01201301

aÊ4.:Jt l*blir".tjl ;.,-.}nÊl Û-JJ{lc*l

c,l4t*llj eUlr.:.YJ ç93!t itta-.lt

2013 olJF :ôJ1r

tEbrJl e4jJt \t))

çgull *l*lt l,-JJ<.t Ô\-r'1

lpr.;S pjb :a.*lt

I30J l*, ,03 :ôd! 4Sl..jJÀJ" I pgbJl :ô:t, rj 1t+.t

:O#l3l OelÉdl si .Pi1 6i elJl"ll {,l9

JÉl g '': -lt

(lli., 04) ;'L(Tl ir *3ll

:a:.jt!^ o-"-J $lj ,E i.3- l4J,6sl1 lsFl 4:r,! -É-lËÙ ir' :gr cJ-J-;ll ,r'Ie 1-'t" !'r6s;;l'r 3is

.1{L!1.! I C'e" ' ' ' â! iS' 3 R =|k{ l

.t =0 :â-L'lll çs I( Lltill éur

.ù#Uél j:.ll: -r$ll lr'11 i+"i11'. ke++-i 6" 4l5LJél âi$ e-J -1

.insJl Û,='À Dri q()âJt+ i:lJI LL:l'ô:ll âlll.Jl \ -2

'4(t)= Aedt +B : cJS'iJl'' ',!+ 'âiIJl i;!;lÂll LlrLJl À -3

.A,B,d t i r dS;; ! ' i

;j:sll ii''.1 rÈ &.r.t$l Jr;ll -4

.(1-,Fill) t 6it'oll+ q(t)

,,,...-l ê .û"jll c+li ri+S bb C:r:-t -1

.ai:s."11 â,* c

tul-Ltrél lsFl ;él Eâ+Cjrl-'l -?

' Jr"X

ç3 i.ijÉll ari" l,Jél a{lll '-r'"-l -;

.t =200 ms :Â.I:'.Ijl ,rr âiKJl

I y I te.Le

02201302

(.trir 04)

F tÉ G o:lt!'-S-r,(lC) é1 dt:! &Jt ,r)o m =|}kg:allK l.!r'r' ; ' '^- o.

(BC) "j!}llr

,oÀ^1 @B') c-Bll dL5 ,;t!l .e l-"tt y a=30":\jl) t].-l tùl.. 41,.13

.(2-ds,i]l) ô,,-.t g ;Jl ilY.\ G 4Ê) ôlJiin,-8", (3-rjslll) ç,LJJ ,J$"ill

4 3-,Js;tr

.rL,x .:Jsl G J gtt nll.r asJ.ll 4+t tnl+ Alll"l -i -1

.AC xe j"3À\ tuLJl eji:-l -ç

.rj*rl" . ;tSt 1;li.ll s,-: , ,,1<l -i -2

.1.{+.,,-l ê ,F;.Jt ;; rr,i, iJl-+c r'+ -ç

.l-e+,,,.'l ê ,/ éI51-Yl ir3 âr.,i, iJl.+o .:; -+

.r2r. !t it ;t ç a':1u C+- .3i **tt,.1fu liU;iÉ -:

(ltiù 04) : ÉrlÉll .r *lll

. in +in -,> /x + ln :lJ:LJl ,jÂ3 Ç_:+'Il 6LsVl dr).êUû slc. ,:;,;- "-!itJl

.:jl3tt

.lGsj)l dlE d^'i\4 Z : I er$.lJl "r"Si

-1

.ç::.Jl 6LsYt db[ri ùf -2

.dI,Jl ê. lJrJiÊ-r jKlr J,! Jf,l dr" ix : lH , iH :i.'-riTr ,,,1J -3

.iH : ?H élri el-$l ;p;-1;oJl tllLll MeIt r ""^l

*4

. Jcliill l{l A+JËttll 1l} ^-ll ur^r " "ç

-5

E,(!H)=2,231n1"v, E {1H)=8,s7 Mev, E /:x )=28,41Mev :r: .Lrbrl l

2- LliS-'ill

8 y 2 e'a"c

0220t302

(!rô 04) ell ,ll i'r '.i$

.c =1,0x10-2mol.Z-':o.l.rll ,)fji,I/ 1-^+,CH TCOOH ,{},1,:r.yl ,Jà".1 (S)!jL- .',^j

