joints. fibrous joints joints that are in close contact with one another. in the skull, these are...
TRANSCRIPT
Fibrous joints
• Joints that are in close contact with one another.
• In the skull, these are called sutures.
Cartilaginous joints
• Joints that are connected by cartilage.
• This is seen in the vertebral column, though these joints are very limited in movement.
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/cartilaginous%20joint.jpg
Synovial joints
• Exhibit most movement; secrete synovial fluid (lubricates the joints)
• Some have menisci, which are shock absorbers.
• These joints also have bursae that secretes the synovial fluid.
Types of synovial joints
• ABall-and-socket joints – has a ball of one bone that articulates with the socket of the next.
• The hip joint and the shoulder joint are ball-and-socket joints.
• BCondyloid joint - oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone.
• These are found in the metacarpals and phlanges.
• CGliding joints – These allow sliding and twisting movements.
• They are flat or slightly curved and are found in the ankle and wrist.
• DHinge joint – This looks like a door hinge; one joint fits into another and allows for flexing.
• These are like the joints of the phlanges.
• EPivot joint – This allows for rotational movement around an axis.
• One bone forms a ring around another bone like the ulna and the radius, or the first two cervical vertebrae.
• FSaddle joint – This joint is seen between one of the carpals and the metacarpal.
• The surface of one bone fits complementarily to another.
Joint movements
• Occurs because a muscle is attached to a fixed part of the joint (origin) and to a movable part (insertion).
• 1Flexion – bending parts at a joint, like bending the knee.
• 2Extension – straightening parts at a joint, like straightening the knee.
• 3Dorsiflexion – flexing the foot at the ankle towards the shin.
• 4Plantar flexion – flexing the foot at the ankle towards the sole.
• 5Hyperextension – excessive extension of the parts of a joint.
• 6Abduction – moving a part away from midline.
• 7Adduction – moving a part toward midline.
• 8Rotation – moving a part around an axis (shaking head)
• 9Circumduction – moving a part so that it follows a circular path.
• 10Pronation – turning the hand so that the palm is downward.
• 11Supination – turning the hand so that the palm is turned up.
• 12Eversion – turning the foot so that the sole is outward.
• 13Inversion – turning the foot so that the sole is inward.
• 14Retraction – moving a part backward (like the chin)
• 15Protraction – moving a part forward.