satellite earth terminals andtelecommunications facilities.

a. Army Systems

• Army operational- through tactical-levelC4 systems are designed to support unitsfrom an Army Forces (ARFOR)headquarters down to the rifle squad. To

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meet these divergent organizationalneeds for voice, message, video and data,the Army relies upon three primarytactical communications systems: Tri-Service tactical communications (TRI-TAC) for echelon above corps, mobilesubscriber equipment (MSE) for corpsand division-size units (with networkaccess extending down to brigade andbattalion level), and Single-ChannelGround and Airborne Radio System(SINCGARS) for combat, combatsupport, and combat service support unitsat brigade, battalion, and lower levels.

• To meet the Army Service componentcommand or numbered Army crisis C2,the Army deploys a uniquely designedsignal company, the Power-PacCompany. This company includes long-haul military and commercial satellitecommunications that interface withcommercial and JTF networks. Thisincludes single-channel (UHF andINMARSAT) radio and tri-bandcommercial satellite terminals. Thecommercial satellites operate in the C- andKu-bands while the military SHF satellites(DSCS) operates in the X-band. TRI-TACand commercial switching equipment willinterface with joint communications. Inaddition, modern computers that switchdata from within the theater to CONUS ispart of the equipment suite.

• The TRI-TAC trunking and switchingnetworks at Army Service componentcommand or numbered Army, echelonabove corps, and the MSE radiotelephone and/or packet switchingsystem at corps, division, and/or brigadeechelons provide the existing backbonenetwork for Army C4I. These systemsperform circuit or packet switching andhandle user-operated radios or wire linevoice, record, data, and facsimile traffic.TRI-TAC can also perform messageswitching using the AN/TYC-39.

• In a joint environment, the Army’s voice,message, and data traffic is routed fromsubordinate echelons through the Armyforce headquarters to the JTF switches,and into the DISN over commercial ormilitary satellite systems. The ARFORcan also route trunks directly from anoperations area into the DISN using itsown GMF satellite communications orcommercial satellite equipment. Usually,some trunks on Army systems aredesignated as joint circuits and are usedby the JTF, other Services, and specialoperations forces (SOF).

• With the appropriate crypto keys, ArmyMSE operates up to the top secret level.TRI-TAC can operate at the top secretand compartmented levels.

b. Navy Systems

• Command Inform ation System.Command information system is thecommand, control, and intelligenceimplementation of the Navy’sCOPERNICUS strategy for a commonC4I architecture to provide the commontactical picture. Command Informationsystem uses a COE, common applicationprogramming interfaces, commonintegration standards for developers anda common human and/or computerinterface to ensure modularity andfunctional interoperability betweenvarious applications at all levels ofcommand.

• Navy Tactical Command System-Afloat (NTCS-A). NTCS-A is the afloatsegment of the command informationsystem architecture and is GCCS COE-compliant. It provides the tacticalcommander with timely, accurate, andcomplete all-source informationmanagement, display, and disseminationcapabilities. These include multi-sourcedata fusion and distribution of

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command, surveillance, and intelligencedata and imagery to support warfaremission assessment, planning, andexecution.

• Joint Tactical Information DistributionSystem (JTIDS). JTIDS/Link-16 is ahigh capacity digital informationdistribution system that provides rapid,secure, jam-resistant (frequency hopping)communications, navigation, andidentification capabilities to tactical users.

• Joint Maritime CommunicationsSystem (JMCOMS). JMCOMSprovides an integrated network managerand associated interfaces to dynamicallymanage afloat radio frequency (RF)bandwidth requirements over the entireRF spectrum in use by forces afloat. Bystandardizing the way in which allcomputer data (tactical, messaging,administrative) is packetized, theshipboard integrated network managermay then determine, using variouscriteria (priority, amount, address), overwhat RF media the data will be routedautomatically. This will provide a tacticalInternet Protocol network to forces afloat.In addition, the integrated networkmanager will also implement anautomated tactical voice and videonetwork.

• Digital Wideband Transmission System(DWTS). DWTS provides secure, bulk-encrypted voice and data, ship-to-shipand ship-to-shore communication at datarates up to 2.048 Mbps, operating overUHF line-of-sight (LOS). This systemis also capable of supporting conditioneddiphase, fu l l duplex, TRI-TACcommunications. DWTS provides thenecessary communications path tosupport joint task force, amphibious taskforce, and landing force staffs in theplanning and execution of expeditionarywarfare operations.

• Challenge Athena provides full duplex,commercial satellite T-1 throughput toafloat warfighters. It allows shipboardcommunicators to allocate bandwidthand channel assignments to fit missionpriorities.

c. Air Force Systems

• Air Force C4 systems provide supportfrom strategic to tactical levels, includingthe support of the DISN and a major rolesupporting the orbital management andcontrol of space-based C4 resources.

• The Air Combat Command’s WingInitial Communications Packages and theAir Mobility Command’s Mobility InitialCommunications Kits will deploy tosupport the air wings. The Wing InitialCommunications Package includes asmall group of communicators andlightweight communications equipmentfor initial installation at a deployed airbase. The equipment comprises bothsingle- and multi-channel satellitesystems for the transmission of voice,message, and data. The equipment alsoincludes secure and nonsecure telephoneand facsimile equipment. Once the initialdeployment is completed, elements of theCombat Communications Groups, the3rd at Tinker AFB, OK, and the 5th atWarner Robins AFB, GA, (augmentedby eight Air National Guard combatCommunications Groups), will deploymore capable communications equipmentto support the mission.

• The Air Force, like the Army, is replacingolder TRI-TAC AN/TTC-39 voice andAN/TYC-39 message switches and theAN/TSC-94/-100 GMF satellitecommunications terminals with state-of-the-art digital equipment. It is procuringcommercial telephone switches andlightweight, multi-band satelliteterminals. The switches are capable of

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entering the DISN or PSTN. The multi-band satellite equipment is capable ofoperating in the C-, Ku-, or X-bands. Thesatellite equipment provides integralvoice and data switching capability.

• The Theater Air Control System (TACS)provides the Air Force componentcommander and the joint force aircomponent commander with thecapability to plan and conduct theaterair operations. Ground elements of theTACS include the Air OperationsCenter, Air Support Operations Center,Tactical Air Control Party, and Controland Reporting Center and/or Element.Airborne elements include the JointSurveillance and Target Attack RadarSystem, Airborne Warning and ControlSystem, Airborne Battlefield Commandand Control Center, Forward AirController Airborne, and Tactical AirController Airborne. The AirOperations Center is the senior elementof the TACS.

d. The Air Operations Center

• The Air Operations Center replaces theTactical Air Control Center.

• When providing service to the JTF AirForce component commander, the AirOperations Center may require satellitelinks back to the unified command AirForce component commander. Currently,these “Reachback” links are providedthrough the DSCS satellite system orcommercial satellite equipment.

• Multiband Satellite Terminals andTheater-Deployable Communicationspackages provide connectivity tocommercial and DISN networks anddeployed wing locations. TRI-TACequipment will provide connectivity tothe JTF and other Service componentheadquarters.

• Communications with and from the AirForce Combat Control Teams to theArmy and Marine Corps units includeHF radio and UHF single channelsatellite for long-haul communications.UHF and VHF LOS communicationsequipment provide for air-to-groundoperations.

• The Theater Battle Management CoreSystem supports the Air OperationsCenter by providing force level planningand execution through the ContingencyTheater Automated Planning System,Wing Command and Control System,global mobility command and controlthrough the Command and ControlInformation Processing System, andtheater-wide intelligence analysis anddissemination through the CombatIntelligence System capabilities.

e. Marine Corps Communications

• The Marine Corps’ combat-ready FleetMarine Forces are organized into Marineair-ground task forces (MAGTFs). AllMAGTFs consist of a command element,ground combat element, aviation combatelement, and a combat service supportelement. MAGTFs can be task-organizedas required.

• At the MAGTF headquarters level, andin some cases at subordinate elementleve ls , Mar ine Corps tac t i ca lcommunications can interface with theDISN, the Naval TelecommunicationsSystem, and with other US militarytactical communications systems.

• GMF satellite equipment is organic to aMarine expeditionary force. Duringcontingency operations, the MAGTFheadquarters can connect to DISNcommon-user services through a GMFsatellite gateway or HF radio link. Thelimited information throughput of HF

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radio usually precludes HF radio as theprimary DISN entry for large MAGTFs.GMF satellite equipment is also used tointerconnect widely dispersed subordinateelements with headquarters. A JTF’ssubordinate MAGTF, which is locatedbeyond the terrestrial wide band multi-channel range, wi l l a lso beinterconnected by a satellite link. The GMFequipment used to establish the JTF-MAGTF communications link is normallyprovided by the JTF from JCSE assets.

• A MAGTF may enter the NavalTelecommunications System by way ofa transportable Common-User DigitalInformation Exchange System or by HFradio to the Naval Computer andTelecommunications Area Master Station.Deployable UHF satellite systems alsoallow access to the Navy’s High SpeedFleet Broadcast and Fleet Secure Voicecommunications systems.