.cr=t6,0ns.m-t :,::L$ 25oC rll-rs f+f ,É (S ),.1:t-tt oÇ3rt} a;" ! él Ultil d.J"l

.etJl çr élryll,Jl ,;^ LDr^j) 4+\ rJl doLr l âJrL. ','r<1 -1

allul ,i :,"r- 2roo* 3 ^rrçoo-t o ilY+ (s)cj:lJt elnp-fq>] r-.,1+'i -2

. q.,,-l ii .n1.r-1tû.ll ii. r"ll {;orll

.3,+o.a cJjL-.tt pH Jl i^!' Oi "'*

-3

.e-l,3j.dl ':..<3-.)lra d J-- i.t-19 (S) ûÉul J.ru c.r^ r/" L+- j,l.l,i -4

.ct = 2,0x10 3 mol .2 ' : çJrJ ':Éj (K. (aq) + nO- @))f r_s r_n^. , ,1

i.ÀLàr $c r)r-Jr 'riir ,Ë:+:^:Yll=4t,4lxl0r:â.,-ll d..ils ,â,çr-Jl 4+"e ù!l('H {'ooH @q))

lcn{oo tts sf'ffit=l:i.dl cq-i '4=10/'?7, :r+s

. CH TCOOH (q) I CH pOO (aq) :U" 'rÉjl i-.:r^Jl d{l-:,(/ â^,', ein-l -i

.lz, â-r!,,,.*l -c..r

)'o,o,-35,0m5 'm2 mol ' ' lror*- = 4,1m5 'mt 'mol t : crt*r'nll

(llii 04) :or irll iu *:ll

JLniYl ,,,#[i ,_r ç-*i ,JS cJ cé-ç \.)ll ù^ Ljs i1.i-11 ,-jls .i+JÈrJl J-exl a.^-- ç3

.e\Àl ,1a 10 mL: cji" )l otr:ç 2a 4,5 mmol:ir ô & 1liJ^ Lj. ljll

:*l$ g-e 10 min tS . 40'C \\3 arll;= L; éL ek ,r!;.:3.r.- rtni-yl ,-.*ui C-i

I Ljà.-ll 2Jnj , ":;!3 oL a+ rÈr- ,.t' +ijl tia eérr i3 ,>+l qP ..+1;!t .:-i siÉ.,"

'1$; 'Q'{a+ (aq) + Ho-(aq)) pa.r.eJl +^6.r1.:+a Jr,-L- a--l"-l} Jtsi#Jl é #'i'lll

2,, 3+s fuL:,! 'e -jÊtsill ,rb dL-sj,,, Li" ùJL.ii15 rjTgcco=0,5Qmol .L-':nJAl

. pj;r3Jl +"6-r-,r.IÀ ,J !-- .1"

: çltill cJl'1ll os 1Éliilt g3Sj '-''"' "bll i+!+ 6' a?LJl +)j]l lé

t(min) 0 I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

V,,( nL) 0 2,1 3,7 5,0 6,1 7,0 7,6 7,8 7,8

8 6t3 -o*

0120130I

1,.13Ll1 c-i.XlSll '.13r Lj g,,rti3 "L

e.1 cÉ:- # J&+I ê.àJ" tjLl _1

. Ji,,0,.1 âl'éùll , r. 'a.j.,-ji+lt i+Jt ,,r,<t -2

gllj:ll a,Il.r r!ê 4..âjl. -r 5j 6. .csult d a!+ll .:rt-:t cl+ét cL-llt i,l _ I _3

