joshua plants, rn, bsn. at the completion of this presentation you should be able to: define...
TRANSCRIPT
Joshua Plants, RN, BSN
Hypodermoclysis
At the completion of this presentation you should be able to:
Define HypodermoclysisState the indications and contraindications for this therapy
Identify acceptable infusion sites
OBJECTIVES
Relate the types of solutions used
State the potential complications of therapy
Understand monitoring parameters and documentation responsibilities
OBJECTIVES
Contributing factors to dehydration
KidneyReduction in size and nephron function
Decreased GFR—decreased ability to concentrate urine, balance H20, K and Na
Homonal changesADH, ANP, Aldosterone
Regulate fluids and electrolytes
Age Related Changes
Contributing factors to dehydration
Body fluid contentYoung adult 60%--older adult 40%
Decreased sensation of thirst (Scales, 2011)
Age Related Changes
Increased morbidity and mortality
Mental functionIncreased irritation, behaviors, cognition problems, confusion
Infection
Renal stones
Falls
Constipation
Thrombosis (Scales, 2011)
Dehydration
Compounding factors:
Fears of incontinence
Inability to obtain drinks/liquids
Lack of access to fluids of choice
Temperature (Remington & Hultman, 2007)
Dehydration
Treatment /Prevention of mild to moderate dehydration
‘Clysis’ for short
Administration of fluids to the hypodermis“Subcutaneous infusion”Between skin and fascia
What is Hypodermoclysis?
SUBCUTANEOUSEasy to initiate and
maintain
Minimal complications
EdemaInsertion site issuesInadvertent IV
access
Can be difficult for staff to initiate or maintain
Missed dosesPrecise locationsTherapeutic levels
Multitude of potential complications
PhlebitisInfiltrationSepsisFluid OverloadCatheter related issues
Route of Administration
INTRAVENOUS
Go to Maine State Board of Nursing Website
At the far right select the hyperlink entitled ‘Practice Questions’
Select the link entitled ‘Scope of Practice Decision Tree’
Use tree to determine SOP
Maine State Board of Nursinghttp://maine.gov/boardofnursing
Ease of access with subcutaneous administration
Easy for nurses to insert and maintain
Minimal number of complications when compared to intravenous therapy
Minor complications with SC versus IV
Advantages
Reduced levels of patient discomfortSize of needles
Number of rotations requiredCare provider technique
Reduces potential for hospitalization$1 billion annual US cost of avoidable
hospitalizations for dehydration (Lybarger, 2009)Re-hospitalization
Nosocomial infection
Advantages
Cost effective
Subcutaneous fluid group cost “much lower” than IV group (Sasson and Shvartzman, 2001)
Per kit price $13.74; case of five $68.70
Nursing time costs; educationAdmission/Re-admission
Advantages
Limited volume of administration
Localized edema is created
Isotonic or near isotonic fluids only No medications
Gravity versus pump
Sub-Q versus IV
Reimbursement rates
Disadvantages
Mild to moderate dehydrationAdults, Children, Geriatrics
Alternative to the intravenous route
When intravenous access cannot be achieved or reliably maintained
Indications
Emergency situations Shock Circulatory failure Severe dehydration
Severe electrolyte imbalance
Coagulopathy/blood dyscrasia
Fluid overload Congestive heart failure Marked edema Ascites
Contraindications
Need for additional intravenous medications or antibiotics
Renal dialysis
Need for precise control of fluid balance
Lack of sufficient subcutaneous tissue to safely perform the therapy (cachectic)
Contraindications
The preferred solution is 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
Other solutions include:Lactated ringers (LR)D5 ½ NSD5 NSD5 LRD5 ¼ NSD2.5 in ½ NS
Hypodermoclysis Fluids
D5W and D10W solutions are not recommended as the dextrose component is quickly metabolized. The remaining free water is hypotonic and causes a subsequent osmotic draw in the reverse direction of that which is desired. Increased edema and secondary discomfort is likely to result.
Glucose pH 3.5-6.5 (acidic); no greater than 5%
Osmolality less than 280 mOs/kg (Medicines Information, 2001)
Fluids
Note: No medications should be added to subcutaneous hydration solutions.
Exception: hyaluronidase—Hydase, Amphadase, Wydase
Used to enhance fluid absorption by decreasing viscosity of subcutaneous tissueDose: 150 units (Clinical Pharmacology, 2013)
NOTE: SUB-q bolus, DO NOT add to solution bag
Fluids
Rates of infusion are based on gauge size and device type. Manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed.
