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æ人 ICU ã¯ã¬ãã·ãšã©å±ã«ããæ£è ç©èãããã¯ææã®èããæžå°
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1989 Conly et al.(81)
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1990 Simmons et al.(117)
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11 ã¶æ
1992 Doebbeling et al.(118)
æ人 ICU äºã€ã®ç°ãªãææè¡ç補å€ã䜿ã£ãŠå»çé¢é£ææçã®éã«ææå·®
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1994 Webster et al.(74)
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9 ã¶æ
1995 Zafar et al.(67)
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3.5 幎
2000 Larson et al.(119)
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8 ã¶æ
2000 Pittet et al. (75,120)
ç é¢å šäœ ïŒå¹ŽãéããŠã®å»çé¢é£ææ眹æ£çïŒ42ïŒ ïŒãšMRSA 亀差ææçïŒ87ïŒ ïŒã®ææãªæžå°ãåãæéã«ç©æ¥µçãªç£èŠå¹é€ãšæ¥è§Šäºé²çãå®æœãããã远跡ç 究ããæŠç¥ä»¥éãæææŠåŒå€äœ¿çšã®å¢å ãå®å®ããå»çé¢é£ææçãšè²»çšåæžãç¶ããŠããããšã瀺ããã
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2003 Hilburn et al.(121)
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10 ã¶æ
2004 MacDonald et al.(77)
ç é¢å šäœ å»çé¢é£ MRSA çäŸã®ææãªæžå°ïŒ1.9 ãã 0.9%ã«ïŒ
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2004 Swoboda et al.(122)
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2004 Lam et al.(123)
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6 ã¶æ
2004 Won et al.(124)
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10
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2005 Zerr et al.(125)
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2005 Rosenthal et al.(126)
æ人 ICU å»çé¢é£ææçã®ææãªæžå°ïŒ47.5/1000 æ£è æ¥ãã27.9/1000 æ£è æ¥ã«ïŒ
21 ã¶æ
2005 Johnson et al.(127)
ç é¢å šäœ MRSA èè¡çã®ææãªæžå°ïŒ57ïŒ ïŒ 36 ã¶æ
2007 Thi Anh Thu et al.(128)
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2 幎
2007 Pessoa-Silva et al.(111)
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2008 Rupp et al.(112)
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B. ã·ã³ã¯ã¯æ°Žã¯ãã®å±éºãæžããããã«èšèšã
ããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(196,197) C. ããæãç®ã§èŠãŠæ±ããŠããã°ãæè¡æææŽ
ãã®åã«æ®éã®ç³ããã§æãæŽãïŒâ ¡ïŒ å¯èœãªãæµæ°Žã®äžã§ããã€ã«ã»ã¯ãªãŒããŒã䜿ã£ãŠçªåºäžããã¯ãºãé€å»ããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(198)
D. æè¡æææŽãã«ãã©ã·ã¯å§ããããªããïŒâ ïŒ
(199-205) E. æ» èæè¢ãççšããåã«ãã§ãããªãæ®çå¹
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æè¡ãè¡ãæãæ» èã¬ãŠã³ãççšããåã«æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã䜿ã£ãæè¡ææææ¶æ¯ãå§ãããããïŒâ ¡ïŒïŒ204,206,208)
G. æ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ã䜿ã£ãŠæè¡ææææ¶æ¯ãè¡ãæã¯ãã¡ãŒã«ãŒã«ãã£ãŠå§åãããé·ãïŒäžè¬ã«ã¯ïŒïœïŒåïŒæãšåè ãã¹ã¯ã©ããããé·ãã¹ã¯ã©ãæéïŒäŸãã° 10 åïŒã¯å¿ èŠãªãïŒâ ïŒ(200,211,213-219)
H. æ®çå¹æã®ããæè¡çšæŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã
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I. æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã䜿ãæã¯ãæè¡æææ
æºåè¡çºã®å šäœã«æž¡ã£ãŠãæææŠåŒå€ã䜿ã£ãŠæãšåè ãæ¿¡ãããŸãŸãšãªãããã«ååãªéã®è£œåã䜿ããïŒâ ïŒïŒ222-224) æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã䜿ã£ãŠã®æè¡ææææºåã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãå³ II.3 ã§ç€ºãããŸãã
J. æšå¥šãããæŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã䜿çšããåŸã
æ» èæè¢ãççšããåã«æãšåè ãå®å šã«ä¹Ÿç¥ããããïŒâ ïŒ(204,208)
16
4.
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B. å»çåŸäºè ã«ææè¡ç補åã®åãå ¥ãã 倧
ãšãããããèæ ®ãããå šãŠã®è£œåã®ç®è蚱容æ§ãæ觊ãéŠãã«é¢ããŠåœŒãã®ææ³ãæ±ãããïŒâ ïŒ(79,145,146,228,232-236) ãã®éçšã§ã¯ãæ¯èŒè©äŸ¡ãéåžžã«æå¹ã§ãããããããŸããã(227,232,233,237)
C. ææè¡ç補åãéžã¶æïŒ
(a) æããããã«ããããã«äœ¿çšããã補åãã¹ãã³ã±ã¢è£œåãšæœèšã§äœ¿çšãããæè¢ã®çš®é¡ãšã®éã®å šãŠã®åãã£ãŠããçžäºäœçšã決å®ããã(238,239)
(b) 補åæ±æã®ãªã¹ã¯ã«ã€ããŠã¡ãŒã«ãŒããæ å ±ãæ±ããã(57,240,241)
(c) ã±ã¢ã®çŸå Žã§ãã£ã¹ãã³ãµãŒãå©çšã§ããããšã確èªããïŒâ ïŒïŒ(95,242)
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(e) æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã®ãã£ã¹ãã³ãµãŒã·ã¹ãã ãå¯çæ§ç©è³ªã«èªå¯ãããŠããããšãä¿èšŒããïŒâ ïŒïŒ
(f) ãã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãã¯ãªãŒã ããããã¯æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ãçµç¹ã§äœ¿çšãããŠããæ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ã®å¹æã«ãããŒãå šãŠã®åœ±é¿ã«é¢ããŠã¡ãŒã«ãŒããæ å ±ãæ±ãè©äŸ¡ãããïŒâ ïŒ(238, 244,245)
(g) å¹æãç®è蚱容æ§ãè·å¡ã®åãå ¥ãã®æ¡ä»¶ãæºããã補åã«å¯ŸããŠã®ã¿ãäŸ¡æ Œæ¯èŒãè¡ããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(236,246)
D. äžéšã空ã«ãªã£ãç³ãããã£ã¹ãã³ãµãŒã«ç³
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E. ããç³ãããã£ã¹ãã³ãµãŒãåå©çšããããªãã°ãæŽæµã®ããã®å§åæé ã«åŸãã(247,248)
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A. å»çåŸäºè ã®ããã®æè²ããã°ã©ã ã«ãåºæ¿æ§æ¥è§Šæ§ç®èçãšãã®ä»ã®ç®èé害ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãæžããããäŒç»ããããã³ãã±ã¢å®æœã«é¢ããæ å ±ãå ¥ããã(249,250)
B. å»çæœèšã§äœ¿çšãããŠããæšæºçãªè£œåã«å¯Ÿ
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C. æææ¶æ¯ãããã¯ææŽãã«é¢ä¿ããŠåºæ¿æ§æ¥
觊æ§ç®èçã®çºçã å°éãšãããããå»çåŸäºè ã«ãã³ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãã¯ãªãŒã ãæäŸãããïŒâ ïŒ(228,229,250-253)
D. æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ãå»çæœèšã§ã®è¡çåŠçæææ¶æ¯ã«å©çšå¯èœã§ããæãæ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ã®äœ¿çšã¯å§åãããªããïŒâ ¡ïŒ
E. ç³ãããšæŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã¯äœµçšããªãã
ïŒâ ¡ïŒ(163)
17
6.
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B. è¡æ¶²ãããã¯ãã®ä»ã®æææ§ã®ããç©è³ªãç²
èãããã¯æ£åžžã§ãªãç®èã«è§Šããçç±ã®ããå¯èœæ§ãããæã¯ãæè¢ãççšãããïŒâ ïŒ(257-259)
C. æ£è ã®ã±ã¢ã®åŸã¯æè¢ãè±ãã1人以äžã®ã±ã¢
ã«åãäžåã®æè¢ãçããªããïŒâ ïŒ(51,53,159-161,260,261)
D. æè¢ãçããŠããæãåãæ£è ãããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§ãæ±æãã身äœã®éšäœããä»ã®ãã 1ã€ã®éšäœïŒæ£åžžã§ãªãç®èãç²èãããã¯å»çåšå ·ãå«ãïŒã«ç§»åãããªããæ£è ã±ã¢äžã«æè¢ã亀æãããè±ããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(52,159,160)
E. æè¢ã®åå©çšã¯å§ããããªãïŒâ ïŒïŒ262)
æè¢ãåå©çšããå Žåã ãå®å šãªååŠçæ¹æ³ãå®æœãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(263)
æªæ» èãšæ» èæè¢ã®çè±æè¡ã¯å³ II.4 åã³ II.5ã«ç€ºããŠãããŸãã
7.
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A. æ£è ã«çŽæ¥æ¥è§Šããæã¯äººå·¥çªã€ãŸããšã¯ã¹ãã³ããŒã¯çããªããïŒâ ïŒ(56,191,195,264-266)
B. èªç¶çªã¯çãããïŒå ãã 0.5ïœïœããçããã€ãŸããããã 1/4 ã€ã³ãïŒãïŒâ ¡ïŒ(264)
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A. å»çåŸäºè åãã®ææè¡çæšé²ããã°ã©ã ã§ã¯ãè¡åã«éèŠãªåœ±é¿ãäžããããšãçŸåšåãã£ãŠããèŠå ã«ç¹ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŸãããææè¡çã®è£œåã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã®ã¿ã«æ³šç®ããããšã¯ããªããæŠç¥ã¯ãå€é¢çã§ãå€æ§çã§ãå®è¡ã«å¯Ÿããæè²ãšäžçŽç®¡çè ã®ãµããŒããå«ããŸããïŒâ ïŒ(64,75,89,100,111,113,119,166,267-277)
B. å»çåŸäºè ã«ãæææ±æãããããæ£è ã±ã¢
掻åã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã€ããŠãšãæããããã«ããããã«äœ¿çšãããæ§ã ãªæ¹æ³ã®å©ç¹ãšæ¬ ç¹ã«
ã€ããŠæè²ãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(75,81,83,85,111,125,126,166,276-278)
C. æšå¥šãããææè¡çå®æœãžã®å»çåŸäºè ã®é
å®ãç£èŠãã圌ãã«ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã»ãã£ãŒãããã¯ãæäŸãããïŒâ ïŒ(62,75,79,81,83,85,89,99,100,111,125,276)
D. å»çæœèšå ã§ãææè¡çãæšé²ããããã«æ£
è ã家æãšå»çåŸäºè éã®ååã奚å±ãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(279-281)
18
9.
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9.1 å»çæœèšç®¡çè ã®ããã« A. 管çè ããå€é¢çå€æ§çãªææè¡çæŠç¥ã®æš
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B. å»çåŸäºè ã«ãææŽããå®è¡ããããã«ãå š
ãŠã®èå£ã«å®å šã§æç¶çãªæ°Žã®äŸçµŠãšãå¿ èŠãªèšåã®å©çšãæäŸãããïŒâ ïŒ(276,282,283)
C. å»çåŸäºè ã«æ£è ã±ã¢ã®å Žæã§æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒ
ã«è£œå€ãçŽã¡ã«å©çšã§ããããã«ãããïŒâ ïŒ(75,82,94,95,284-288)
D. æ¹åãããææè¡çé å®ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ïŒ
ãæœèšã® åªå äºé ãšããé©åãªãªãŒããŒã·ããã管çè ãµããŒããçµæžçè³æºãšææè¡çãææäºé²ãšæŽ»åã®ç®¡çã«å¯ŸãããµããŒããæäŸãããïŒâ ïŒ(75,111,113,119,289)
E. å»çåŸäºè ããææè¡çã®ã»ãã·ã§ã³ãå«ã
ææ管çãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã®ããã®å°çšã®æéãæã€ããšãä¿èšŒãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(270,290)
F. æšå¥šãããææè¡çå®æœãžã®å»çåŸäºè ã®é
å®ãæ¹åããããäŒç»ãããåŠéçã§å€é¢çã§å€æ§ãªããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãããïŒâ ïŒ(75,119,129)
G. ææè¡çã«é¢ããŠãäžæ°Žéãç©ççã«å»çæœ
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H. ææè¡çãšãã®ä»ã®ææäºé²ãšç®¡ç掻åã«å¯Ÿ
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I. æŠåŒã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«è£œå€ã®çç£ãšä¿ç®¡ã¯ãåœã®å®
å šã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãšå°æ¹ã®æ³çèŠæ±äºé ã«åŸããïŒâ ¡ïŒ
9.2 æ¿åºã®ããã« A. ææè¡çé å®ãåœå®¶ã® åªå äºé ãšããç£èŠ
ãšé·æã®ç¶ç¶å¯èœæ§ã確å®ã«ããªãããè³éäŸçµŠãããããå調ãããå®è¡ããã°ã©ã ã®æäŸãèæ ®ãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(292-295)
B. å»çæœèšå ã®ææ管çèœåã®åŒ·åãæŽå©ããã
ïŒâ ¡ïŒ(290,296,297) C. å°åã¬ãã«ã§ãèªå·±é²åŸ¡ãšä»äººã®é²åŸ¡ã®äž¡æ¹
ã匷åããããã«ææè¡çãæšé²ãããïŒâ ¡ïŒ(71,138-140,298-300)
D. å»çæœèšããå»çã®è³ªã€ã³ãžã±ãŒã¿ãŒãšããŠ
ææè¡çãå©çšãããã奚å±ããïŒãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ããã«ã®ãŒããã©ã³ã¹ãã¹ã³ããã©ã³ããç±³åœïŒãïŒâ ¡ïŒ(278,301)
19
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20
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Hand hygiene practicesïŒææè¡çå®æœ Antiseptic handwashingïŒæ¶æ¯å€ææŽã æ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ãšæµæ°Žãããã¯ãçäœæ¶æ¯å€ãå«ãã ãã®ä»ã®æŽæµå€ã§æãæŽãããšã ïŒèš³è 泚ïŒ"washing hands with soap and water"ãšããã soap 㯠antiseptic soap ã®ééããšæãããïŒ Antiseptic handrubbing (or handrubbing)ïŒïŒæ¶æ¯å€ïŒæææŠåŒ å€éšã®æ°Žæºãå¿ èŠãšãããããããããã¯ã¿ãªã«ããã®ä»ã®æ¹æ³ã§ä¹Ÿç¥ãããå¿ èŠããªãã埮çç©ãæžãããæé·ãæããããã«æ¶æ¯å€æææŠåŒå€ãçšããããšã Hand antisepsis/decontamination/degermingïŒæææ¶æ¯ãææé€æãææé€è æææŠåŒå€ã䜿çšãããã¯æ¶æ¯å€ææŽããå®æœããŠåŸ®çç©ãæžå°ãããã¯æé·ãæããããšã Hand careïŒãã³ãã±ã¢ ç®èæå·ãããã¯ç®èçã®ãªã¹ã¯ãæžå°ãããè¡çºã HandwashingïŒææŽã æ®éç³ãããããã¯æ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ãšæµæ°Žã§æãæŽãããšã Hand cleansingïŒæããããã«ãã ç©ççã«ãããã¯æ©æ¢°çã«æ±ããææ©ç©ãã€/ãããã¯åŸ®çç©ãåãé€ãç®çã§è¡ãããææè¡çã®è¡çºãææç©äœæ¶æ¯(Hand disinfection)ã¯ãäžçã®ããå°åã§ã¯çšèªãšããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããŠãçäœæ¶æ¯å€ææŽããæ¶æ¯å€æææŠåŒãææçäœæ¶æ¯/é€æ/é€èãæ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ãšæµæ°Žã«ããææŽããè¡ççæææ¶æ¯ãããã¯è¡ççæææŠåŒã®æå³ã§çšããããŠããŸãããã ããç©äœæ¶æ¯(disinfection)ãã¯æ®éãçåœã®ãªãè¡šé¢ãšç©ã®é€æãèšåããã®ã§ããã®çšèªïŒdisinfectionïŒã¯ãããã®ã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã§äœ¿ãããŸããã Hygienic hand antisepsisïŒè¡ççæææ¶æ¯ åžžåšçŽ°èå¢ã«åœ±é¿ãããéé埮çç©å¢ãæžããããã«ãæ¶æ¯å€æææŠåŒå€ãããã¯æ¶æ¯ã¹ã¯ã©ãå€ã«ããææã®åŠçœ®ã Hygienic handrubïŒè¡ççæææŠåŒ åžžåšçŽ°èå¢ã«åœ±é¿ããäºãªãéé现èå¢ãæžããããã«ãæ¶æ¯å€æææŠåŒå€ã«ããææã®åŠçœ®ã ãããã®èª¿å€ã¯åºãã¹ãã¯ãã«ãšå³å¹æ§ã§ãæ®ç掻æ§ã¯å¿ èŠã§ã¯ãããŸããã
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ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ ããè¯ãã±ã¢ããŒã ïŒWHO æ£è å®å šãæ å ±ããšããã³ã¹ãšç 究ã®éå£ïŒã¯ããæž æœãªã±ã¢ãã«ãã£ãŠéçºãããŸããïŒBenedetta Allegranzi, Sepideh Bagheri Nejad, Marie-Noelle Chraiti, Cyrus Engineer, Gabriela Garcia Castillejos, Wilco Graafmans, Claire Kilpatrick, Elizabeth Mathai, Didier Pittet, Lucile Resal, Herve Richet, Rosemary Sudan. å 容ã«å¯Ÿãã極ããŠéèŠãªè²¢ç®ïŒ John Boyce Saint Raphael Hospital, New Haven, CT;United States of America Yves Chartier World Health Organization, Geneva;Switzerland Marie-Noelle Chraiti University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva:Switzerland Barry Cookson Health Protection Agency, London;United Kingdom Nizam Damani Craigavon Area Hospital, Portadown,Northern Ireland; United Kingdom Sasi Dharan University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva;Switzerland Neelam Dhingra-Kumar Essential Health Technologies, World Health Organization, Geneva;Switzerland Raphaelle Girard Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon;France Don Goldmann Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Cambridge, MA: United States of America Lindsay Grayson Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg; Australia Elaine Larson Columbia University School of Nursing
and Joseph Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY; United States of America Yves Longtin University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva;Switzerland Marianne McGuckin McGuckin Methods International Inc., and Department of Health Policy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA; PAïŒ United States of America Mary-Louise McLaws Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sidney; Australia Geeta Mehta Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi; India Ziad Memish King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Peter Nthumba Kijabe Hospital, Kijabe; Kenya Michele Pearson Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; United States of America Carmem Lucia Pessoa-Silva Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva; Switzerland Didier Pittet University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva;
Switzerland Manfred Rotter Klinishche Institut fur Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie der Medizinischen Universitat, Vienna;Austria Denis Salomon University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva;Switzerland Syed Sattar Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottowa, Ottawa; Canada Hugo Sax University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva; Switzerland Wing Hong Seto Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China Andreas Voss Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen;The Netherlands Michael Whitby Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane; Australia Andreas F Widmer Innere Medizin und Infektiologie, Kantonsspital Basel und Universitatskliniken Basel, Basel;Switzerland Walter Zingg University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva; Switzerland
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æè¡çè²¢ç®ïŒ Vivienne Allan National Patient Safety Agency, London;United Kingdom Charanjit Ajit Singh International Interfaith Centre, Oxford;United Kingdom Jacques Arpin Geneva; Switzerland Pascal Bonnabry University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva;Switzerland Izhak Dayan Communaute Israelite de Geneve, Geneva; Switzerland Cesare Falletti Monastero Dominus Tecum, Praâd Mill; Italy Tesfamicael Ghebrehiwet International Council of Nurses;Switzerland William Griffiths University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva;Switzerland Martin J. Hatlie Partnership for Patient Safety; United States of America Pascale Herrault University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva; Switzerland Annette Jeanes Lewisham Hospital, Lewisham; United Kingdom Axel Kramer Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universitat Greifswald, Greifswald; Germany Michael Kundi University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Anna-Leena Lohiniva US Naval Medical Research Unit, Cairo; Egypt Jann Lubbe University of Geneva Hospitals; Geneva;Switzerland
Peter Mansell National Patient Safety Agency, London; United Kingdom Anant Murthy Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; United States of America Nana Kobina Nketsia Traditional Area Amangyina, Sekondi; Ghana Florian Pittet Geneva; Switzerland Anantanand Rambachan Saint Olaf College, Northfield, MN; United States of America Ravin Ramdass South African Medical Association; South Africa Beth Scott London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London; United Kingdom Susan Sheridan Consumers Advancing Patient Safety; United States of America Parichart Suwanbubbha Mahidol University, Bangkok; Thailand Gail Thomson North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester; United Kingdom Hans Ucko World Council of Churches, Geneva; Switzerland ç·šéçè²¢ç®ïŒ Rosemary Sudan University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva;Switzerland ç¹å¥ãªæè¡çè²¢ç®ïŒ Benedetta Allegranzi Clean Care is Safer Care Team, WHO Patient
Safety ãã¢ã¬ãã¥ãŒïŒ Nordiah Awang Jalil Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur; Malaysia Victoria J. Fraser Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; United States of America William R Jarvis Jason & Jarvis Associates, Port Orford, OR; United States of America Carol OâBoyle University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN; United States of America M Sigfrido Rangel-Frausto Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, DF; Mexico Victor D Rosenthal Medical College of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Argentina Barbara Soule Joint Commission Resources, Inc., Oak Brook, IL; United States of America Robert C Spencer Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol; United Kingdom Paul Ananth Tambyah National University Hospital, Singapore; Singapore Peterhans J van den Broek Leiden Medical University, Leiden; The Netherlands ç£ä¿®è ïŒ Didier Pittet University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva; Switzerland
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Patient Safety Programme, WHO (All teams and members listed in alphabetical order) African Partnerships for Patient Safety: Sepideh Bagheri Nejad, Rachel Heath, Joyce Hightower, Edward Kelley, Yvette Piebo, Didier Pittet, Paul Rutter, Julie Storr, Shams Syed è¡æµææïŒ Katthyana Aparicio, Sebastiana Gianci,Chris Goeschel, Maite Diez Navarlaz,Edward Kelley, Itziar Larizgoitia, Peter Pronovost äžå¿çãµããŒããšç®¡çïŒ Armorel Duncan, Sooyeon Hwang, John Shumbusho ïŒïŒ®ïŒãã§ãã¯ãªã¹ã: Carmen Audera-Lopez, Gerald Dziekan, Atul Gawande, Angela Lashoher, Pat Martin, Paul Rutter æ£è ãã§ãã¯ãªã¹ã: Benjamin Ellis, Pat Martin, Susan Sheridan å®å šãªååš©ãã§ãã¯ãªã¹ã: Priya Agraval, Gerald Dziekan, Atul Gawande, Angela Lashoher, Claire Lemer, Jonathan Spector å€å·ãã§ãã¯ãªã¹ã: Gerald Dziekan, Angela Lashoher, Charles Mock, James Turner ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³: Vivienne Allan, Margaret Kahuthia, Laura Pearson, Kristine Stave æè²: Esther Adeyemi, Bruce Barraclough, Benjamin Ellis, Itziar Larizgoitia, Agnes Leotsakos, Rona Patey,
Samantha Van Staalduinen, Merrilyn Walton æ£è å®å šã®ããã®åœéåé¡: Martin Fletcher, Edward Kelley, Itziar Larizgoitia, Pierre Lewalle æ£è å®å šè£: Benjamin Ellis, Edward Kelley, Agnes Leotsakos æ£è å®å šã®ããã®æ£è : Joanna Groves , Martin Hatlie, Edward Kelley, Anna Lee, Pat Martin, Margaret Murphy, Susan Sheridan, Garance, Upham ãã«ã¹ãªãã·ã¡ãŒã¿: William Berry, Gerald Dziekan, Angela Enright, Peter Evans, Luke Funk, Atul Gawande, Alan Merry, Isabeau Walker,Iain Wilson å ±åãšåŠã³: Gabriela Garcia Castillejos, Martin Fletcher, Sebastiana Gianci, Christine Goeschel, Edward Kelley ç 究ãšç¥è管ç: Katthyana Aparicio, Carmen Audera-Lopez, Sorin Banica, David Bates,Mobasher Butt, Mai Fujii, Wilco Graafmans, Itziar Larizgoitia, Nittita Prasopa-Plaizier å®å šãªæè¡ãåœãæãïŒïŒ³ïŒ³ïŒ³ïŒ¬ïŒ: William Berry, Priya Desai, Gerald Dziekan, Lizabeth Edmondson, Atul Gawande, Alex Haynes, Sooyeon Hwang, Agnes Leotsakos, Pat Martin, Elizabeth Morse, Paul Rutter, Laura Schoenherr, Tom Weiser, Iain Yardley 解決ãšé«åºŠã®ïŒã€: Laura Caisley, Edward Kelley, Agnes Leotsakos, Karen Timmons
æèè¬èæ§ãžã®åãçµã¿: Armorel Duncan, Gerald Dziekan, Felix Greaves, David Heymann, Sooyeon Hwang, Ian Kennedy, Didier Pittet, Vivian Tang æè¡: Rajesh Aggarwal, Ara Darzi, Rachel Davies, Edward Kelley, Oliver Mytton,Charles Vincent, Guang-Zhong Yang WHO å ±åéšé: WHO Lyon Office for National Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, Health Security and Environment Cluster Blood Transfusion Safety, Essential Health Technologies, Health Systems and Services Cluster Clinical Procedures, Essential Health Technologies, Health Systems and Services Cluster Making Pregnancy Safer, Reproductive Health and Research, Family and Community Health Cluster Policy, Access and Rational Use, Medicines Policy and Standards, Health Systems and Services Cluster Vaccine Assessment and Monitoring, Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Family and Community Health Cluster Water, Sanitation and Health, Protection of the Human Environment, Health Security and Environment Cluster WHO acknowledges the Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve (HUG), in particular the members of the Infection Control Programme, for their active participation in developing this material.
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