• A MAGTF and its subordinate elementsare equipped with TRI-TAC compatiblecircuit switches and the Unit LevelCircuit Switch. These switches are linkedby a digital wide band terrestrialbackbone consisting of LOS equipmentand troposcatter systems. Using thisequipment, a deployed MAGTFpossesses a high-capacity digitalswitching and trunking system capableof providing the MAGTF commanderand subordinate elements with securevoice, data, facsimile, and messagingcapabilities. This digital network isinteroperable with TRI-TAC and,through an appropriate gateway, withDISN.

• MAGTF elements also possess a varietyof single-channel combat net radios thatinclude VHF SINCGARS, portable and

vehicular-mounted HF sets, portable andshelter-mounted LOS radios, and single-channel satellite UHF radios.Additionally, the Marine Corps will fieldHAVE QUICK compatible UHF radios.

• The Marine Air Command and ControlSystem has been in existence since themid-1960s and is still the principalMAGTF Aviation Combat Elementcommand and control system.Compatible with the Navy Tactical DataSystem, the Marine Air Command andControl System uses standard data linksto exchange and process aviation combatinformation between Marine, Navy, AirForce, Army anti-air combat units, andNorth Atlantic Treaty Organizationcombat aviation and aviation commandand control facilities.

5. The Joint Staff

Under the direction of the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, the Joint Staff develops,recommends, and coordinates policies for C4systems and assets controlled by theChairman. The J-6 develops and coordinatespolicies, maintains surveillance over thereadiness of these assets, and developsrecommendations for tasking these assets.The Operations Division (J-3) establishespriorities for competing requirements andmakes recommendations when requests do notcomply with established policy. The J-3 alsodirects the deployment of JCSE assets afterproper approval. CJCS Instruction 6110.01,“CJCS-Controlled Tactical CommunicationsAssets,” governs the deployment of C4 assetscontrolled by the Chairman. CJCSI 6110.01,“CJCS-Controlled Tactical CommunicationsAssets,” also provides a detailed descriptionof how to obtain support and the scaleablecapabilities of significant C4 assets,specifically the JCSE.

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APPENDIX AC4 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

A-1

1. Purpose

This appendix provides C4 planners withquestions to assist their planning efforts. Thelist is by no means definitive. It simply servesas a starting point.

2. General

a. C4 planning is inextricably linked withoperations planning. The goal of C4 planningis to support mission accomplishment. Themental process C4 planners use is generallythe same regardless of the mission orgeographical area. Although the checklist hasa joint perspective, it can be applied to otherC4 staffs — single-Service, subordinatecomponent, and multinational.

b. Numerous sources of information maybe used to answer the checklist questions. Thefollowing list is representative.

• Existing operation plans and operationorders.

• The JFC’s planning guidance, estimate,intent, and concept of operations.

• Area studies.

• Unit files.

• CJCSM 6230.01, “C4 Planners Handbook.”

• CJCSM 6231, “Manual for EmployingJoint Tactical Communications.”

• CJCSM 6230.04, “Manual forEmp loy ing Revised BattlefieldElectronic CEOI Systems.”

• CJCSM 6230.05, “Joint Have QuickPlanners Manual.”

• DISA Contingency Plan 10-95.

• “Joint Communications Support ElementPlanning Guide.”

• Lessons-learned data bases fromprevious operations and exercises,especially the Joint Universal LessonsLearned System.

• Systems Description Document VolumeI & II.

• Time-phased force and deployment dataand time-phased force and deployment list.

• Joint Pub 5-00.2 “Joint Task ForcePlanning Guidance and Procedures.”

3. Common Questions

These questions apply to any mission. Theyelicit background information, and eachserves as a data point to answer otherquestions.

a. Parameters

• What is the JTF mission?

• What is the signal and/orcommunications unit mission?

• What is the geographic operational area?

• What is the JFC’s estimate of the missionand vision (intent and concept ofoperations) to accomplish it?

• What are the JFC’s C4 requirements?

• Who are the subordinate component andsupporting forces? What are thecommand relationships?

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• How will the forces deploy (means oftransport), and what is the deploymenttime line?

• Are there any transport and/or liftrestrictions (availability of assets,departure and arrival locations)?

• Are there any satellite landing rights?

• When are the operations planningmeetings scheduled? How will C4planning meetings fit into this schedule?Has DISA been involved regardingcoordination of technical requirements?

• Are there any planning constraints?

• Are there any special C4 requirements?Who has them?

• What national space-based assets arerequired and/or available to support theoperation? Has a USSPACECOM JointSpace Support Team been contacted?

