jones lyric airs

8/13/2019 Jones Lyric Airs

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T A B L E O F . C O N T E N T STo THE PRINCIPAL PASSAGES IN THIS VOLUM.

( p. ftands forpaga-, n. for note3 and ra. refers o he nitftc at the end .)

ACORNS, ahd fruit , the prmitiv e food, page 6 , note *.Achilles played and fung the great aftions of heroesj p. 9 .Agate, ge tn, or r ing of King Pyrrhus, page 2iAgelaus Tegetes was vic tor in playing on theLyre , p. 1 2 .Agiopanditico, page 6 of the mufic.Alcaus's epi taph on Hip pona x, page 2 3 , note 11 2 .Amphion, infti tuted the lyric laws in mufic and p oetry ,

p . 6 , 14 , 15"- ~ Amurath fafcinated wit h the mufic of Sc hah- kli , p. 2 .AmphiElyons revived th e gam es , wh ich confifted of finging

to the Ly re, finging to' the pipe , and playing wit hout. finging, p. 12 .

Anacreon, an ode on himfelf, page 16.Arnaout, th e Albatiian, or Pyrrhic D ance , fee page 2 , 1 9 ;

and p. 14 , 15 , of the mufic.A remaikable Anecdete of Polycra tes, page 2 1 , note 107.Ariadne, her Dan ce defcr ibed, page 1 , 20, no t e l o i 5 and

page 4 & 5 of the mufic.Apollo, the god of mufic , poet ry, dancing, &c. p . 6, 7, 8,

1 2 , 13, 14, 17, 18.Statue of Apollo contending wi th Mercury for a Ly re, p. 13.Apollo playing on his Lyr e in the choir of the Ni ne Mu fes,

page 21 . _Apollo wo n the firft prize in the Oly mpic G am es , p. 12 .Ancient Greek fongs, p . 1 5 , &c.Arabia fong, p . 26 of the mufle.Argive Sacadas proclaimed viftor in playing on the pipe,

page 12 .ArcasEchembrotus proved vi o r in fingingto the pip e,p .i 2.Armed dance of the Corybantes, p . 4 , note 11 .Athenian

Hera lds, f rom whom defcended, p . 10 , n . 53 .Artemifia, took Latmus by a mufical ftratagem, p. 11 .Ario, the firft begin ner of dith yram bs, fatyrs, and tra gic-

chorus , p . 14.Ardalus and Clonas inven ted, or adapted the modes of

the ancient mufic for wind inftruments, p. 14.Arijiides ghiintiliamis on Harmnica and Rythmica , p . 22 .Alypius wrote an introduccin to Greek mufic, p. 22 .Ahtiquity of the tradicional Gre ek fongs, airs, and d ance s,

page 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 9 .Amalthea's ce lebra ted hora , p . 12 , 13 , and n. 66.Arijlophanes, the pr ince of ancient comedy, p . 14 , n . 76.Arftogiton, hono ured with a ftatue in the forum , p . 15

and 24.Arifloxenus deplores the corrupt ion of the ancient Greek

mufic, p. 1 9 , n . 94 ; and p. 22.A n Archon a t Athens was puni hed wi th death for intoxi -

ca t ion, p . 10 , note .B

Bagdad taken by Amurath, page 2 .Bacchus's ftratagems of wa r, and conq,ueft of Indi a, p. 11 .O f Bards, or legilators, p. 6 .T h e Bards had a place of hono ur at all the banq uets of

the Greeks , p . 9, 10.Beginning of manual ar ts and t rades in Europe, p . 4 , and

note y.Box-tree, facred to Cybele, p. 5 , n . 13 .Bacchius, fenior, a writer on the art of Greek mufic, p. 22.Bedouins, an air of theirs, in page 1 2 of the mufic.

Cadmus, a nd oth ers, introdu ced lette rs and fcience intoGreece , p . 4 , and 13.

Cabiric ri tes, and myfteries, p. 4 , 5 , and ig.Civilization efFeed by mea ns of mufic and poetry, p. 6 .

" Mufausfirjl, then Orphe s, civiliz'd mankind ," And gave the ixlorld their de iies." Denham.

Ca/io/s Jjymn, and dance , p . o , and note 48.Curetes are fuppofed to have infti tuted the mili tary dances>

p . 2 1 , no t e 102 .Caliope, the poetefs, is faid to prefide oVer harm ony , and

heroic vrfe, p. 17 , 18 , 20 , n . 98.Cajlalia, a celebrated fountain facred to the Mufes, p. 17 ,

note 89.Clio, the hi oric mufe, p. 17 , 18 .Corybantes and Curetes, various particulars refpec~ting

them, p . 4, 5, 1 , and note 60.Chorton, a hym n fung in ho nou r of the m othe r of the

g o d s , p . 5 , n . 13 .T h e Crean, or Candan Dance, p . 1, 19, n* 95 ; and p. 4 ,

5 , of the mufic.Caravino, a nautical air,- p 1 i of the mufic*Cephaloniun Dance, p . 1 1 of the mufic.Carian Dance, engraved on Clearchus 's famous r ing,

p . 2 1 , n . 107 .Of ancient Charalers, or mufical note s, p. 19, 20.Caliyiratus, a fcolion by him , p. 24.Curious Cornelian, in the cabinet of the late king of France

page 2 1 .Cinyras, or Th oa s, an inven tor of arts , and who firft foun d

out copper, p . 4 , n . 9.

Mufical Chorus defcribed, p. 8 .Choruffes of various kind s, p. 8, 13, 14.Convivial fongs, p. 9, 16, 24.Corybantine, or Daftyl dance , p . 4 , &c .Cybele, or Magna Mater, and her myftic ri tes, p. 4 an d 5 .Chronological account of the primitive Gr eek muficians and

poets , p . 1 3 , &c.Corinnus, the firft writer of the Trojan war, p. 1 3 , n . 69.Chryfothemis ga ined the Pythian pr ize a t Delp hos, p . 12*Cephalen, procla imed vi f tor, in playing on the L yre ,

page 12 .Canzone Greca, fung by the boatmen a t Zante , p . 6,muGcCanzonetta, fung by the olive-gatherers at Zante, p. 6 , m .Chin-chin-Jofs, a Ghinefe hymn, fee p. 28 of the mufic*Chitan-o-u-no, or the ftring dance, p. 30 , of the mufic.Pr ince Cantimir, p . 2 .

D

Datlyli, the invent ors of lette rs, met is, and muficalrhy thmsj p . 4 , &c.Dadalus, a grea t mech anic , and inventor of ar ts , p . 4 ,

note 9.Dancing, poet ry, and mufic , were or iginal ly co mbin ed,

and bore a considerable part in the regious ceremoniesof the ancients, p. 5 , 7 , &c.

Nat ional Greek Dances, p . 1 , 2 , 19, 20, 2r, &c.Dancing in armo ur, p . 4 , n . 1 1 . p . 10 , n . 48 . and p. 2 1 .Dervifes, and their dan cing defcribed, p . %\ and p . i6>

1 7 , of the mufle*Delphos


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T A B L E G F C O N T E N T S .Delphos plunde red of its valua ble ftatues; a cele brate d

mufical conteft eftablihed theve, p. 12 .Doric Mode, invented, and adjudged proper to preferve

good moris, p. 10 , and 15 .Diffrtitian on the origin of the G reek m ufic, p. 3 , &c.Drinkitig, the ancient mode, p . 9 , 10, note 4 4 , and *.

EEgyptians taught the Greeks the i r t radi t ions, p . 3 .Egyptians confecrated to certain deities all manner of

fongs, and dances, which continu ed unch ange d for threethoufand years, p. 6 an d 7 , and a note at the e nd of thecontents.

Epaminondas, one of the moft accomplifhed of hroes, p. 9 .Eumoipus, who celebrated the myfteries, p. 13, 14.Erato, the patronefs of Lyric poetry, p. 17, 18.Euterpe, the mufe who is faid to prefide over mathematics,

and the art of playing on the i lute, p. 17 , 18 .Ephlaltus an d Otus confecra ted mount Hel icn to the

Mufes, p . 17 .El'euiher, who gained the Pythian palm, p . i2 .Echembrotus Arcas dedicates a tripod to Hercules, in

con fequ ence of his vifl ory in finging, p . 12 .Epigrams of The ocri tus , p . 23 .Epitaph o i i Hipp onax, p . 23.Euclid, wrote on the Greek Harmonics, p . 22.Englifh authors who wrote upon Greek mufic , p . 23.Eireftone, an Athenian feftival fong, p. 2 , & 3, of the mufic.

FFeftival in honour of Jpi ter, where in mufic ians con

tended, p . 1 2 , n . 61 .Fejlival'm honour of Dia na , p . 2 1 , n . 107 .The double Flute, invented, p . 5 , n . 1 4 ; a n d p . 13 , & 15 .T h e Frontifpiece deferibed, p. 24.

GGreeks, by whom initiated in the firft elements of fcience,

P a g e 3-Gods, twelve of them, who prended over the twelve

months , p . 19, and n. 93.Galliambics, inve nted by the priefts of Cybe le, p. 5 .

The anc i en t Greek muficians and poets, p. 13, 14, &c.Greek odes, chorus and dance deferibed, p. 8.Hered i t a ry Greek fongs, a i rs , and dances, p . 1 9 , 7.0,

2 1 , &c.Glautias, proved vi tor in the Qlympic games, p . 12 .Grecian auth ors, wh o have writte n on the theory of Gre ek

Harmonic s , p . 22, 23.Gaudenitus, wrote an int roduccin to Gree k Harm onics ,

page 22 .Greek mufica l chara&ers , and othe r ancient nota t ions,

are too imperfefc, and m yleri ous to be of mu ch ufe,page 19, 20.

Guido Ar atine, improved the Gre ek diagram, p. 20.T h e Graces, or a t tendants of the Mufes, p . 1 7 , n . 9.Galliarda, p . 2 2 , and the mufic in page 11 .

HHarmodius, and Ariftogiton, high honours conferred on

them, p . 15, & 24.Hiero's vic-tory in the chariot-race, p. 8 .Heralds performed the fignals of wa r, p. 10 , & n . 53 .Hftod not permit ted to co ntend in the Pythia n games ,

p. 9, 12, & 13.Homer, fome account of him from Jofephus, p. 3 . n . 69.Hymns, and dances in hon our of the Gods, p . 5 , 6, 7, 8,

10 , 15 , 20 , n . 98 , & p . 23 n. $Hyagnis the Phrygian, a celebrated mufcian, p. 13.Hypocritic mufic, page 9.Poet ica l Hif tor ies, or Hymns, fongs, tunes, and dances,

by whic h all great affairs have been preferved , p . 3 ,1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 , &c.

Heathen r i tes and ceremonies, p . 1 9 , &c.Hymn of rejoicing on the return of Thefeus, mufic p. 7 .Helicn, facred to Apollo and the Mufes, p. 17 .

Ifthmean gam es, firft infti tuted by Th efeu s, p .1 2 , n . 6t.Ifolano; or dances of the i lands of the Archipelago, p. 13

of the mufic.Idai DaByli found out iron, w hich gave a begi nnin g tothe t rades of fmi ths and armourers in Europe, p . 4,


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T A B L E O P C O N T E N T S . vHered i t a ry Greek Melodies, p . 19 , 20 , 2 1 , 22, a nd the

mufic a t the erid.G r e e k Mufic w as once in g rea t pe r fe ion , and after-

wards corrupted by t he t hea t re , and by the R o m a n s ,p . 1 9, note 94.

