jatropha curcas l. as a medicinal plant: a myth or reality ...crsdindia.com/ajals/vol.3(2).april....

Asian Journal of Agriculture & Life Sciences Vol. 3(2), April 2018: 10-18

Website: www.crsdindia.com/ajals.html e-ISSN: 2455-6149 ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Jatropha curcas L. as A Medicinal Plant: A Myth or Reality

Neha Tiwari 1 and A. R. Nautiyal2

1 Department of Botany, Uttaranchal (P.G.) College of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital, Dehradun 2 High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, HNBGU, Srinagar, Garhwal

Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]

Received: 5th Jan. 2018, Revised: 24th Jan. 2018, Accepted: 30th Jan. 2018

INTRODUCTION The uses of medicinal plants in health care system is as old as human history and even in today’s modern world the immense attention gained by medicinal plants for the treatment of various health ailments is not hidden from anyone. Even today more than half of the world’s rural populations rely on medicinal plants for their daily health care needs. It is predictable that 60% of the world population and 80% of the population of developing countries are dependent on traditional herbal medicines for treating several health ailments (Shrestha and Dhillon, 2003). In the race of medicinal plants, one such plant, with lot of medicinal potential is Jatropha curcas commoly called as Ratan Jot. Jatropha is a genus of approximately 165-175 species which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (Heller, 1996). The practice of Jatropha in traditional medicinal system in various countries and India as well, by various rural communities is well described in the literature. It is well known that Jatropha curcas has gained the attention of various developmental agencies and is continuously increasing in demand as a source of biodiesel. The energetic use of curcas oils has increased in importance in recent years and has, in some cases, replaced the use of fossil fuels. Jatropha oil can be used as fuel in diesel engines directly and by blending it with methanol (Gubitz, et al., 1999). India has initiated large-scale planting of this species in efforts towards the increased use of bio-diesel as an alternative to fossil fuel imports (Francis, et al., 2005). Diverting the attention from biodiesel production, the nomenclature of Jatropha itself speaks for its medicinal importance. In fact the genus name Jatropha derives from the Greek word jatros (doctor) and trophe (food), which implies its medicinal uses. Linnaeus was the first to name the physic nut as Jatropha L. in ‘Species Plantarum’ and this is still valid today. The genus was named so, on the basis of its medicinal properties. Even Linnaeus had realized the potential of this plant for medicinal purposes (Gubitz, et al., 1999). The concerned literature about the species establishes it

ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. (Physic nut) has recently come into prominence as a source of biodiesel. However, a perusal of literature on the species establishes it as a traditionally used medicinal plant for treatment of a variety of ailments in large number of countries. Different parts of the plant have been reported to be used in traditional medicine and for veterinary purposes for a long time. The species is reported to be a folk remedy for alopecia, ascites, burns, carbuncles, convulsions, cough, dermatitis, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, dyspepsia, eczema, fever, gonorrhea, hernia, inflammation, jaundice, neuralgia, paralysis, parturition, pneumonia, rash, rheumatism, scabies, sciatica, sores, stomachache, syphilis, tetanus, thrush, tumors, ulcers, uterosis, yaws and yellow fever. In spite of such a wide range of its traditional uses its use as a medicinal plant is not so well established and noticed. J. curcas is a hardy species that can grow even in degraded sites and occurs widely up to 1200 m altitude in western Himalayan region. The species is easy to propagate and cultivate in marginal land. However, the people consider it as a weed and cut it indiscriminately mainly because of their ignorance of its value. Therefore, there is a need to have a two pronged approach to make use of this important bioresource. One is to validate the medicinal uses of the plant on the basis of folk medicines through proper evaluation and another to create awareness among people for the importance of the plant. If it’s medicinal potential is fully exploited and established this could serve the mankind in better way than other medicinal plants which have high conservation needs as this species can be grown easily and does not have vulnerability to endangerment and does not require any conservation intervention. Key words: Jatropha curcas, folk medicine, ethnobotany, validation