• What C4 capabilities are available tothe joint force: SHF and/or UHFcommercial sate l l i te , DSCS, f leetsatel l i te communications, MILSTARsatellite terminals, JWICS, MILSTAR,HF and VHF radio, tropospheric andLOS microwave systems, LANs andWANs, AUTODIN, DISN, land mobileradio, personal communicationssystems?

• What frequencies are available for thejoint operations area?

• What are the general communicationssecurity (COMSEC) requirements? Willthe Intertheater CommunicationsSecurity Package (ICP) be used? Whowill draft the callout message?

• Who is the potential adversary? Whatare their capabilities to conduct offensive

information warfare? Does a joint forceplan exist to counter the threat?

• What are the releasability requirementsfor multinational operations?

b. Subordinate Component Forces

• Where will their C4 nodes be located?

• What are their C4 requirements?

• What are their C4 capabilities?

• What type of C4 systems do they have(power, frequency bands, interoperableand compatible with other subordinatecomponents’ equipment, mobility)?

• Who is the component C4 staff point ofcontact for planning and technicalmanagement and direction?

• Are there any special C4 requirementsresulting from the mission and the JFC’sestimate, intent, and concept of operations?

• Are subordinate and supporting C4 plansconsistent with the supported JFC’s C4plan?

c. Supporting Forces and Activities

• What is the mission of the supportingforces and/or activities (this includesallies and coalitions)?

• What are their C4 capabilities?

• What information does the supportedJFC need from the supporting forces and/or activities (intelligence, weather,imagery, mapping, deployment) and howwill it be accessed?

• What C4 support will the supportingforces or activities require from thesupported JFC?

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C4 Planning Considerations

d. Non-organic C4

• DISA

•• Does the operational area have aDISA Regional Control Center or fieldoffice?

•• Who is the DISA point of contact?

•• What is the DISN infrastructure in theoperational area?

•• Are sufficient gateways available?What are the interface requirements toaccess the gateways? Is the equipmentavailable?

•• Is Telecommunications ServiceProvisioning and/or National SecurityEmergency Preparedness involvingauthority provided and current?

•• What are the anticipated DSCS andcommercial satellite requirements?

•• Has modeling of space networks beeninitiated by DISA?

• Commercial Networks

•• Are commercial networks availablefor use? Who can approve access tothem? Are funds available? Has DISAbeen contacted to ensure required leadtimes for normal allocations? (1)Satellite (2) Data (3) Voice?

•• What special interfaces are requiredto access the commercial network andwhere are the access points?

•• What are the locations and types ofswitches in the commercial network?What are their technical parameters?

•• Where are the locations and typesof systems providing the backbonetransmission network?

•• What type of power is used — voltage,current, commercial grid, or generator?

•• Does the operational area have acellular network? What are thetransmission media, frequency band, andinterface requirements? What are thesystem standards? Is the system availablefor use?

• CJCS Controlled C4 Assets

•• What CJCS controlled assets areavailable?

•• What capabilities are available?

•• Will JCSE support be required in theoperational area, or will other defense andcommercial assets be sufficient?

•• Will JCSE support be needed for enroute communications?

•• Has a CJCSI 6110.01, “CJCS-Controlled Tactical CommunicationsAssets,” support request for CJCScontrolled C4 assets been submitted?

•• What are the JCSE’s logistic supportand electrical power requirements?

•• What are the JCSE airliftconsiderations, allocations, and/orpriority?

• Other C4 Support

•• Is C4 support needed from specializedcommunications units?

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•• Who are the points of contact (POCs),and what are the request procedures?

•• What are the units’ C4 capabilitiesand limitations?

4. Planning Activities

This paragraph assumes that the basicquestions have been answered and covershigh-level and detailed C4 planning.Although these functions are listed separately,they are concurrent rather than sequentialactions. The planners interact to refine theplanning products, C4 estimates, Annex K,and JCEOI.

a. High Level Planning

• What nodes will be necessary to providea global C4 network and where will theybe located?

• Which nodes will have to be connected?

• What transmission media will be used tointerconnect the nodes?

• What types of C4 equipment will belocated at each node (equipment strings,interoperability of the equipment)?

• What are the frequency requirements foreach node? How will the frequencies beallotted (joint, multinational, andsubordinate components)? Are therepotential frequency conflicts?

• What are the call signs and/or words foreach node?

• What units will provide, install,operate, and maintain the equipmentfor each node? What is theiroperational readiness status?

• What lift assets are available to deploythese units? When will the units deploy

and activate the nodes or network?