Of pr imi t ive Memoriats, a nd how commemora t ed , p . 3,& 1 9, note 94,

Minerva danced in a rmour in her t r ium ph over the van-quihed fons of Ti t n , p . 21.

John de Muris invented, a nd improved t h e Mufical nota-t i on , p . 20.

Mechanical tools invented, p . 4 .Mufaus, who isce lebra ted by Virgi l , p . 6, 13 , & 14 .Military fongs, tunes, an d warl ike danc es, p . 4, 5, 10 ,

1 5 , 19 , 21 , &c.The three pr imi t ive Greek Modes, w hich were af terwards

increafed to feven, &c. p. 1 5 .Mojk of the Dervi fes, and their danc ing defcribe d,

p . 1 7 of the mufic.T h e Mizmoune, a Moori h fong, p . 1 2 of the mu fic .A Moorijh dance , p . 24 of the mufic.

Nero p lundered De lphos of its moft v alua ble ftatues,

page 1 2.Nautical a i rs , p . 22, a nd page 6 & 1 1 of the mufic.Nichomachus, a wri ter on Greek mufic , p . 22.

OOrpheus, a difciple of the D a & y l i , a n d on e of the civi-

l izers of man , p . 4 , 6 , 13, 14.Odes, chorus and dance defcribed, p . 8.Organic mufic , p . 9.Origin of the ancient G ree k mufic , p . 3 .Orthian fong, p. 4 , n . 1 r.Olympic Gomes, firft eftablihed by the Idaci Da &yl i ,

p. 1 1 , &c.The wor h ip of OJiris firft introduc ed into Gr eec e by

Orpheus, unde r th e ame of Bacchus, p . 1 1 , n. 55.Olympic conquerors crow ned wi th the branches of the

wild Olive; and at the folemn games, the prizes weret r ipods of brafs, which the viclors confecrated to A p o l

lo , a nd fomet imes to He rcu l e s , p . 12.Olympus, whofe mufical compofitions are faid to have beendivine , p . 14 , 15 .

Ojferings to the Mufes a nd Apo l lo , p . 23.Odes of Anacreon, p . 1 6 & 24.

Parnafus, facred to the Mufes , to Apo l lo , and Bacchus ,page 1 7 , note 89.

Pan, w ho invented t he Syrinx , reduced to a regularfyftem th e marhal l ing of an a r m y, &c. and from hisf t ra tagem in w a r is derived the vfoxpanic; anoffer ingto him, p . 5 , n . 1 4 ; p . 1 1 , & 23.

Phanicians, in t roduced the i r do&rines into Gree ce , p , 4 .Perfian mufic, p . 2 , an d p . 25 of the mufic.Primitive man ner of perpetuating remarkable events, p . 3,

& 1 9, n . 94.Poetic mufic, page 9.Philodemus de Mujtca, page 23.Ptolemy wro t e on the Greek Harm onfcs , p . 23 , x\.%Piar/alia, a f amousdance r of ga l l ia rds, p . 2 2 , and f th e

mufic page n .Pythian pipe, the reafon of its be ing int rod uced in th e

dance of the quinquertium, p . 12.Philamon firft introduced the mufical chorus a nd dancing

at the temple of D e l p h i , and who was v ic tor in th ePyth i an games , p . 1 2 & 14 .

Phemius,. a ce lebra ted bard, not iced by Ho me r, p . 9.Pindus, a n exceeding high rhounta in, and ref idencc , o r

cour t of J p i t e r , p . 1 7 , n . 89.

Polyhymnia, t he mufe w ho prefided over hym ns and fongs,page 17, 18.

Phrynis, a famous mufic ian, p . 7 , an d 1 4 , n. *Paran Chronicle, extrais from i t , p. 13 .Polycrates, a remarkable anecdote of h i m , p . 21 , n. 107 .Priejls of Magna Mater, or Cybele , p . 4 , & 5, n. 17 .Priejls of Mars, or the Salii , and their cojiume defcribed,

p . 5 , n . *Phrygian pipe, a nd Phrygian mode, by whom inven ted ,

p . 5 , n . 1 4 ; and p. 15 .Pronomus, th e celebrated piper, w ho invented pipes

that eaabled him to play in the three dirlerentmodes , p . 1 3 .

Pythocrius the piper, obtained the vi lo ry fix t imes in theOlympic games , and had a pil lar and a ftatue eredtedto commemora t e h im , p . 12.

In the Pythian games, no perfon w as admitted as a c and i -d a te , except he could fing an d accompany himfelf o nt he Lyre , p . 9, & 12.

Plato the mufician, a n epigram on h i m , p . 1 4 , and i r .King Pyrrhus, an alto relievo of h i m , p . 21 , n . *Pyrrhic Dance, p . 2, 19 , 21 , and n. 102 and the mufic

in p. 14 , and 15 .Preliminary obfervations on the modern Gree k d ances ,

page 1 .Pyrgoteles, a ce lebra ted e ngraver on g e m s , p. 21 .

RRelies of ant iqui ty, w i th w hat care the Romans preferved

t h e m , p . 2 2 , note .Rewards adjudged to the beft dan cers, p . i r , n . 82.Rhythmic mufic, p. 9.Romaika, or the Greek Dance, p . 1, & p. 8, &c. of the m .

SSongs, a nd Hymns, the primiti ve vehcle of religin^

mor i s , and pol i ty, p . 3 , n. 1 & 2 j p. 6 & 16,Greek Scholia, p . 1 5 , 16 , & 24.Solomon s wi fdom, p . 3, n. 1 .Songs and Dances confecrated to certain deites, p. 6", 7 ,

1 5 , and n. 88 ; a nd a note a t the end of the contents.A Spartan decree , p . 7.T h e Salii, or priefts of M a r s , p . 5 , a nd n. *Sacadas the piper, thr ice ga ined the viory in the Pythian

games , p . 1 2 , & 16.Sports exhibited in honour o f Nep tune , p. 1 5 , n . 82.SteJJichorus an d Am phion , inf t ituted t he Lyr i c l aws , re -

fpeting mufic and poetry, p . 14.Simonides, the inventor of the att of memory, p. 1 3 .Sufarion, th e inventor of comedy, p. 13 .Schah-huli, a celebrated perfian mufician, p . 2.Saltadurijlico, a dance of the i land of Z a n t e , p. 1 , and

p . 1 of the mufic.Signis of wa r, p . 10.Mufical Strings, of wha t mater iah f ir ft mad e, p. 3 , and

note 5.Song o n Ha rmodiusan d Ar i f tog i ton , p. 15 , & 24.Singing to the pipe ceafed, p . 12.Greek Songs, of three great chifles, p . I J , 16 , n. 88 , and

page 24.Separation of mufic , poet ry, dancing, and af t ing, p . 16.Sufudil, a Turki lh coneerto, p. 20 , 21 , and 22 of the m .A Sivedijh air, p. 27 o f the mufic.A Swedi/h fong-tune , and dance , p . -29, of the mufle.

TThales, the lawgiver, is faid to have compofed fome m i l i -

ta ry dances, p. 6 , & 21 n. 102 .Thamyris, t he mufician, was conque ror at the Py th i an

games, p . 12, 14, 15 .The/pir, who firft exhibited tragedy, p . 1 3 .

a Telchints,


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vi T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S .

Telchines, page 4 .Terpander, the Lyrift , reformed the nomes of the ancient

mufic , p . 13, & 16.Therapeuta, their choruffes and dances defcribed, p. 8.Thoas and Talus, inventors of arts, p. 4 , the notes.Thejfalians ft i led the magilrates, the leaders of the dance

and fong-feaft , p. 7 , n . 3 1 .Tripods given as a rewa rd to the viclors in mufical and

poetical contefts, p. 1 2 , &c.Thracian poets , who are c la imed by the Grecks as the i rs ,

page 14.Tunes, and d ances were anciently beft preferved by trad i-

t ion, p . 19 , n . 94 , &c.Thyrfts, an epigram to him on the lofs of his kid, p . 23.Timotbeus banifhed from Sparta for eorrupting the ancient

Greek mufle , p . 7 , & 1 3.Tyrtaus' mart ia l mufe , p . 6, & 13 .Turkijh mufc, p. 2 , and note f; p. 22 , no t e* ; and the

mulle in p. 12 , 16 , 20, &c.T h e Turks derive their mufc from the Perfans, p. 2 .T h e Turks and Thracians, ft i l l ufe the Pyrrhic dance,

page 21 .

T h e Triumphal Song of Thefetu, p . 2 & 3 o f t he m u eThalia, the mufe whopref ides overComedy, p . 17,1-8.The Tivelve great Gods, the penates of Jp iter , p.

note 9 3 .Turkijh March, p . 24 of the mufic.Turkijh Air, p . 30 of the mufic.

U VUrania, the patronefs of aftronomy, p. 17 , and 18.Vejliges of the mythologic ceremonies ft i l l exift ing, p. 19.The human Voice, compofed of ten parts, p. 18.Vintage, repr t fented in the ancient manner, p . 21 .

WWine, the Grecian fages allowcd only three cups; un-

mixed wine was drank in honour of the good genius,fee p. 9 , and note *, &c .

Wijdom, a curious fpecimen of the ancien ts, in p. 23.Walter Odington, a mon k of Eve ham , and a write r on

mufic, p. 20 , n . 97 .Walachian Dances, fee the mufic in p. 1 5 , 1 8 , an d 19.

Th e following notes were omitted in the Differtation by a miftake, and as they are too imp ortan t to be left o ut, therefore inferted thm here. The firft note is to be added to O/iris, in pag e 3 :

" Se/ac ufng the advice of his fecretary Thoth, (or Mercury,) diftributes Egypt into xxxvi Nomes, and in every Nome eredtsa temple, and appoints the feveral gods, feftivalsj and religions of the feveral Nomes. Th e temples were fepulchres of Lisgreat men, where they were to be buried, and worhipped after death, each in his own temple, with ceremonies and fappointed by h im ; while He and his Quee n, by the ame s of O/iris and IJis, were to be worhipped in all Eg yp t. Thefewere the temples which were feen and defcribed by Ludan, eleven hun dred years afte r: and this was the origin of the fevera l Nomes of Egypt, and of the feveral gods, and feveral religions of thofe Nomes. Se/ac alfo divided the land o Egypt by mea -fure amongft his foldiers, a nd thence Geometry had its rife. AmphiRyon brings the twelve gods of Egypt nto Grtece, andthefe are the Di i magni majorum gent'mm, to whom the ear th , planets , and e lements are dedica ted." - Sir Ifaac Newton'tChronology of Ancient Kingdoms, p. 22, &c.

The following note to be added to page 4 , after note 9 : .Dtedalus, and Theodorus of Miletus, are faid to have been thenventors of Slatuary, and Plajliee, among the Greeks : Athe-

nagoras's Apohgy,^. 12 8 ; and Newton's Chronology, p . 19 . Cadmus is faid to have been the firft wh o fotmd ou t gold, inM o u n t Pangaus, in Thrace, as Pliny tells us. Glaucas, the Chian, firft difeovered the art of foldering iron. Rhcecus theton of Philseus, and Theodorus the fon of T elecles , the Sa mia ns, were the firft who round out the art of cafting in b ra fAtheneus, l ib. x. c. 16, & 38.But, according to Sacred Hiflory, Tulakain was the firft inftrutor of every artificer in brafs,and i ron : Genejis, chap. v. ver. 22. And to Euchir, a reJation of Dsedalus, is attributed the firft inveation f Painting,among the Greeks} Pliny, lib. vii. p. 417 .

