j.g. hills- the possible origin of the spiral-arm instability

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  • 8/3/2019 J.G. Hills- The Possible Origin of the Spiral-Arm Instability

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    T H E P O S S I B L E O R I G I N O F T H E S P I R A L - A R M I N S T A B I L I T Y

    J . G . H I L L SDepartment o f Astronomy, The University o f Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S .A.

    (Received 26 February, 1976)

    Abstract. Physical argu me nls suggest the spiral arms m ay be manifestations of the galaxy no t being indynamical equilibrium - in the sense that the kinetic energy o f its stars an d gas is less relative to itsbinding energy than that dictated by the virial theore m . Wi thou t consta nt cooling of the galactic disk(i.e., a progressive increase in th e binding energy o f the galaxy) such a depa rture from dynamicalequilibrium wo uld be corrected and the spiral arm s destroyed in abou t i09 yr due to an increase in thevelocity dispersion o f the stars in th e disk resulting from their interacting with the spiral arms. Th e rateof cooling required to m ainta in the spira l arms, abou t 6 x 104 L| ma y be provided by mass loss f romstars in the disk po pulatio n. T he cooling arises from the average scale-heights and velocities of thesestars being larger than tha t of the gas in the disk, so that there is a net loss of kinetic energy an d anincrease in the binding energ y of the galaxy due to the ejected gas settling do wn to a lower terminalvelocity and scale-height in the galactic disk.

    1. IntroductionI n t h i s p a p e r w e s u g g e s t a n i n s t a b i l i t y m e c h a n i s m t h a t m a y b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h ee x i s te n c e o f s p i r a l a r m s i n g a la x i es . A l t h o u g h t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l - w a v e t h e o r y o f s p i ra ls t r u c tu r e , a s f o r m u l a t e d b y L i n a n d S h u ( 1 9 64 ), h a s e n j o y e d c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e ss i ne x p l a i n i n g m a n y p r o p e r t i e s o f sp i ra l a r m s , t h e re i s n o s a t i s f a c t o r y t h e o r y o f w h y t h e s ea r m s e x i st . T h e s i t u a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o t h e s t u d y o f st e l la r p u l s a t i o n s w h e r e i t is p o s s ib l et o d e te r m i n e m a n y d y n a m i c a l p r o p e r ti e s o f a p u l s a t i n g s t a r w i t h o u t k n o w i n g th ei n s ta b i li t y m e c h a n i s m r e s p o n s ib l e f o r t h e p u l s a ti o n s . E v e n w i t h o u t k n o w i n g w h a t p r o -d u c e s t h e s pi r al a r m s o n e c a n , f o r e x a m p l e , d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t a s t a n d i n g s p i ra l - w a v ep a t t e r n c a n e x i s t i n a g a l a x y a n d r e l a te t h e a n g u l a r r o t a t i o n a l v e l o c i t y o f t h i s p a t t e r nt o t h e r a d i a l s p a c i n g o f t h e s pi r al a r m s . T h e s o u r c e o f e x c i t at i o n o f th e s p i ra l a r m s i ng a l ax i e s m a y n o t b e u n i q u e . D i f f e r e n t m e c h a n i s m s m a y e x c it e t h e w a v e s w i t h o u ta f f e c t in g th e i r o v e r a l l a p p e a r a n c e j u s t a s t h e p e r m i s s i b l e s t a n d i n g w a v e s i n a n o p e np i p e a re la r g e l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e m e c h a n i s m s e m p l o y e d t o ex c it e t h e m . H o w e v e r , t h ew i d e - s p r e a d o c c u r r e n c e o f s p i r a l a r m s i n d i sk g a l ax i e s s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e s e g a la x i e s h a v es o m e i n t e r n a l d e f a u l t m e c h a n i s m w h i c h i s c a p a b l e o f ex c i ti n g t h e w a v e s e v en i n a ni s o l a te d s y s t e m . W e p r o p o s e a p o s si b le m e c h a n i s m o f t h is t y p e.