• Is the deployment schedule of C4 assetsconsistent with the phases of the plan?Will it permit the provision of C4 supportwhen and where needed?

• What is the phased buildup of C4I in theoperational area?

• Has C4 scheduling information beenadded to the time-phased force anddeployment data and/or time-phasedforce and deployment list?

• Have the JFC and J-3 been informed ofpotential C4 shortfalls and recommendedsolutions?

• How will keying material be managed(order ing, generat ion, stor ing,distribution, transferal, and destruction)?What are the procedures for handlingcompromises? Is a COMSEC logisticsmanagement activity needed in the jointoperations area? What access will allieshave to US COMSEC?

• Are network and node diagramsavailable?

• Have special C4 requirements beenaddressed (search and rescue, SOF, enroute C4, embarkation and debarkationconnectivity)?

• How will the joint, JSOTF, subordinatecomponent, and supporting forcesnetworks interface with non-organicnetworks (DISN, commercial, JCSE)?

• When and where will the JointCommunications Control Center beestablished?

• Are the subordinate component, JSOTF,and supporting C4 plans consistent withthe joint C4 plan?

A-5


b. Detailed Planning

• Circuit Switches

•• Does a circuit switch network diagramexist that shows information about theswitch and circuit switch networkconnectivity (switch type, area code,trunk groups, capacity)?

•• How does the switch route calls:flood, deterministic, or circuit switchrouting task execution plan?

•• Where do circuit switches need to belocated? How will they be connected?

•• What special features or restrictions willbe imposed on subscribers? Who willauthorize and enforce these restrictions?

•• Where are the Defense SwitchedNetwork (DSN) interfaces? Areprecedences authorized? By whom?

•• How will subscriber assistance behandled?

•• Where is the greatest anticipatedtraffic load? Does sufficient capacityexist to handle it?

•• What types of status reports arerequired, and when will they besubmitted?

•• How will traffic metering and networkloading be measured, modeled, andmanaged?

•• Who will publish telephonedirectories and how will they bedistributed?

• Data Networking

•• What is the anticipated JTFcomponent data requirements?

•• Has automation been planned and/orengineered into the network (x.25, IEEE802.3, TCP/IP)?

•• What and/or where are the networkidentifications and gateways?

•• Will data of various classifications “ride”a secure tactical backbone? How will trafficof various classifications be controlled andmanaged? Are multi-level informationsystems security initiative devices neededand are resources available?

•• What is the joint architecturetopology?

•• Who is the joint data networksmanager?

•• What are the NIPRNET, SIPRNET,and JWICS connectivity requirements?

•• What Integrated Tactical StrategicData Networking points of presence willbe used? Has a gateway access requestbeen submitted in accordance with DISAcontingency and/or exercise plans?

•• What is the addressing scheme?

• Message Switches

•• Where are the message switchesrequired?

•• What is the trunking plan?

•• What is the network connectivity ofall message switches?

•• Have routing indicators beendeveloped and routing tables established?

•• Is this an R and/or Y network?

•• Has a plain language address directorybeen created?

A-6

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

•• How will special category traffic behandled? Who will be authorized to haveaccess?

•• What are the intranodal and internodalterminals?

•• What types of status reports arerequired and when will they besubmitted?

•• What AUTODIN Switching Centersare connected to the message switch?

•• Who is the Automated MessageProcess System Security Officer?

•• Who will act as the AUTODINcontroller?

• Transmission Systems

•• Are the circuit requirements, routing,channelization, and other parametersidentified in high-level planning valid?Have satellite access requests beensubmitted? Have frequency requests beenapproved and published?

•• What are the characteristics andconnectivity of multiplexers in thenetwork? Are they compatible?

•• What are the timing requirements forthe network components? How willtiming be accomplished?

•• What types of status reports are requiredand when will they be submitted?

5. Technical Management andDirection

a. Joint Communications ControlCenter

• What are the operational procedures forthe JCCC?

• How will the JCCC be manned?

• What reports will be required, how oftenwill they be required, and when will theybe submitted?

• How will network reconfiguration beaccomplished?

• Who are the POCs at the subordinatecontrol centers?

• Who will submit the TelecommunicationsService Request and TelecommunicationsService Order?

• Who will coordinate changes toconnectivity with the DISN? With thecommercial networks?

• What kind of statistics will be kept? Whowill analyze them? What will be donewith them?

• How will changes caused by the evolvingtactical situation be handled?

• Can the JCCC direct changes withinsubordinate component networks tooptimize C4 within the joint operationsarea?

• Where is the boundary between technicaldirection and operational direction?

