job search in three societies: gender, contacts, and network chains chih-jou jay chen and te-lin yu...
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Job Search in Three Societies: Gender, Contacts, and Network Chains
Chih-jou Jay Chen and Te-lin YuAcademia Sinica
Education
Initial (parental or previous) Statuses
NetworkResources
Extensity of Ties Tie Strengthwith Contact
Contact Status
AttainedStatuses
[Access to Social Capital][Mobilization of Social Capital]
+
+
+
+
++
+_
_
+
Starting from the social capital model of status attainment
Source: Lin 1999
+
Education
Tie Strengthwith Contact
Contact Status
AttainedStatuses
[Mobilization of Social Capital]
+
++
_
Research Questions: Do tie-strength-effect and social-resource effect differ across gender groups in different societies?
Source: Lin 1999
(1)
(2)
(1) Tie strength effect
(2) Social resource effect
Data and measurements
• Data: Three-society social capital survey, wave 1 (2004-05)
• The contact or contacts– Job-search chains of multiple nodes– “The helper is my _____’s _______’s
______.” [e.g., my father’s coworker; my friend’s father’s uncle. ]
The role relations and tie strength of job-search chains
• Role relations: “So, the most important helper who helped you found your job is “– My X (father, coworker, etc.) – My X’s X (father’s coworker, coworker’s friend, etc.)
– My X’s X’s X (father’s coworker’s brother)
• Intimacy: – “how close do you feel to the helper?”
Relationships for adjacent nodes, US
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4. Ordinary friend
3. Good/Close friend
2. Work relationship
1. Family member
Relationships for adjacent nodes, Taiwan
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ego and Node 1, M
Ego and Node 1, F
Node 1 and Node 2, M
Node 1 and Node 2, F
Node 2 and Node 3, M
Node 2 and Node 3, F
4. Ordinary friend
3. Good/Close friend
2. Work relationship
1. Family member
Relationships for adjacent nodes, China
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ego and Node 1, M
Ego and Node 1, F
Node 1 and Node 2, M
Node 1 and Node 2, F
Node 2 and Node 3, M
Node 2 and Node 3, F
4. Ordinary friend
3. Good/Close friend
2. Work relationship
1. Family member
Adjacent Relationship between Ego and Node 1
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4. Ordinary friend
3. Good friend
2. Work relationship
1. Family member
Intimacy with the Next Node, the U.S.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ego and Node 1, M
Ego and Node 1, F
Node 1 and Node 2, M
Node 1 and Node 2, F
Node 2 and Node 3, M
Node 2 and Node 3, F
Not close
So so
Close
Intimacy with the Next Node, Taiwan
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ego and Node 1, M
Ego and Node 1, F
Node 1 and Node 2, M
Node 1 and Node 2, F
Node 2 and Node 3, M
Node 2 and Node 3, F
Not close
So so
Close
Intimacy with the Next Node, China
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ego and Node 1, M
Ego and Node 1, F
Node 1 and Node 2, M
Node 1 and Node 2, F
Node 2 and Node 3, M
Node 2 and Node 3, F
Not close
So so
Close
Intimacy between Ego and Node 1
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not close
So so
Close
Intimacy between ego and the last node
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not close
So so
Close
Variables
• Attained status / Social Contact status:holding an executive position
• Tie strength effect – Intimacy (emotional closeness)
• between ego and the last helper
– Role relations • between ego and the first helper in the chain
– Chain length • The number of nodes of the job-search chain
– Homophily• same-sex tie between ego and helper(s)
Y=attained status US Taiwan China
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Male ns + ns
Age + ns + + + ns + + +
Education + ns ns + + ns + + +
Social resources effect + + + + + + + + ns
Tie strength effect
Intimacy + + ns ns ns ─
Role relations (friends) Kin Work relationship
ns+
ns+
ns+
nsns
nsns
nsns
nsns
nsns
nsns
Chain length ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Homophily: same-sex tie ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Y=Contact status US Taiwan China
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Male ns + ns
Age + + ns + ns ns + + +
Education + + + + + + + + +
Tie strength effect
Intimacy ─ ns ─ ns ns ns ─ ─ ns
Role relations (friends) Kin Work relationship
─+
─ns
─+
ns+
ns+
ns+
+ns
+ns
nsns
Chain length + + ns + + ns ns ns ns
Homophily: same-sex tie ns ns ns ─ ns ─ ns + ─
Conclusive remarks• The use of social ties of varying strengths and
attribute homophily are shaped by institutional and labor market contexts. – Kinship relations play an important and effective role in China,
particularly for Chinese males. – Work relationship is most effective in the U.S. and Taiwan.
• Role relations and tie-homophily are important in the mobilization of social capital.
• Gender difference in the mobilization of social capital is significant in the three societies, with varying degrees and contents.