    2. Ef fect of Cool ing the Galact ic DiskW e s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s p i ra l a r m s m a y o r i g i n a t e f r o m t h e g a l a x y b e i n g k e p t c o n -s t a n t ly o u t o f d y n a m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m b y t h e p r o g r e s si v e i n c r ea s e i n i ts b i n d i n g e n e r g y

    Astrophysics and Space Science 45 (1976) 243-248. Al l Rights ReservedCopyright 9 1976 by D . ReM el Publishing Company, Dordrecht-Holland

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    244 J, G. HtLLSr e s u l ti n g f r o m t h e t e n d e n c y o f t h e g a s e j e ct e d f r o m d y i n g s t a r s i n t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k t ol o s e e n e r g y t h r o u g h c o l li s io n s a n d t o s e tt le i n t o a s t a te o f l o w e r k i n e t ic e n e r g y a n dg r e a t e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y t h a n i t h a d w h i l e i n t h e s t a rs . I n g e n e r a l , a n y l a r g e - sc a l e ( b u tn o t n e c e s s a ri l y l a r g e a m p l i t u d e ) d e v i a t i o n f r o m h y d r o s t a t i c e q u i l i b r iu m s u c h a s t h a tc a u s e d b y t h is c o o l i n g o f t h e e n t i r e g a la c t ic d i sk m u s t b e d a m p e d o u t i n a t i m e , ~ , o f t h eo r d e r o f a f e w d y n a m i c a l c r o s s i n g t i m e s o f t h e g a l a x y o r " r ,~ 1 08 -1 09 y r . I f t h e c o o l i n gi s o c c u r r i n g a t a r a t e L c , i n t i m e r~ t h e b i n d i n g o f t h e g a l a x y is in c r e a s e d b y a n a m o u n tAEB=Lcz~. I t is e v i d e n t t h a t t h e i m m e d i a t e e f f e c t o f t h e c o o l i n g i s t o d e c r e a s e t h ek i n e ti c e n e r g y o f t h e g a l a x y b y a n a m o u n t AEk-= -AEB. H o w e v e r , w h e n d y n a m i c a le q u i l i b r i u m is r e s t o r e d t h e v i ri a l t h e o r e m r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y o f t h eg a l a x y m u s t d e c r e a se b y a n a m o u n t A W= 2AEB a n d t h e k i n e ti c e n e r g y m u s t increaseb y an a m o u n t AE~ =AE~. T h u s , i n o r d e r t o r e s t o r e d y n a m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m a f t e r t h ec o o l i n g , t h e g a l a x y m u s t i n t im e z~ r e d i s t r ib u t e i t s e n e r g y b y s h r i n k i n g e n o u g h r a d i a l l yt o d e c r e a s e it s p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y b y a n a m o u n t A W= -2AEB a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e i n -c r e as e i ts k i n e t ic e n e r g y b y t h e s a m e a m o u n t AEk = 2AE~. I t is e v i d e n t t h a t t h e c o n s t a n tc o o l i n g o f t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k c a u s e s i ts p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y t o e x c e e d it s k i n e t ic e n e r g y b y as t e a d y -s t a te a m o u n t 4AEB r e l a ti v e t o t h e i r v a l u e s in d y n a m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m . T h u s , t h e r ei s n o t e n o u g h p r e s s u r e ( k i n e t i c e n e r g y ) t o s u p p o r t t h e d i s k a g a i n s t g r a v i t y . A s a r e s u l tt h e d i s k m u s t b e s u b j e c t to a g r a v i t a t i o n a l ( J e a n s) i n s t a b i li t y w i t h a s c al e le n g t h c o m -p a r a b l e t o t h e r