Five Sen/es only for man's ufe were given, -jBut ' Art, infpir 'd by Genius, made tl iem Semen ; >Mufic and Dr aw ing are the gifts of Heaven : JThey fmooth l ife 's rugged path, meliorate the mind,With pleafing thoughts i l lumin'd and rtfin'd.

See more on the fubject in the Bardic Mufcum of Pr'tmitive Britifli Literature.

The reader is requefted to correl the following Errors:In page 12, Une 1, and z, inftead oiDelphus, reai Delfbosand in page 19 , line 13 of the notes, for rtgrejs, read rtet/s,


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I N T R . O D U C T I O N .

TH E ..Colleion of Greek and Turkifh Mufic, here prefented to the pblic, was formed bv an E ngltraveller in the Levant, who has permitted ihis ufe to be made of it: and at the defiire of the Editor, he has

fubjoined th e following explanatory notes. The Editor h as made only fuch alterations in the original manas were neceffary to corred: fome few errors in the notation, and to all th& Airs he has added a B a f s , whicbwas wanting: alfo, being defirous of rendering the work fiill more deferving of pblic approbation, has .addedto the ,above?nentioned colleclion a fcw fpecimens of Arabian, Perfian,Chinef, and Moorijh National Melodies Jwith a Jh ort D iffertation on the .incient Greek Mufic.

Preliminary Obfervations on the modern Greek national Dances.

The fame generalfigure and Jiep prevail in all.Afilring ofmale, orfemale dancers move round in a to a meafure which vares occafionally from filow to quick time, without ever attaining any great rapidityThe leader of the dance difpiays a fuperior grace and agility to the refi, whom he firives to anmate bemmp ie. After a time, the next in fuccejfion takes the place of the leader ,

I.a,'la,hgiio, Saltaduriflico. (See the mufic in page i . )

The ubjetl of this ballet is a competition in dancing between the feveral fuitors of a lady, tvho is fuppofed tohave prornifed her hand to the be/i performer . Each of thefe in his turn exhibits his powers in dancing ; andthe ame of S a l t a d u r i t ic o feems to be an allufion to the leaps, or prings, which they perform with great ag ilityin the btter part of the dance.

l i e n t a , the Cretan, or Candite Dance, calledfometimes A i a ^ y i o . (See the mufic in page 4, and 5.)

This dance is fuppofed to be of great antiquity, and to allude to theflory of Thefeus and Ariadne.It is ufually danced by aJlring of women led by a man of great agility. The dancers move round in a rcley

obferving well the mufical time, wh ich dur ing the whole of the firfil movem ent is fiovj and erious, turniJionally to the right, and left, andpqffing under a handkerchief, which is held by the leader and the firft lady.The firft change of the figure is as follows : the dancers approach each other as clofely as pofjible, and moveround their leader, who having detached himfelffrom the firing, vaults and makes h is fprings in the coccafionally turning himfelf towards each of the ladies in uccejfion, and affuming the air and demeanour of anheroical gallant. At length, the leader takes his place at the head of thefiring of dancers, holding by the handkerchief the firfl lady, when the originalfigure is refumed; after which the allegro ucceeds, when the dancersmove round with m ore fpirit, and pring in concert, inverting the rele at the diferetion of the leaderpafiing, and repaffing under the handkerchief. The firing of dancers is fometimes a deuble onet when mucbfiill is required in the leader of both, to prevent confufion.

AyioTTMYlw, Agio-panditico. (See the air in page 6.)

Tuj .a7xK Romaika, or the Greek Dance. (See the mufic in page 8, 9 , an d 1 0 . )

This feems to have been called the Greek Dance, by way of difiinclion, becaufe it is in more general ufe tbanany other.The twofirft dancers hold by a handkerchief, which is occafionally let go by thefecond, while the

leader performs a variety of graceful evolutions. The leader then winds the firing ef dancers in a tele aroundhim, which be dexteroufly unwind s, and difpiays himfelf again at the head of the firing, waving the bachief with an air of triumph.

TxyXux^o, Galliarda. (See the tune in page 1 1 . )Kx(Z}vo, Caravino. A Nautical Air. (S ee the mufic in page 1 1 . )

j K f p a Aw V c , K ephalonitico, or the Cephalonian Dance. (See the mufic in page 1 1 . )

B


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I T R O D C T I O .

AfP*w71x, or Arnaout. The Albanian Baa. (S ee the mufic in page 1 4 an d 1 5 1 )// is danced by Albanians in ful armou r.The dancers form in a firing by interlacing their arm s, and m oving roundfeem to pafs in review before theif

leader, who difplays occafionally much agility in fpringing and turning, but no grace ; on the contrary, bis Jitof dancing poffeffes all that wildnefs w hich cha raclerizes the national manners f tb A lbanians, the movemof bis body as well as bis gefiures being powerfully di/iorted, tii&il great noife is produced with bis feet, andthe attention roufed occafionally by loud ejaculatiofir.

Matrki, or, Th Wallachian Dance. (See the mufic in page 1 8 , &c.)This dance is lefs varied, both in its figure andjlepi iban the preceding Greek dances, to which it bears little

or no qffinity. The movement is JI ow, and requites much precifion. The dancers are joined by the bands, andthe mofl effential par of their d uty confifts in bea ting time with their feet, and in turning, as tbey beat with theirleft foot, to the right, and, when w ith the right, to the left. Tbey firft beat once, then twice, or double, difengage,and clap bands ; after which the movement is M r'e rpid, ih dancen beating time thrice, both with theirbands and feeh

bfervations oh the Turkijh national Mufle,The Turks being ignorant of the art of writing mufic, and their mufic differing remarkably from otir

it is difficult to procure a fpecimen of it, ad apted to our mode of notation, which would be fufficiently corree toenable us to judge o f its true charaer and merit. The Writer is far from thinking that the prefent comtions can be confidered in this light, but tbey are the only written fpecimens wh ich he has been fortnate enoughto meet with.

The general characler of the Turkijh mufic is aidto bplainv and tender to an uncommon degree, and thofieivhofe ears are babituated to it have little relifh or any other. Prince Gantinr, w ho appears by a trea timufic f, andbyfome airsofhis compofition, to have been infome meqfure a competent udge, carries bis partiality to themufic of bis native country,fo far as to prefer it to the European ; and L ady Mary Wortley Montagu fpeaks inextravagant terms of its effecls. (See page 1 2 . 2 0 to 2 4 . and p . 26 . ) The Turks, however, make no pretenfionsto any original mufic of their own ; tbey derive what tbey poffefs from the Perfiansan d relate the folhiftory of i ts introduion am ong them: " At the taking of Bagdad, in the year of the Hegira 1 0 4 7 , *he fero-

cious Amurath ordered thirty tbou fand of the captive Perfians to be put to death in bis prefence. A g reat partof the entence had even been executed, w hen Schah-kuli, the Orpheus of Per/ta, tbrew himfelf at the feet ofthe conqueror, and obtained leave to difplay bis wonderful powers before him. Accompanying bis voice with theSchefchdar, (a kind ofharp ufed in Perfia,~) he fung the triumph of Amu rath, and the tragical defiruclion ofBagdad, in io moving a manner as to draw tears from the Sultn, w ho inflantly ordered the fiaughter to

fufpended. Amura th, fafeinated w ith the talents of Schah-kuli, carried him, together with four other fperformers, to Confiantinople, where tbey efiablifhed a chool of mufic 2 . " The Writer is informed, that the mojeminent mafiers of this fchool at prefent are Dervifes, tnany of whom are highly celebrated for their mufical

fkill; and o far are tbey from poffejfing no theory of their art, as might b e inferred from their igno ranmufical writing, that there is perhaps no chool of mufic in the wefi of Europe where it is more difeuffed. Thewant of notes too does not prevent them from compofing, and executing Concertos of great length ; and it is remarkable, that the ears of the modern Greeks are fo captivated with this fiile of mufic, that it is generally in~troduced into their eburch fervice. (S ee a fpecimen of the Dervifian mufic, in page 1 6 an d 1 7 . )

* Tey have a greater fubdivifion of tones.f In the year i6of, Prince Canti mir wrote a treatife on the Turkih Muic, dedicated to Ach me t II I .1 See a Perfian air, in page 25 .* Prince Caatimir 's Hiftory of the Qttoman Empire.

A S H O RT


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S H O R T D I S S E R T A T I O J S

N T H E

ORIGJ N OF THE ANCIENT GREEK MUSIC,

B Y T H E E D I T O R .

The idea of adding the following Notes, or Dijfertation, was fuggefled to the Editor by the ames attached to fome of hefeGreek Tune s, particularly thofe which allude to The feus , Ung of Athens, king P y r r h u s , and other Airs that retain theames ofthe ijlands, or provinces of Greece. This induced him minutely io examine the ancient Greek h ijlorians; and

fnding feveral appropriate documents which tended to elucdate thefe Na t iona l Me lod ie s , and the primitive Cufiont,ivherein Mufe bore fo conftderahle a part; as well as of the firjl introduBton of the art into Greece : the fubjeEl has neverbeen invejligated in this w ay, to the knowledge of the Editor, therefore, he has ventured to lay thefollowing pages befare thePublic, in hopes ihey thay throw fome new light on it; and prove,perhaps, not altogetha unworthy the notice of the curious.

H E Greek s were initiated in the firft elements of wifdom a nd fcience by the Egy ptians, and P hcians. Hicrocles, in his Com mentaries on the Gold en Verfes of Pyth agor as, calis " Traditions,

the truths which the Egyp tians had taug ht t he Greek s, and which they had learnt from the peopGod, and from the ancient Patriarchs '."

Thofe who are verfed in hiftory know, that in all ages the memory of great affairs were firft prefeand orally tranfmitted to polerity by Hy mn s, Odes, and S on gs \ Th e Hebrews and Greeks made uthe lyric poefy for that purpofe. Befides this, jthe ancients comm emorated remark able erents by anfeftivals, triumphs, and games; by raifing rude monuments, temples, tombs, and columns with intions; and by feulptures, coins, and hiftory.

One of the moft celebrated perfonages of antiquity, was the Egyptian Mercury, who was firnamedTrifmegijlus, or Thrice Illuftrious ; and called by the Greeks, Hermes, which ignifies, the interpreter ofthe will of the Gods3 . He was chief counfellor to Oferis. Me rcury invented the firft chara& ers, orletters, and regulated the harmony of words and phrafes: he inftituted rites, and ceremonies relatithe worfhip of the Go ds . H e alfo taugh t the amufement of wreftling, and danc ing, and inventedLyre, to which he gave three ftrings4. An d, according to Plutarch , Mercury took out Typhonh finews,and ufed them for ftrings for his lyre *.

The Poets feign that Linus was killed at Thebes by Apollo, fdr teaching men to put ftrings, inftead ofthreads, to mufical inftruments5; which was bemoaned in a melancholy fong, called Linus j as intimatedin Pope's Homer, thus :

T o thefe a youth awak es the war bling ftrings,Whofe tender lay the fate of Linus fings ;In meafur'd dance behind him move the train,T un e foft the voice, an d anfwer to the ftrain6.

' " Solonion's wifdom excelled the wifdom of all the children of the Eal country, and all the wifdom of E gyp tfpake three thoufand Froverbs : and his Songs were a thoufand and five." I Kings, chap. iv. ver.^30. 32.: andfeever. 34.

1 " N ow, therefore, write ye this fong for yon, and teach it the children of Ifra el: put i t in their mouth s, that thima y be a witnefs for me againft the children of Ifrael." De utero nom y, chap. xxxi. ver. 19.

" I, Efdras , faw upon the m oun t Sion a great many people, who m I could not num ber, and they all praifed the Lofongs." 2 Efdras, chap. i i . ver. 42.

3 Bifhop of Cloger's Journal from Gra nd Cairo to Mount Sinai, p . 151 .+ D r. Burney's Hiftory of Mufic, vol. i l . Diod orus, l ib. i i i . c. I .* Plutarch's Moris, fee Ifis and Ofiris.5 Th e ftrings were at firft of linen thread ; (E ufta th. H om . ii. v. 5 7 0 .;) afterwards of platted hair ; (fee the Welh Bardsj)

and then of ca tgut ; Odyff. p . 408.Fou-fyi, Em per or of China, is faid to have invented a kind of lyre^ or guitar , with filk.ftrings.

6 Homer 's I l iad, 18 . S i r


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4 F I R S T I N T R O D U G T I O N O F A RT S IN T O G R E E C E

Sir Ifaac Newton tells us7, that the Phoznicians, who carne under the conduft of Cadmus, Pbcenix, and othercaptains, brought many doctrines into Greece: for amongft thofe Pbanicians were a fort of men calleddiretes-, who were fkilled in the religious myfteries, arts and fciences of Phanicia, above other men, andfettled fome in Phrygi, where they were called Corybantes ; fome in Crete, where they were called Ida iDaclyli; fome in Rbodes, where they were called Te/chines ; fome in Samothrace, where they were calledCabiri. W he re they fettled they wro ugh t firft in copper, 'cill iron was found o ut, and then in iron ;when they had mad e themfelves arm ou r, they danced in it at the facrifices with tum ult and clamwith bellsj pipes, drum s, and fwords, with which they ftruck upon one anot her' s arm our , in. muficafures, appearing feized with a divine fur y; and this is recko ned the origin of mufic in Greece - fo,S o l i n u s8; fludium muficum inde captum cum Idai Daclyli mdulos crepitu c5 tinnitu aris deprebenfos in verfi-

ficum ordinem tranjluliffent: and Ifidorus; Jiudium muficum ab Ideis Daclyli captum9. Orph eus, fo celebrated for poetry and mufic, is faid to have been a difciple of the Da ftyli. Apollo and the Mufestwo generations later

Glemens Alexandrinus alfo reports, that the Idtsi Daclyli were reputed the firft wife men, to whomboth the letters which they cali Ephefian, and the invention of mufical rhythms are referred ".

Strabo informs us, that the tradition in Phrygia was, that, the Guretes, an d Corybantes, were defeendedfrom the Daclyli; thefe arm ed priefts of Magna Mater, Rhea, or Cybele, were fecretly entrufted with the

education of Jp iter, and to prevent his being difeovered by his father, they invented a kind of a mdance, which was called the Daclyl, or Corybantine Dance".High-rais'd t he i r brazen fhields, around thee ftand,Gre at God, the Coryba ntes, folemn ba ndTheir c langing armour thund' r ing they advance ,To the harfh found refponds the myftic dance :Loud, rough, and rude , tumul tuous c lamours r i fe ,T o mo ck od Sat urn 's ears , and quell thy cries '*.

7 Si r I faac Newton 's Chronology, p . 13,14. 146. an d 191 . Herod, l ib . 5 . c. 5 8 .and Strabo., lib. x- p. 464.s Solinus Polyhijl. c. I I .Arts and fciences brought into Greece, about 1045 years B. C. New ton's Chronology.9 IJidor. Originum, lib. si. c* 6.A b o u t 1432 years before the Chriftian sera, the IdeiDaSyli find out iron in Mount Ida, in Crete, and work it into armour

and iron tools, and thereby give a beginning to the trades of fmiths and armourers in Europe; and by finging and dain their armour and keeping time by riking upon one another's fhields with their fwords, they bring in Mufic and into Greece.Newton's Chronology.

According to another account , Thoas, Kin g of Lem nos , a Cretan worker of met is, an d difciple of the Tdasi D at yfi ;who for his kill on the lyre, or harp, was called Cinyras. T h i s Cinyras was an inventor of arts, and found out copper inCypru s, and the fmith's ha mm er, the anvil , the tongs, and the laver ; a nd employed workmen in making arm our, andthings of brafs, and iron, and was the only King celebrated in hiftory for working in metis, and was King of Lemnothe hufband of Venus ; all which are the charater of Vulcan.

In the latter part of the reign of Solomon, Dadalus, and his nepliew Tahs, are faid to have invented the faw, the chp-ax , the turning -lath , the wimble, the perpend icular, the. compafs, glew, and the potte r 's wheel. Noab was eertaiuly thefirft who built a fhip: Eup alam s invented the anch or, and his fon, Da :dalus, invented fails to his vefel, and byme ans he effeted his efeape from M inos : tliis w as the firft introduccin of failing in G ree ce, w hich was n the reRelioboham ; and thefe things gave a beginning to manual arts, and trades in Europe. Sir Ifaac Ncwton't Chronology.

1 0 Newton's Chronology, p. 147. and Clemtns, Strom. l ib. 1." Stra bo, l ib. x. p. 4 7 1 . Luc retiu s, book ii . v. 570. 596. ; an d Virgi l , G. IV . v. 222.The above account appears to carry great probabili ty of truth with i t , becaufe the DaSyl meafure, or m etric al foot in

Greek and Latin verfe, (coufifting of one long, ahd two liort fyHables,) feems to derive its ame from the DaTyli; aas the DaSyl dance; ivhich fome rather apply to the Orthian mood, (as of the Lyric mea fure,) which w as a kind of a odiacfong, ufed on purpofe to fire the foul to noble deeds in wa r. H om er fays ,

" The nce the black fury thr o' the Grecia n throng ," W ith ho rror founds the loud Ort hian fong. litad, XI . v. 13 .

T h e DaSylic nomc, or Orthian fong, is attributed to Olympus the Phryg ian. Hero dotus makes ment ion of Orthocorybantes, adirtrift of Perfia, in the reign of Darius; and henee probably the Orthian mood derived its ame ; or from a part of Elis, inGreece , called Orthia; and in Sparta , Orlhia was the firname o f Diana.

There was a feftival held at Cnoffus in Crete, called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educatedJupiter, when he was concealed in that i land from his father Saturn, who ntended to devour him. Potler's Ant. book II.ch;ip 20 . ; and Diod orus, 5 . The re is a fragm ent of the Armed Dance of the Corybantes, delineated in Eell 's New Pantheon.

1 1 Cal l iniachus 's H ym n to Jupi ter, v. 79, &c.There


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B Y T H E C A B I R I , D A C T Y L I , C O RY B A N T E S , A N D C U R E T E S .5There is a very fingular, and elegant poem, refpe&ing Cybele ,3,*and her myftic rites, written by Catul-

lus, intitled Atys, which is compofed in Gallimbics, fo called from the Galli, or priefts of Cybele, whowere faid to ufe th at ki nd of verfe in their facred fon gs : t he following is an extr ad to f the tranflatiothat poem :

Ha le to yon Phryg ian fane , yon Phrygia n woo d,"Where cymbals r ing, where t imbris roar a loud,Th e deep-curv 'd pipe where Phryg ian minft re ls b lo w, + ,W he re M senades tofs fieree their ivied brow ,Where in hril l fcreams their folemn rites they pay,W he re the dread dei ty ' s mad numb ers f t rayWith wonted f tep ; there , there muft we advance ,And bounding high in myft ic meafures dance .

" Da nci ng, like Po etry , has been at all times , and in all places, fo infeparable from Muf le, th athiftory of the one necefarily involves that of the ther." "

T h e Salii were another order of priefts, but carne from the fame original with the Corybantes, aCuretes 1 6; and were tranlated from Cures, (the chief town in the Sabine co untry ,) to R om e, by Numathe philofopher, and king of the Romans, about 66o years before Chrift, where he appointed them keof the anlia, or facred hields, and called them priefts of Mars; but in Tufcany and other parts of Italy, w

the priefts of the Con/entes. The word Salii is purely Latn, and given them upon account of their danci ng ; but the R man s, notwithftanding, preferved fomeobfe urenotion of their defeent from the Cabiri17 ;either by means of Dar danu s, who carried the rites to Tr oy , from whence their God s and Penates or from one Salius, a Sam othracian, who taught them the dance. ' I muft add, that the Salii at Romefeem to have preferved the original fongs ufed in the Cabirc rites at Samothrace, compofed in the odPelafgic dialeft, and which religin forbad them to alter Virgil deferibes the priefts of M ars th u

T h e Salii fing, and cenfe his altars roundWith Sabian fmoke, the i r heads wi th poplar bound.On e choir of od, a noth er of the yo ung,To dance, and bear the burden of the fong.The lay records the labours, and the praife,And a l l th ' immorta l ats of Hercules.*

" In

i 3 a He re Cybele, the mother of the gods," W ith t inkling cymbals charm 'd the Idtian woods :Sh e , fecret ri tes, and ceremonies taught,

" And to the yoke the favage lions bro ug ht ." JEneid. lib. iii.There was a fong, inti t led the Chor'wn, which was fung in honour of the mother of the gods ; and faid to have been com

pofed by Olympus, the Phrygian.The box-tree was facred to Sibele, becaufe th e pipes ufed in her facrifices w ere made ofth at wo od. ' - -.-.

' 4 T h e Phrygian Fipe, as well as the Phrygian Mode, is faid to have been invented by Marfyas, the Phrygian : alfo, it is fup-pofed to be the moft ancient mufical inftrument of the Greeks, except the pipes of Pan, compofed of feven reeds of ulengths, called Syrinx. Th e Phry gian Pipe ha d a curved hor n, br curved brazen end affixed to i t , which rendered thfound deeper.

1 5 D r Burn ey's Hiftory of Mufic, vol. i . p. 346.1 5 Dionyf. Halle. Ant. Rom. lib. ii. p. 129, 130.1 7 T he Idai DaSyli, who are likewife Cabiri, and were ten in number, according to Strabo, l ib. x. p. 473 . , five males and

five females ; called Dac tyli, from t he num ber of fingerson the han ds.

The Phenician hiftory calis the Cabiri the fons of Sydec, JEfculapius, and feven othe rs, whofe ames are unknow n. VideEufeb. Prap. Evang. lib. i. c. 10.Pherecydes reckoned nine Corybantes, by which are to be underftood Cabiri, the fons of Apollo and Rhytia.Strabo, lib. x.

p. 473 . Diodorus, l ib . 5 .Strabo calis the Cabiri, the fons and daughters of Vulca n, and the nym ph Cabira. Ibid.*3 Enquiries concerning the firft inhabitants, language, religin, and learning of Europe, by Wife, p. 4 8 .; and Plutarch,

in Numa.* Virgil's iEneis, book viii.T h e Salii, were |originally 12 in nu mb er, and moftly of the Patric ian families ; the ir office was very hono urable : thei

drefs was a fhort fcarlet tunic, of which only the edges were feen, with a large purple-coloured belt about their waitwas faftened with a brafs buckler : their bonnet s had two corners ftanding up ; and they wor e in th eir right han d arod , and in the left a fmall buckler. Th e firft of M arc h was the day on whi ch the Salii obferved the ir ann ual feftival, and

C ofrered


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C I V I L IZ AT I O N E F F E C T E D , B Y M U S I C A N D P O E T R Y.

" In the earlel periods of the Greek ftates, their Legiflators were often B ard s, or their B ards wereLegiflators." S uch, in a more eminent degree, w ere Apollo, Orpbeus, Amphion, Linus, and MufausOf this rank alfo was Thales, th e Crean La wg iver ; who compofed laws in verfe, and fung them to hisl y r e1 0.

" Th e wood-born race of me n, wh om Orpheus t am 'd

" Fro m acorns *, and from m utual blood rec la im'd* This prieft divine was fabled to afluage" T he tiger 's fiercenefs, and the l ion's rage .< f Thus ro fe t he Theban wa l l ; Amphion's lyre ,< An d foothing voice the l ift 'ning (Iones in fp ir e. "1 1

A m ode rn auth or exprefes th e fame fubjecT: in the following m an ne r:Orpheus, infpir 'd by more than human power^Did not (as Poets feign) tame favage beafts,But men as lawlefs and as wild as they,And firft difiuaded from that rage and blood.T h u s w h e n Amphion bui l t the Theban wal l ,They feign'd the ftones obey'd his magic lute.P o e t s , the firft inftruftors of mankind,Brought a l l th ings to the i r proper na t ive ufe ;Some they appropria ted to the gods,And fome to public, fome to prvate ends :Promifcu ous love , by marr iage w as ref t ra in 'd ,Cities were built , a nd ufeful laws were m ade .So ancient is the pedigree of verfe,An d fo divine a Bard 's funft ion.T h e n Homer's and Tyriaus' mart ia l mufeWaken'd the world, and founded loud a larms.To verfe we owe the facred Oracle,And our beft precepts of morality.Some have by fong obtain'd the love of kngs,W h o wi th the Mufes eafe the i r weary 'd minds.Then b lu h no t , ihou noble Prince, to protetT:W ha t gods infpi re , and kings delight to hear.

Rerpe&ing th e Egyptians, Pialo informs u sM , that M ufic (und er which he comp rehends Poe try) wasnot only of a very long ftanding among them , but that they had the higheft regard im aginable forbe ing ap art of their religin, and laws. He fays, they confecrated to certain deities all man ner of and dances, prefcribing the days, an d ceremonies to be for ever inviolably obferved by all; and iany change, or innovation was attempted, the priefts and priefteffes were to cali in the affiftance fecular arm, and immediately pu t a ftop to it; and the attempter, unlefs he fubmitted, was to be lupo n all his life after as a profane nd irregu lar perfon. Pialo likewife fpeaks of the fongs, or rather of

offered facrifices to M a rs ; an d afterwards th ey carried the facred fhields in a folemn proceEon rou nd the walls of dancing and finging in meafured motions, fometimes all togethe r, and at other t imes feparately, while the mufical me nts were playing before the m : the y placed their body in different a ttitu des , and ftruck wi th their rods the fhieldsthey held in their hand s. The y all fung hym ns in honour of the gods, parlicularly of Mars, Jun o, Venus, and Minervwere accompanied in the chorus by a certain num ber of virgins, habited like themfelves, and called Sala. It was ufual

among the Romans, when they declared war, for the Salii to fhake their fhields with great violence, as if to cali upon the godMars to come to their afliftance.Lempriere"'s Claffical DiSionary, and the Hiftory of the Heathen Gods.1 9 Plato , de Rep. l ib. i .and Hefiod's The ogo ny.1 0 Strabo , Geog . l ib. x.* I n the primitive tim es, me n lived upon fuch fruits as fprung ou t of the eart h with out a rt or cultivatio n, and defi

other drink befides that which thefoun tains and rivers afforded.JElian (l ib. i ii . cap. 39,) reports, that at Argos they fedchiefly upon pears, at Athen s uponfigs, and in Arc adia upon aco rns ; mol othe r nations, as well as the Gree ks, ma deaco rns. Hen ee it was cuftoma ry at A.thens, w hen they kept their mar riage feUvals, for a boy to bring in an oak-full of acorns, and a pate covered with bread, proclaiming, 1 have efeaped the ivorfe, andfound the better ; which was done inmemory of their leaving.off the ufe of acorns, for that of bread. Potter's Aniiquities of Grcece, book ii i . chap. 18.

" Francis ' s Horac e . O/iris, or Bac chu s, is repo rted to hav e civilized the Indian s, and reigned amongft the m fiftytwo years. Arbuthnot.

1 1 Plato , l ib. i . de Leg ibus . jQ e


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I N N O VAT I O N N O T A L L O W E D I N T H E A N C I E N T G R E E K M U S I C .7

the airs of Ifls, which were in ufe in Egypt: and he fays, that their mufic and fongs had continued u n-changed for upwards of three thoufand yearsl .

The Spartans, or Lacedemonians, were equally tenacious of any innovation being made to cortheir original mufic ; in fomu ch, that three different muficians, Terpander, Timotheus, an d Phrynis, werepunihed by the Sen ate and Rhe tor s. For tun ately , o ne of thofe decrees is ftill pref erve d; and asfo remarkable a remnant of antiquity, I fhall give a faithful tranlation of it.

" Whereas Timotheus, the Mileflan, coming to our city, has deformed the majejiy of our ancient mufic, and,defpifing the L yre of even flrings, has, by the introduclion of a multipliclty of notes% corrupted the ears of ouryouth ; and by the number of bis flrings, and the firangenefs of his melody, has given to our mufic an effeminateand artificial drefs, inflead of the plain, and orderly one in which it has hitherto appeared ; rendering melodyinfamous, by compoftng in the Ghrom atic, inflead of the Enbarmon ic: and, being called to the Eleufinian Myfte-ries, did divulge the fecrets of that inflitution **. The K ings, and the Ephori have, therefore, refolved to pafscenfure upon Tim otheus jftr thofe things : and, farther, to oblige him to cut off all the fuperfluous flrings of hiseleven, leaving only the feven th ereon ; and to banifh him from our dominin ; that men may be warned forthefuture, not to introduce into Sparfa any unbecoming cufloms." I s

Plutarch 1 6 fays, Mufic of all kinds is the noble invention of the god s; and was firft ufed in religiceremonies, being employed in the praifes of God ; and that afterwards, it was applied to other fub

Plato likewife tells u s, that all the primitive S partan fongs and dances were confecrated to the go l 7

.The fame author (in his firft Book of Laws) obferves, that mufic cannot be underftood without the ledge of all the other fcien ces; which appears to have been the cafe formerly , as St rabo feems to inthe fame thing in the foliowing pffage: " T he myfterious Arcan a of facred things are perfe&ly aable to the majefty of the Deity, as they imtate his nature, which is like them, beyond our concepwhile Mufle, whether in dance, rhyme, or fong, diverfified by art, joins us almol with G o d . " "

It evidently appears, that in the early ftate of Greece, the offices of a Mufician, Poet, and Dancer,originally combined as one and the fame art , and exercifed by the fame arti ft; tho ugh they dividprocefs of time*9. Plato (in his fecond Book of Law s) fays, from thefe three conlituent parts brahch eagain the Gymnaftic Art. Th e mo l ancient gods were tiled fingers and dancers. Th us Horace calisApollo the Singer 3 : Pindar Hiles him the Da nce r 3 I. Th e fame god, in Bomer's Hymn, plays uponhis lyre, and at the fame time dances. Sophocles alfo is faid to havs played on the lyre, and at the fametime led the dance *.

Dancing, as well as mufic and poetry, bore a confiderable part in the religious ceremonies of thcients; and Athenasus informs us, that dancing was accounted a thing becoming perfons of honowifdom3 l.

" Among them danc'd the Sire of gods and men."3 3

2 3 Plato de Re p. lib. vii.** Accordin g to the ancient Att ic laws ; " De ath hall be his penalty who divulges the myt eries ."" Atbeneus, lib. xiv. wit h notes by Cafaubo n, lib. viii. c. n . Arati Phanomena, ed. Oxo n. at the end. Differtation

on Poetry and Mufic, by Dr. Brown, p. 128 .} and Dr. Burney's Hiftory of Mufic, vol. 1. p . 407 .Timotheus l ived to theage of 90 , and diedabout 35 7 years before Chrift.

" Plu tarc h on Mufic.1 7 Plato de Legibu s, l ib. vii .1 8 St rabo, p . 467. ; edition of Cafaubon, 1620.I Plato, Alcibiades. Athenmis, Deipnofoph, l ib. xiv. i an d D r. B rown 's Differtation on Poetr y and M ufic.

3 Ep. ad Pfines.*' Pindar ' s Ode. Hymn. in Apollinem.* Da mes of ancient daysHave led their children through the mirthful maze;And the gay grandfire, kill 'd in geftic lore,Has fri k'd beneath the burden of threefcore. GolJfmith.

Th e Theflalians fti led their magiftrates, " the leaders of the Dan ce and Song-feaft." Ludan, Pt Saltatione; and DrB'rown's DiTertation on Poetry and Mufic.

3 % Li b. i . cap. xix.3 3 Apud Athenssum Deipn. l ib . i .

mo,


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tf' OF GREE K ODES, CHO RUS AND DAN CE.

Philo, a Jewih writer of Alexandria, who flourihed about A. D. 40 , has given us a very ntereftngaccount of the manner in which the Therapeut


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M S I C , A N E S S E N T I A L PA RT 0 F E D U C AT I O N . A L S F B A N Q U E T S .

Mfc, fays Pintarchy was the founda tion of a virtuo us ed uc atio n; becaufe it was allied with Philofophy , M oris , and Brav ery W e find that the moft illuftrious prince s, hro es, and ftatefmen of Grludied Mufic, as an effential part of education : Achines was taught mufic by Chiron, and played andfung the great aftions of hroes. Epaminondas was fo well educated, that no Theba n was better, for hecould fing, and accompany himfelf on the lyre with kill; he could perform on the flute, he knew pfphy, the art of dancing, wreftlihg, rh ing , ahd the exerife of ar m s3 S. Som e years befr his tim e,the refufal of T'hemijlocles at a faft, to play an air upo n the lyre, (wh en the inftrume nt was han ded aternately t o each perfori round the table,) was made a reproach , and kind of dihonour t him . Tgnorant of mufic, in thofe days, pffed for a great defecT: f education3 9': either could any perfon enterthe lift, as a candidate in the Pythian games , exce pt he c old fig a nd perform oh the lyre ; and it isfaid, that Hefiod was rejeed on account of his inability in accmpahylng himfelf n the lyre*".

It muft be obferved, that the mufic of the Greeks was of much greatr exten't than ours; it comprehendedfive different arts . Th e Rhythmic Mufic regulated the cadenee in all forts of motioris j the Dance,theatral, as well as lyric, belonged to its jurifdiction.

Metric Mufic taught to obferve meafure in rehearfing dramatic po em s; for amon g the ancients, trehearfin g of the dramas was a melodious declam'ation, which had different mod es, a nd kept a mibetween the true chant, or fong, and the pronunciaron of familiar difeourfe.

The third mufical art is the Organic Mufle, which teaches to play upon inftruments. Th e windinftruments were comprehended for the moft part under the ame of Tibia, ilutes, and pipes: and,ftringed inftrum ents, fome und er the iiame of Tejludines, Lyres, or guitars j others, that of Githatastbarps, &c.

T h e Hypocritic Mufic made the fourth clafs. W e hould cali t now -a-days , th e counterfeit mufic ; regulates the gefture.

