joëlle thollot -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Expressive rendering
Joëlle Thollot
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The « Quest for Realism »
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We don’t always want photorealism
www.mycomontreal.qc.ca/milletun/Initiation_aux_champignons.htm
www.infovisual.info/01/024_fr.html
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Google image « maison »
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La jeune fille au virginal – Vermeer La leçon de musique – Matisse
Portait
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What are images used for?
• Give a message - Information - Emotion
• Depend on the application - Architecture - Scientific visualisation, - Technical doc - Teaching - Art…
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A new question emerges
• How do we create tools for visual communication?
• What are the advantages of illustrations over photorealism?
• What makes an image efficient?
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Omitting extraneous detail
Macaulay: The Way Things Work, 1988
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Clarifying & simplifying shapes
9 http://www.cts.usc.edu/hpg-heartvalvesurgery.html
http://www.labiomed.org/cardiology/
http://www.imagincentres.com/ct.html
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Exposing parts that are hidden
dnepr.ural.free.fr/Doc_Avtoexport-M66.pdf
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Focusing attention
static.howstuffworks.com www.lanature.fr
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Illustrating approximate
ideas
12 www.artsandarchitecture.psu.edu/news/building_updates/sala/
The Stuckeman Family Building for the
School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
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Conveying mood and emotion
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How do we produce such images ?
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Patrick Martin
Actually what is an image?
• 3D scene - Objects - Materials - Shapes
• 2D projection
Patrick Martin
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• 2D representation - Lines - Junctions - Regions
Patrick Martin
Actually what is an image?
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• Medium - Haching - Pigments - Strokes
• Visual cues - Light - Shape - Material
Patrick Martin
Actually what is an image?
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An Invitation to Discuss Computer Depiction Durand, Willats NPAR 02
• Spatial - 3D to 2D
• Primitives - Points, lines, regions
• Marks - Tool
• Attributes - Link everything
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Style (part of)
• Spatial - 3D to 2D
• Primitives - Points, lines, regions
• Marks - Tool
• Attributes - Link everything
An Invitation to Discuss Computer Depiction Durand, Willats NPAR 02
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Overview
• Filling the regions
• Lines
• Style
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I - Filling
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Marks
• Physical representation of the medium - Region filling
- Stylisation of lines
• Various styles - Pen and ink
- Watercolor
- Painting
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Problems
• Medium simulation
• Temporal coherence for animation
• Paper reading - discussion
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• Comment modélise-t’on un médium ?
• Quel est le problème de la cohérence temporelle ?
• Quelles sont les difficultés ?
• Quelles sont les contributions de ces articles ?
• Quelles sont les limitations des solutions proposées ?
• Quelle démarche générale peut-on tirer de ces articles ?
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Illustration
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• Stylized lines
• Hatchings
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Hatching
• Shape from shading
• Region filling + tone mapping
Attributes (width, orientation) and density
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Tone
Georges Winkenbach and David H. Salesin. Computer-generated pen-and-ink illustration. SIGGRAPH '94
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Indication
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Classic rendering + hatchings
Winkenbach and Salesin.
“Rendering Parametric Surfaces
in Pen and Ink.” SIGGRAPH 96
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Illustration 3D
• Principal curvature
Hertzmann et Zorin - Illustrating smooth surfaces – SIGGRAPH 2000
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Real-time hatchings
• Tonal arts maps + lap textures
= mip-map
+ easy texture mapping
Emil Praun, Hugues Hoppe, Matthew Webb, and Adam Finkelstein. Real-time hatching. Siggraph 2001
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Stippling
• Shape from shading
• Tone via point distribution
Distribution and density
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Llyod relaxation
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36 Deussen et al.
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Real-time stippling Oscar Meruvia Pastor, Bert Freudenberg, and Thomas Strothotte
• Points hierarchy on the surface
- Simplification
- Subdivision
• Point selection at each frame
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Illustration going further
• Material perception
• Automatic extraction of parameters from a BTF or BRDF
Kaleigh Smith, Thomas Luft, Cyril Soler, Pascal Barla, Joëlle Thollot, Oliver Deussen
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Painting
• Color image
• Abstraction and art
• Region filling
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Stroke-based approaches
Position
Attibutes
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Painterly rendering for animation [Meier]
• Temporal coherence
• Strokes attached to particules on the surface
• 2D rendering via billboards
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Dynamic distribution
Dynamic point distribution for stroke-based rendering
David Vanderhaeghe, Pascal Barla, Joëlle Thollot, François Sillion
Rendering Techniques 2007 (Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Rendering)
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Texture-based approach
• Watercolor as an image processing
Adrien Bousseau, Matthew Kaplan, Joëlle Thollot, François Sillion
Interactive watercolor rendering with temporal coherence and abstraction
International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR) - 2006
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Stylizing 3D animations
I3D 2009
Pierre Bénard, Adrien Bousseau,
Joëlle Thollot
3D Object
• 3D texture mapping
• Infinite zoom mechanism
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Summary Temporal coherence
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Il pleut bergère Jérémy Depuydt, www.toondra.com
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Naive solutions
16/11/2010
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Shower door Texture mapping
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Contradictory goals
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Current solutions
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What next?