• How will frequency deconfliction bemanaged? How can potential conflictsbe anticipated?

• Who will control frequency spares andauthorize their use?

• Who manages the allocated satellitebandwidth used by the geographic jointforces?

b. JCSE

A-7


• Who is the JCSE POC?

• How will JCSE participate in thetechnical management process?

• Are there any special reportingrequirements for systems provided by theJCSE?

6. Other Planning Functions

a. Spectrum Management

• What are the provisions and proceduresfor frequency planning and use foropposed and/or unopposed entryoperations into a operational area?

• What frequency allotments andassignments are available for theoperational area?

• Can the allotted and assigned frequenciessupport the equipment deployed to theoperational area (communications,computer LANs and/or WANs, sensors,surveillance radars, GPS, airspace controlradars)?

• Will the frequencies work (propagationand topographic analyses)?

• Does the allocation and assignment offrequencies to subordinate componentcommands contribute to missionaccomplishment?

• What are the enemy capabilities tointerfere with allotted and assignedfrequencies? Does a joint plan exist tocounter the threat?

• How will Meaconing, Interference,Jamming, and Intrusion (MIJI) bereported?

• Who will submit MIJI reports to the JointSpectrum Center (JSC)?

• Will the JCCC resolve electromagneticinterference issues? Will JSC support berequired to resolve interference issues?

• Are sufficient spare frequenciesavailable?

• What emission control measures will beapplied?

• Will the JFC implement an electronicdeception plan? Are suff icientfrequencies available to support thisplan?

b. Security

• Will the cryptographic equipmentinteroperate?

• W h a t a r e t h e k e y i n g m a t e r i a lrequirements?

• Does a key management plan exist?

• How will cryptographic compromises bedetected and corrected?

• What computer security measures willbe employed on the LANs and WANs inthe operational area?

• How will access to the variousnetworks be controlled (electronic andphysical)?

• Have COMSEC emergency destructionprocedures been established?

• What is the logistics plan for thecryptographic equipment?

• Are equipment and keymat sufficient tosupport planned and unplannedoperations?

• Have key change times been establishedand promulgated?

A-8

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

• Have provisions been made for over-the-air-rekeying where applicable?

• Is an ICP available? Is it needed?

• What will we transition to and when?

• What is the foreign information warfarethreat facing the C4I system?

• Are virus detection software applicationsinstalled and operational? Are passwordsissued and in use? Has a contingencyplan been developed to guide recoveryactions should data be modified ordestroyed by unauthorized intrusions?

• Do remotely accessed computer systemspossess features to identify users andsubstantiate their identification beforeallowing information to be processed?

7. Summary

This list of questions is not all-inclusive.These questions should be asked repeatedlythroughout the planning process as C4planners adapt to an evolving operational andtactical situation. They provide a frameworkfor supporting C4 planning for each phase ofan operation, focusing C4 planners on themission and how the JFC intends toaccomplish it.

APPENDIX BREFERENCES

B-1

The development of Joint Pub 6-02 is based upon the following primary references.

1. DOD Directive 3222.4, 31 July 1992, “Electronic Warfare (EW) and Command, Controland Communications Countermeasures (C3CM).”

2. DOD Directive TS-3600.1, 21 December 1992, “Information Warfare (U).”

3. DOD Directive 5000.1, 23 February 1991, “Defense Acquisition.”

4. DOD Directive 5105.19, 25 June 1991, “Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA).”

5. DOD Directive 5137.1, 12 February 1992, “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command,Control, Communications, and Intelligence (ASD[C3I]).”

6. DOD Directive 5230.11, 16 June 1992, “Disclosure of Classified Military Informationto Foreign Governments and International Organizations.”

7. CJCSI 3210.01, “Joint Information Warfare Policy.”

8. CJCSI 3213.01, 28 May 1993, “Joint Operations Security.”

9. CJCSI 5112.01, 19 September 1994, “Charter for Theater Air Defense Battle ManagementCommand, Control, Communication, Computers, and Intelligence Joint OversightCommittee.”

10. CJCSI 6110.01, 25 January 1996, “CJCS-Controlled Tactical Communications Assets.”

11. CJCSI 6211.02, 23 June 1993, “Defense Information Systems Network and ConnectedSystems.”

12. CJCSI 6212.01A, 30 June 1995, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration ofCommand, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence Systems.”