a d i u s o f t h e g a l a x y . B e c a u s e th e g a s a n d s t a rs i n t h e g a l a c t ic d i s k h a v en e a r l y c i r c u l a r o r b it s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y a re s e v e re l y h a m p e r e d b y t h e c e n t r if u g a l f o rc ef r o m f u r t h e r r a d i al c o n t r a c t i o n , m u c h o f th e r e s u lt in g g r a v i t a ti o n a l c o n t r a c t i o n c a n b ee x p e c t e d t o b e n o n r a d i a l ; i .e ., t h e c o n t r a c t i o n t a k e s t h e f o r m o f a c o m p r e s s i o n a l w a v en o t h a v i n g r o t a t i o n a l s y m m e t r y w i t h a s e l f- g r a v it a ti o n a l p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y o f th e o r d e ro f g /~ __ _-2 A EB , t h e v a l u e r e q u i r e d t o b r i n g t h e g a l a x y b a c k i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h ev i ri a l t h e o r e m . T h e m o s t p e r m a n e n t a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e m o s t c o n s p i c u o u s o f t h e sew a v e s w il l b e t h e s t a n d i n g w a v e s p e r m i t te d b y t h e p a r t i c u l a r b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s o ft h e s y s t e m . S i n c e t h e w a v e d o e s n o t s h o w r o t a t i o n a l s y m m e t r y it is a d e v i a t i o n f r o md y n a m i c a l e q u i li b r iu m a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y m u s t i t s el f d a m p o u t o n a d y n a m i c a l ti m es c a le z~ e x c e p t f o r t h e a m o u n t o f s t e a d y - s t a te d e v i a t i o n a l l o w e d b y t h e c o n s t a n t c o o l i n go f t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k . T o a c c o m p l i s h th i s d a m p i n g t h e s e l f -g r a v i t a t io n a l p o t e n t i a l e n e r g yo f th e w a v e m u s t b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h a t o f t h e g a l ax y in t i m e ~ . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i n th es t e a d y - s t a te , t h e g a l a x y m u s t s ti ll s h r i n k s u f fi c ie n t ly t o c h a n g e i t s p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y b y a na m o u n t A W= - 2AEB i n t i m e z s . T o p r o m o t e t h i s , t h e d i s t u r b a n c e o r w a v e m u s t f e e ds u f fi c ie n t a n g u l a r m o m e n t u m t o s o m e o f t h e s ta r s i n t h e d i s k to a l lo w t h e r e s t o f t h ed i s k t o s h r i n k i n w a r d s r a d i a l ly . S i n c e t h e w a v e d o e s n o t h a v e r o t a t i o n a l s y m m e t r y i tc a n f e e d a n g u l a r m o m e n t u m t o t h e s t a r s i n t h e d i s k b y r o t a t i n g t h r o u g h t h e g a l a c t i cd i s k i n t h e s a m e s e n s e a s th e g a l a c t i c ro t a t i o n . T h e w a v e m u s t a l s o i n c r e a s e t h e k i n e t i ce n e r g y o f th e s t a rs i n t h e d i s k b y t h e a m o u n t AEk=2AEB i n t i m e z s .T h e s p i r a l a r m s o f L i n a n d S h u a r e a t le a s t q u a l i t a t iv e l y o f t h e t y p e e x p e c t e d . T h e ya r e d e n s i t y p e r t u r b a t i o n s h a v i n g a s c a le c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t o f th e e n t i r e d i sk , a n d t h e ya r e a t l e a st o n e k n o w n f a m i l y o f p e r m i s s i b le s t a n d i n g w a v e s i n a d i s k g a l a x y . T h e y a l s o

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    'rilE POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF THE SPIRAL-ARM 1NSTABILn-Y 245

    f e e d a n g u l a r m o m e n t u m t o t h e s t a r s i n t h e d i s k a s r e q u i r e d s i n c e t h e y d o n o t s h o wr o t a t i o n a l s y m m e t r y a n d t h e y r o t a t e a t t h e , p a t t e r n s p e e d i n th e s a m e d i r e c t i o n a s t h eg a l a c t i c r o t a t i o n . T h e y a l so t e n d t o i n c r e a s e t h e v e l o c i t y d i s p e r s i o n o f ( h e a t u p ) t h es t a rs t h a t p a s s t h r o u g h t h e m . T h e a r m s h a v e a n e x c e ss d e n s i t y a n d p r o v i d e a d e e p e rp o t e n t i a l w e l l t h a n t h e d i s k a s a w h o l e s o t h a t s t a r s a r e a c c e l e r a t e d o n f l o w i n g t h r o u g ht h e m . T h i s a c c e l e r a t i o n re s u lt s i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p o f s ta r s h a v i n g a c e r t a i nc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e a m i n g v e l o c i t y V~ a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r p a s s a g e t h r o u g h a n a r m .S i n c e t h e s e f l o w s c a n n o t b e s t r i c t l y c o h e r e n t t h e s t a r g a s i s h e a t e d i n p a s s i n g t h r o u g ht h e a r m s . T h i s c a n b e t h o u g h t o f , p h y s i c al l y , a s a t e n d e n c y f o r t h e s t ar s t o c o m e t oe q u i p a r t i t i o n o f k i n e t i c e n e r g y w i t h t h e m a s s iv e s p i ra l a r m s . B e c a u s e o f t h e d i s p a r i t yi n m a s s , t h e s p ir a l a r m s m u s t m o n o t o n i c a l l y i n c re a s e t h e v e l o c it y d i s p e r si o n o f th es t a r s i n t h e g a l a c t i c d i sk . T h i s h e a t i n g o f t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k is k n o w n t o b e e s p e c ia l l ye f fe c ti v e a t t h e L i n d b l a d r e s o n a n c e p o i n t s w h e r e t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e w a v ep a t t e r n i s i n r e s o n a n c e w i t h t h e e p i c y c t i c m o t i o n o f t h e s t a rs . T h e e n e r g y d i s s i p a t i o ni n v o l v e d i n t h i s h e a t i n g w o u l d d e s t r o y t h e s p i r a l w a v e i n a b o u t r ~ = 1 x 109 y r i fn o t h i n g a c t s t o r e j u v e n a t e i t ( T o o m r e , 1 9 6 9 ) . T h u s t h e s p i r a l a r m s t e n d t o b r i n g t h eg a l a c t i c d i s k b a c k t o d y n a m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m i n a f e w d y n a m i c a l t i m e s c a le s a s r e q u i r e di f t h e c o o l i n g i s o c c u r r i n g o v e r th e e n t i r e g a l a c t i c d is k .

    W e m u s t e m p h a s i z e t h e p o i n t t h a t s i n c e t h e s p i r a l a r m s a r e h e a t i n g u p t h e s t a r s i nt h e g a l a c t i c d i s k t h e y m u s t r e s u l t f r o m a c o o l i n g o f t h e g a l a c t i c d is k ( i .e . , a n i n c r e a s e i ni ts b i n d i n g e n e r g y ) r a t h e r t h a n r e s u lt i n g f r o m a n e ff e ct iv e h e a t i n g o f t h e d i sk i m p o s e db y , s a y , a t i d a l d i s t u r b a n c e b y t h e M a g e l l a n i c c l o u d s o r w h a t e v e r . T h i s i s t h e i r o n yi m p o s e d b y t h e v i r ia l t h e o r e m . A n i n c re a s e in t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f t h e g a l a x y re -s u l t i n g f r o m a n i n i t i a l c o o l i n g m u s t a f t e r d y n a m i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m i s r e s t o r e d r e s u l t in a ni n c r e a s e i n t h e v e l o c i t y d i s p e r s io n o f th e s t a r s w h i l e a n i n i ti a l h e a t i n g w h i c h d e c r e a s e st h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y c a u s e s t h e g a l a x y to e x p a n d a n d r e s u lt s in a d e c r e a s e in t h e v e l o c i t yd i s p e r s i o n . The well-known fact that the velocity dispersion of the stars in the diskappears to be increasing requires that the binding energy of the galaxy be increasingmonotonically with time.

