12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

There are a few proposals that can be found from this examination to enhance the aftereffects of this experiments. The water that can be utilized as a part of the unit is just deionised water or refined water. When using tap water in the system, the impurities that exist in the tap water may cause the depositing in the cover tower and consequently bring down the effectiveness of the cooling tower.At the point when introducing the cooling tower segment or make-up tank, verify that the nuts were not fix too hard on the grounds that it may cause crack. Likewise not very tight lightly which can result in spilling of water out from the segment.Other than that, ensure that the pressure tubing for differential pressure measurement are connected correctly which orifice pressure tapping point to V4, columns lower pressure tapping to V6, columns higher pressure tapping point to V3 and V5 leave to atmosphere. Also, make sure that there is no water in the pressure tubing for accurate differential pressure measurement.When finishing an experiment, make sure to perform the general shut down properly to avoid system failure toward the cooling tower. Besides that, after completed the experiment, ensure that that the water inside the tower was cooled down first before draining it off because if water still hot when draining off the water, the units efficiency will decreased.In order to obtain better results, there are a few methods that may be considered. Use appropriate safety PPE when conducting the experiment. Make consultation with lab assistance before run the experiment. Make sure student know how to use the equipment. Avoid any of mistake and error when conducting the experiment to get best result. Stay alert to the time taken of every fifteen minutes running.

11.0 CONCLUSION

Cooling tower is utilized to cool generally hot water. From the analysis, it shows that the water flow rate variation did not affect the cooling tower majorly. As the fan damper was opened, the cooling load decreases and the ratio of water to air across both the orifice and column increases. This show that the evaporation rate of water increases as the fan damper was opened wider.As the humidity of the inlet air decreased, the performance of the cooling tower will be better. This leads to the better mass transfer between water and gas phase. As the temperature of the inlet air decreased, the performance of the cooling tower will be better. As the temperature increased overall mass transfer coefficient increased. If the air flow rate is increased, the height of the cooling tower decrease. The objective of use packing is to increase area of contact between water and air. The cooling tower does not use in the place which the air have high humidity.

Appendices

1. Basic water cooling tower flow diagram

2. Cooling tower in the lab.

TABLE 7.5 TYPICAL PROBLEMS AND TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR COOLING TOWERS

Problem / DifficultyPossible CausesRemedies/Rectifying Action

Excessive absorbed current / electrical load1. Voltage ReductionCheck the voltage

2a. Incorrect angle of axial fan bladesAdjust the blade angle

2b. Loose belts on centrifugal fans (or speed reducers)Check belt tightness

3. Overloading owing to excessive airRegulate the water flow by means

flow-fill has minimum water loading per m2 of tower sectionof the valve

4. Low ambient air temperatureThe motor is cooledproportionately and hence delivers more than name plate power

Drift/carry-over of1. Uneven operation of spray nozzlesAdjust the nozzle orientation and

water outside the uniteliminate any dirt

2. Blockage of the fill packEliminate any dirt in the top of the fill

3. Defective or displaced droplet eliminatorsReplace or realign the eliminators

4. Excessive circulating water flowAdjust the water flow-rate by

(possibly owing to too highmeans of the regulating valves.

pumping head)Check for absence of damage to the fill

Loss of water from basins/pans1. Float-valve not at correct levelAdjust the make-up valve

2. Lack of equalising connectionsEqualise the basins of towers operating in parallel

Lack of cooling and 1. Water flow below the design valveRegulated the flow by means

hence increase in temperatures owing toof the valves

2. Irregular airflow or lack of airCheck the direction of rotation of

increased temperature the fans and/or belt tension

range(broken belt possible)

3a. Recycling of humid discharge airCheck the air descent velocity

3b. Intake of hot air from other sourcesInstall deflectors

4a. Blocked spray nozzles (or even blocked spray tubes)Clean the nozzles and/or the tubes

4b. Scaling of jointsWash or replace the item

5. Scaling of the fill packClean or replace the material (washing with inhibited aqueous sulphuric acid is possible but long, complex and expensive)