13. CJCSI 6510.01, 1 September 1993, “Defensive Information Warfare Implementation.”

14. CJCSM 6230.01, “C4 Planners Handbook.”

15. CJCSM 6230.04, “Manual for Employing Revised Battlefield Electronic CEOISystems.”

16. CJCSM 6230.05, “Joint Have Quick Planners Manual.”

17. CJCSM 6231, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communications.”

B-2

Appendix B

Joint Pub 6-02

18. CJCSM 6231.01, 17 March 1995, “Manual for Employing Joint TacticalCommunications Systems/Joint Communications Systems Architecture and Management.”

19. CJCSM 6231.07, 1 May 1995, “TRI-TAC Equipment, Volume VII, NetworkManagement.”

20. CJCS MOP 6, 3 March 1993, “Electronic Warfare (U).”

21. CJCS MOP 30, 8 March 1993, “Command, Control, and CommunicationsCountermeasures.”

22. CJCS MOP 31, 8 May 1992, “Submitting and Assigning Priorities to Requirementsfor Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Support.”

23. CJCS MOP 37, 14 May 1992, “Military Satellite Communications Systems.”

24. DISA Contingency Plan 10-95.

25. Joint Pub 1, “Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States.”

26. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

27. Joint Pub 1-02, “Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

28. Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

29. Joint Pub 3-05, “Doctrine for Joint Special Operations.”

30. Joint Pub 3-13.1, “Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare Operations(C2W).”

31. Joint Pub 3-51, “Electronic Warfare in Joint Operations.”

32. Joint Pub 3-54, “Joint Doctrine for Operations Security.”

33. Joint Pub 3-56, “Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

34. Joint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.”

35. Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.”

36. Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.”

37. Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer(C4) Systems Support to Joint Operations.”

APPENDIX CADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

C-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to theJoint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director forCommand, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems (J-6).

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes Joint Pub 6-02, 1 April 1968, “Joint Doctrine for Operational/Tactical Command, Control, and Communications Systems” and MCM-008-91, 16 January1991, "Contingency Communications Between the Commander of a Joint Task Force and aUS Diplomatic Post."

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J6/J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans andInteroperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in thispublication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as anenclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requestedto notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected inthis publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTEDNUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C-2

Appendix C

Joint Pub 6-02

5. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publicationcenters.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreigngovernments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (DefenseAttache Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,Washington, D.C. 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assignedadministrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center2800 Eastern BoulevardBaltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point700 Robbins AvenueBldg 1, Customer ServicePhiladelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics BaseAlbany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-OPD)2100 2nd Street, SWWashington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications isunrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified jointpublications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

GLOSSARYPART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

AMPE automated message processing exchangeARFOR Army forcesAUTODIN automatic digital network

C2 command and controlC4 command, control, communications, and computersC4I command, control, communications, computers, and

intelligenceCJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffCOE common operating environmentCOMSAT communications satelliteCOMSEC communications securityCONUS continental United States

DIA Defense Intelligence AgencyDISA Defense Information Systems AgencyDISN Defense Information Systems NetworkDMS Defense Message SystemDMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite ProgramDOD Department of DefenseDODIIS Department of Defense Intelligence Information SystemDSCS Defense Satellite Communications SystemDSP Defense Satellite ProgramDSSCS Defense Special Security Communications SystemDWTS Digital Wideband Transmission System

EHF extremely high frequencyEM executive managerEMI electromagnetic interference

FLTSAT fleet satelliteFRRS frequency resource record systemFTS Federal Telecommunications System

GBS Global Broadcast SystemGCCS global command and control systemGMF ground mobile forcesGPS global positioning system

HF high frequency

ICP Intertheater COMSEC PackageIEMATS Improved Emergency Message Auto Transmission SystemINMARSAT International Maritime Satellite

GL-2

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-02

INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationIW information warfareIW-D defensive information warfare

J-3 Operations DivisionJ-6 C4 Systems DivisionJCCC joint communications control centerJCEOI joint communications-electronics operating instructionsJCSE Joint Communications Support ElementJDISS Joint Deployable Intelligence Support SystemJFC joint force commanderJMCOMS Joint Maritime Communications SystemJSC joint spectrum centerJSMS Joint Spectrum Management SystemJSOTF joint special operations task forceJTF joint task forceJTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System / Link 16JWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

LAN local area networkLEASAT leased satelliteLOS line-of-sight

MAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMbps megabytes per secondMhz megahertzMIJI meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusionMILSATCOM military satellite communicationsMILSTAR military strategic and tactical relay systemMSE mobile subscriber equipment

NCA National Command AuthoritiesNIPRNET Unclassified but Sensitive Internet Protocol Router NetworkNTCS-A Navy Tactical Command System Afloat