• How to evaluate the various compromises?
• Perceptual study
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II - Lines
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Lines
• What are the lines that may depict a shape?
http://www.chrisgovias.com/blog/stompy_drawn1.jpg
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Lines
• Silhouettes
• Boundaries
• Ridges and valleys
• Depends on surface properties - Depth
- Curvature
- Normal
- Viewpoint
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Lines detection
• How can we do that? - In image space
- In object space
• What are the problems?
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Image space
• Edge detection - Numerous techniques in image processing
H. Kang, S. Lee, C. Chui. "Coherent Line Drawing“ NPAR 07
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Image space + depth
• Detect C0 surface discontinuities
• Via a Z-buffer or a computed depth map
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Image space + depth
Saito and Takahashi “Comprehensible rendering of 3-D shapes” SIGGRAPH. 1990
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Image space + normals
• Detect C1 surface discontinuities
• Via normal computation - Maybe noisy: 2nd order differential
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Depth + normal map
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Image space limitations
• We loose the 3D information
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Object space
• More complicated and costly
• Various types of lines - Silhouettes
- Creases
- Ridges and valleys
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Silhouettes – object space
• Edges that connect back and front Faces
• Surface points such that N.V=0
View direction V
>0 <0
>0 <0
<0 V
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Silhouette properties
• View dependant
• Cusps
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Smooth silhouettes
• Compute N.V for each vertex
• Interpolate to find the 0 place on the edges
Illustrating smooth surfaces
A. Hertzmann, D. Zorin
SIGGRAPH 2000
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What is missing?
• Keep only visible edges
• Build a continuous curve
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Chosen edges
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Visible edges
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Curve
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Silhouettes on the GPU
• Perturb the back facing polygons - Multiple renderings
• Use an envmap
Interactive Technical Illustration, Bruce Gooch - Peter-Pike J. Sloan - Amy
Gooch - Peter Shirley - Richard Riesenfeld
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Now what else?
• Near silhouettes
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Suggestive contours (1)
• Zeros of radial curvature
Suggestive Contours for Conveying Shape – SIGGRAPH 2003
Doug DeCarlo, Adam Finkelstein, Szymon Rusinkiewicz, Anthony Santella
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Suggestive contour (2)
• Set of minima of N.V in the direction of W
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Two rendering algo
• in image space (min of N.V)
• in object space (zero of Kr)
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Object space
• More complicated and costly
• Various types of lines - Silhouettes
- Creases
- Ridges and valleys
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Crease
• Sharp edges
• Threshold the normal difference between to faces
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Riges and valleys
• Creases extension
• Curvature max in principal direction
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Main problem
• Curvature computation - Object space: differential geometry
- Image space: gradient
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Are ridges what we need?
• A view dependent version
Apparent Ridges for Line Drawings
Tilke Judd Frédo Durand Edward Adelson
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Now what?
What lines do we really need?
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User study "Where Do People Draw Lines?," Forrester Cole, Aleksey Golovinskiy, Alex Limpaecher, Heather
Stoddart Barros, Adam Finkelstein, Thomas Funkhouser, and Szymon Rusinkiewicz, SIGGRAPH
2008
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User study "How Well Do Line Drawings Depict Shape?," Forrester Cole, Kevin Sanik, Doug DeCarlo, Adam
Finkelstein, Thomas Funkhouser, Szymon Rusinkiewicz, and Manish Singh,. SIGGRAPH 2009)
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Results unclear yet To be continued…
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Temporal coherence - lines
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IV - Style
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Attributes
• Style = transfer function
• From scene to marks attributes
How to combine user choices and scene information?
Compromise automatic vs manual
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Depth to Color
• Atmospheric perspective
• C = f(z)
BARLA P., MARKOSIAN L., THOLLOT J.
« X-Toon : An extended toon shader »
NPAR 2006
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Curvature to orientation
96
OSTROMOUKHOV V., « Digital facial engraving », Siggraph 99
INTERRANTE V., « Illustrating surface shape in volume
data via principal direction driven 3D line integral
convolution » Siggraph 97
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Freestyle
• Style coding
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• Independant from the 3D model
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3D « View Map » Drawing
+
information
Style
Module
3
Style
Module
2
Style
Module
1
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Parameters
• Geometry (2D, 3D coord, normals…)
• Curvature
• Lines: adjacence, nature (contours, valleys…)
• Visibility, occlusion, depth discontinuity
• Material
• Density
• …
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101
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http://artis.imag.fr/Projects/Style
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So what is the « style »
• A way for the artist to express something
• How to model that? - A set of paramters?
- A set of techniques?
• Style = attributes + movement?
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Procedural style
David Vanderhaeghe, Pascal Barla, Joëlle Thollot, François Sillion
A dynamic drawing algorithm for interactive painterly rendering
Siggraph technical sketch: SIGGRAPH'2006 - aug 2006
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Conclusions
• Tons of things to do in research
• Link with other fields - Cognitive sciences
- Human vision
- Art
• A lot of applications in industry
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• Inverse problem - Sketch based modeling
Teddy: A Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design
Copyright (C) 1999 Takeo Igarashi