.,ft++Stt

.tljiYl ç_*:i ç.i è.:ul &tlill ilJL,,,,r<l -(._,,

.VE\\+.,..e.rJ ,.,5 ; f5;6.11 I Lr.Jl ;.:L !1"S z, e b -4

.irj.jl# ii.,,S .rl, " - f(t) : LÇ ê-Jt -1 -5

f{$l,x ,;6+ .iS .,!-tll r3.ry r c,r,.r:l -ç

a-...-; os!>Xl ,'r;-J U i-lU o--,-lJl ,Jô,+ tjrs x =f(t) tûçe-J lct -6

.e,=60y :t)l S>Jl

:a+lBll d.'l ù* 1-E d Jc,liill r$i .r A"g gar:-t

8 ù" 4 i,'i,t

1s201315

r-dÉôl

(.].r-r 04) :.iJi-!l Jr.l i-1;: : eiqsJl

CH 3 -COOH,'\;-r,ti.,)l c.r.o:' û^ I mol >V "S:1 '+ C,-.,

otâ,.-: cJ ôlJJ's ù+.:l .C 4H s -OH )3s91 ,1 I nol 3

,J k".5 p r: r+ :1. ̂ r. irl ,."r âiJ=f l r-,jr jSiJl , ",rJ,6.l1

.(1-rjs,ill) 100"C éâ)t )- i=;"r iL aL'

ç, i+llt qr.jls.i ,!,< ,1 ( rill ô:.-lll irc â+.J ir^ r!

.!3":o ;:L Jit làJi ,C1- el- 4r "1+?téJ'"ll ,"rJÉll ;. - tuL:13 r:!l ù$Jl ;.r" .1S ;y.r L -1

fcLJl ,tJl LL'i'j liiJ -2

.(2-.Js,j,ll) nu L():;Ç1 È-J cr" LnS. "*-!l

iti+ n, LIS,j;Jl ;;-Yl ;:L 4i^5 4+ll" di -3

-nsl -ie

l!^Jl ld9i:ùll dÊ Lsrlr 4lrl! (

. " \ ' r !.'" jb) | J,-il

1,,\i J.,.rLJl 'Jji?-:Sll JFll JÀ --,r

, , . \ - ,1é[1 -!. lJLc .lSli6 âJ<

: Jiltsll -.é loLi:ll 44 - L --ç -

, - ) n ^ i ^ . 1 , A ^ : ^ - t - A n - 'I t - - ZU mtn i t ) -+umtn : l r -ou m ln .

Îei.É^.] ' iL" . 1-.+lê J^--lJl Cjull .ri61l

. éllr i,.,s leitil oul t;l $e 4+:. aÉ.r JÀ .ddll ùrJ,À Lrc. -r

.r+.",n è^ i"l^-Lll , à. ̂ t 4*..,!jJl {ï+,--,,.1<l . cj.,iJl cJ..SJl , :r. ̂ ecj:l-l -r

(11-ir 04) :çjËll .r Éll'ucl 9 6; -.rJ +};:

t'Cl Jt'Cl:L^r glji*" gt *1" a+'*Àl JrL{l }-ie >U;:.t+ ur"

,30]-xl03 ans -+ -.,,"ji: '"C1

;rac ei,:] .J6 ùÈ )\l t) :A .)rlSt ,,t<i

.361_!sl1 ilrj J^J qnsl fsa ËiJl ,rylsll ç Ë 37 3 35 ,1ua$\,.,9; t:u -t

.MeV a 36 ;$l ilril Liil a-ÀlJ. .',,,,-l -2

. élsill L^rr;J.;Jl iriljlll jsi ê.,J6 J,J<X çlll elSiSt iJrL-,,,r<1 -3

2-dsll

I65-e^u

r620r3t6

.!^ll 4-ldlli ".SJlj

rârrl.3 4i,,"1 J,--.', t " JlJ.j.,L 36;3ISJI .:,r! ,l- L..,l| .l_ll çr _4

.4-J$ll 4,'rr+ll .çJl èJh \-[. "1,_-., l- hÀ .r,îl y ,rl<"'lJ çJl ûl ,",J- .4+Àr+]lir.r+dl la.::ê ir 38 % çjLd J6;ylsl 1j,ri r". ;T 4;lj- ,L1.o c_," à+.' ,J "+].dr..ll eLJl J.c ,,.,.-l . çJJt ,l-ll çi