    W e h a v e f o u n d o n p h y s ic a l g r o u n d s t h a t t h e c o n s t a n t c o o l i n g o f t h e g a l a ct i c d i s kcan p r o d u c e a s t e a d y - s ta t e w a v e p a t t e r n h a v i n g p r o p e r t i e s s i m i l ar t o t h o s e o f t h es p i ra l a r m s . T h a t t h e c o o l i n g a c t u a l l y does p r o d u c e s p i r a l a rm s a s o p p o s e d t o s o m eo t h e r t y p e o f w a v e o r d i s t u r b a n c e is s t ro n g l y s u g g e st e d b y c o m p u t e r s im u l a t i o n s o fd i s k ga la x ie s ( M i l l e r e.tal., 1970) . The s e inve s t iga to r s f ind tha t long - l ive d s p i r a l pa t t e r n sf o r m w h e n t h e y a r b i t r a r i l y c o o l t h e i r sy s te m s b y c o n s t a n t l y r e d u c i n g t h e v e lo c i t yd i s p e rs i o n s o f a c e r t a in s u b s e t o f t h e m a s s u ni t s i n t h e i r m o d e l s . T h i s m e t h o d & c o o l -i n g, w h i c h w a s c o m p l e t e l y a r b i t r a r y in t h e c o m p u t e r - s i m u l a t e d s y s t em s , is h i g h l ya n a l o g o u s t o t h e t y p e o f c o o l i n g p r o v i d e d p h y s i c a ll y i n o u r m o d e l . I n o u r m o d e l ac e r t a i n s u b s y s t e m , th e.. d y i n g s ta r s , l o s e m a s s a n d t h i s m a s s i n t u r n e n d s u p i n a n e ws u b s y s t e m , t h e i n t e r s t e l l a r m e d i u m , w h e r e i t h a s le ss k i n e t i c e n e r g y p e r u n i t m a s s t h a ni t h a d i n i ts p a r e n t s ta r s. T h u s t h e c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t y p e o fc o o l i n g p r o v i d e d b y o u r m o d e l i s c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g s p i r al a r m s .

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    246 s.G. roLLS

    3. Cool ing Provided by Dying StarsW e n o w n e e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e r a t e o f c o o l i n g r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e s p i r a l a r m sa n d t o t e s t w h e t h e r o u r h y p o t h e t i c a l c o o l i n g s o u r c e is a d e q u a t e t o p r o v i d e i t. E n e r g yc o n s e r v a t i o n d i c t a t e s t h a t t h e e f f e c ti v e e x c e s s d e p t h , ~u, o f t h e p o t e n t i a l w e l l d u e t o a

    ~ u - ~ ( V s ) , w h ere V~ i s t he ob se rve d f l ow o rp i r al a r m i s g i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y b y ~ 1 2s t r e a m i n g v e l o c i t y o f s t a rs o f l o w v e l o c i t y d i s p e r s i o n i n th e a r m . T h u s t h e r a t e o fc o o l i n g r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e s p i r a l a r m s i s g i v e n r o u g h l y b y

    Lc ~ 89 (1)w h e r e M G ~ 2 x 1 0 11 3 4 o i s t h e t o t a l m a s s o f t h e g a l a x y , f s ~ 0 . 1 is th e a s s u m e d f r a c t i o no f M o i n t h e s p i r a l a r m s a t a g i v e n t im e , V ~ = 6 k m s - 1 ( H u m p h r e y s , 1 97 2) is th eo b s e r v e d s t r e a m i n g v e l o c i t y o f y o u n g s t a rs i n t h e s p i ra l a r m s , a n d v s = 1 x 1 0 9 yr i s t hed i s si p a ti o n t i m e o f t h e s p ir a l a r m s . T h i s y i el ds L c = 2 . 3 x 1 03 8 e r g s - l = 5 . 0 x 1 0~L | - 6 t h e l u m i n o s i t y o f t h e g a la x y . T h e a ss u m e d v a l u e o f f ~ m a y b e t o o h ig h . I nt h i s c a s e th e c a l c u l a t e d L ~ is a n u p p e r l i m i t o n t h e t r u e L ~ .