Norfolk Medicalhttp://norfolkmedical.com/Aqua-C%20Brochure%20.pdf
MarCal Medicalhttp://marcalmedical.com/subQsafetySubQ.htm
Churchhill Medical Systemshttp://
www.churchillmedicalsystems.com/products.asp?catID=56Smiths Medical
http://www.smiths-medical.com/landing-pages/promotions/md/cleo-home.html
Sub-Q Devices
Lumens
Single—80 ml/hour
Double—62 ml/hour at each of two sitesTotal Rate: 124 ml/hour
Multiple—used for non-hydration sub-q therapies
Rates of Infusion
Sizes
6-20 mm lengths
Shortest possible size based on subcutaneous tissue
Cleo—6mm Marcal—6mm Aqua-C—9mm
21-29 gauge
Cleo—29 ga Marcal—27 ga Aqua-C—25 ga
Rates of Infusion
AbdomenNote: area within two inch radius of umbilicus
excludedAnterior or lateral thigh
Note: avoid in ambulatory patientsPosterior upper armsAnterior chest wallSubscapularLower back
Site Selection
AVOID:Scarred tissue, bruised areas, areas of
impaired skin integrityAreas prone to mechanical friction from
clothes, equipment or patient movementEdematous areasPainful or infected areasHard or bony areas, near the breast(s),
perineum or waistlineDependent areasPoorly vascularized
Site Selection
After:
1500-2000 ml/24 hours at single site
3000 ml/24 hours for double site
Q24-48 hoursNew site proximity
When complications are noted
PRNPositional
Site Rotation
Site surveillance/monitoring should occur a minimum of every two hours:
ErythemaGross swelling/edemaLeakagePain/discomfortOverall patient tolerance of therapy
Monitoring Parameters
Risks are minimal when indications, guidelines and P&P are followed.
Adverse effects are rare and related to:
Solution type
Volume administered
Rate of infusion
Complications
Edema
Most common
Massage
Redness, swelling and inflammation at infusion site
5% of 46 patients with clysis versus 25% of 18 patients IV (Sasson and Shvartzman, 2001)
Complications
Cellulitis
TechniqueRotation
Pain/discomfort
TechniqueRate InfectionOversaturation
Complications
Inadvertent IV accessCheck for blood return (INS, 2011)
Pulmonary edema0.6% of 600+ patients (Sasson and Shvartzman,
2001)
Complications
Problem
Patient requires short term hydration for mild to moderate dehydration.
Potential for leakage, prominent swelling and localized infection
Care Plan
Goal/Outcome
Patient will return to baseline hydration level
Patient will not develop erythema, prominent swelling, pain, drainage or elevated temperature for duration of therapy
Access will remain patent
Care Plan
Interventions
Ensure clean/aseptic technique is maintained for all clysis procedures
Including during needle rotation
Administer the correct solutions for the type of therapy
Select appropriate sites for subcutaneous infusion
Avoid aforementioned site selection locations
Care Plan
Interventions
Monitor site Q2 hours during therapyAt least once per shiftChange dressings PRN
Ensure ordered rates are maintained80 ml/hour at single site62 ml/hour at double site (total 124 ml/hour)
Care Plan
Interventions
Rotate needle sites Q 24-48 hours during therapy
After 1.5-2 liters at single siteAfter 3 liters at double sitePRN
Provide staff with safety needle technologyNeedle-stick prevention
Non-metal devices preferred (INS, 2011) Needle-stick Increased dwell
Care Plan
Interventions
Use administration sets with rate flow controller or electronic infusion device (INS, 2011)
CAUTION: Pumping fluids into subcutaneous tissue may mask oversaturation
Increased edema and pain/discomfort
Notify physician/LIP with complications
Care Plan
Follow local/institutional policy and procedures
Valid prescriber order for therapy
Use MAR/TAR/POS specific to therapy as indicated
Documentation Parameters
Specific data to be documented by the nurse in the medical record include:
Date and time
Medications/solutions to be infused
Rate of infusion and start/stop times
Device specific information
Documentation Parameters
Site selection/assessment
Complications noted during therapy
Interventions and inter-disciplinary communication
Patient/family teaching
Patient response to therapy
Documentation Parameters
Medicines Information Centre at Calderdale Royal Hospital. (2001). Hypodermoclysis-subcutaneous administration of fluids. Pharmacy news, 7(4).
Omnicare. (2012). Hypodermoclysis. Sasson, M., & Shvartzman, P. (2oo1).
Hypodermoclysis: An alternative infusion technique. American Family Physician, 64(9), 1575-1578.
Infusion Nurses Society. (2011). Infusion nursing standards of practice. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 34(1S), S84-85.
References
Lybarger, E. (2009) Hypodermoclysis in the home and long-term care settings. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 32(1), p.40-44.
Clinical Pharmacology. (2013). Wydase. Retrieved from: http://clinicalpharmacology.com/
Scales, K. (2011). Use of hypodermoclysis to manage dehydration. Nursing Older People, 23(5), 16-22.
Remington, R., & Hultman, T. (2007). Hypodermoclysis to treat dehydration: a review of the evidence. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 55(12), 2051-2055.
References