JICA’s Approach in Reducing the Impact of Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

Hideki Katayama Japan International Cooperation Agency

Bangladesh Office

December 13 2009

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Contents

Complexity of Disaster issues in Bangladesh

Natural Hazards, Vulnerability, Disaster Management

Characteristics of JICA Project

Ownership, Collaboration, Monitoring and Evaluation

JICA’s Approach to Disaster Management

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Flood, Cyclone and Storm Surges, Tornado, River Bank Erosion, Earthquake, Drought, Arsenic Contamination, Salinity Intrusion, Tsunami, Fire, Infrastructure Collapse, Landslide

Geographical Features

Natural factorsWeather system (Bay of Bengal, Assam region), River

system, Arsenic, Dauki Fault,etc.

Political RelationsWater sharing (treaty), Hydrological data sharing,

Climate ChangeSea level rise, Heavy rain, Capacity for adaptation of CC

Complexity of Natural Hazards

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Complexity of Vulnerability

HAZARD

CAPACITY

MoreCoping

CapacityLess

VulnerabilityLess

Coping Capacity

MoreVulnerability

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Landless People

CO2 Emission

Environment Pollution

Urban Migration

Urban Problem

Urban Growth

Traffic jam

Siltation

Risk of Climate Change

Geographical features

Water related disease

Population Growth

Main Rivers

Use of ground water

Arsenic Problem

Sharing of info.

Lack of Health Service

Disability to work

Poverty

Affordability to Health

Heavy Rain Sea level rise

Governance to DM

Priority of labor work

Slow Economic Growth

Slum expansion

Encroachment

Navigation

Lack of Education

Lack of Preparation to Disaster

Low literacy Rate

Huge damage by Disaster

Education to DM

Limited Investment to Prevention

Difficulty to understand warning

Weak infrastru

cture

Poverty

Lack of Investment in DM

High vulnerability to

Disaster

Poverty=

Vulnerability Climate Change

HealthEconomy

TransportEducation

Environment

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Prevention

ResponseRecovery & Reconstruction

DISASTER

Complexity of Disaster Management

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Self-Help

Mutual-Help

Public-Help

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System of Natural Hazards is ComplexWhole scenario of disaster activities (cause and effect) may not be categorized / analyzed

Vulnerability to Disaster is ComplexDisaster management may not be a mainstream of poverty reduction, or vice versa.

Disaster management is ComplexInvestment to Disaster Management may not be concentrated effectively

Summary of Complexity

How will the approach be implemented ?

1974 災害緊急援助（洪水被害）日赤経由 1993 多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画1978 罹災者救援計画 1994 第二次多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画

災害緊急援助（ビルマ難民救済） 洪水対策1982 罹災地復興計画 1995 第三次多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画1983 消防施設強化計画 1996 災害援助

罹災地復興計画 1997 ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ排水・灌漑事業1984 罹災地復興計画 自然災害気象警報改善計画1985 災害援助 メグナ橋護岸改修計画

罹災地復興計画 1998 緊急無償洪水災害復旧用機材・資材整備計画1986 気象観測用レーダー更新計画 国内被災民向け食糧援助（WFP経由）

罹災地復興計画 災害緊急保険支援計画消防及び援助用機材整備計画 1999 水資源開発政策アドバイザー

1987 罹災地復興計画 第四次多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ地区末端灌漑施設復旧計画 2000 メグナ河長期護岸・洪水対策

1988 ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ地区末端灌漑施設復旧計画 2002 洪水適応型生計向上計画調査洪水災害復興緊急商品借款 洪水予警報システム計画調査

1989 ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ灌漑施設建設計画 2003 第五次多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画ダッカ市雨水排水施設整備計画 2004 水管理計画アドバイザー

1990 ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ灌漑施設建設計画 2005 コックスバザール及びケプパラ気象レーダー整備計画ダッカ市雨水排水施設整備計画 2006 コックスバザール及びケプパラ気象レーダー整備計画ダッカ首都圏・洪水防御・雨水排水計画 2007 第二次ダッカ市雨水排水施設整備計画北西地域洪水防御・排水計画 モウルビバザール気象レーダー設置計画

1991 ナラヤンガンジ・ナルシンジ灌漑施設建設計画 緊急無償（災害緊急援助）ダッカ市雨水排水施設整備計画 2008 緊急災害被害復旧計画サイクロン被災道路復興計画 「シドル」被災地域多目的サイクロンシェルター建設計画サイクロン被災農地復興計画 2009 気象解析・予測能力向上プロジェクトサイクロン被災施設復興計画 自然災害気象警報改善計画フォローアップ協力災害緊急援助 災害緊急援助サイクロン災害復旧緊急商品借款 サイクロン災害復旧緊急商品借款