The lal of thefe arts was the Poetic Mujic, whic h taug ht the meafure of verfe, and their rehearfal. Ibelieve it differed from the metric mufic, by this, that it treated of the theoredcal melopy ; and the otherof the pra&ical melopy. In Greece, the Poets themfelves noted their pieces j and thofe notes had theirtone, by virtue of a figure proper to each note 4".

T h e Bard was free b f all expence, and entitled to a place of honour at all the banquets of theGreeks *z: and Penelope informs us of the entertainment he afforded to the enraptured guets.

" Pbemius le t afts of gods, a nd hroes od,What ancient bards in hall and bow'r have told,Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ ;Such the pleas'd ear will drink with filent joy4 5."

Atheneiis makes the following curious remark relative to driking, and fays, that fome of the Gfages allowed no more wine than three cps, or goblets4 4} that is, one for health, a fecond for cheerful-nefs, and a third for leep *.

The

*i P luta rch on Mufic.3 8 Cornelius Nepos, X V . chap. ift.3 0 Cicero Tufe. lib. i . n. 4.4 0 Strabo, l ib . x i .And Pot ter 's Antiqu t ies of Greece, vol . i . book i i . chap . 2 2 .4* See M L'dbb Je Eos, Rejlex. Critiq. fur la Poejic & Peinture.4* Potter's Antiquities of Greece, vob ii . book iii . chap. 17 .4 3 Hom er 's Odyfley, book I . ver. 433 . Book viii. ver. 39.+* Th e Pyl ian Kings had a rema rkab l for-handled feulp tured goblet , w hich is m entioned ia H om er 's I l iad b

ver. 7 7 3 . Th e five reafons for drin king .Good wine , a friend, or being drj,Or left we hould be by and by,Or any other reafons why.

* Athentts, l ib. ii . " Non e but mixe d wines fhall be dran k at banqu ets {Alexis *Jfopo.) M Le t pu r and unmlxedwines be referved till afterwards, for a relihing tafte to the honour of the good genius {/Itberueus, l ib. vi.) by whom wasunderftood Baccbus, the inventor of wine , and in menaory of which,acup full of unmixed wine was ufually carried to eachround thetabl e. W te a the ancients drank to the gods, pu r wine , unmix ed w ith water^ w as corntaBy fcd at tiioie libau'ons.

D " YTUR^US,


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i 'o BAQETS. SIGNALS OF W A R ; AND HER ALDS .

Th e banquet , on the arrival of Telemachus, at the palace of Menelaus in Spar ta, is thus defcribed :While this gay friendly troop the King furrond,With feflival and mith the roofs refound:A bar d amid the joyo us cifcle fingsHig h airs, atte mper'd to the vocal ftri ng s45 ."

In the heroic ages of Greece, it was cuftomary, before they marched to batt le, to fupplcate by prayers ,facrifices, and vows, to engage Heaven to their affiftance, and fung a hymn to Mars* 6 i and after a prof-petous battle, they fung a fong of triumph, called Pisan, or Hymn to Apollo* 7. The Lacedemoniansmarched to battle, to the Tune of Caflor's Hymn, played upon utes4*.

" Wh o hall awake the Spart an rife,And cali in folemn found s to UfeThofe youths4 9 . "

At another time, Xenophon telis us, when the Lacedemonians bgan to march from home, they allung a Hymn to Neptune'%

:


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S T R ATA G E M S O F WA R .

" Bacchus, in his Indn expedition , to gain adm ittance into the cities, nftead oF geamng rrh ohabited his troops in white linen, and deers ' kins-. Th eir fpears were adorned with ivy, and th e poithem concealed under a Thyrfus. His orders were given by cymbals and tabrets, inftead of tru mp ets : a nd,intoxicating his enemies with wine, he engag edthe m in dancing, From henee was derived the intiof the orgies of Bacchus, which are only commemorations of this, and whatever tratagems elfe that genepra&ifed in his conquel of India, and the reft of Afia." S

" Pan, a general und er Bac chus , was the firft who reduced to a regu lar fyftem the ma rhalling oarm y : h e invented th e pha lanx , and ranged it with a righ t and left wing ; from whence he is ufualprefented with ho rns . Vi&ory alway s fat upo n the ftrongel fword, till he pointed out the way to coby artfice and r-^nceuvre."

" In the midft of a barren defert Bac chus was by his fcouts inform ed, that an immenfe army oenemy were encam ped a little above him . Th e intelligence was ala rm ing ; but he foon found hirelieved from his embarraffment by a ready expedient of Pan, who ordered the whole army, in the filenceof the nigh t, on a fignal given, to fet up a loud and general hour. Th e furrounding rock s, andcavity of the foret re-echoed the found , and impofed on the enemy an apprehenfion that his forceinfinitely more numerous than they were; and, feized with a general conternation, they abandonedcam p, andf led. An d, from the circumftance of this ftratagem, is derived the term panic (or panic-

ftruck.")56

" Artemifia, queen of Caria, planted an ambufeade near Latm us : and herflf with a numero us tof wom en, eunu chs , and muficians, celebrated a facrifice at the grove of the mo ther of the g od s; abo ut feven miles from the city. T he Latm ians carne out to fee the m agnificent proceffion : wheambu feade e ntere d, and to ok poflefiion of the city. Th us did Artemifia, by flutes and cymbals, pfiefsherfelf of what he had in vain endeavoured by forc of arms to obam."5 7

" Midas, preten ding that he was going to perform a folemn facrifice to the great gods, led out Phr ygi ans in the night as in proce lion, w ith flutes, timb ris, and cymbals : each of them at the time privately carrying fwo rds. T he citizens all left their houfes to fee the procefion : when th e mperform ers drew their fwords, flew t he fpectators as they carne out in to th e ftreets, took pofieffitheir houfes, and invefted Midas with fovereignty." s S

" Wh ile the Heraclidee, Proeles and Tem enu s, were at war with the Euryfthidse, who were attime in poffefion of Sparta ; they were on a fudden attacked by the enemy, as they were facrifcing nerva for a fafe pafiage over the mountains: Proeles, little difeoncerted, ordered the flutes to marchon bef ore ; after whom the foldiers advancing in arm s, infpired by the num bers and h armony omufic, preferved their ranks entire, and, eventually, defeated the enemy. Fro m this experience of tfluence of mufic, were the Lacedemonians taug ht to retain flutes in their arm y ; w ho , adva ncing beforethe m to the field, always founded th e char ge. An d it is further afferted, that the Ora cle had promvid ory to the arms of the Lacedemonians, fo long as they continued the ufe of flutes in their armyfought not againl thofe who did retain them." 5 9

The glory of having firft elablihed the Olympic games, is given to the Idai Daclyli} (who alfo werecalled the Curetes60;) their ames were Hercules, Posones,Epimedes, Jaftus, an d Idas. This Idaan Henales,

s 5 Polysi.u s's Stratagems of W ar, tranflated by D r. S hepherd , book i . chap . ft . Moneros, that is, the Moon kitig, whowas the fame with Oftris, to whom the Egy ptians attribute the invention of their m uic. Th e worfhip of Ofris was firftintroduced into Greece by Orpheus, under the ame of Bacchus : (Plut arch's Moris, vol. 4 . ) Ifis is alfo faid to have beenthe inventrefs of the Siftrum, as well as of mufic and poetry among the Egyptians. O/iris, who from his great ats, wascalled by the Arabians, Bacchus, that is, the Great. Th e Phry gians called him Mavors, or the aaliant, and by contracioaMars ; (alfo, in the ancient Briti/b, or Celtic dialet, Matur implies great;) becaufe he fet up pillars in all his conquefts : and,his arm y in his father's reign fought againft the Africans with clubs, therefore, he is ufually reprefented with pil laa club. Newton's Ciranology, page 23.

5 ( 5 Polysenus, book i-chap. 2.5 7 Polyasnus, book vi. c hap. 53.5 S PolyKnus, book vii . chap. 5 .5 9 Polyssnus's Str atage ms of W ar , book i , chap. l .* The Curetes were gods of an unpolluted guardin charaleriftic, and frftfubfift in that order of gods which is called

the Chaldeans Theologifts jejo?, inteleual. T h e Corchantes, who form the guardin, triad offupermundane gods, are analogoust thefe. Pau fani as, voh . book v. cha p. 7 . and notes at the ead of the Jd voh

"who


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OLYMPIC G A M E S , I N S T I T T E D BY T H E D A C T Y L .

who was the oldeft of them, prpofed the conteft of the race to hs brothers, and crowned the coquerorwith the branches of the wild olive; which tree he firft brought with htm into Greece, from the Hyperb-reans. It is further related, that the Olympic Games were afterwards celebrated every fifth year, becaufethe brothers were five in nu mber ; that was abot 1453 yeafs before the Chriftian s er a 6 '. Some aTertthat Apollo once outran Mercury in the courfe, and vanquihed Mars in boxing, and that o this accoun tthe mufic of the Pythian pipe was introduced in the dance of the quinquertium ; the verfes which werefung to the pipe bing facred to Apollo, becaufe he bor awy the firft prize in the Olympic Games 6*. Inthe folemn games dedicated to Apollo Triopis, the pri'zes were tripods of brafs, which the vi&ors wereobliged to confecrate to Apollo 63.

It appears, from Paufanias, that the temple in Delphus was often plundered by the facrilegious; ridafl of all, by the impfety of er o, who is faid to have taken from thence five huhde d brazen images,which were partly ftates of the gods, and partly of men. It is alfo recofdedj t hat a moft ancient cons.teft was eftablihed t here, which confifted in finging a hymn in honour of Apol lo ; ahd that he who firftconquered in finging, was the Cretan Chryfothemis, whofe father Cartnnor is faid to have purified Apollo.Philammon was the next that was vidorious after Chryfothemis; and Thmyrs, the fon of Phlammoiiconquered after his father. They fay that Orpheus was unwil ling to engage ih this eontft-, by reafon ofthe dignity of his compofition relative to the myfteries, and that elevation of foul which he acquired by

his other produ&ions; and that Mufaus would not engage in it, through his imitation of Orpheus in'Cvery refped. They fay alfo, that Eleuther (the fon of Apollo) bore away the Pythian palm, throughfpeaking with a loud and fweet voice, as he was not able to fing the fong which he had compofed.They hkewife relate, that Hejiod was not permitted to contend, becaufe he had hot learnt to accompanyon his lyre, with his voice: but that Homer carne to Delphus for the purpofe df confultng what was ne-cefiary to be d on e; though even if he had learnt to play on the l yre, his art wold have been of no ufe thi'm, thro ugh the lofs of his fight. In the third year of the fofty-eighth Olympiad, in which Glautias theCrotonian was vi&or, the Amphiftyons inftituted games, in which there was finging to the lyre as at ir t &and to which they added finging to the pipe, and playing on the pipe without finging. Cephalen the fonof Lampus was proclaimed victor on the lyre; Arcas Echembrotus in finging to the pi pe ; and the ArgivSacadas in playing on the pipe without finging.