POC point of contactPSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

RF radio frequency

SCI sensitive compartmented informationSHF super high frequencySINCGARS Single-channel Ground Airborne Radio SystemSIPRNET Internet Protocol Router Network - Secret LevelSOF special operations forcesSTU-III secure telephone unit-IIISVS secure voice systemSYSCON system control

GL-3

Glossary

TACS Theater Air Control SystemTACSAT tactical satelliteTRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications

UFO UHF Follow OnUHF ultra high frequencyUSSPACECOM US Space Command

VHF very high frequency

WAN wide area network

command and control warfare. Theintegrated use of operations security,military deception, psychologicaloperations, electronic warfare, and physicaldestruction, mutually supported byintelligence, to deny information to,influence, degrade, or destroy adversarycommand and control capabilities, whileprotecting friendly command and controlcapabilities against such actions. Commandand control warfare is a warfightingapplication of information warfare inmilitary operations and is a subset ofinformation warfare. Command andcontrol warfare applies across the range ofmilitary operations and all levels of conflict.Also called C2W. C2W is both offensiveand defensive: a. C2-attack. Prevent effectiveC2 of adversary forces by denying informationto, influencing, degrading or destroying theadversary C2 system. b. C2-protect. Maintaineffective command and control of own forcesby turning to friendly advantage or negatingadversary efforts to deny information to,influence, degrade or destroy the friendly C2system. (Joint Pub 1-02)

common operating environment. Thecommon operating environment providesa familiar look, touch, sound, and feel tothe commander, no matter where thecommander is deployed. Informationpresentation and command, control,communicat ion, computers , andintelligence system interfaces aremaintained consistently from platform toplatform, enabling the commander to focusattention on the crisis at hand. Also calledCOE. (Approved for inclusion in the nextedition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

communicate. To use any means or methodto convey information of any kind from oneperson or place to another. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02.)

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

computer security. The protection resultingfrom all measures to deny unauthorizedaccess and exploitation of friendly computersystems. Also called COMPUSEC.(Approved for inclusion in the next editionof Joint Pub 1-02.)

deployment planning. Operational planningdirected toward the movement of forces andsustainment resources from their originallocations to a specific operational area forconduct ing the jo in t operat ionscontemplated in a given plan. Encompassesall activities from origin or home stationthrough destination, specifically includingintra-continental United States, intertheater,and intratheater movement legs, stagingareas, and holding areas. (Joint Pub 1-02)

information warfare. Actions taken toachieve information superiority by affectingadversary information, information-basedprocesses, and information systems, whiledefending one’s own information,information-based processes, andinformation systems. Also called IW. (JointPub 1-02)

global grid. An open systems architecturethat provides global connect iv i tyinstantaneously on warrior demand. Theglobal grid can support both vertical andhorizontal information flow to joint andmultinational forces. (Approved forinclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub1-02.)

joint communications control center. Anelement of the J-6 established to support ajoint force commander. The JointCommunications Control Center (JCCC)serves as the single control agency for themanagement and direction of the joint forcecommand, control, communications, andcomputers systems. The JCCC mayinclude plans and operations

GL-4 Joint Pub 6-02

GL-5

Glossary

administration, system control, andfrequency management sections. Alsocalled JCCC. (Approved for inclusion inthe next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

node/command, control, communications,and computers node. The physical and

functional grouping of communicationsand computer systems that provideterminating, switching, and gateway accessservices to support information exchange.(Approved for inclusion in the next editionof Joint Pub 1-02.)

GL-6

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank

Assess-ments/

Revision

CJCSApproval

TwoDrafts

ProgramDirective

ProjectProposal

J-7 formally staffs withServices and CINCS

Includes scope of project,references, milestones,and who will developdrafts

J-7 releases ProgramDirective to Lead Agent.Lead Agent can beService, CINC, or JointStaff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2Program Directive

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The CINCS receive the pub andbegin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months followingpublication, the Director J-7, willsolicit a written report from thecombatant commands andServices on the utility and qualityof each pub and the need for anyurgent changes or earlier-than-scheduled revisions

No later than 5 years afterdevelopment, each pub is revised

STEP #5Assessments/Revision

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Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staffto fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services andCINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

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STEP #1Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchyas shown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrine publications.The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 6-02 C4 Systems

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNELand

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

OPERATIONS C4 SYSTEMSPLANS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINTWARFARE

JOINTDOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makesrequired changes and prepares pub forcoordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formalstaffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4CJCS Approval

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Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,and Joint Staff

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STEP #3Two Drafts

ENHANCEDJOINT

WARFIGHTINGCAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

LOGISTICS

JOINT PUB 4-0

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