j.l. fellous and d. massonnet - oct 3, 2000 earth observation information meeting, brussels 1 spot4,...

J.L. FELLOUS and D. MASSONNET - Oct 3, 2000

Earth Observation Information Meeting, Brussels

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SPOT4, SPOT5 and VEGETATION, Pléiades SPOT4, SPOT5 and VEGETATION, Pléiades and further mini/microsats opportunitiesand further mini/microsats opportunities

J.L. Fellous1) and D. Massonnet2)

1) CNES, Paris, France2) CNES, Toulouse, France



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CNES programs for Earth Observation, CNES programs for Earth Observation, Science and ApplicationsScience and Applications

Framework : international cooperation European cooperation

bilateral (Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Italy, European Commission, etc.) multilateral (ESA, EUMETSAT)

International cooperation United States (NASA, NOAA) Japan (NASDA) India (ISRO)

Satellite and instrument "series" or "families" High resolution imagery satellite series

SPOT, PLEIADES, ESA radar satellites for science and civilian applications HELIOS : Defense needs

Meteorological satellite series Improving operational satellite missions for weather forecast



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The SPOT programThe SPOT program

SPOT 1 : launched 22 February, 1986 no more on-board recording

SPOT 2 : launched 22 January, 1990 no more on-board recording since October, 1993

SPOT 3 : launched 26 September, 1993 failed on 14 November, 1996

SPOT 4 : launched 24 March, 1998 New platform, same resolution New middle IR band, VEGETATION payload

SPOT 5 : to be launched in early 2002 Resolution : 5 m in panchromatic mode, 10 m in spectral mode

2,5 m in panchromatic mode through processing Passengers: VEGETATION-2 and HRS (High resolution stereo camera)



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The VEGETATION programThe VEGETATION program

Federal Office for

Scientific, Technical

and Cultural Affairs

Belgium



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10-day synthesis (11-20 May, 1998)10-day synthesis (11-20 May, 1998)



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VEGETATIONVEGETATION

A new payload on-board SPOT-4 Partners : F, B, S, I, European Union Same spectral bands as SPOT-4 Swath width 2250 km Resolution 1,1 km Quasi daily global coverage VEGETATION-2 will fly on-board

SPOT-5, thus allowing continuous data acquisition over 10 years of global vegetation cover

VEGETATION products: P: reflectance at top of atmosphere,

No correction applied S: synthesis at various resolutions

S1 (daily) S10 (10 days)http://www-vegetation.cnes.fr

http://www-spotimage.fr



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The VEGETATION Millenium InitiativeThe VEGETATION Millenium Initiative

Objectives Contribution of the VEGETATION Program to the international Millenium

Ecosystem Assessment initiative: free access to global VEGETATION daily composites

Expected outcomes Production of global and regional land cover maps with specific reference

to the implementation and control of the international conventions 2000 land cover inventory for the globe Global assessment of burnt areas per land cover class

Mechanism Initiative open to the international science community Announcement of opportunity released in June 2000

Partnership Data provision sponsored by the partners of the VEGETATION Program Support from international programs such as IGBP and GOFC



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PléiadesPléiades



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PLEIADESPLEIADES

A global and coherent approach to Earth observation A multi-sensor system using small satellites to face new challenges

A technology challenge, with the advent of US metric commercial satellites A dual-use challenge: the need to cover both civilian and defense needs A European challenge: satisfy European users needs A market challenge: develop market, research and applications

A set of complementary components Optical imagery

High resolution (~< 1 m) Wide field (~100 km) Other : Hyperspectral, ...

Radar imagery High resolution Interferometric cartwheel

An overall architecture and a deployment strategy



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Improve performances Develop innovative and competitive

technologies Reduce development and exploitation

costs

Pléiades: an innovative programPléiades: an innovative program

Agility

SPOT 5

3000 kg

Small

satellite

5-600 kg

Reduce satellite mass => Reduce costs



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PLEIADES PLEIADES The high resolution optical componentThe high resolution optical component

Image specifications

Resolution: 0.6 m 0.8 m

Field of view better than 20 km

Spectral bands RGB PIR

Dynamic range 12 bits

Agility

60° of roll or pitch within 35 seconds

Data gathering capability

up to 20000 sq. km per orbit

Image positioning

within 1 m with GCP ’s

within 20 m without GCP ’s



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PLEIADES PLEIADES The high resolution optical componentThe high resolution optical component



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PLEIADESPLEIADESThe Super spectral componentThe Super spectral component

Precision farming applications In partnership with Aventis,Astrium,Inra,Spot Image Main characteristics of the space segment

resolution 10 to 20 m 10 to 20 spectral bands revisit time ; 2 to 8 days

deployment logic definition and validation of the various products definition and construction of a probatory system : launch 2003 definition and construction of an operationnal system : launch 2006



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PLEIADESPLEIADESThe wide field optical componentThe wide field optical component

Image specifications

Resolution: 2.5 m

Field of view 40 km

Spectral bands RGB PIR

Dynamic range 10 bits

Agility

60° of roll within 25 seconds

60° of pitch within 10 seconds

Data gathering capability

up to 160000 sq. km per orbit

Image positioning

within 2 m with GCP ’s (over 1000 km

within 100 m without GCP ’s



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PLEIADESPLEIADESThe Interferometric CartwheelThe Interferometric Cartwheel

An original concept 3 passive radar microsatellites

flying in formation with a conventional SAR on slightly different orbits (excentricity and perigee argument)

stable horizontal and vertical baselines are created for coherent combinations of radar images

Orbital Plane

Illuminated area



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PLEIADESPLEIADESThe Interferometric CartwheelThe Interferometric Cartwheel

Main applications Digital Elevation Model : metric capability with a several kilometers baseline

after a preliminary correction with a 30m DEM

Other applications super-resolution : up to a factor 2 with respect to the transmitter’s resolution

depending on the baselines mapping of ocean currents using along track interferometry

Planning End of feasability studies ; mid 2001 first launch of ICW: 2004 (with ALOS in L-band) Exploration of an ENVISAT Cartwheel (CNES/DLR in close relation to ESA)



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GOAL : to challenge SRTM

A radical, but costly, solution to global topography with more accuracy, more coverage and more science

The on-board X-SAR mission is a good start for Europe, together with SPOT and HRS

Two simultaneous radar images:

no displacements

no atmospheric contribution Cover of Ball Aerospace magazine



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Implementation of Earth observation in Implementation of Earth observation in partnership with other initiativespartnership with other initiatives

Goals understanding the Earth system (GMES) fulfilling the observational needs of major international programs (IGOS)

Dual Missions Bi-lateral cooperations (regardless of purely military missions) High Resolution Optical, High Resolution X-band Radar

Commercial Missions Public Private Partnership: high precision agriculture with superspectral data

Scientific and/or technological Missions ESA (Earth Explorer, Earthwatch…) L band radar, hyperspectral...

“Operational” Missions Various cooperations within Earthwatch, in particular with EUMETSAT



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Mini-micro satellites projectsMini-micro satellites projects

Two main families of mission Mini-satellites

PROTEUS bus (CNES-ALCATEL), 5-600 kg 300 MF (~ $ 45M), once every 2-3 years Projects

– funded: Jason-1, PICASSO/CENA– under study: Jason-2, SMOS, MEGHA-TROPIQUES

Micro-satellites CNES-developed micro-satellite platform, ~ 100 kg 50 MF (~ $ 7.5M), twice a year Projects

– funded: DEMETER, PICARD, PARASOL, others...– under study: SAPHIR, ORAGES, ALTIKA, AMPERE, SVO, RHEA, etc.



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The opportunity of mini-platform: JASONThe opportunity of mini-platform: JASON

JASON-1 will continue, starting in late 2000, the high accuracy measurements inaugurated with Topex/Poseidon

Coupled to in situ observations, dynamic topography data obtained with JASON-1 will be assimilated into 3-D ocean models, capable of providing a prediction of the ocean state, in the perspective of an operational oceanography

Topex/Poseidon (2.5 tons) Jason (500 kg)



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Mini/micro satellites for aerosols and cloudsMini/micro satellites for aerosols and clouds

PICASSO/CENA (backscatter lidar, for cloud and aerosols studies) has been selected by NASA and CNES for flight in 2003

MEGHA-TROPIQUES, SAPHIR and ORAGES projects are devoted to tropical studies complementing the U.S.-Japan TRMM

POLDER on microsat (PARASOL 2004) Earth radiation budget Atmosphere (mainly aerosols) Ocean color Land surfaces (mainly biosphere)