1992 ダッカ市雨水排水施設整備計画気象用マイクロウェーブ網整備計画メグナ河護岸対策計画洪水対策事業維持管理調査

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Since1974No. of Projects60plus in Disaster Management

Total over $550 million in DM

JICA Projects in DMPAST and PRESENT

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The most important philosophy of Japan’s ODA is to support the self-help efforts of developing countries …Accordingly, Japan respects the ownership by developing countries, and places priorities on their own development strategies.(Japan’s Official Development Assistance Charter, 2003)

Ownership of BangladeshCharacteristics of JICA Project

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Based on requests from the Bangladesh Government (GoB)

Formulated along the Bangladesh National policies and discussion withgovernment officials

GoB owes Liability in the Project, e.g. Allocation of Bangladeshi counterpart, budget (e.g.Tariff of equipment, Local cost, etc.) , etc..

GoB leads the Project, e.g. Chair of the Joint coordination committee /Steering committee

GoB has a decision of utilizing the JDCF/DRGA-CF

Ownership of BangladeshCharacteristics of JICA Project

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… Japan will participate in this process, and endeavor to play a leading role. … Japan will pursue collaboration with United Nations Organizations, international financial institutions, other donor countries, NGOs, private companies, and other entities. (Japan’s Official Development Assistance Charter, 2003)

HarmonizationCharacteristics of JICA Project

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Participation in the Local Consultative Groups ”A forum for development dialogue and donor coordination”

Various schemes to work with NGOs, Academics, Development Partners (DPs) (e.g. Grant Aid to UNDP project, Emergency Grant Aid through WFP,UNICEF, etc.)

Deployment of long-term Japanese Expert in Governmental Organizations, e.g. BWDB, LGED, who contribute to Harmonization with stakeholders

HarmonizationCharacteristics of JICA Project

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The government will carry out consecutive evaluations at all stages, i.e. ex-ante, mid-term, and ex-post, and evaluations at each level, i.e. policy, program, and project. … The evaluation results will be reflected in subsequent ODA policy-making an efficient and effective implementation.(Japan’s Official Development Assistance Charter, 2003)

Monitoring and EvaluationCharacter of JICA Project

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Cooperate Monitoring by Joint Coordination Committee of the Project

Evaluation in several stage of the Project, such as Ex-ante, Mid-term,Terminal, Ex-post Evaluation based on DAC’s 5 evaluation criteria, (i.e. Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impact and Sustainability)

Monthly Report from consultants

Monitored / Evaluated by internal and external resources, and / or with Counter part, DPs

Monitoring and EvaluationCharacteristics of JICA Project

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93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Phase 1 4.95

Phase 2 7.10

Phase 3 5.66

Phase 4 8.52

Phase 5 6.45

Cyclone "Sidr" affected 9.58

Safer Evacuation from CycloneConstruction of Cyclone Shelter

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Started from 1993

Constructed 81 plus 36 underconstruction completed until April 2010

Evaluated most safe and strong shelter by a UNDP study

Accommodated 70,000 during Cyclone Sidr

Provide 61,000 residents with safe shelter and 5,400 students withcomfortable education opportunity by on-going project

Construction of Cyclone Shelter

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86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Cox's Bazar and Khepupara 6.36Microwave network 8.35Rangpur 14.73Cox's Bazar and Khepupara 1 8.66Cox's Bazar and Khepupara 2 8.03Maulvibazar 10.00FU

Technical Assistance 2.60

Crucial Data for PreparednessEstablishment of Radar Station

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Started from 1988

Covering all territory of Bangladesh and a part of India by establishing 5 Radar systems

Monitoring the Cyclone activity and the datashared with India

Followed by Technical Cooperation startedfrom September 2009

Establishment of Radar Station

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Prepared by Japan Weather Association

21Prepared by Japan Weather Association

May 13 1996, Tornado in Tangail

May 16 1996, Official Request from GoB

May 17 1996, Arrival of Medical Team

Consisted of Total 16 members(Doctor, Nurse, Medical Coordinator, )

216 surgery conducted

955 persons treated

As Quickly As We CanJapan Disaster Relief Team

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Nov. 15 2007, Sidr attacked the coastal Area of Bangladesh and Japan distributed Emergency Goods on Nov. 20 which was the fastest action among the DPs

Hired Local consultants to monitor the distribution of Japan’s Emergency Goods

Dispatched JICA needs assessment team from Dec.9-17

Seamless assistance followed by Loan project co-financed with ADB

As Quickly As We CanResponse TO Cyclone SIDR

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JICA’s ApproachOn-going/Pipeline Projects