The fame Sacadas was twice vi&orious after this, in the Pythian games. Wh en the Pythian gameswere inlitutecl, a crown alone was the objecl: of content ion, and in which finging to the pipe wasreje&ed, as not being pleafing to the ea r: for elegies and funeral dirges are accommodated to themelody of pipes. The facred offering o Echembrotus confirtns what I have faid i for he dedicated inThebes a brazen tripod to Hercules, with this infcription : ECHEMBROTUS ARC AS dedicates thisJlatue toH E R C U L E S , in confequence of having been viorious in the contefls t>f the Amphitlyos, and this by Jingingamong the Greeks, fongs and elegies. This was the reafon , therefore , why the conteft of finging to the pipeceafed. In the eighth Pythiad, the contefts of thofe who play on the lyre, bu t do not accompany it withtheir voice, were inuituted ; and in this conteft Agelaus Tegeates was vi&orious "\

Paufanias Hkewife mentions the ftatue of Pythocritus the Sicyonian, who only played on the pipe, andwas fix times vi&orious, in the quinquertium of the Olympic game s. For thefe vitories a pillar was raifedto Pythocritus in Olympia, with this infcription on i t : Monument of Pythocritus Callinicus the piper 6s. Itis further re lated, that among t he treafures, or fpoils dedicated to Jpiter by th e Myones, there was &horn of Amalthea, which was the gift of Miltiades, the fon of Cimon, who reigned in the Thracian Cherfo-

nefus. The following infcription is on the hor n, and is written in ancient Attic le tt er s:6 1 Paufa nias, book v. c. 7 , 8 . And Potter's Antiq. of Greece, vol. 1. book ii. chap. 22. Accor ding to anothe r account^

the Olympic Games were inftituted by Jpiter, after his vi&ory over the T it an s, and firft obferved by the Idei DaBylu IQfiMAlA, a feftival, wherein muficians contended : it was celebrated in honour of Jpiter, furnamed iSa/or;, from Ithome,a city in TheTaly or Meflene, w here th at god is faid to have been nurfed by the two n ymp hs Ithome, and Neda, who gaveames; the former to a town, the latter to a river. Stephanus Byx.ant'mus; and Potter 's Anti quities of Greece, vol. 1.book . chap. 20. The Ifthmian Games were firft inftituted by Thefeus, in honour of his father Neptune.

6 1 Pauf ania s: and Potter's Antiquities of Greece,6 3 Herod otus , lib. i. c. 44. 'e * Paufanias's Defcription of Greece, by Tay lo r, vol. iii. book x. chap . 7. . . *5 Pa ufanias, vol. ii. book vi. chap . 14.

Me


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P R I M I T I V E M U S I C I A N S A N D P O E T S , F R O M U N D O U B T E D A U T H O R I T Y. 13Me Cherfonefus, when Aratus1 wallsConduBed by Miltiades it took,Sent as an offering to Olympian Jove fi6.

Pronomus, thepiper, is faid to have allured many with his melody; prior to his time, there were dirent pipes for the Donan, L ydian, an d Phrygian mea fures ; but he firft invented pipes adapted to every

kind of har mo ny, and was the firft that played all the different m eafures upon one inftrum ent. Alfwonderfully delighted the fpe&ators in the th eatres , by the gefticulations of his face, and the motio n whole body. His fongs were extan t in Paufanias's time , which he compofed for the Chalcidenfes bEur ipus , in honour of Dlos. Th e Thebans therefore have placed a ftate of this Pronomus, and of Epa-minondas, the fon of Polymnis, in the forum at Thebes 6 7.

Paufanias makes mention of fome bronze ftatues of Apollo and Mercury, contending with each otherfor a lyre. Trip ods were alfo given as a reward to the victors in mufical, and poetical contefts. Trypodian Lyre of Pytbagoras, the Zacythian, was a very curious invention, which was three lyres, fixedon the three faces of a moveab le trip od ; one tuned for the Dorian, another for the Phrygian, and thethird for the Lydian mode .-^on^ he lighteft touch , the tripod turned up on its axis, and enabled the peformer to avail himfelf of the three different modes, with the utmoft facility, and, without interruto retune his inftrument, which was obliged to be done prior to that invention6 8.

The following chronological and uthentic Account of fome. of the primitive Muficiansand Poets, ivas extracled from the Arundel ian Marb les .Since Cadmus, the fon of Agenor, carne to Thebes, according to the oracle, and buiit Cadmea, ( 1 5 1 9

years before Chrift).Since Hyagnis the Phrygian firft invented utes at Celante, a city of Ph ryg ia, and firft played on the

flute the harmony called Phrygian, and other nomes (or fongs) of the Mother of the Gods, of Dionyfws,of Pan, and that of the deities of the country, and the hroes, ( 1 5 0 6 years before Chrift).

Since Orpheus publifhed his poem on the Ra pe of Prof erpine, the Search of Cere s, his Defcent to Shades, and the Fables concerning thofe who received the corn, ( 1 3 9 9 years before Chrift).

Since Eumolpus, the fon of Mufeeus, celebrated the myfteries in Eleufin, and publifhed the poems bf hisfather Mufieus, ( 1 3 5 0 years before Chrift).

Since Hefiod the poet fiourihed, ( 9 4 4 years before Chrift).Since Homer the poet flourifhed, ( 9 0 7 years before C hr ift ).6 9

Since Tyrtaus joined the army of the Lacedemonians, ( 6 8 2 years before Chrift) .Since Terpander, the fon of Dardeneus the Lebian, direcled the ute-players to reform the nomes of the

uncients, and changed the od mufic, ( 6 4 5 years before Ch rift).Since Comedies were carred in carts by the Icarians j Sufarion being the inventor, and the firft prize

propofed was a bafket of figs, and a fmall veffel of wine, ( 5 7 0 years before Chrift).Since Thefpis the poet flourifhed, the firft who exhibited Tragedy, for which a goat was appointed as

the prize; Alcaus the firft being arch on at Athens, ( 5 3 7 years before Chrift).Since Simonides, the fon qf Leoprepes the Cean, who invented the art of memory, teaching a chorus at

Athens, gained the vitory, ( 4 7 8 years before Chr ift).Since Timotheus (who lived 90 years) died, ( 3 5 7 years before Chrift),7 0

6 6 Paufanias's Defcripdo n of Greece, by Ta ylor , vol. i i . book vi. chap . 19.Amaltlxea, dau ght er of MeliTus, king ofCrete , fed Jupiter with goats' milk. See more of the above horn , and of Miltiades, in Lempriere's Clafjical Ditlionary.

6 7 Paufanias, book ix, chap . 12.fi8 Athenaus, l ib. xiv. cap. 15 . p . 637.See Monftgnore Bianchini s De Tribus Generibus Injlrumentorum, Scc. tab. $.fig. 13, & i.

A Ly re, on a Trip od, placed before the bull Api s, in the Ifac tables.6 9 Jofephus (l ib. j . con. Ap.) aTerts, tha t " Homer did not write his poem, but fung it by heart , fometimes one part , and

bme times an oth er; and th at afterward s, t he rhapfodifts o r fingers did the fame, not knowing it but only by meTh ey a t length fet about writing i t , and reduced it to a volume as we ow have it ." An d it is to Lycurgus a nd Pifjlratus tha twe are indebted for the prefervation of that valuable poem. Corinnus, a difciple of Palamedes, is faid to have been the firft\vriterin verfe of the Tro jan w a r; out of w hich Homer (as fome fay) took the fubjet for his Iliad : {Clqffical Ditlionary)

" Jdaus, frnamed Rhodius, from his country, the fon of Iffus, an Epic poet, who doubled all Homer's works by infert-ing his own verfes, line for line, yet keeping the fenfe ; he alfo wrote the affairs of Rhodes in 3000 verfes, as Suidas teftifiesi(See Theatrum Poetarum, by Ed. Phillips.)

7 0 T h e -Paran Chronicle, or the Chronicle of the Arundelian Marbles, by Dr. Jof, Robertfon j page z , & cE The
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4 P R IMIT IV E MU S IC IA N S A N D .P O E T S .

Th e oldeft poets and muficians, who celebrated and claimed as. theirs by the Greek s, uchThamyris, Eumolpus, Linus71, Orpheus, an d Mufaus, were all T hr ac ia ns : the firft of thefe poets was n fogreat a favour with the Scythian s, on account of his kill in the art, as to be chofen their k i n g " .

Eumolpus, the fon of Mufaus, flourihed nex t after the ancient Orpheus, whofe difciple he is faid by Suidasto have been ; he wrote 3000 verfes, of which his poem of the myfleries of Ceres chiefly confifted.

Philamon the mufician (a fon of Ap ollo) was the firft inftituter of the mufical choru s and dancingthe Tem ple of Delp hi, as Plut arch informs u s. Th e ancients "had various kind s of chruffes, fuch circular chorus ; Chori Epicycli, which were the chruffes of tragedies. Stefichorus compofed the dithyram-bic chorus, which was fung and danced round the altar, or ftatue of Bacchus, during the worhip of that

Arion, the lyric poet and mufician of Methymna, a difciple of Alemn, is faid to have been the beginn er of dithy ram bs, fatyrs, and the chorus in tragedy ; he flourihed in the 38th Olympiad, as Suidasafirms.

The performers of the odes, or full chruffes, were multiplied at Athens in the time of JEfchylus, tofifty perfons : their num ber was afterwards reduced by law to fifteen73. Agatho, in his traged y of t heMyfians, is faid to have firft introduced the Cromatick Airs : he flourihed about 400 ymrs before Chrift7*.

Amphion, an d Stejichorus are faid to have inflituted the lyric laws refpeting mufic and po et ry : alfoTerpander (wh o flourihed about 6 6 5 years before Ch rift,) was the firft who inven ted, or diftiguihed

th e modes of lyric mufic by feveral am es. Ardalus, an d Clonas, foon after did the like for wind in- h u m e n t s7 5.Learning was much encouraged at Athen s, and a public library built, about 5 2 6 years before Chrift.

*' He, who by his profeffion gets bejl repute, and is reckoned the moj ingenious in his way, Jhall have hisdiet in the Prytaneum, and be honoured with the highejlfeat." 16 Th e reftoration of learning at Alexa n-dria, and univerfal patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Phyfcon3 about 1 3 7 years beforeChrift.

Plato, fpeaking of the mufic which remained in his time, of Marfyas, and of his difciple Olympus, fays," that it was moft divine, and ada pted in a very peculiar mann er to ftir and affedt the m in d." 7 7 Thisteftimony of Plato, who was himfelf a praclical mufician, and lived at a time when m ufic flourihed in eminen t degre e, ough t to have great weight. Ag ain , Ariftotle fays, " t hat th e compofitions of Olympusraifed an enthufiafm in the foul."7 8 Laftly , the mufic of Olympus was preferved to the days of Plutarch,wh o fays, it furpafled any mufic then kn ow n. N ow , Olympus was at leaft as od as Orpheus; and it was

he who compofed the Curule S ong , which caufed Alexander to fnatch up his arm s, while A ntigenidas w a 9performing it7 9. As to the effecl: of the ancient mufic in the tim e of Plato, and Ariftotle, they both fpeakof it in very ftrong terms *.

The following Epigram, on the death of Plato, the mufician and poet, is extra&ed from Brunck'sAnthologia;

' When Orpheus d ied, thou gh mte with woe,The Mufes fought their native ftyj

Plato detain 'd a while be lowThe fleeting foul of Harmony.

7 1 Linus, the fon of Apollo, is faid to have taught Hercules and his b rothers Melampus and Iphiclus the lyre, and otherarts.Eumolpus, the fon of Mufams, flourihed about i 35 0 years before C hrift. Orp heus was th e ion of CEager, by th e m ufeCalliope, and flourihed about 1390 years before Chrift.

7* Lonon. Narr. V I I .7 3

D r. Bu rney's Hift . of Mufic, vol. i . p. 164. " Fiften perfons Jhall go to the eonftituihit of a tragic che rus." Pollux,lib. xiv. cap. 15 .