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Asian Journal of Agriculture & Life Sciences ~ 11 ~ Vol. 3(2): April 2018

as a widely used medicinal plant for variety of ailments in different parts of the world. The species is used in traditional folklore medicine to cure various diseases in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Burkill, 1994). Various parts of the plant are of medicinal value, which are being used traditionally in various kinds of diseases. Therefore, even after its use as traditional medicine, the species does not figure prominently as a medicinal plant among the species widely discussed today. The medicinal properties of Jatropha are well mentioned in several reports and pharmacological studies confirmthat the diversified medicinal uses of Jatropha are attributed to the presence of a wide range of secondary metabolites such as phenolic, flavonoid, saponin and alkaloid compounds. But unlike other medicinal plants that have been characterized for validating their medicinal applications, this species has not been explored. If the species is really having so much potential, then why it has not been used in any medical preparation till now? There are areas in the world where a lot of research has been done on biodiesel derived from it. So why can’t be its medicinal properties worked out? The purpose of this review is to draw the attention towards the medicinal potential of this plant which has been hidden due to its exploration as a biodiesel crop. By focusing on its medicinal potential, the plant could serve the humans in better way as large number of other medicinal plants are under constant anthropogenic pressure and are facing varying levels of threat some are on the verge of extinction. Jatropha curcas or Physic Nut is a multipurpose and drought resistant, perennial plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae (Jones and Miller, 1992; Openshaw, 1986). Ranging from Tropical very dry to Moist through Subtropical Thorn to Wet Forest life zones, Physic nut is reported to survive between an average annual rainfall between 250 to 2500mm (Katwal and Soni, 2003). The physic nut, by definition is a small tree or large shrub, which can reach a height of three to five meters, but under favorable conditions it can attain a height of 8 or 10 m (plate 1). Bark is generally smooth and gray, which exudes a whitish colour, watery latex, when cut. It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to five lobed with a spiral phyllotaxy, hypostomatic and stomata are of paracytic (Rubiaceous) type. The trees are deciduous, shedding the leaves in dry season. Flowering occurs during the wet season and fruits maturation occurs in winter.

Jatropha Plant in Field Flowering Stage Mature seeds

Plate 1: Photographs showing different stages of Jatropha curcas

JATROPHA AS A MEDICINAL PLANT Talking about biodiesel, the first name that comes is Jatropha. Besides this Jatropha has several medicinal applications. Jatropha curcas is used for the treatment of fever, mouth infections, jaundice, guinea worm sores and joint rheumatism (Irvin, 1961; Oliver-Bever, 1986).The tree is a folklore medicine for alopecia, burns, syphilis, dermatitis, inflammation, rash, rheumatism, ulcer, scabies and sores (Duke, 1988). Leaves are remedy for jaundice and applied by rectal injection (Okujagu, et al., 2006). Twigs are used to cure teeth and gum disorders (Girach, et al., 1995). The roots are known to contain an antidote against snake venom (Akinpelu, et al., 2009). Seeds are used for dropsy, gout, paralysis and skin ailments (Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk, 1962). The seed oil can be applied to treat eczema and skin diseases and to soothe rheumatic pain (Heller, 1996). Compounds with antitumor activities (Curcacycline A) were reported in this plant (Van den Berg, et al., 1995). The oil is used as a cathartic purgative (Jamalgota) and for the treatment of skin

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ailments (Duke, 1988). The latex of Jatropha contains alkaloid known as Jatrophine, with anti-cancerous properties (Thomas, et al., 2008; Lin, et al., 2003). Substances such as phorbol esters, which are toxic to animals and human, have been isolated and their molluscicidal, insecticidal and fungicidal properties have been demonstrated in lab-scale experiments and field trials (Nwosu and Okafor, 1995; Solsoloy and Solsoloy, 1997). Uses of different part of Jatropha in medicine are shown in table 1.

Table 1: Use of different parts of J. curcas in medicines

Plant Part used Diseases Seeds (oil) Purgative, rheumatism (Henning, 2003); Eczema (Heller. 1996) Tender twig/ stem Gumboils and strengthen the gums (Parveen et al., 2007) Leaves Anti-parasitic, scabies, rheumatism, hard tumors (Duke, 2001); jaundice

(Okujagu, et al.,2006) Plant sap and crushed leaves Anti-parasitic (Fagbenro-Beyioku, 1998) Roots Antidote for snakebite (Gubitz, et al., 1999); chest and kidney diseases

(Okujagu, et al.,2006) Water extract of branches HIV (Matsuse, et al., 1999) Latex Wound healing (Nath and Dutta, 1992); antimicrobial (Thomas, 1989)

JATROPHA AS A FOLK MEDICINE Medicinal plants form the basis of primary health care for majority of the people all around the world. Traditional medicine system is being practiced by the rural communities of various countries in order to cure several human diseases. Easy availability of medicinal herbs along with the traditional knowledge of pharmacology has made medicinal plant treatment more popular than allopathic treatments with no side effects (Ahmad, 2003). The traditional medicinal use of J. curcas in different countries and India is given in table 2 and table 3 respectively.

Table 2: Uses of Jatropha curcas as a Folk Medicine in different countries

Natives How plant is used to cure diseases

Cameroon natives Leaf decoction is applied in arthritis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962); Stem and sap is used in

rheumatism, dermatitis, wounds, syphilis (Jiofack, et al., 2010); In Nkongsamba (Cameroon), roots and leaves are used for urinary calculus (Noumi and Ebwelle, 2011)

Colombians leaf decoction drink for veneral disease (Morton, 1981) Venezuelans Root decoction for dysentery (Morton,1981) Amazone (Suni Mirano, Peru)

Sap and bark is used as purgative, expectorant, and for fever and hemorrhoids (Jovel, et al., 199)

Ghanaian Leaves boiled with leaves of Azadirachata indica and Carica papaya for malaria. Drink and use for bathing (Asase, et al., 2005).

Trinidad The leaf bath is used for rash, bewitchment and poultices for sores (Wong, 1976). Gambia Seeds are used for treating constipation (Madge, 1998) West Africa Leaves are used to cure mouth infection, jaundice, fever, guinea worm sore and joint rheumatism

((Irvine, 1961; Oliver-Bever, 1986). Eastern Nepal Latex is applied to treat toothache and swelling testis (Rai SK, 2004) Nigeria Branches are used as chewing sticks (Isawumi, 1978); People of Edo state, Nigeria use leaves to

treat sickle cell anaemia (Ilondu and Enwa, 2013) Mexico Boiled and roasted seeds are eaten (Aponte 1978; Panigrahi et al.1984; Delgado and Parado, 1989) Mali Leaves are used in the treatment of malaria (Henning, 1997) Philippines and Indonesia

Little latex on absorbent cotton is used to cure a toothache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Perry and Metzger, 1980; Burkill, 1935; Suwondo, 1993)

Egypt Seeds are used for the treatment of arthritis, gout and jaundice (Khafagy et al., 1977) South Sudan Seeds as well as the fruits are used as a contraceptive or as abortifacient (List and Horhammer,

1979).

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Table 3: Uses of Jatropha curcas as a Folk Medicine in India

Region How plant is used to cure diseases Bhil Tribes, Rajasthan Root paste is used for the treatment of inflammation (Joshi,

1995). Rural communities of Churu District in Thar Desert use Leaves juice to cure dysentery and colic (Parveen, et al.,

2007); Raignad and Ratnagiri District, Konkan Area Root suspension with buttermilk is used to control dysentery

and diarrhea (Mujumdar, et al., 2000) Mullu Kuruma Tribe,Wayanad District Kerela Stem latex is applied on wounds, eczema and scabies. Young

twigs are used as tooth brush in toothache (Silja, et al., 2008)

Malayali Tribe, Dharmapuri District, (T.N.) Leaf paste is applied externally to treat eczema, scabies and ringworm infection (Sivaperumal, et al., 2009)

Malasar Tribals, Coimbtore District (T.N.) Latex of leaves and stem is used for oral ulcers (Venkataswamy, et al., 2012)

