jharhand gondia and wada

7/24/2019 Jharhand Gondia and Wada

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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: JHARKHAND

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF GONDIA,

MAHARASHTRA

TRADITIONAL DWELLING - WADA IN MAHARASHTRA


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Jharkhand has been a land of thirty different tribes on the Chota nagpur plateau.

Before British colonization in1870, Jharkhand had an agrarian society.

During the mid 19th century, Jharkhand became a popular summer retreat for the

British.

The state of Jharkhand was also known for its abundance of natural resources,

particularly coal and iron ore.

The abundance of natural resources attracted industry to the region, and after

independence in 1947, a large influx of people from various parts of the country

looking for work occurred.

During early colonization from 1870s till 1940s, a new vernacular architecture

emerged in the region, which is heavily influenced by western ideals.

INTRODUCTION


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The climate in Jharkhand mostly comprises extreme conditions in summer, monsoon,

and winter. Days are hot, and nights are cool in summer; heavy rains come during

monsoon; and in winter, both days and nights are cold.

Main strategies to create comfort in this climate include:

Summers:

Use evaporative cooling.

Protect against summer heat gain.

Keep the sun out in summers to reduce heat gain and glare.

Use vegetative cover to prevent reflected radiation and glare.

Expand use of outdoor spaces during the night.

Night time flush ventilation to cool thermal mass.

Winter:

Let the winter sun in to reduce heating needs.

Protect from cool winter winds to reduce heating.

Expand use of outdoor spaces during the day.

CLIMATE & STRATEGY TO MAINTAIN COMFORT CONDITIONS


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Two distinct vernacular architectural styles exist in this region:

Small huts or hutments

Havelis (large mansions)

The hutments were originally built ofmud, sticks, grass, and pebbles. These houses

were mostly self-built by family members, or sometimes aided by neighbors.

The havelis are of more recent origin. Under the influence of British, the region saw

prosperity due to increase in trade and commerce. The local merchants became

affluent. In order to exhibit their wealth, a new architecture style evolved that was

meant to display the wealth of these merchants. Their mansions were built of burnt

clay brick and were highly influenced by western motifs. These houses were built oflocal materials and by local craftsmen.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL STYLES


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A hut in Ranchi, Jharkhand


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A haveli in Ranchi, Jharkhand


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STRUCTURE OF VILLAGE IN JHARKHAND

The village has following basic spaces to define.

The sacred grove near the village called DESSAULI.

The meeting & dancing ground called AKHARA.

The main village streets, pond, well & bore well.


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TRADITIONAL HUTS

The hutments consisted primarily of two distinct cultural spaces.

Primary element is a single interior living space, which may have been sub-divided,multiplied, or modified.

Second, an external space adjacent to or surrounded by the dwelling was emphasized

by use such as low platforms or verandahs.

An average hut measured approximately 5 to 6 meters (15 to 18 feet) long and 3 to 4

meters (10 to 12 feet) wide.

These huts were arranged in a linear pattern along the main street of a village,

usually amidst a group of bamboo trees.

Open-to-sky courtyard acted a prime space for the house, especially during the day

in winter and in the evenings in summer. Most day to day activities occurred in this

space

Often there was a well in this courtyard that served as the source for water for

drinking, bathing, washing, and cooking.

People used this courtyard to dry clothes, crops, and eatables during the day time.

The aged of the house used this as a rest area, supervising the children at play


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Houses were normally surrounded by a fence made of bamboo, shrubs, or twigs

that defined the boundary between the public street and the semi-public courtyard

area in front and at the rear of the hut.

The huts normally had minimal fenestration. Often the only opening on the

external walls was the main door.

Some houses had windows, but they were small and placed high to ventilate the

indoors while, at the same time, acting as a visual barrier for the private spaces.


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Slight variations occurred in architectural

styles from village to village; however, the

basic composition remained the same.

The walls were decorated with relief

designs. Some were textural arcs made with

a broom; others were patterns made by

finger and handprints. Usually these designs

depicted nature and traditions


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HAVELIS (MANSIONS)

These mansions have mimicked English architecture, but this traditional urban

domestic architecture harmonized with the regional climate .

A courtyard is an important feature of these houses.

In these houses, the outdoor space is captured and included in the residential

volume, thus becoming the heart of its Morphology.

Typically the front room of the house was used as a business room for the

merchants where they carried out day-to-day trade.

The courtyard separated the spaces

for outsiders and women

Often a small raised brick platform

with a small tulsi plant (holy

basil) was present and was

incorporated in Morning Prayeraccording to religious custom.


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Plan of typical haveli in

Jharkhand


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1. 2.


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In most of the houses, coal and wood were used as fuel for cooking, which created

smoke in the house. To overcome this, in most houses, cooking was also done in the

courtyard whenever possible.

An eave ran along the front facade to shade the entrance. This space was used to

receive visitors. Only the privileged were allowed to sit in the separate living room of

the house.

Rooms were arranged on both sides of the courtyard with a narrow raised verandah in

front.These houses were built of burnt brick, timber, iron, and lime plaster. Walls were

often massive to allow further construction on the floor above. These thick walls acted

as high thermal mass for the house

roof was finished with lime plaster and brick bat coba which serves as waterproofing.

Havelis had many windows to allow ventilation. These windows have woodenshutters that were manually operated to control the entry of sun and wind into the

house.


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Vernacular Architecture of Gondia, Maharashtra


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Gondia district (almost on Maharashtra and MP border) is located near Nagpur in

Mahrashtra.

The traditional dwellings situated there, are typical for that region.

The houses varied from small single storied mud structures to three or even more

storied structure in similar pattern.

This is a study of a three storied haveli belonging to a zamindar.

INTRODUCTION


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BASIC HOUSE FORM

Spaces are arranged about a central space which is the main bedroom.

The wall thicknesses vary from 1m and downwards


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ELEVATION

A stepped pyramidal structure with sloping roofs.

No open terrace and minimal openings

AN ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE

DWELLING COMPOUND


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Gatherings of males of the village happened daily in evenings after the days work.

Sometimes small scale social functions also happen here.

This activity is completely public and thus no privacy is required.

1. Front verandah for minor and personal gatherings

2. A large courtyard suitable for holding mini functions

3. Seating outside the main gate.

VILLAGE GATHERINGS


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The management of the livestock is mainly carried out by the servants, throughout

the day.

The 1st floor of the shelters is used for storing the fodder for the livestock. An

years supply is stored at one go.

1. Use of courtyard for livestock management.

2. Storage on 1st floor, replenished each year

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT


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The building seems to be built keeping in mind all the seasons, Though it is best

suited for summers.

The upper floors act as false ceiling.

The side passage rooms act as wind channels.

Absence of openings reduces the heat exchange to the minimum.

The roof extends almost a meter beyond the walls, probably to protect the heavy

rainwater from soaking the walls and to provide shade from the sun

Front courtyard faces the north, preventing direct solar rays on the most used part.

The rear verandah can be used much more in winter due to suns southern inclination

CLIMATE RESPONSIVENESS


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Setting

The haveli is a structure with the entrance facing the north.

Other dwellings come up nearby adjacent to the haveli of the other villagers.

Building Materials

Building materials are completely local: Framework is done by teakwood found

in the jungles nearby.

Wherever stone is used, (most importantly as a plinth) is local stone. Grey granite

is found in the region. Walls are made up off a mixture of mud + straw + cow dung.

The walls are coloured with lime mixed with indigo, to give a light blue colour.

The tiles used on the roof are burnt clay tiles

Timber framework Light blue color of the walls Mud walls

LOCATION & BUILDING MATERIALS


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TRADITIONAL DWELLING - WADA IN MAHARASHTRA

Traditional residence in Maharashtra is called the wada.

A wada was typically a large building of two or more storey with groups of rooms

arranged around open courtyards.

Two types of wadas:

One which houses many families, like an apartment building of recent times or

chawl of Mumbai.(Mostly for the middle class families)

One in which only one family resided. (Mostly owned by the richer class like

relatives of the peshwas and traders)

Wadas - which were the traditional residential form of Maratha architecture,

evolved under the reign of Peshwas.

Its style was an amalgamation where, features from Mughal, Rajasthan, and

Gujarat architecture were combined with local construction techniques.


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SETTLEMENT OF PUNE UNDER THE PESHWAS

Settlements developed around the Peshwas residence.

Land around the Peshwas residence was divided into wards called peths.

These were self-sufficient units and they were named after the days of weeks or the

person who had established the peths.

NEIGHBOURHOOD OF A WADA

The streets and roads in the settlement were narrow.

Roads were never straight as the growth of the settlement was organic.

The plots for construction of wadas were rectangular and lay right next to the

streets.

A wada never had a garden or vistas leading to it.


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KHARADKAR WADA

This Wada was built in 1875 by Shri Karandikar who was a moneylender by profession

and was related to the Peshwas. Kharadkar wada is located in Pune, Maharashtra, in

Budhwar Peth.

The design of a wada was not influenced much by the climatic factors rather it was

influenced more by the social and cultural factors


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Distinct zoning can be

seen.

Separate entrances for guests, domestic help,

people visiting the durbar,

separate entries for the

people performing in the

durbar and a separate entry

into the cattle shed. There are 4 entrances to

the house.

Privacy for the women

given a priority.

Three main courtyards orchowks.

The wada has its entrance

in the southern side.


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The rooms were ventilated from the courtyards.

One of the most interesting features of this wada was the underground water

supply which came from Katraj dam which was 11kms from the site.

no pumping was required for water.

The water that came was collected in open tanks called HAUDS.

Kharadkar wada has three separate hauds for separate activities. One for bathing,

one for washing utensils and one for storing drinking water. All the external walls of the wada were 4ft thick.

jharhand gondia and wada

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