    C o o l i n g o f t h e o r d e r o f L ~ i s p r o v i d e d b y m a s s l o s s f r o m s t a rs i n t h e g a l a c t ic d i s k .O v e r th e e n t i r e g a la c t i c d i s k th e r a t e o f m a s s l o s s b y th e d y i n g m e m b e r s o f a g r o u p o fs t a r s h a v i n g a n a v e r a g e m a i n s e q u e n c e m a s s M i , a l i f e t i m e T 1 , a s p a c e d e n s i t y i n t h eg a l a c t i c p l a n e r a sc a le h e i g h t a b o v e t h e g a la c t i c p l a n e f li , a n d a m a s s lo s s p e r s t a rA M i is

    d t = (2fli)(nR2) A M i ~' (2)w h e r e R = 1 0 k p c i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ra d i u s o f t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k . T a b l e I t a b u l a t e s t h er e su l ts a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e a b s o l u t e v i su a l m a g n i t u d e , M w , o f th e s t a rs a l o n g t h e m a i ns e q u e n c e. T h e v a l u e s o f M i , ~ , a n d fll a s a f u n c t i o n o f M w w e r e d e ri v e d fr o m t h e d a t ai n A l l en (1963) w h i l e z~ w as de r i v ed f rom M~ us i ng t he d a t a i n I ben (1967). I f w e a s sumet h a t t h e m a t e r i a l w h i c h h a s u n d e r g o n e n u c l e a r p r o c e s s i n g i n a s t a r i s r e t a i n e d i n i t ss t e l l a r r e m n a n t w h i l e t h e u n p r o c e s s e d m a t e r i a l i s e j e c t e d f r o m t h e s t a r o n d e a t h , w ef in d f r o m t h e w o r k o f H i l ls a n d D a l e ( 1 9 73 ) th a t A M ~ = ( M ~ - 0 . 7 M | f o r M ~ < 6 M ea n d A M ~ = 0 . 8 8 M i f o r M i > 6 M o . T h e k i n e ti c e n e rg y l o st p e r u n i t t im e b y t h e g a se j e ct e d f r o m e a c h g r o u p o f s t ar s is

    1 dM ~& ~ ~ d t [ ( V b - ( V . ) ] , ( 3)w h e r e ( V ~ ) i s t h e m e a n - s q u a r e d v e l o c i t y o f t h e s t a rs w i t h r e s p e c t t o a p o i n t i n th eg a l a c t i c p l a n e i n a c i r c u l a r o r b i t a r o u n d t h e c e n t e r o f th e g a l a x y a n d ( V ~ ) i s t h e c o r -r e s p o n d i n g v e l o c i t y o f t h e g a s. H e r e w e u s e ( V 2 ) u a = 14 km s -~ (Spi tze r , 1968) . T of in d ( V 2 ) ~/z w e f ir s t ca l cu l a t e V ~z, t he av e rage v e l oc i t y d i spe r s i on i n t he ga l ac t i c p l an ei n t h e d i r e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e t h e o b s e r v e d s c a l eh e i g h t fl ~. T h i s w a s d o n e b y u s i n g t h e f o r c e la w p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e g a l a c t ic p l a n e

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    T H E P O S S IB L E O R / G I N O F T H E SPIRAL-ARM NSTABILITYT A B L E I

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    d M iM v M , / M o ri (yr) r (PC-3) fl~ (pc) dt (V ~z ) x/2 (V ~) I/2 L , / L |( M o y r - 1) ( k m s - l ) ( k m s - l )

    - 7 5 6 2 , 8 x 10v 7x 10 -1~ 50 3 ,9x 10 -~ 5 12,8 - 1- 6 40 3.5 3 x 1 0 - 9 50 9.5 x 1 0 - a 5 1 2 . 8 - - 2 . 5- 5 2 7 5 .2 3 x 1 0 - s 5 0 4 , 3 - ~ 5 1 2.8 - t l- - 4 19 7 ,5 2 x 10 .7 50 0 .014 5 12 .8 --3 6-- 3 14 1.1 x 10~' 6 x 10 .7 65 0.027 6.5 16.6 + 174-- 2 10 1 .8 2 .6 x 10 .6 80 0 .064 7 .5 19 .2 +8 93-- 1 7.1 3.5 t .3 x 10 -~ 100 0.146 9 23.0 + 39300 4.7 7.5 4 x 10 -5 120 0.161 10.5 26.9 +6 86 01 3.1 2.1 x 10~ 1.3 x 10 -4 140 0.131 12 30,7 +7 90 02 2.2 5,6 3.6 x 10 .4 160 0,097 13.5 34.6 +7 85 03 1,7 l a x 109 9.3 x 10 -4 215 0.090 t7.5 44.8 + 133004 1.3 3.4 1.9 x 10 -3 270 0,057 21.5 55.1 + I3 10 05 1 t .0 x 10 Lo 2.9 x 10 -a 360 0.020 28 7t .7 + 7990

    s u m s 0 . 8 1 M e y r - 1 s u m = 6 . 2 x 104 L o

    f o u n d b y H i l l ( 1 96 0 ) a n d O o r t ( 1 9 6 0) , as a n a l y z e d b y M i h a l a s ( 19 6 8) . T h e n w e u s e d t h ef a c t t h a t t h e a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y d i s p e r s i o n s a l o n g t h e p r i n c i p a l a x e s o f t h e v e l o c i t ye l l ip s o i d a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y in th e r a l i o 8 : 5 : 4 ( O g o r o d n i k o v , 1 96 5) s o t h a t ( V ~ ) ~ / 2 =2 . 5 6 ( V ~ z ) . T h e r e s u l t i n g v a l u e s o f V ~z, V i , a n d L ~ a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e I , W e n o t e t h a t t h ec a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s o f V~ a r e s o m e w h a t l a r g e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e m e a s u r e d v e l o c i ty d i s -p e r s i o n o f m a i n s e q u e n c e s t a r s w i th i n t h e g a l a c t i c p l a n e ( M i h a l a s , 1 96 8) . T h i s r e s u l t sf r o m a s e l e c t i o n e f fe c t w h e r e b y t h e s t a r s w i t h l a r g e v e l o c it i e s o n c r o s s i n g t h e g a l a c t i cp l a n e s p e n d l e ss t i m e i n t h e v i c i n i ty o f t h e p l a n e t h a n t h o s e h a v i n g s m a l l e r v e lo c i t ie s .I n t h e t a b l e , t h e n e g a t i v e v a lu e s o f L i f o r t h e u p p e r M a i n S e q u e n c e s t a r s i n d i c a t e th a tf o r t h e s e s t a r s , w h i c h h a v e s c a l e h e ig h t s te s s t h a n t h a t o f t h e g as , t h e l o s s o f m a s s l e a d st o a h e a t i n g o f th e g a l a c t i c d i s k ; a f t e r t h e g a s e j e c t e d b y t h e s e s ta r ~ h a s i n t e r a c t e d w i t ht h e g a s i n th e i n t e r s t e l l a r m e d i u m , t h e t e r m i n a l s t e a d y - s t a t e v e l o c i ty o f t h e e j e c t e d g a si s a c t u a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n i t w a s w h i l e in i ts p a r e n t s t a r s . I n o u r g a l a x y th i s h e a t i n g i s s m a l lc o m p a r e d t o t h e c o o l in g p r o v i d e d b y m a s s l o ss f r o m t h e m o r e a b u n d a n t , l e ss m a s s i v eM a i n S e q u e n c e s t ar s . W e m a y n o t e , i n c i d e n t a l l y , t h a t t h e k in e t i c e n e r g y p e r u n i t m a s si n th e n e w l y f o r m e d s t a rs m a y b e s o m e w h a t le ss t h a n i n t h e in t e r s t e l l a r m e d i u m , a n dc o n s e q u e n t l y , s t a r f o r m a t i o n m a y p r o v i d e a f u r t h e r c o o l i n g o f th e g a l a c t i c d ~sk , H o w -e v e r , t h i s c o o l i n g is v e r y m u c h l es s t h a n t h a t p r o v i d e d b y t h e g a s b e i n g e j e c t e d f r o m t h eo l d e r d i s k p o p u l a t i o n s t a r s .