.1 MeV: I,6xi0't3 J , c : 3x108 m/s :if ..i$ j e.e;ll a-ey :éL!r-cll

ù-i:>lt û: 4:ll Jd 'rKll 36 ëÈ)\l

(l0 -27kg1 zv<t11,672 62 t,674 92 59,711 28

Z.iJl ljJl I 0 I7 18

(l.t$ 04) :ôJljlt rr. qrtl

.r-l: i,- d-I"Jll ,Je Li" L.Jé âJtr ùrSjjz.* \: tE L-JIJéI ilJJl 4jrË Jiê:a----i.jtl ('.....-j J____!lj r,(L , r =5 e)

.1( LIE: R = 10 A

al-l3l.r !l =0::1--lll ç"i r LlBt ,_i.tr

gl,ù;ll .:al-Jù (rJsll €i çl+6- jljlÀl r-lJ.(3-Js.iI) u^ =f (t ) :ç\ll

,4j1.t rsl iJlr! sl+tÀïl Js"ill e-Jl -1

jljÉÀYl elJ LrJ i+!s t{+.lc l..Lr*

',-t+{-ll

,]i ;* ,ot;rUt ê^+ ùJjU ,1.:.r.'L -2

: LE*ill (Jlo cté *+:11 dlul €EJt û+r uR(t) ij;tt:ll â.hLJl

4!o*73*'t À -dt

-I-"" =Tu'

,r s A iy,.ls l-rf+" b .âôLJl âilàLàjll âlrl- u )L ti ,u^ =l1l _"- i7 :.,;t Jl -3

.tjl+ aj.$:L i.: r.1 ;Jl e..r-S r ,,ù1 iA ç':']Jt c!L:tt. _a

.Jr"X 4jUét iS )-ll rét E r L+,iJt 4,,:tj l,:eF JS 4.J! ajj:_t _5

t(ms)

3-ds,iu

8;r6;-, l-

16201316

(.uur 04)

:i.L.Xl é a::h!l L:- û-r.r ,,m=l3g')e1Y< tD=3cm:t-r 't! riS'ill !j;É:1 ;",. L: r

.(Oz) *)jt:Â\ J,.-! il-s UJiÛû uà;!l .L- rP t500m '+ -^+i' OiL;$ o" t =0

.lj l!rs,, Li ,'. r;JJ 4+ i ,ÈJr.l,t-ti

.FI|L' -.,S-r G ye:,"lo! ùii$"iJl ;"J'rt-Jl i 'Sv$,lS ;3Al 'i+!! -1

.rolr et- C kl-r-, â.bJ â-J^JI l^É',' ol -2

é11-s-l ".jÀr Ê .r,,+,.i;i â*l.r;3É .r.lJ Ë r.fa tê tuL;)! -r;all l+- 6':': élJl d !{

,f =kv' :é+- (a-c!l ëJ,.6. l:;t Â1-l.::Jl f

. ol.r-jJJ oJ3rll êl-Lll çr È çJ^LJl ir'3 :L .er'iJl '!Ljl! -l

feln,,j liL .rjlïl ;r3 rri 6^ k j!3 1$.rô r-r,,^l "i ,u"+^i'Ji i-ilr ri'"JLlc' ','1<l -2

' Ê s*q,.i;i âJ"r i3! jl.a! -3

ràS r-ll â..,I;1-!!l a:.Ull "i

-i

*1,o Ç"r]5 ùs^r 4i iÀ ê

L=l-u.v' : gJS,xJldt4+JJ iJtdl ejr]-l

-ç

LFli él v, +rJl a-,l*11

.l;'.'ll i+-

âcrJl ', i+ bh'r+ -+

. r i^+ Alr:-l ?,: .4+Jl

'(4-'LJs'ill)

lern.,,: 1i1-.(è-3-i}[)r (2-YJ)d13Jl ,Jl l-{rt,^ é él d,l-!l di".,+ ÙJ1'! -r

. g = 9 ,8 m. s t , p = 1 , 3 kg. m- t :o \g l ) 1J^ î - ! à l3Sl l,Y =lort :l;Sl1 Ê' :c:.t+!q,oll

