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The European Commission’s

science and knowledge service

Joint Research Centre

PEMS/RDE chronology

This document should not be considered as representative of the Commission’s official position.

Passenger cars

and

Light Duty

Vehicles

Motorcycles

Heavy Duty

Vehicles

(On/Off-road)

Fuels

Emission standards

EURO 5

EURO 6

Beyond EURO 6

CO2 emissions

certification procedure,

eco-innovation

Emission standards

EURO 3

EURO 4

EURO 5

Emission standards

EURO VI

CO2 emissions

• Monitoring tool (VECTO)

NRMM

• Stage V

Fuel Quality Directive review

Biofuels

Sustainability criteria

ILUC

Alternative fuels

•Well to Wheels analysis

Inside EU DGs, EP, MS

Outside EU UN-ECE (GRPE)

WLTP (harmonized test

procedure)

EVE (environment related

aspects for electric vehicles)

PMP (Particles from

vehicles)

WMTC (harmonized test

cycle)

EEPR (harmonization of test

procedures for L-category

vehicles)

WHDC (harmonized test

procedure)

NRMM GTR

Sustainable transport – VELA

International

Collaborations

US-EPA

US-DOE

California

CARB

VEEC

China

NTSEL

Japan

Korea

CH Bafu


Late 90-ties:

o First independent vehicle emission laboratory to support policy development

– Vela 1 inaugurated in 2000 by Commissioner Busquin

o Research initially focussed on particulate emissions

Critical ambient PM levels in many countries – strong

political pressure to reduce PM emissions

2000-2005:

o LDV: In collaboration with UNECE PMP and Member States, JRC develops a

particle number limit to force the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (Euro 5)

o HDV: The JRC leads the PEMS Pilot programme with the objective to develop

an in-service conformity test procedure based on on-road

measurements

JRC’s Contribution to Emission Legislation


o All new LD and HD on-road diesel engines are equipped with DPFs –

about 30 million applications with DPFs

o Thanks to DPFs PM emissions have been effectively reduced - Post-DPF

PN vehicle emissions levels are often lower than in the intake air

o New Diesel Technology vs. Old Diesel – Health Effect Institute (HEI)

report ACES (presentation at Int. Summit US-EPA, EU, Brazil, Canada, Japan – April

2016)

• Dramatic reductions of emissions: 98% in mass; 90%-99% in ultrafine

particles – Most cancer-causing chemicals now below “limits of detection”

• No evidence of lung cancer

Particle Number standard: a success story


• 2005:

o Air quality data shows improvements in NO2 concentration lower than

expected - Increasing attention on real-driving emissions

o The JRC, among the first in the world, starts exploring the use of PEMS to

monitor emission of light duty vehicles (Administrative Arrangement DG

ENV-JRC signed in August 2005)

• March 2007:

• Start of experimental programme with on-road tests on Euro 3 and 4

light-duty vehicles

• Focus on diesel vehicles due to NO2 air quality problems

• SAE Journal publications of first PEMS experiences at JRC in 2007 and

2009

Development of the RDE Legislation


• June 2009: First on-road test of a Euro 5 light-duty vehicle

• April 2010: End of experimental campaign with a total of 12

Euro 3-5 light-duty diesel and gasoline vehicles tested

• September 2010: First EC internal discussion (JRC-ENV-

ENTR)

• November 2010: Presentation at the workshop “Approach on

Emission Legislation” with MS and stakeholders

• 1st half 2011: Publication of full JRC report



• January 2011: Kick-off meeting of the RDE WG (NOx, CO, CO2)

• 2011: RDE WG discuss four candidate procedures: • Complementary fixed driving cycles • Emissions modelling • Random driving cycles (ACEA) • PEMS on-road testing (JRC)

• 2011 and 2012: In-depth evaluation of random test cycles and PEMS on-road testing

• October 2012: Dedicated Task Force of RDE WG proposes PEMS on-road testing as regulatory RDE procedure

• February 2013: MS represented in the RDE WG decide to develop PEMS on-road testing as regulatory procedure; publication of the JRC report summarizing the assessment of the candidate test procedures


Notes on referenced publications: First half of 2011: Publication of summary results as JRC report and peer-reviewed article. • Weiss, M., Bonnel, P. Hummel, R., Manfredi, U., Colombo, R., Lanappe, G., Le Lijour, P., Sculati, M. (2011):

Analyzing on-road emissions of light-duty vehicles with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). JRC Scientific and Technical Reports JRC 62639, EUR 24697 EN, Ispra, Italy.

• Weiss, M., Bonnel, P., Hummel, R., Provenza, A., Manfredi, U. (2011): On-road emissions of light-duty vehicles in Europe. Environmental Science & Technology 45, pp. 8575–8581.

Second half of 2011: First on-road tests of a Euro 6 vehicle at JRC; (Europe-wide first) publication of test results in 2012. • Weiss, M., Bonnel, P., Provenza, A., Lambrecht, U., Alessandrini, S., Carriero, M., Colombo, R., Forni, F., Kühlwein, J., Lanappe, G., Le Lijour, P., Manfredi, U.,

Montigny, F., Sculati, M. (2012): Will Euro 6 reduce the NOX emissions of new diesel cars? Preliminary conclusions from on-road emissions tests with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). Atmospheric Environment 62, pp. 657-665.

First half of 2013: JRC summarised the evaluation of the RDE candidate procedures in a report. • Weiss, M., Bonnel, P., Hummel, R., Steininger, N. (2013): A complementary emissions test for light-duty vehicles: Assessing the technical feasibility of candidate

procedures. JRC Scientific and Policy Report. Report EUR 25572 EN. Ispra, Italy.


• October 2012: Set-up of a dedicated Task Force on the RDE data evaluation -

Assessment of three methods:

• Speed-binning (proposed by TNO)

• Moving averaging window analysis (proposed by JRC)

• Power-binning (proposed by TU Graz)

• 2013-2014: Development and assessment of Moving averaging windows (JRC)

and Power-binning (TU Graz) in meetings of the RDE Data Evaluation Task

Force; speed binning abandoned

• June 2014: Establishment of a Drafting Group chaired by JRC to draft the

technical specifications (measurement principles, technical requirements,

accuracy,…) of PEMS for RDE purposes (1st package RDE)



• Nov. 2014: Completion of the first of four regulatory RDE packages after

some 30 meeting of the RDE working group, 20 meetings of the RDE task

force, and 5 meetings of the drafting group (see complementary slides)

• February 2015: Start of the work on the 2nd RDE package

• May 2015: Adoption of 1st RDE package by the Technical Committee on

Motor Vehicles (TCMV)

• May-Oct. 2015: JRC contributes to the technical analysis of driving

dynamicity, elevation gain, PEMS measurement uncertainty; co-drafting

of the 2nd RDE package



• October 2015: Adoption of 2nd RDE package by TCMV

• January 2016: Start of the work on the 3rd RDE package:

• PN conformity factor and technical specifications for PN-PEMS

• Provisions for cold-start emissions

• Testing of (plug-in) hybrid vehicles

• Provisions for periodically regenerating after-treatment systems

• June 2016: DG GROW presents first draft proposal to RDE stakeholders;

drafting of the regulatory text starts in July 2016

• End 2016-2017: Start of the work on the 4th RDE package specifying

provisions for in-service conformity testing and EU market surveillance

• 2017-2018: Foreseen review of RDE procedure by JRC



• April 2013: First meeting of the Working Group on mobile

particle number measurements (PN-PEMS)

• Oct.-Dec. 2013: First JRC assessment of the measurement

performance of PN-PEMS concluding that the measurement of

particle number emissions on the road is technically feasible

• Nov. – Dec. 2014: 2nd PN-PEMS experimental campaign at JRC

concluding that both condensation particle counters and diffusion

charging instruments are technically feasible

• December 2014: Start of the drafting of the technical

specifications of PN-PEMS for RDE purposes

• Sept.2015-Jan 2016: PN-PEMS inter-laboratory comparison

exercise coordinated by JRC

Development of the RDE Legislation – On-road measurement of particle number


• MoU with: (2003-2008)

• US-EPA

• CAL-CARB

• China VECC

• Japan NTSEL

• Korea

International collaborations: A long history

• LoI with Argonne

National Laboratory

(Signed:2011)

• MoU with VECC-China

(Signed: 30/06/2016) • Collaboration Agreement

with US-DOE

(Signed:02/06/2016)


United Nations – Economic Commission for Europe

• Chairmanship of the NRMM GTR (2001-2009)

• Chairmanship of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) IWG

• Chairmanship of the EEPR (harmonization of emission procedures for

motorcycles)

• Essential contribution to WLTP (harmonized test procedure for passenger

cars) and other IWGs

International collaborations: JRC’s role

Key recent and future international events

• Inauguration of the ANL Interoperability Centre (Chicago, July 2013)

• Inauguration of the JRC Interoperability Centre with First International

Symposium on Interoperability (Ispra, October 2015)

• 1st International Summit on Vehicle Emissions Compliance Testing and

Enforcement (Ann Arborn, USA, April 2016)

• 2nd International Summit on Vehicle Emissions Compliance Testing and

Enforcement (Ispra, 22-23 September 2016)


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