joan clos barcelona5

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Global Utmaning är en fristående tankesmedja. Vi är ett kvalificerat nätverk från samhälle, näringsliv och forskning som verkar för lösningar på de globala utmaningar som rör ekonomi, miljö och demokrati. Birger Jarlsgatan 27 111 45 Stockholm 08787 2150 [email protected] www.globalutmaning.se Interview with Dr. Joan Clos, former Mayor of Barcelona By: Inger Jägerhorn Q: What was it that caused you to embark on a program for sustainability for Barcelona in the first place? A: Barcelona was in an economic crisis in the late 80s with a high unemployment rate after most of the industries located in the city were shutting down. The public and the private sector joined efforts to plan a mediumterm strategy to allow the creation of new job opportunities and to regenerate the city that had some structural problems in terms of basic services, mobility, public space, etc. The urban development of Barcelona, with the result that we see now, was not a project of five years, but a work of more than 30 years with several teams working on it. We set out to turn the crisis around and use the development instead to create jobs and opportunities. A strong publicprivate partnership allowed the city to bid for the Olympic Games in 1992 and plan the Barcelona22@. We embarked on the ambitious project to renovate the city’s industrial and technological zones. Q: How much did you personally participate in launching and realizing this plan? A: As I have mentioned, the key for the success of the urban transformation of Barcelona was the continuity of the project and how different mayors and groups of the city over the last 30 years have continued investing in the process. I was mayor of Barcelona for nearly 10 years, but before I was working there for nearly another 20 years as a Deputy Mayor. I witnessed the common efforts that allowed the change. There are other cities in the world that are following a similar process, such as Medellin, Colombia, that even with political changes in the municipal government have invested in the urban transformation with a strong collaboration of all actors and stakeholders of the city. Q: Which were the key issues that you addressed at the beginning of this process? Was it the interaction between the international community and local firms and institutions in Barcelona? A: There were different urgent issues to be solved in a city suffering the impact of the economic crisis, including floods due to inadequate drainage system, slums in areas of strong immigration in the 60s, poor public transport and a social fracture in terms of access to public space. There was a need of a holistic approach and integrated action. We saw the bid for the Olympic Games as an opportunity to bring funds, vision and collaboration to start changing all those aspects.

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Page 1: Joan clos barcelona5

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 Interview  with  Dr.  Joan  Clos,  former  Mayor  of  Barcelona  

By:  Inger  Jägerhorn        Q:  What  was  it  that  caused  you  to  embark  on  a  program  for  sustainability  for  Barcelona  in  the  first  place?    A:  Barcelona  was  in  an  economic  crisis  in  the  late  80s  with  a  high  unemployment  rate  after  most  of  the  industries  located  in  the  city  were  shutting  down.  The  public  and  the  private  sector  joined  efforts  to  plan  a  medium-­‐term  strategy  to  allow  the  creation  of  new  job  opportunities  and  to  regenerate  the  city  that  had  some  structural  problems  in  terms  of  basic  services,  mobility,  public  space,  etc.    The  urban  development  of  Barcelona,  with  the  result  that  we  see  now,  was  not  a  project  of  five  years,  but  a  work  of  more  than  30  years  with  several  teams  working  on  it.  We  set  out  to  turn  the  crisis  around  and  use  the  development  instead  to  create  jobs  and  opportunities.  A  strong  public-­‐private  partnership  allowed  the  city  to  bid  for  the  Olympic  Games  in  1992  and  plan  the  Barcelona22@.  We  embarked  on  the  ambitious  project  to  renovate  the  city’s  industrial  and  technological  zones.      Q:  How  much  did  you  personally  participate  in  launching  and  realizing  this  plan?      A:  As  I  have  mentioned,  the  key  for  the  success  of  the  urban  transformation  of  Barcelona  was  the  continuity  of  the  project  and  how  different  mayors  and  groups  of  the  city  over  the  last  30  years  have  continued  investing  in  the  process.  I  was  mayor  of  Barcelona  for  nearly  10  years,  but  before  I  was  working  there  for  nearly  another  20  years  as  a  Deputy  Mayor.  I  witnessed  the  common  efforts  that  allowed  the  change.  There  are  other  cities  in  the  world  that  are  following  a  similar  process,  such  as  Medellin,  Colombia,  that  even  with  political  changes  in  the  municipal  government  have  invested  in  the  urban  transformation  with  a  strong  collaboration  of  all  actors  and  stakeholders  of  the  city.    Q:  Which  were  the  key  issues  that  you  addressed  at  the  beginning  of  this  process?  Was  it  the  interaction  between  the  international  community  and  local  firms  and  institutions  in  Barcelona?    A:  There  were  different  urgent  issues  to  be  solved  in  a  city  suffering  the  impact  of  the  economic  crisis,  including  floods  due  to  inadequate  drainage  system,  slums  in  areas  of  strong  immigration  in  the  60s,  poor  public  transport  and  a  social  fracture  in  terms  of  access  to  public  space.  There  was  a  need  of  a  holistic  approach  and  integrated  action.  We  saw  the  bid  for  the  Olympic  Games  as  an  opportunity  to  bring  funds,  vision  and  collaboration  to  start  changing  all  those  aspects.      

Page 2: Joan clos barcelona5

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 Q:  What  role  did  the  civil  service  and  public  administration  play  in  this  work?    A:  Spain  was  under  military  rule  until  1975  and  we  didn’t  have  our  first  municipal  elections  until  1979.  The  80s  were  a  period  of  commitment  and  hard  work  from  all  organizations,  institutions  and  civil  society  groups  to  improve  the  quality  of  life  of  the  citizens  and  to  ensure  better  access  and  opportunities  to  services  like  education  and  health.  The  civil  service  and  public  administration  played  a  relevant  role,  building  new  political  institutions  transparent  and  effective.      Q:  Was  there  a  political  unity  in  Barcelona?    A:  It  was  a  special  period  and  a  lot  of  pages  written  about  it  and  the  so  called  “Barcelona  model”.  Not  only  political  forces,  also  economic  ones  and  civil  society  understood  the  crucial  moment  for  the  city.      Q:  Was  central  government  helpful?    A:  As  I  have  said,  after  Franco’s  rule  over  Spain  for  35  years,  the  commitment  of  the  society  for  a  transition  towards  a  democratic  system  was  exemplary,  from  all  levels  national,  regional  and  local.  It  is  quite  complicated  to  explain  those  years  in  just  one  answer  but  everyone  came  together.    Q:  What  role  did  the  civil  society  play?    A:  The  civil  society  in  Barcelona  was  an  active  movement  before  the  80s  and  after.  They  were  consistent  in  promoting  the  improvement  of  the  city.  Barcelona  is  well  known  for  its  strong  civil  society  network.    Q:  In  a  project  like  this  many  parties  are  affected  –  commercial  interests,  lobby  groups,  political  parties  etc.    Where  did  you  find  the  best  supporters  for  your  plan?  Who  were  the  hardest  opponents?    A:  Any  process  of  change  implies  negotiations,  agreements  and  conflicts  at  times.  I  should  say  that  I  found  strong  collaboration  from  most  of  the  actors  involved.  It  was  not  proposed  as  a  plan  from  the  Municipality,  but  a  plan  from  the  city  as  a  whole.  The  process  of  building  consensus  was  difficult  and  the  magic  moment  was  to  achieve  that  consensus  and  start  to  work.      Q:  There  is  said  to  be  “tipping  points”  in  climate  change.  Did  you  notice  a  tipping  point  also  in  the  public’s  acceptance  of  the  plan?  Can  you  identify  what  made  it  happen?    

Page 3: Joan clos barcelona5

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 A:  There  were  several  tipping  points  in  such  a  long  process.  Of  course,  the  Barcelona  Olympic  Games  is  the  one  that  everybody  refers  to,  but  there  were  other  ones  not  so  well-­‐known:  the  opening  of  the  Diagonal  in  the  Besos  area,  each  library  that  we  opened,  the  enlargement  of  the  public  transport  systems  with  the  arrival  of  the  High  Velocity  Train,  the  public  spaces  recuperated  and  transformed  to  allow  people  to  enjoy  them,  the  food  markets  regenerated…    Q:  How  did  you  promote  commitment  and  responsibility  at  national  and  local  level?    A:  We  did  this  by  promoting  transparency,  accountability  and  efficiency.  We  managed  taxes  that  citizens  paid  to  contribute  to  common  goods  and  ensured  commitment  and  responsibility  at  national  and  local  levels  to  use  them  for  the  plan  jointly  agreed  as  a  society.      Q:  Which  were  the  biggest  challenges  for  you  as  a  leader  of  the  project?  What  has  been  the  impact  of  i.e.  the  financial  crises?    A:  Every  day  you  have  several  challenges,  some  of  them  last  a  long  time,  others  you  face  for  a  short  period  of  time.  Any  financial  crisis  has  a  strong  impact  and  unemployment,  especially  among  young  people,  is  a  situation  that  as  politician  you  never  like  to  manage.      Q:  What  has  happened  after  the  year  2009?  Has  the  original  plan  been  changed  or  improved?    A:  As  I  said  before,  there  was  not  a  plan  but  a  vision  for  the  city  and  a  common  effort  from  different  actors.  A  city  is  in  a  constant  state  of  change,  adaptation  and  growth.    Q:  How  do  you  define  good  leadership?      A:  Good  leadership  should  be  a  continued  goal.  We  see  a  lot  of  good  mayors  that  after  four  years  of  implementing  an  urban  transformation  are  replaced  for  new  teams  that  change  the  vision  and  start  new  processes  not  allowing  results  to  be  achieved.  A  city  is  made  up  of  many  different  levels  of  management  and  in  turn  fits  into  regional  and  national  structures  which  increasingly  these  days  have  to  be  seen  in  a  global  context.  Leadership  is  about  recognizing  and  taking  into  account  all  of  these  aspects  and  finding  a  way  to  move  everyone  forward.    Q:  What  advice  would  you  give  to  other  Mayors  concerning  leadership?    A:  Being  a  Mayor  is  an  extremely  privileged  and  unique  position  and  one  that  I  still  hold  in  high  esteem,  as  can  be  seen  through  my  work  with  United  Cities  and  Local  Governments  and  other  organisations.  I  would  advise  any  Mayor  to  take  his  role  seriously  and  see  it  as  a  chance  to  take  advantage  of  the  urbanization  process  to  create  economic  and  social  opportunities.  Too  often,  urban  growth  is  seen  as  something  negative,  something  that  should  be  curbed  or  halted.      

Page 4: Joan clos barcelona5

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 I  advise  Mayors  to  embrace  the  changes  and  plan  cities  that  can  create  opportunities  for  their  citizens,  harnessing  the  advantages  that  you  find  in  a  city  as  opposed  to  rural  areas.    And  come  to  the  World  Urban  Forum  in  Medellin,  Colombia  in  April  2014  to  share  your  experiences  and  be  part  of  the  global  urban  dialogue!    Q:  What  is  your  advice  to  other  cities  to  achieve  a  good  result  in  city  planning?  What  capacities  and  institutions  are  needed?    A:  Cities  need  to  plan  realistically  and  to  the  scale  of  the  challenges  that  face  them.  If  your  population  is  growing,  plan  for  that  growth  and  for  the  needs  of  your  citizens  in  the  future.  Look  to  optimize  rather  than  maximize  density  so  you  benefit  from  the  urban  advantage.  By  allocating  sufficient  space  for  streets  and  public  space  you  create  opportunities  for  private  investment  and  ensure  mobility.  Above  all  encourage  your  citizens  to  participate  and  genuinely  listen  to  their  ideas.  Whoever  we  are,  when  we  live  in  a  city  we  all  have  the  chance  to  be  City  Changers.