4-Jis*ill

I A 1 a"i.o

15201315

(lti.r 04) :.,r.1! di elll

çlrJl ,JS-Ë ,CoHrCOrH É!-r,,+ll u:"J r"r^".jL JrL- dr." V"=2\mL:t+-s )"1,j

. ,/à d-.l-r ,c t: I0 I mot . L't : *)sÀl 'jéJ lrryJl +J:-.Ê+r dJJ.-+ ca \Frhir)l

' (s-,js,j,ll) pH =f (Vb):;!ll ,.--r * '"'t< \'Je J""jJl Alt$ll

.r;r1Lll ,*LJ ç+Jâlll t+SJlll ,"1+tÀl JSÀ Ê-Jl -1

.Jrl.J pIl -ll {J"1+5 é.li.l é^, .iS dÀ -2

'r jcl.'ll del-Â: iLL- ' , "r<1 -3

: $lp :".:= -4

. c,.,,^,-l ê ,E 3!153j1 i'tjù,Flil'^i -i

C oH ,COOH(aq) / C oH ,COO' ( aq ) :ailJll pKa Jl â,Èo -ç

. ' i+- . '^ L)â.s 4.r jSl .p ,1\ ;; .V u= 0 , J-J û" pH ll LqÉ - +

5-dis.,ill

I ;r 8 :";.r

l6

2013 :i.,13r LJll.15+ll ;rq.i ij-rll!+F p3U :fy.U i,3" t-,"j;dl p;Ël: lrÉl

i.i.ll(drYl eràr.lD ltr)ll ;auc

gLr.r

?È.veJ"+ 6lj+.

04

0.5

0 .5

0.25

0.2s

0.5

u.)

0.5

0.5

0.5

-4"l l uc

(lrn 04) :m: l1r rsl; i i l ! , -1

zc +rn =, r!Lâ1.6i1 li,ll -2

!!*J,r=! ,o:".1lur Àc

| t i rJ! qG)=À.ed +B :cJê 6Jiê -3

(11.... . *-a +.i q(o)=À+B-o

t ""t rl,

* "t

*4 =! r$j:,!âlii ilJ-J çj d.ll u-#i.RC RC R

t , -À -ti 1i-, B - CL at'

R C '

q(t) =0,63 q^- =0,63 x4,8 x10! = 3,0 x10!C tr ""., i - l -4

î=39ns

C = : -=39x ]0 - F =39pF

. E = 1 2 1 / , 1 ) ^ , "

= 4 : j i - l - -

a 2.Ec( 200ns) = iC = 2 ,9 x10- 'J -+

04

0.25

0.25

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.25

(!,J04)ffilffi.ieJL;- 1.+ô* rsJsllr rdt [0,16^r]:J]l rL;.11 :is.!l:*1,1-l -l

A r 2 0+'-ff=!1=o : - "" :k'-l';

*,=41-6 :!o-)L;.iJa. i"ni'* aSJJl v =cte f16 s ,24 rl:iJj.Hl rLJall

AC =d =dr +d,=64 +64 =128 n él'\-À\ '.4-.! :lC lrLJl -r

,Srll dlï ùrl-ill Lrd -l -2

$'n:t;,", r = !-!st-

.os 3fY)

.Èd A.Jr r+jrj Lr$r crtr ùL cJ+jt g|.-l ll -r| =cte tAbJ f =fae3a ;qell,É" -,J1\3lL

5 ir. I iÂta

i-d,rl(dd1 tr,àe"ll) !tr)l .}aue Jrl*

?*v8Jr+-. ;liÈo

04

z,ot.is0.5

3xO.2s

3\0.25

0.5

0.7 5

(!!ir 04)

Z=2 . A=4 - l

.e l-.!)l .irF -2

, ',n -z , tH -1 :.-,,r. " trij -3

Et t l u t E t (2 . t , ,- -),856MeV rucleon t -- l , l15I4eV nucleon:-t\2E :X):=7, l '2MeV / n*: leû t