Andaman and Nicobar Tender stem is used as tooth stick (Rasingam, et al., 2012) Lakhmanpura region of Bundelkhand (U.P.) Use for the treatment of anemia, dysentery, jaundice,

diarrhea, skin disease, mouthwash (Rahul, 2013) Raisen district of M.P. Stem is used for toothache and gum problem; latex for

wounds (Ahmad, et al., 2012) Ahmednagar District (M.S.) In Kolhar Ghat area fresh and healthy leaves crushed in

goat’s milk are used for jaundice (Salave, et al., 2012); In Imampur Ghat Area Seed oil and til oil are mixed together to treat arthritis and rheumatism (Salave, 2012)

Bhoxa Tribe, Dehradun District, Uttarakhand Oil of seeds is used externally in rheumatism (Sharma and Painuli, 2011)

Raigarh District (Chhattisgarh) Seed oil is applied externally in rheumatic pain for three days (Jain and Singh, 2010)

PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES Pharmacological studies show the effects of chemical agents of therapeutic value or with the potential toxicity on biological systems. The important aspect of the pharmacological study is that it embraces knowledge of the sources, chemical properties, biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs. There are several pharmacological studies available to prove the scientific basis of traditional use of Jatropha as a medicine (Table 4). flavonoid, saponin and alkaloid compounds (Thomas, et al., 2008). Also, plant derived-bioactive phytochemical investigation of Jatropha seeds cake extract such as n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol showed the presence of different second ametabolites with therapeutic value (Srivastava, et al., 2010). The metabolites reported during the aforementioned study include alkaloids, flavanoids, amino acid, glycosides, anthraquinones, tannins, saponinns, steroids etc. Investigations on the phytochemical screening of J. curcas stem bark extracts revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids (Igbinosa, et al., 2009). Similarly, the phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of leaves indicated the presence of secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins (Uche and Aprioku, 2008). In one more study, extracts of J. curcas revealed the presence of saponins, steroids, alkaloids, phenolic groups and flavonoids (Narayani, et al., 2012). Gupta, et al., (2011) isolated alkaloid atherospermidine and a steroid stigmasterol from the ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of J. curcas. The above mentioned studies indicate the presence of wide range of secondary metabolites in J. curcas which are responsible for its therapeutic value. The presence of these secondary metabolites in plants probably explains the various uses of plants for traditional medicine. Phytochemical analyses have shown that different parts of J. curcas plant contain phenolic, Erah, et al. (1996) had reported that antimicrobial activities are associated with the presence of tannins and flavonoids. Presence of Steroids and Sponins in plants is responsible for central nervous system activities (Argal and Pathak, 2006). Flavonoids contain phenol-groups and are involved in an effect as general antioxidant. Flavonoids exhibited wide range of biological activities like

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antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-angionic, analgesic, anti-allergic, cytostatic and antioxidant properties (Hodek, et al., 2002).

Table 4: Summary of pharmacological studies on J. curcas

Preparation Action Reference

Aqueous extract of branches Strongly inhibited HIV-induced cytopathic effects with low toxicity

Matsuse, et al., 1998

Methanolic extract of roots Anti-diarroheal activity Mujumdar, et al., 2000 Methanolic extract of defatted roots Anti-diarroheal effect Mujumdar, et al., 2001 Methanolic extract of roots Anti-inflammatory Majumdar and Misar, 2004 Fresh latex successively extracted with each of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water

Antimicrobial activity (bacterial and fungal) Oyi, et al., 2007

Methanolic extract of leaves Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity Uche and Aprioku, 2008 Aqueous extract of leaves Anthelmentic activity Ahirrao, et al., 2008 Leaf methanolic extract Antimetastatic and antiproliferative activity Balaji, et al.,2009 Ethanolic, methanolic and water extract of stem bark

Antimicrobial activity Igbinosa, et al., 2009

50% ethanolic leaf extract Anti-diabetic Mishra, et al., 2010 Bark water extract and leaf water extract

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity

Sangeetha, et al., 2010

Methanolic extract of different plant part viz. latex, leaf and root

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities

Oskoueian, et al., 2011

Chloroform extract of leaves Anti-diabetic and related action Patil, et al., 2011 Aqueous extract of leaves Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties Olukunle, et al., 2011 Crude petroleum ether, chloroform, methanolic, acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves

Antibacterial activity Narayani, et al., 2012

Aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of dried fruit parts

Antibacterial properties Agarwal, et al., 2012

Hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and aqueous methanol extract of leaf and stem

Antimicrobial activity Egharevba and Kunle, 2013

Ethanol stem bark extract Antibacterial and antifungal activity Wakirwa, et al., 2013 Crude Plant extract Antibacterial activity Rampadarath, et al., 2016 Methanolic extract of whole plant Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas

fluorescence and Xanthomonas auxinopodis P.V. citri

Ingle, et al., 2017

The presence of flavonoids in J. curcas confirms its use as an anti-microbial agent. Tannins are very widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Tannins indiscriminately bind to proteins and larger tannins are used as astringents in cases of diarrhea and dysentery (Dharmananda, 2003). This confirms the use of Jatropha as an antidiarroheal agent as reported by Mujumdar, et al., 2000&2001. Tannins had been known to have anticancer activities (Li, et al., 2003) and its presence in J. curcas supports its use in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Singh, et al., (2008) reported the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in Jatropha and alkaloids and flavonoids are well known for their ability to ability to inhibit pain perception (Okwu and Josiah, 2006). Alkaloids are used medically to reduce smooth muscle spasms, hyper secretion and pain and therefore led to the development of powerful pain killer medications (Kam and Liew, 2002).The use of Jatropha as an anti-inflammatory agent is well recorded by Uche and Aprioku (2008), Sangeetha, et al. (2010), Olukunle, et al. (2011) and confirms the traditional use of Jatopha in relieving painful conditions. Some plant flavonoids possess potent cancer chemoprevention activities, anti-invasive activities in vitro and antimetastasis activities (Taniguchi, et al., 1992; Caltagirone, et al., 2000; Iwashita, et al., 2000). The information supports finding of Balaji, et al. (2009) who studied antimetastatic and antiproliferative activity of Jatropha and the activity was attributed to the presence of flavonoids as

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confirmed by the phytochemical screening. The pharmacological studies on Jatropha curcas thus provide scientific basis for the use of this plant in traditional medicine system. CONCLUSION Jatropha curcas, a ‘wonder tree’ became center of attraction because of its considerable potential as a biodiesel crop. This biodiesel crop has helped to generate income in rural areas of the developing countries. This versatile tree has several other applications such as soil water conservation, soil reclamation, erosion control, living fences, green manure, lightening fuel, local use in soap production, insecticide and as raw material for cosmetic. Apart from this there is an enormous and extensive list of its various uses in folk medicines. The available literature regarding the medicinal properties of J. curcas clearly indicates the medicinal potential of the plant. The plant is being used as a folk medicine by the people all over the world and the pharmacological studies in support of J. curcas as a folklore medicine has also been established. Inspite of being such a vital tree, there are no medicinal products available on commercial level which contains Jatropha as important constituent. Literature establishes it as a potential medicinal tree but practically it is still not being used in medicine preparations. The question arises ‘is J. curcas a medicinal plant’? Currently there are so many medicinal and aromatic plants that are under threat category because of their huge unscientific exploitation on commercial level. Because of their medicinal potential such MAP’s are on the verge of extinction. Demand of herbal medicine is increasing constantly all over the world for primary health care because of their efficacy, safety, and lesser side effects. If the full medicinal potential of J. curcas is discovered, this could give rise to a new era in the field of medicinal preparations. This could help ayurvedic and pharmaceutical industries, which are facing problems due to insufficiency of the plant material that are threatened in nature. Taking into account the above crisis, J. curcas could be considered as the best contestant for replacing such threatened medicinal plants, as this species can be grown anywhere and does not have vulnerability to endangerment and does not require any conservation intervention. The species is very easy to propagate and cultivate in marginal lands. Therefore there is need to validate the medicinal uses of the plant on the basis of folk medicines through proper evaluation and make use of this important bioresource. REFERENCES 1. Agarwal T., Singh R., Rastogi R., Arora N. and Rastogi M. (2012): ComparativeAnalysis of Antibacterial Activity of

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