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Joint Close Air SupportJoint Test and Evaluation
(JCAS JT&E)
Testing With Training:A Success Story
Col “Maggie” Brown
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Joint Test & EvaluationPurpose
• Answer CINC/Service nominatedproblems/issues
• Provides quantitative information used foranalyses of joint military capabilities
• Assess Service systems interoperabilityin joint operations
• Evaluate and recommend improvementsto joint technical and operationalconcepts
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JCAS JT&E Charter
• Conduct a JT&E to investigate,evaluate, and improve the operationaleffectiveness of joint U.S. Close AirSupport– Determine the baseline effectiveness of
joint Close Air Support– Identify changes to TTP, equipment, and
training to increase effectiveness
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Close Air Support
“Air action by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraftagainst hostile targets which are in closeproximity to friendly forces and which requiredetailed integration of each air mission with thefire and movement of those forces.” Joint Pub 1-02
Close does not imply a specific distance. The determining factor is therequirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires, and/ormovement. Joint Pub3-09.3
AirLiaisonOfficer
AirLiaisonOfficer
CommandPost
CommandPost
GroundController
GroundController
ArtilleryArtillery
ACA BLUE10,000 – 20,000ft
GroundCommander
GroundCommander
5-7 KM’s5-7 KM’s
AttackingAircraft
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JCAS JT&E Directors
Director Col Dave Brown, USAFF-4, F-117, F-106
Army Deputy LTC Bryan CampbellAH-64, AH-1, OH-58, Armor
USAF Deputy Lt Col Scot ChiassonF-111,O-2, A/OA-10, ALO
USMC Deputy Maj James QuinnF/A-18D
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• General Officer Steering Committee (GOSC)– Members
• National Training Center (NTC)• Air Warfare Center (AWFC)• Marine Corps Air Ground Task Force Training Command (MAGTFTC)• Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC)• Joint Staff, J8 representation
• Subject Matter Expert Seminar– Maneuver, Fire Support, Terminal Control, and Aviation
JCAS JT&E Guidance
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JCAS JT&E Background
• 1996/1997 Feasibility Study• 1997 JT&E Charter• 1998 Mini Test 1/NTC• 1999-2002 Day CAS Field Test/NTC• 2001 Day/Night CAS Field Test 29 Palms• Feb 2002 Mini Test 2 Digital/NTC• July 02, 2 year extension directed by JROC
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JCAS JT&E Methodology
• Focused mini-tests• Field testing
– Deploy to Field Training Exercises
• Surveys of current operators– Web based
• Professional gatherings– JCAS SME Seminars– JCAS Symposiums
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JCAS JT&E Testing
• Variation from other JT&Es– Testing with Training– Multiple Data Collection Opportunities– Observe Decision Makers
• Formalized agreements– National Training Center (NTC)/Nellis– 29 Palms
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JCAS JT&E MethodologyVenue Instrumentation
• Fully instrumented ranges at NTC/Nellis– In-place systems
• TSPI, Digitize tactical communications
• No instrumentation at 29 Palms– JCAS portable systems
• GPS TSPI, Digitize tactical communications
• Supplemented with Palm Pilot, VoiceIt, &GPS
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JCAS JT&E Data Collection
Tactical Operations Center (TOC)
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JCAS JT&E Data Collection
TACTICAL AIR CONTROL PARTY (TACP)
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JCAS JT&E Data Collection
AVIATION
18-30 Aircraft
FLOT
Nellis AFB
- JCAS JT&EBattlefield Assessment Team
- Tactical Operations Center
- Tactical Air Control Party
- Aviation: FAC(A) & CAS
NTC
Battalion
Battalion
Battalion
Brigade
2000 - 3000Soldiers
Squadron
SquadronRegiment
1000 OPFOR
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JCAS JT&E Data Collection Post Battle Assessment
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JCAS JT&E DataDownload
Field Garrison
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Interim Observations
• 11 Maneuver brigades / 26 battalions• 22 Battles
– Observed first two of each rotation
• Over 39,000 data elements– 218 CAS Sorties– 438 Weapon delivery attempts
• A joint training environment
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1000
2000
Testing - 1 unit for 2 weeks
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1000
2000
Testing with Training - 6 units for 4 days ea.