    T h e t a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e n e t p o w e r l o s s d u e t o t h e s h r i n k i n g o f t h e g a l a c t i c d i s k isL c = 6.2 x 104 L e w h i c h i s a d e q u a t e t o p r o v i d e t h e c o o l i n g n e c e s s a ry t o m a i n t a i n t h es p i r a l a r m s . I n o t h e r g a l a x i e s , w e c a n e x p e c t s p i r a l a r m s t o b e p r e s e n t i f t h e s y s t e m i sh i g h l y f l a t t e n e d ( t o m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f th e L i n - S h u t h e o r y ) a n d i f t h e a v e r a g e

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    248 J.G . HILLSs c a le h e i g h t o f t h e s t a r s s u f f e r in g m a s s l o s s i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e g a s e o u s d i s k i n t ow h i c h t h e e j e c t e d g a s s e tt le s . H o w e v e r , o u r m o d e l i s n o t c o n f i n e d to t h is c o o l i n gm e c h a n i s m . A n y o t h e r m e c h a n i s m w h i c h s t e a d i ly i n c re a s e s t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f t h eg a l a x y s u c h a s th e i n f a l l o f m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e h a l o o r f r o m t h e i n t e r g a la c t i c m e d i u mw o u l d b e j u s t a s e f fe c ti v e i n e x c i t i n g t h e s p i r a l a r m s a s a n e q u i v a l e n t a m o u n t o f c o o l i n gp r o v i d e d b y t h e i n f a l l o f g a s f r o m d y i n g s t a r s i n t h e g a l a c t i c d is k .

    R e f e r e n c e sAllen , C, W. : 1963, Astrophysical Quanti t ies , A th lone Press , Lond on .Hi l l , E. R. 1960, Bul l . As t ron . Ins t . Neth . 15, 1.Hi l l s , J . G. and D ale , T. M. : 1973, Astrophys . J . 185, 937 .H umphreys , R . M. : 1972 , Astron . As t rophys . 20, 29.Iben , I . : 1967, Ann. Rev. As t ron . As t rophys . 5, 571.Lin , C. C. and Shu, F. H. : 1964, Astrophys . J . 140, 646 .M ihalas , D. : 1968, Ga l a c ti c As t r o n o my , F r e e m a n , S a n F r a n c i sc o .M i l le r , R . H . , P rede rgas t , K . H . , an d Q u i rk , W . J . : 1970 , Astrophys . J . 161, 903.O go rodn ikov , K . F . : 1965 , Dyn a m i cs o f S te l l a r S ys t ems , MacMi l l an , N ew Y ork , p . 52 .O or t , J . H . : 1960 , Bul l . As t ron . Ins t . Neth . 15, 45.Spitz er, L. : 1968, Di f f u s e Ma t t e r i n S p a ce , In tersc ience , Ne w Y ork , p . 170 .Toom re , A . : 1969, Astrophys . J . 158, 899 .