'+ Plutarch's Sympofiacks, part 8. quelion ift .7 5 Phi l l ips ' s The at rum Poetarum } and Plutarch on Mufic.7" Ajlophanes, who flourihed about 434. years before Chrift , was called the Prince of An cien t C om edy, as Mcnander

was of the New.7 7 Plato, page 567.7 8 Ariftotle, page 455." Pluta rch, page 11 3 3 . and p. 33^. Olympus compofed a Nomos for the fage Minerva, in the Phrygi an H arm ony . Muficians and Poets were num erous am ong the ancient Gre tks ; teman flourithed about 67 0 years B. C j Phrynis flou-

rifhed about 43 8 years B. C.; Steftchorus flourihed about 48 years B C. ; alfo, Olen, Melampus, Alcmus, Sappho, Myrtis, D amoit,Murwmus, l.amprus, Dhnjfius, Olympiodorus, Fhyliflus, Thales, Arifloxenu, Simonides, Pamphus, kc. were all celebrated muficians.

6 But


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T H R E E C L A S S E S O F T H A N C I E N T G R E E K S O N G S .

But now fince ruthlefs fate has tomFrom thee, fweet bard, your facred Iyre,

In you a double lofs we mourn," A maft er's hand , a poe t's fire."

The three prmitive modes in the Greciart mufic, were the Phrygian, Lydian, an d Dorian.

The charatter of the Phrygian mode was bold, vehem ent, and war like; fuitable for trum pets, pipesand cymbals, in order to anmate the men to warlike achievements; and is faid to have been inventeMarfyas, (th e fon of H yagnis of Celsense in Ph ryg ia,) a celebrated performer on the double flute, who is generally deemed the inventor of that inftr um ent : he flourihed about 1 4 5 0 years before Chrift.

T he Lydian mode was pathe tic, and doleful, and adapted to facred hy mn s, and funeral fong s; accoring to Pliny, it was invented by Amphion 8 , the fon of Jpiter, and pupil of Mercury; (others fay, by Olytn-pus, the Myfian, a difciple of Marfyas.) Pitidar tells us, that the Lydian mode was ufed for the firft timeat the marriage of Niobe.

T he Dorio mode; its chara&er was majeftic, or a m ixtu re of grvity an d mirth ; and is attributed tThamyris, a famous mufician of Thraces* . Plato judged the Dorio proper to preferve good mo ris ; andfor this reafon, that he permitted th e ufe of it in his repub lic, a nd rejecled the effeminate Lyd ian mAfte rwa rds, the modes were increafed to feven ; and then to fifteen "*.

The ancient Greek fongs were chiefly of three great claffes, religious, political, an d moral. Of the firftclafs, Athenaus hath preferved five; a hymn to Pallas, a hymn to Ceres, a hymn to Apollo, a hymn toPan, and one to all the tutelar gods o Athens.

Of the fecond clafs, the political, in which their hroes were celebrated, though not advanced to th erank of gods, the fame author hath given us feveral; in which Ajax, Talamon, Harmodius, the hroes whofell at Leipfydrion j Admetus, the Olympic victors, and others, were celebrated at their prvate entertain-m en t s% z. W he n the Athenians recovered their liberty, they rendered the higheft honours to the memo Harmodius, an d Ariftogiton. Statues were erected to them in the forum, about 5 1 2 years before Ch rift:and it was enafte d, that their ames hould be for ev er celebrated a t the feftival of th e Panathencea.T he poets eternize d their glory by poem s, and fongs, which were fung at banqu ets : one of the compofed on that occafion, hath been preferved by Athenaus, and of which the following is a tranlation :

" / will wear my fword covered with m yrtle-branches, like Harmodius and Ariftogiton, when they flewthe tyrant, and efiablifhed equality of laws in Athens.

Beloved Harmodiusthou art not dead: they fay thou livefi in the iflands of the bleffed: where is thefwift-footed Achules, and Diomed, the valiantfon /"Tydeus ? .

" / will wear my fword covered with m yrtle-branches, like Harmodius and Ariftogiton, when they flewthe tyrant Hypparchus, at the feftival of the Panathencea.

" May you r glory be eternal, beloved Harmodius, beloved A riftogiton fince you have flain the tyrant,.and eflablijhed equality of laws in Athens.'*8*

Of the third, or moral clafs of fongs, Athenaus hath likewife tranfm itted to us a colleflion. Of thiskind we find one upon vanity and mifchief of riches ; one u pon pruden ce ; one upon the compaexcellence of the goods of life; one upon friendhip 5 one upon the choice. of friends ; an d an ad mira bleone on the forc of virtue, by Ariflotle 8s.

Such being the nature of the od Grecian fongs, and the whole nation having been prepared to perform-and liften to them with reverence by a correfpondent edueation; no wonder that the higheft char

8 0 See Hom er 's OdyTey, with No tes, b. i i . ver. 261, & 262.s* H om er's Il iad , b. . ver. 5 9 4 .; and b. v. ver. 599.8 1 " L et all the different a irs and fpecific kinds of mufic be obferved, and eac h of the m be ma de ufe of at its peculia

v a l - " Th is was an ancien t law , whe reby they who confounded the feveral kinds of mufc , being firft convited befomafte rs of mufic, w ere lible to be punifhed. Bu t this praftice was afterw ards laid afide. Plutarch, lib. iii. De Legibus.*' Sports exhibited in honour of Neptne are to be in the Ptreits, graced with three dan ces performed in a ring , where thereward to them who come off beft fhall be ten pf ; to them whofe performance is one degree below, eight; and listhi rd vi f tors." Plutarch, n Ljcurgut, who flourihed about 884 year s before the C hriftian sera.

Athenaus, ib. xv. Plutarc h, Symp. lib. i . q. 1 .*+ Athe naus, lib. xv. cap. 15 . p. 6 9 5 .; and T ravels of Anacharfis the younger into Gree ce, vol. i . introdul-ion, and no tes.8* Athe naus, Deip. ii, xv ; and Dr. Brown on Poetry and Mufic.

in


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16 O F T H E S E PA R A T I O N O F M U S I C , P O E T R Y, A N D D A N C I N G .

n the comm onwe alth bot e a part in their performance at prvate entertain men ts : for their fongs benriched with the great and imp ortant fubje&s relative to their public ftate, and being the ejlablijhedvehicle of religin, moris, and polity, nothing could be more fuitable to a high ftation in the commonwealth, than a proficiency in this fublime and legiflat'vue art86.

Th e G reeks had Hkewife' a kind of light and convivial fongs, called Scholia, which were fung to thelyre at feafts 5 forne attribute the firft invention of them to Terpander, the lyrift, who flourihed about67 5 years before Chrift. For this fpecies of jovial fongs, perhap s none was more eminen t than Anacreon,the lyric poet, who flourihed about 5 5 4 years before Chrift $ and of his ftyle of writin g, th e followingtranlation may ferve as a fpecim en; ' uintilianus, treats both of the Harmnica and Rythmica.

Thefe Seven Authors may be divided into two feds; the one following Pythagoras, in determiningthe difference of founds, in mufical intervals, by the Ratio; by which is difeovered the exadl: magnitudeof each interval, confonant, or diffonant: the other, in oppofition to the Ratio, making the Earthe fupreme jud ge, as being^ more immediately concerned in the perfeftion of all mufical intervals,and their fuccefion.

{Paufanias, lib. viii. c. 14 . Herodotus, lib. iii. c. 39,40; and 122. Stralo, 14.) It is worthy of rema rk, with wha t care the Ro-mans preferved the relies of antiquity . In the Temp le of Concord at Rome, a gem was fhewn, which was faid to be the famousemerald ring of Polycrates; it was kept in a golden box, and was a prefent from Augufius^Herodotus, lib. iii. c, 41; andAnacharfis the Tounger's Travels into Greece, voL 6. chap. 74, and notes.

1 0 8 Thebaid, V. ver. 343.*9 Maximus Tyrius Differt. xxiii.1 , 0 Siiius, lib. vi. ver. 361.: and Potter's Antiquities of Greece, vol. 2. book iii. chp. 19.* For further particulars of the Turkih Mufic, I muft refer my reader to Litteralura Turchefca dell' Abale Giambatifla

Toderini. Tome I. p. 2 2 2I ought


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EGLSH AUTHORS WHO HAVE WRITT N THE SCIENCE F GREEK MSC. 3

ought not to omit to mention, Phikdems De Mufic, in four books; which was printed at the RoyaPrefs at Naples, in 1793, from the original Greek manufcript found in the rtiiris cf Hrculaneum, and nowpreferved in.the Royal Mufeum at Portici, in Italy. J \

Of Englifh authors who have wrirten on th fcience of Greek Mufic : fee An Explanaiion of the MODESor TONES in the Ancient Gradan Mufic, by Sir Francis Hafkins Eyles Stiles, Bart. 17614 Quarto.

Of the various GENERA, and SPECIES of Mufic among the Ancients, with fome Obfervations concerningtheir SCALE, by Dr. Pepufch, and publifhed in the Philofphical Tranfaclions for 1746, BV;

A Letter to Mr. Avifon concerning the Mufic of the Ancients, by Dr. fortn:An Illuflration of the GRECAN HARMNICA , in two Parts, by John Keebl. Qyarto. 1784;Dr. Burnefs General Hi/lory of Mufe; &c.

The following curious fpecimen of the wifdom of the ancients perhaps may not be unacceptble tothe reader. Thales, the Milefian, one of the Seven ivife Men of'Greece, being aked, What was theoldeft thing ? he anfwered, " God; becaufe he had no beginning ." Being aked, Wha t was the hand-fomeft thing? he replied, " the Wor ld, which noth ing can excel; becaufe it is the work of Go d. ''Being aked, What was the iargeft thing ? he anfwered, ; S pac e; becaufe it comprehends every thingbefides." Wh at was the moft quick ? he faid-, " the Mind ; becaufe it runs over the univer fe. " Wh atwas the moft irrefiftible ? he anfwered, " Neceffity, or Fate; becaufe it bafles all counter defigns."

What was the wifeft thing? he faid, " T i m e ; becaufe it invents every th ing. " Wh at was the moftconvenient? he faid, " Ho pe ; for when all other things fail, that remains ftill." And further, beingaked, Wh at was the beit thing ? he anfwered, " Vir tue; becaufe, without it, noth ng , that is goodcan be faid, or do ne ." The ancients had thefe in the manner of Enigmas." 1

E P I G R A M S O F T H E O C R I T U S , tranfated from the Greek.Oferings to the MUSES and APOLLO In manly dance the victory he gain'd,

Some of thefe are a true model of the ruftic fweetnef s, and delicate And fair the tenor o his life maritain'd.fimplicity of the ancient Greek Epigrams.

This wild thyme, and thefe rofes, moift with dews, A l l 0 t F E R I N G * P a n - .Are facred to the Heliconian Mufe ; Daphnis th fair, who with bucolic fong,The bay, Apollo, with dark leaves is thine ; A n d P ' > f t ' r a l P'P e c o u l d c h a r m t h e Kft'ning throng,Thus art thou honour'd at the Delphic fhrine 5 T o a n P r c f e n t s t h e f e e ^blems of his art,And there to thee this fhagg'd he-goat I vow, A f a w n ' s f o f t k l n ' 3 c r o o k > a n d P , n t e d

That loves to crop the pne-tree's pendant bough. T h r e e x u } f ^ 5 a d a P t e d t 0 b i s ] i P* k And for his homely food a leathern feripi

The CONCERT.Say, wilt thou warble to thy double flute, To THYRSIS

jones lyric airs

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