.i.t Eu,-hl V)-(4('tH)+h(;HI :aJFr dtti J$ -4

Eu=17,6 tMeVii.t

:ajJiull i-L-J" I LL: . -5

04

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.5

0.75

0.5

(l"ln 04)

cHtcooT(t) + H,o(q =cHlcoo (q)+Hp'(q) ::.LtLJl -1

-2

a = 1ç"..lrr,o-1.t"*,"". [cu,coo-]l

.rr,o r<']=0.+^to'mot r' . lr,o q;+;, :rr

rH= log[n,o.]=:,r -3

K.. -"': t t"jti,

,.ur.,o ' 'Ld' -! 1 -4- lcÈrcooHi

Vb"=20mL rj.-, Vu=l0mL :yi<lr . : . ; r ir :4 - l^ --

yo =9:!z = 4 *1 , ,j53n s,

:, ÈL6ll : ô

C H r C O O H ( t ) + H I O ( I ) = c E r C o o ( a q ) + I l 3 ( ) ' ( a c )

0 0

x x

xf

5 iF 2 l..La

{.)ldl(,J.ût gràrt L.Lr)l J,.ét! JJI!

ZÈvLJ.+. tljÈ.

04

2x0.25

0.25

0.750.25

0.5

0.5

0.5

2x0.25

0.25

(!1ll04) w.llsll ijJ'l ùrul Çi,i13l JJ'l - .dt'ldt ùn" rit -1

HCOOCHTC& | j).;lt -2

.çJlJr Y .Ê13 JÈè .iJd rr"-3Lai _r;-)l :ÂLJ :èrLll dr.il -l -3

HCOOCzHs + HrO = HCOOH + CzHsOH -ç

0,5.Véq :.ù.J nA=I |i+, nA = Cb.Véq :ùrSJ tls:ll $ê*4

t(min) a 10 20 30 4A 60 70 80t(mmol) 0 t,05 1,85 2,50 3,05 3,50 3,80 3,90 1,90

: J r . i i , . r - r - )

:r.Jll!l J*- !

r - J r , l çn : 1e ' ro l "16n - s7e4 . 5 x t 0 ,

r(nin)

. !r!l 14i r. ûd;.)| i:.s ; dls. lè é!ii.l C?j- Ji,-5-l :)ÈJl Lnr-

2013 :zyt l-,;3Jt<itl uLi^l a:+>,: eÈ :t+.*l,ll 4,,1!jril p.elJl :;rU iJsjr nt A.j..-yt e]j

l85 ù. 3 Lri.a

2013 :;1: !_1JlsJ! ..1l.i"l !+F eÈ :a..,Jl 1,i" !:ill p.$l :i":!J f:-i3dll âi-Jl e]:

(.dtl gJ..J.ll) '.,.1r. Tl J,.l'ie

.t.jJ. Jll Jl rr+ r-!.à ê!v roL-iJl ji,Jl .i",:s: iûjÉll &r.,ill Jrr -l

.d.,ti:ll e;!! .1a -lSJ"n d."J$ll eÉ^ lit;l -

i./r d.j -2

CHçOOH +CfieOH = CHçOOCAH, + H2O -l -3

r, < I : .j .uJu ", =jr=f =o,r -"

,cuJ" çi.ils o. ôl.Jùi cjla Êù Jrè lJi-yl cJr' ri !:.' sbtt

,J.lÀt lêJ- -+

u 11, 1= 4{r = 9.9969-o; .,nir.r-"^ r

v (tr) = 0,0035I2ol rnin-t

Y (t ) = O,OO2OI,1 ol' minl

.iJ+ dflli cF!1'6 L!l ù1 !'\

| =tJ xl00 =600/0 ,)i)A -)

.ôji-!l .1?11 çr 'J":, dr:ll LJ.J énir dr-lll rJ" e.iUl çt"lle-l!l+*i dfu

{,rJj :L!-,É-J dr.sl .'ii* -Â

2-él"bJÈ CH, -CHOH -CH TCH , :'tl.s\t tJ.;Àl .j^-r liqjÂll ti'J- I

0.50

0.25

0.50

0.75

4x0.25

.-.,È,-lS;1ottrts. ,g) û1,.r,,i1 !. ù)l]"e r sl3sJl .t.:Jl Lr aEaill -l

i ict ' :^t4 =(z.ne+(A-Z ).u,-n( itct )) c'=307,54t25Mev 'l j l â51-2

3'icl + 't:sh + :x :elsrill rllL' -3

iicl-èlib+ -ie .p- :eKi:ll!.i rr..i..1 z=-1 , A=0

' =13.u ,\ - 'ol;; 'o' n,|ff , =a2o.tot a$ ', .u-4

0.250.25

4x0.25

4x0.25

6x0.25

) r / P l r l P , ' ) --4+ l ] " J -Ë .J t :1 , : : r + + ! tu " -Ed I L

^ L

' R ù R '

. r=-L , ,4=E , .u , u ,=Ar t -e ' ) -3R + r R + t

r.r - [u.l4l.J4 - rrr =s :r]':i r,rr. r -4t1 l tu l . ,

-r = 1,2 ms t i+. uR(r) =a,$ uR.- =2t/ t1-t

B=u^* ' ! ! + ' ) = 4 ,6y J L= r (R+r )= l8x l0 :H tL l - i - s

0.5

0.75

4x0.25

0.5

0 .5

0 ;75

5 ù. 4 'i.ri,a r9

2013 :i1.r Lr;rlt<rl1 ul..rl !*-.t..3 e:b :â-,Jt ritr-rill a3L.ll :;.:tJ !+.:Jt.jll !t-)l g.Uaddl

(sj|!l gJ..C|) L.l"l..Yl J,oueirl5.

? !Èt^eJ4. ilj+.

04

3x0.25

0.25

0.5

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.25

(!n 04) iW( . r rar . l+ ;6 . ) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .o=g. r : .È l

f i= t , - t rag=na: ! i . r l r c ,Y:L" l l - l : i r {

(2) . . . . . . . , ! r , " ,u r u 4L-g , ,

'u -Jze" =tz t , t . ' ' ' * l ,=+, (2) é " t+J ' . r . r 1=! : ( lL ; - -2

rg.z-, ,.,-1 trl=I# =WW=ffi -., r=i,ç\.,,JcÀi -1 : çun = ye =ry?'8 -t .t,76 "7v :.v1;;l l.rt.r -2

. n,rr-1 ;sa .4."s,1 r.. ,, J ,{j"', jlliïir'IÂ(aritr c'n; a.) L=1-3,,çt.ff= g-l;'*' w-n,=.fi,4.!À] or"L-i -i-3

' *=f; 'o;; 4=4 ;P:] çù:l ri" -';

. t=ff=z,o'ta'*rr, J

..'C ê".:Is-)' tr! ljlai trr! ,iq -rS Jr'lt .-r-.1' ,i..rru"l'-.

040.5

o.'75

0.5

0.5

0.'7 5

0.5

0.5

(!li: 04)

.çl"rlij} r*Jl -1

:ji pHJ jl.+ t_J& àr.:,1-!,Jé.]lW -2

.4iÈn êrn Ê cr-lrll ùt lt ; J91 gF,

.d pH Jl d*!! +;l çrI LLIàll e! Jl+Jl c,*j -

.it^+!l l Â,.till ,tdl o";U ) Ji-.] çr-el1ji- l").i- r!-lJJ dJl.J C.)J -

,l.rl Jl^l,ll 1,ill JltÉ*l J,ln! Ê '!rlj"

+,:r é ,Ê. pH J jl.ê ë,-i -

.ù!11Â. i!*!i in !i.ll .1.l1'? Jt"Jl .j,rLn és"* lJln É,L1.6 ;E .lJÀ. j $c

c ,H Ço,H (q\ + Ho- (q) =c "n

Ço; (ot) + np (l) :trÉLr &1i1 irL- -3

E ((* =rc,amL; pI1. =s):j isi lrÀn-1 -4

=9,2x10' nol.L-' !i^ J c..V.=cb.Vb| t:i]'si.lJ $è

pH = pK, = 4,2 :+j t,/ jilsl} -i"-r .iji---

pH =2,7 :+t t j* \ u sl t =O -+

,È".! | pH > -Logco rti" 1 -Logc. =0,7 :$4n

'tl <1 : Jt"i*l ÙS+

.dir* l- ll- +Jôl drLljill dr.ù ùs., :1À')-

(rtàC6HçOzH

205 iF 5 lÂi..