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POLDER/ADEOS 1: global aerosol indexPOLDER/ADEOS 1: global aerosol index



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Atmospheric Chemical, Physical Atmospheric Chemical, Physical and Dynamic Processesand Dynamic Processes

Satellite sensors WINDII/UARS ODIN, POAM PICARD

Balloon program 15 instruments existing or under

development for atmospheric studies

Major objectives Process studies Validation of satellite sensors (ILAS, SAGE, POAM, ODIN, ENVISAT) Coordinated international campaigns (e.g., THESEO, INDOEX), in polar,

medium latitudes or tropical regions



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PICARDPICARD

Proposed by L. Damé, Service d’Aéronomie Second CNES micro-satellite (decision Oct. 1998) Scientific objectives :

climatology influence of solar forcing on earth climate relationship between Sun diameter and constant

Solar physics and internal structure

Payload (30 kg): SODISM: imaging telescope (CCD 2048x2048) to mesure (at 1 mas) the

solar diameter differential radiometer SOVAP (Belgian contribution) and photometers

UVSPM (Swiss contribution) to measure the absolute solar constant

Launch late 2003-early 2004 Sunsynchronous orbit (660 km, 98°, 6h-18h)



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Solid Earth Physics : general landscapeSolid Earth Physics : general landscape

OERSTED (micro-satellite, Denmark and France, launched in February 1999)

Earth magnetic field measurements

CHAMP (Germany and France, launch in 2000) Earth gravity and magnetic fields measurements France provides highly accurate accelerometers and magnetometer and

participates in data analysis

DEMETER, SVO (Space Volcano Observatory) GRACE (DLR/NASA)

France partner of DLR in GRACE data processing

GOCE The first ESA Earth Explorer missions

Crust Displacements DORIS, SPOT imagery, SAR interferometry, interferometric cartwheel



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DEMETERDEMETERScientific Objectives : Main objective:

Detection of Electromagnetic Emis-

sions Transmitted from Earthquake

Regions Secondary objectives : Study of electromagnetic environment of the Earth

in connection with volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, anthropogenic activities, solar activity…

Mission: First micro-satellite project of CNES Altitude ~800km (polar orbit) Time-duration: 2 years Launch: beginning of 2002 Present status: Under phase C/D

International AO will be released by CNES in December 2000: Creation of a DEMETER International Science Team (DIST)



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DEMETERDEMETERPayload (~50kg)

Magnetic sensors - Frequency range: 10Hz-15kHz - 3 components Electric sensors - Frequency range: DC-4MHz - 3 components Langmuir probe (ionic and electronic temperature and density) Ion spectrometer (electron and proton spectra) Energetic particle analyzer (density, temperature and velocity of main ions)

Observation strategy: Measurements over areas with latitudes < 65°. 2 data acquisition modes:

a survey mode (low bit rate data: 25 Kbits/s)

all over the world. EM spectra are recorded A burst mode (high bit rate data: 1.8 Mbits/s)

above the seismic regions.The complete waveforms

are recorded.



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Last but not least : ground segmentLast but not least : ground segment

A dedicated ground segment for data processing and information production is a fundamental part of any Earth Observation program

CNES policy Mandate: process all data up to level 2, although hardly sufficient Work with user organizations, in France and abroad, to ensure proper

development, production and delivery of higher-level products to science and applications users

Examples: Ocean altimetry data system for Topex/Poseidon, ERS, ENVISAT Atmospheric chemistry data system for UARS, ENVISAT, balloon

campaigns Clouds and aerosols data system for POLDER, ScaRaB, IASI, PICASSO-

CENA, etc. ALOS Data European Node (ADEN)



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ConclusionsConclusions Earth observation from space has proven a powerful and unique

tool for a variety of research and applications areas Space agencies must support missions for research and public good Public-private partnership is a new avenue to explore for commercial

applications, but it will require some time before private initiatives can significantly substitute to public funding

Establishing global observing systems is one of the challenges of the next decade with user-friendly interfaces

CNES is committed to participate to the coordinated effort of space and user agencies (IGOS: Integrated Global Observing Strategy)

One key issue: transfer of experimental to operational systems Operational oceanography Monitoring of the continental biosphere GMES issues

j.l. fellous and d. massonnet - oct 3, 2000 earth observation information meeting, brussels 1 spot4,...

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