DataPoints
DataPoints
JCAS JT&E Methodology
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Problem Statement
Critical OperationalIssue
JCAS JT&E Design
Test Issues
Test Venues
Analytical
Model
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Problem Statement
Critical OperationalIssue
OperationalModel
Test Issues
AnalyticalModel
Test Venues
JCAS JT&E Design
“A logical representation that supports theresolution of the test issues witha process orientation”
JCAS Operational Model JCAS Operational Model
EXECUTION PHASE
PLANNING PHASE
OrderFS Annex/Air Sup
Read Order
IssueWARNO
COA development Commander’sConceptFacts
AssumptionsLimitationsSpecified TasksImplied TasksCritical Tasks
FS estimate prepared
HPTLHVTScheme of FireObservationAttack Guidance MatrixTarget Selection StandardsFSCMs/ACMsPriority of FiresCritical Fire Support TasksForce Protection
Determine:
DECISIONDECISIONCDR
ESTIMATECDR
ESTIMATESTAFF
ESTIMATESTAFF
ESTIMATEMSN
ANALYSISMSN
ANALYSISRECEIVE
HIGHER ORDERRECEIVE
HIGHER ORDER
Receive Commander’s Planning GuidancePrepare / Send JTAR
PREPARATION PHASE
Maneuver Rehearsal
Fire Support Rehearsal
ObserversFAC / ETACFISTR/SCOLTOther
OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
TargetsNAITAI
REHEARSALSREHEARSALS
Observers FAC / FAC(A) FIST / ETAC R/S COLT
TOC / COCS3FSEAO/TACPS2
LD /
Def
end
NLT
CA
S on
sta
tion
Battle Tracking : Friendly Units POF FSCM/ACM
S/A ThreatSpot Reports
SynchronizeSEADMarksFSCM/ACM
Deconfliction / Coordination:Indirect (PA/GTL)Direct (SRDZ)Cross-boundaryClearance of FiresCAS Routing
CAS Target Nomination
Determine Typeof Control Required
Positive DirectPositive IndirectOther
Further InstructionsRe-attackReturn to IPDepart
Aircraft Check-in with Terminal ControllerSituation Update / InstructionsTOC / COC NotifiedMFC Weapon Release Authority
Target Designation CAS Brief
CAS Attack BeginsFighter Depart IPMark/SEAD InitiatedFighter ID FriendsFighter ID Target
Weapons Delivery Attempt BeginsPositive Control
Direct / IndirectOther Methods
Reasonable AssuranceCleared Hot / Abort
BDA/Assessment
WeaponsRelease
CASTARGETS
VERIFYCOMMUNICATIONS
TOC / COC TERMINAL CONTROLLERCOORDINATION
CAS TARGETENGAGEMENT
CAS TargetsSEAD
Marking Priority
Precedence Update JTAR
TARGETS
War-gameCAS Tgt List ReviewedObservation PlanCAS Tgt DescriptionCAS Tgt Location and AltitudeCAS Tgt MarkingCAS Triggers PracticedSEAD PracticedFSCMs/ACMs PracticedField Artillery PA & AOF
TARGETS
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENTEXECUTIONEXECUTION
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
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Problem Statement
Critical OperationalIssue
OperationalModel
Test Issues
AnalyticalModel
Test Venues
JCAS JT&E Design
-Supports resolution of test issues-Includes conditions, variables, observations,Criteria, measures (MOP, MOE, MLM), and methods.
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• Test observations analytically model theCAS Process
• Test measures, conditions and variables arederived from the observations
Rotation Battle
PlannedTarget Set
NominatedTarget Set
DesignatedTarget Set
CAS Attack CAS Mission FAC(A) Mission
Sortie
WeaponDeliveryAttempt
WeaponRelease
JCAS Analytical Model
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Eglin, AFB Air TSPI
UHF/VHFDigital Audio
JCAS Data Base
JCAS EventData Base
Ground TSPI
NTC, Ft. Irwin
OperationalEvents
PALM III
GARMIN
UHFVHF MCDARS
HUDAWMDS
TACO
Brigade Graphics
SunWorkstation
COMBAT
VOICE IT
NTC-IS
Nellis, AFB
McDOUG
Database Query
GPS Data
MCDOUGCOMBINEDENHANCED
SPREADSHEET
FM DigitalAudioCOMVERSE
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Field TestingNon-Instrumented Range
• 29 Palms• Use same data collection package
– Same test measures
• Instrumentation package required– Communications– Air/Ground TSPI
Eglin, AFB
Air TSPI
JCAS Data Base
JCAS EventData Base
Ground TSPI
29 Palms
OperationalEvents
PALM III
GARMIN
UHF/VHF
COMBAT
VOICE IT
IRIS
McDOUG
GPS Data
MCDOUGCOMBINEDENHANCED
SPREADSHEET
HUD
DARES
Digital Audio UHF/VHF/FM/SINGARS
MicrowaveRelay
LiveTracker/Logger
Database Query
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IRIS – CombinesAPRS, Data Logger, and COMBAT
NMEA: National Marine Electronics Association standard for GPS output
APRS: Automated Packet/Position Reporting System
Vehicle-mounted box
Transmitted DataPackets
Radio Receiver
Computer w/COMBAT Software
Decodes, displays,and logs positioninformation in realtime.
