jason lippy, rn paula minor, rn university of maryland medical center march 2012
TRANSCRIPT
ECMO AND THE ADULT PATIENT:NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Jason Lippy, RN
Paula Minor, RN
University of Maryland Medical Center
March 2012
What is ECMO?
Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Blood is drained from the venous system Oxygenated through an artificial lung,
removing carbon dioxide Returned to the patient
Goal of ECMO
Ensure oxygen supply meets/exceeds the patient’s demands
Prevent end organ dysfunction and tissue death.
Rest heart and/or lungs Allow time for healing
ECMO FLOWBlood Flow
1. Deoxygenated Blood Drained from Venous Circulation
2. Blood Pump
Centrimag
Rotaflow
3. Membrane Oxygenator/
Heat Exchanger (Quadrox)
Hollow fiber
polymethylpentene
4. Oxygenated Blood Returned
to the Patient
5. Pressure monitor
1
23
4
5
Venovenous (VV) ECMO Blood is drained FROM and returned TO the
venous circulation Does NOT provide hemodynamic support Goal is to rest the lungs Allow time for healing
Venoarterial (VA) ECMO Provides pulmonary and hemodynamic
support Heart and lungs are bypassed Venous/drainage and arterial/return Nonpulsatile
Multidisciplinary Team Critical Care Physician and/or Surgeon Attending Physician / Nurse Practitioner Bedside RN / Resource RN ECMO Specialist (RN, RT or Perfusionist) Respiratory Therapist
Communication is the Key!!!
Pre-ECMO Management
Documentation Consent, Orders, Current Type X
Bedside ECMO,open chest & code cart, back-up ECMO (on unit),
central line cart PRBC, heparin, NS, sedation, narcotics
Pre-Procedure Are New Lines Needed? Wound Care Consult (Specialty Bed) Gastric Tube /Small Bowel Tube Placement Baseline Neuro, pulse, ECG, labs
VV ECMO: Two Site Cannulation
1 Drainage, 1 Return Internal Jugular Vein Femoral Vein or Saphenous
Vein
Cannulation Dressings
Cannula Positions
Single Site Cannulation
One double lumen catheter is inserted through the right IJ into the right atrium
Blood is drained and returned through separate lumens in the same cannula
www.avalonlabs.com
ECMO Considerations Based on Systems
Neurologic
Management / Goals Brain Injury Sedation Vacation RASS 0 to -2 by Day 3 Pain Cluster Care
ECMO Considerations CNS insult prior to ECMO Watch for signs of Intraventricular
Hemorrhage/Infarct First 72 hours difficult sedation
titration Propofol (watch Triglycerides) Precedex (brady) Narcotics
Cardiovascular
Management / Goals Sinus rhythm MAP appropriate for
age and condition Pulses (VV ECMO) Extremities
ECMO Considerations Chattering Volume Deficit ECMO Flow Pulmonary HTN Right sided heart
failure Vasoactive use
Respiratory
Management / Goals Minimal Vent Settings Pulmonary Toilet Frequent
Repositioning
ECMO Considerations Daily Chest X-ray CO2 control ETCo2 monitor gradient “Red Rubber” suction Specialty mattress Prone
Respiratory
ABG
Patient &Arterial side of oxygenator
VBG Venous side of oxygenator
RECIRCULATION!!!
Heme Issues Appropriate HGb for the appropriate situation
Remember blood can be bad Heparin bonded cannula Centrifugal pumps less damage Anticoagulation
ACT (Hourly initially the your call)○ Target 160-180
Anti Xa (q 6 hours when stable q 12)○ Target 0.3-0.7
Platelet >50,000Daily TEG Analysis, Plasma Free Hgb, LDH
22Hemoscope TEG-Based GuidelinesTEG® Value Clinical Cause
Suggested Treatment
R between 7 - 10 min clotting factors x 1 FFP or 4 ml/kg
R between 11-14 min clotting factors x 2 FFP or 8 ml/kg
R greater than 14 min clotting factorsx 4 FFP or 16
ml/kg
MA between 49 -54 mm platelet function0.3mcg/kg
DDAVPMA between 41 -48 mm platelet function x5 platelet units
MA at 40 mm or less platelet function x10 platelet units
Angle less than 45° fibrinogen level .06 u/kg cryoLY30 at 7.5% or greater,
C.I. less than 3.0 Primary fibrinolysisantifibrinolytic of
choiceLY30 at 7.5% or greater,
C.I. greater than 3.0 Secondary fibrinolysisanticoagulant of
choiceLY30 less than 7.5%, C.I.
greater than 3.0 Prothrombotic stateanticoagulant of
choice
Gastrointestinal
Management / Goals Small bowel feeding Daily Stool Gastritis Prophylaxis
ECMO Considerations Bleeding Ischemia Hyper-bilirubinemia
not always hemolysis
Renal
Management / Goals Even Fluid Balance Renal protection therapy
Good CI Good MBP
ECMO Considerations SCUF -Hemo concentrator CRRT (prisma flex) Hyperosmomolar /
hyperoncotic pH control
Skin Frequent Repositioning Specialty Mattress Aseptic Technique No New Sticks Wound Care Consult Edema
Patient and family support Must define prognosis Help MD understand family expectations Should define end-points Team communication
Intra Hospital Transport …Don’t Do It !!
Group Effort Trial Run – scout the path Transport Team
The Future of ECMO
ReferencesAllen, S., Holena, D., McCunn, M., Kohl, B., & Sarani, B. (2011). A review of the fundamental principles and evidence base in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) in critically ill adult patients. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine (Sage Publications Inc.), 26(1), 13-26. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Bojar, R.M. (2011). Manual of Perioperative Care in Adult Cardiac Surgery Fifth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gay, S., Ankney, N., Cochran, J., & Highland, K. (2005). Critical care challenges in the adult ECMO patient. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 24(4), 157-164. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Peterson, K., & Brown, M. (1990). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults: a nursing challenge. Focus on Critical Care, 17(1), 40-49. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Santiago, M., Sanchez, A., Lopez-Herce, J., Perez, R., Del Castillo, J., Urbano, J., & Carrillo, A. (2009). The use of continuous renal replacement therapy in series with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Kidney International, 76(12), 1289-1292. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Scott, L., Boudreaux, K., Thaljeh, F., Grier, L., & Conrad, S. (2004). Early enteral feedings in adults receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JPEN Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition, 28(5), 295-300. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Short B.L., Williams, L (2010) ECMO Specialist Training Manual, Third Edition. Michigan: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization
ReferencesSievert, A., Uber, W., Laws, S., & Cochran, J. (2011). Improvement in long-term ecmo by detailed monitoring of anticoagulation: a case report. Perfusion, 26(1), 59-64. doi:10.1177/0267659110385513
Van Meurs K, Lally KP, Peek G, Zwischenberger JB (2005) ECMO: Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Support in Critical Care, Third Edition. Michigan: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization