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Japanese Labour Market and Employment Problems:
Aging Society
Civil Societies of the EU and Japan Working Together on Global Challenges
28 May 2010
MATSUSHIGE, HisakazuOsaka School of International Public Policy
Osaka University
Topics
1. Aging of population2. Nonlabour Force3. Unemployment4. Non-regular Workers
1. Aging of population
• Japan is rapidly aging.
• Source of labour force– Who will support the growing mass of people
60 years old or older.
Population Pyramid1990
male female
Population Pyramid 2010
male female
Population 2020
male female
2. Nonlabour Force
• Increase of nonlabour force
• People , especially male, 60 years old or over are less likely to work.
Nonlabour force:Less Japanese are working.
Non Labour Force
(1,000)
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
Labour Force Participation Rates
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
1975
1976
1981
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1996
1997
2001
2002
2006
2009
%
15- 19 years old
20- 24
25- 29
30- 34
35- 39
40- 44
45- 49
50- 54
55- 59
60- 64
65 or over
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
Labour Force Changes by Age
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
Females not in Labour Force
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
1953=100
Male
Female
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
1,0
00 p
eopl
e
Male
Female
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
Male Labour Participation Rates
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
15- 19 years old
20- 24
25- 29
30- 34
35- 39
40- 44
45- 49
50- 54
55- 59
60- 64
65 or over
%
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
Female Labour Participation Rates
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
15- 19 years old
20- 24
25- 29
30- 34
35- 39
40- 44
45- 49
50- 54
55- 59
60- 64
65 or over
%
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/index.htm
3. Unemployment
• Young and elderly workers are more likely to be unemployed.
• Unemployment rate dropped after passing the peak in 2002. However, it soared in 2009, again.
• 5.0% in March 2010
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
%
Total Total
15- 19 years old
20- 24
25- 29
30- 34
35- 39
40- 44
45- 49
50- 54
55- 59
60- 64
65 or over or more
1. Unemployment
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
4. Non-regular Workers
1. Increase of non-regular workers is observed as in many countries.
2. Women are more likely to be non-regular workers than men.
More than 1/3 of workers are non-regular
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2001, Aug.
2005
2009
Regular staff
Part- time worker
Arbeit (temporary worker)
Dispatched worker fromtemporary labour agency
Contract employee orentrusted employee
Other
66.3% 33.7%Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/index.htm
Employee by Type of Employment
Male 2010 March
82%
3%
6%
1% 6% 2% Regular staff
Part- time worker
Arbeit (temporaryworker)
Dispatched workerfrom temporarylabour agencyContract employeeor entrustedemployeeOther
Female 2010 March
47%
33%
7%
3%
7%3%
Regular staff
Part- time worker
Arbeit (temporaryworker)
Dispatched workerfrom temporarylabour agencyContract employeeor entrustedemployeeOther
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/index.htm
Labour Force Participation Rate of Women
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
15~
1920
~24
25~
2930
~34
35~
3940
~44
45~
4950
~54
55~
5960
~64
65~
age
%
1970
1980
1986
1990
2000
Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Rodo-ryoku Chosa (Labour Force Survey)
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/index.htm
International Comparison
Souece: OECD E,mployment Handbook (2004)
2) Data are based on actual hours worked.3) Part- time employment based on hours worked at all jobs.4) Less than 35 hours per week.5) Data are for wage and salary workers only.
1) Part- time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hoursper week in their main job. Data include only persons declaring usual hours.
Composition of Part- time Employment
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
1990 2000 2003
male
%
Australia2,3
Germany
Netherlands
Japan2,4
UK
US5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1990 2000 2003
Female
%
Australia2,3
Germany
Netherlands
Japan2,4
UK
US5
Dwindling Birthrate: International Comparison
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
1970-75
1975-80
1980-85
1985-90
1990-95
1995-00
2000-05
2010-15
2020-25
2030-35
per
1,0
00
peo
ple World
Japan
Korea
China
US
Australia
Source: Statistics Bureau, http://www.stat.go.jp/data/sekai/02.htm