Digipeater
Sound card
Audio Output
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Testing with Training Positives
• Operational Realism– Scenario– Players
• Multiple Testing Opportunities• Cost Savings• Instrumentation Legacy
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Testing with Training Limitations
• Non-Interference Issues• Uncontrolled Variables• Complex Reduction• Trainers suspect Testers
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Testing with TrainingConditions for Success
• Professional Working Relationships• Must do your homework• Effective MOAs• Testing ... Noninterference with Training• Identify Test Measures early-on
• Execute data collection with anoperational mindset … a must!
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JCAS JT&ELegacy Products
• Baseline of joint CAS effectiveness (day& night)
• Instrumentation Enhancements• NTC/29 Palms battle replay CD• Recommended changes to joint CAS
training, doctrine, and equipment• Combined testing with training on a
non-interference basis
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OSD Joint Close Air Support(JCAS)
202 Cherokee Ave. Eglin AFB, FL 32542
DSN: 872-4089 https://jcas.eglin.af.mil
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Field TestingReal Time Tracking
• 29 Palms• 3 vehicles tracked, 12 sec sample rate, 1200 baud data
transmission, 2 digipeaters, data loggers used auto algorithm• Coverage: approximately 3000 sq km (29 Palms Range)• Future: move to 9600 baud packet radio
- 12 sec sample rate => 12-15 vehicles- 25-30 sec sample rate => 25-30 vehicles
• To track more vehicles, lower sample rate and/or add morefrequencies
• Data loggers capable of 1sec sample rate.• By combining a GPS data logger and APRS, we are capable of
reasonable situational awareness and accurate position logging.
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On-going Actions
• Digital Control Mini Test• USMC Data Analysis• AFRL Project• Joint Pub 3-09.3 Revision• CAS CRD• Fires MTT• JROC ESC• Begin closeout March 02
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JCAS JT&EFuture Operations
• JT&E Final Report Sept 02• Lights Out Dec 02• JROC ESC Initiative
– SOF and Navy Baselines– Conditions (Weather, Foliage, etc.)– Digital / Standoff– Targeting
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JCAS JT&E Background
• Testing Began 98• Mini-test November 98• Day CAS Field Test March 99• Convened (3) GOSCs• Symposiums• JROC ESC
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Interim Observations
• 11 Maneuver brigades / 26 battalions• 22 Battles
– Observed first two of each rotation
• Over 39,000 data elements– 218 CAS Sorties– 438 Weapon delivery attempts
• A joint training environment
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Problem Statement
Critical OperationalIssue
OperationalModel
Test Issues
AnalyticalModel
Test Venues
JCAS JT&E Design
-Supports resolution of test issues-Includes conditions, variables, observations,Criteria, measures (MOP, MOE, MLM), and methods.
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• Test observations analytically model theCAS Process
• Test measures, conditions and variables arederived from the observations
Rotation Battle
PlannedTarget Set
NominatedTarget Set
DesignatedTarget Set
CAS Attack CAS Mission FAC(A) Mission
Sortie
WeaponDeliveryAttempt
WeaponRelease
JCAS Analytical Model
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JCAS JT&E Legacy Products
• Baseline of joint CAS effectiveness (day& night)
• Instrumentation Enhancements• NTC/29 Palms battle replay CD• Recommended changes to joint CAS
training, doctrine, and equipment• Combined testing with training on a
non-interference basis42
• General Officer Steering Committee (GOSC)– Members
• National Training Center (NTC)• Air Warfare Center (AWFC)• Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC)• Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC)• Joint Staff, J8 representation
• Subject Matter Expert Seminar– Maneuver, Fire Support, Terminal Control, and Aviation
JCAS JT&E Guidance
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Garmin 12XL GPS
Voice It Recorder Garmin 12XL GPS
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NTC COMBAT Replay AWMDS Replay
Palm Data Download Palm IDRL Capture
McDoug 2000 HUD Data
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29 Palms COMBAT Replay
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Data LoggerLogs up to 170,000track points – variouscollection algorithms
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GPS ReceiverOutputs NMEAstring every second
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Radio w/TNCRadio accepts GPS NMEAstring via serial connection– transmits APRS packetevery 12 seconds.
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Mic-encoderThe mic-encoder cantransmit APRS packetsfrom any radio vice theKenwood TNC radio.
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