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No.No. SchemeSchemeType of DisasterType of Disaster

Flood Flood River River ManagementManagement CycloneCyclone EarthquakeEarthquake Weather Weather

ForecastingForecastingWater Water

logginglogging

11TCPTCP

●● ●●

22 ●● ●● ●●

33 TCP(DS)TCP(DS) ●● ●● ●●

44 EXPEXP ●● ●● ●●

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GAGA

●● ●●

66 ●●

77 ●●

88 GA (UNDP)GA (UNDP) ●●

99 FUFU ●● ●●

1010 LA LA ●● ●●

1111 JSTJST ●● ●●

1212JPPJPP

●●

1313 ●●

TRTR ●● ●● ●● ●●

RED : Pipeline Project, BLACK :On-going Project

On-going/Pipeline Projects

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Water and DevelopmentMeghna River Basin Management

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Implementation years Position in development

strategy*

Field of assistance Envisaged projects Assistance type

Implementing agency 2009 ~ 2018 2019 ~

Other donors

Capacity improvement for water management (incl. Assistance in

updating NWMP)

Technical cooperation expert WARPO

Optimum use of water

resources NWMP Study on water demand and supply

balance （incl. strengthening national water

resources database system）

Technical cooperation project

WARPO

WB

Capacity improvement for river management

Technical cooperation expert

BWDB

Basin-wide river management for Meghna River basin

Technical cooperation（MP/FS study,

technical cooperation project）,

loan/grant-based project

BWDB

Reduction of water-related

disaster

River management

Riverbank stabilization of Jumna River

Technical cooperation（MP/FS study）, loan/grant-based

project

BWDB

ADB

Coastal zone development（land reclamation, erosion control, etc.）

Technical cooperation (FS study）,

loan/grant-based project

BWDB

LCG

Small scale water resources development project

（drainage improvement, flood management, water conservation,

etc.）

Technical cooperation (MP/FS study）,

loan-based project LGED

ADB

Poverty alleviation/creation of job opportunity

Management of coastal

zone & south-west

areas

Sedimentation measures for the Gorai River

Grant-based project BWDB WB

Prepared by Project Formulation Mission June 2009

Meghna River Basin Management

Basic Study Master Plan

> Data Collection > Supplemental survey > FS for grant/> Review past studies > Alternative plans for RM loan projects> Field reconnaissance > IEE > Technical> Specific survey >Framework > Prioritize projects cooperation

Projects to be (topographic, flood, river movement) >MP TOR > Preliminary project design projectsconsidered in terms > Analysis > Project cost estimation of basin-wise (flood, riverbank erosion, discharge) > Project Implementation planriver management > Identification of problems > Evaluation of MP

>FS TOR FS for urgent projects Implementation> Identification of urgent project

Rather independent >Technical Technical cooperationurgent projects Cooperation to be implemented

> FS for pilot Pilot investment project projects to be implemented

Prepared by Project Formulation Mission, June 2009

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Meghna River Basin Management

2011

CDMP-1 CDMP-2

・Community-based DM/Awareness・Capacity Building for DM

・City having EQ Resilience

・Microzoning/Macrozoning with TrenchSurvey

・Enhancement of Seismic Observatory and Tsunami Issues

Soft measures

Hard measures

Research/Study

・EQ. DM Plan for CC

・Capacity Building for Urban Search/

2016 2017 2018・Earthquake Disaster management (DM) plan for national Level

2012 2013 2014 20152009 2010

・EQ Resistant of Infrastructure and Lifeline・Traing for Engineers, Architects, masons, etc.

・Retrofitting for Public Building and Training

・Capacity Building for Enforcement of Building・Seismic Resistant Diagnosis for Housing

Prepared by Project Formulation Mission, March 2009

Toward Earthquake Risk

CD for Disaster-Resistant Buildings

Improving capacity of PWD engineers for the construction and retrofitting work of public buildings including damage evaluation, retrofit design, construction management, monitoring, and training course establishment

Enhancing building safety of Key Public Buildings for proper response after disaster events, i.e. Ministry buildings, Hospitals, Fire stations, etc.

Focusing natural disasters including earthquake, cyclone, flood and high tide

Toward Earthquake Risk

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Understanding the whole scenario of the problem in the field

Formulating the program for Long term vision

Prioritizing the project and Concentrating the investment

Considering 4 issues for project selectionNeeds of BangladeshOther DPs’ commitment, demarcation and collaborationCounter Part’s Capacity to implement the projectComparative Advantage of Japan’s knowledge and technology

Synergy Effect by combining various schemes of JICA

Summary - JICA’s Approach

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END

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