janis gravitis, arnis janovs & edward someus - · pdf fileclean fuel system analysis using...
TRANSCRIPT
CLEAN FUEL SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING ZERO EMISSIONS AND EMERGY
APPROACHES
Janis Gravitis, Arnis Janovs & Edward Someus
e-mail: [email protected]
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUMMoving Towards Zero Emission Plants
Greece, June 29 - 22, 2005
Zero Emissions ConcptThe ZERI (Zero Emissions Research Initiative, 1994, the Institute of
Advanced Studies, United Nations University), as a scientific international program emphasizes a shift from the traditional linear
industrial model in which wastes are considered the norm, to integrated systems in which everything has its use. It advocates an industrial
transformation whereby businesses emulate the sustainable cycles found in nature, and, where society minimizes the load, it imposes on the
natural resource base and learns to do more with what the earth produces. In this way, industries are reorganized into clusters such that each
industry's wastes/by-products are fully matched with the input requirements of another industry, and the integrated whole produces no waste of any kind. A full use of raw materials, accompanied by a shift
towards renewable sources, means that utilization of the earth's resources can be brought back to sustainable levels.
BLOCK SCHEME OF THE LSIWC INTEGRATED ZERO EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES CLUSTER FOR DEMOLITION WOOD CONVERSION INTO
CLEAN FUEL
Railway sleepers
1
1
2
2 Railway sleepers
8.0 t/h 160 GJ/h 320 GJ/h
16.0 t/h
10.2 t/h; 204 GJ/h
20.4 t/h ; 408 GJ/h
1
2
10.3 kg/h; 0.5 GJ/h
20.6 kg/h; 1.0 GJ/h
Fuel
34.7 kg/h 69.4 kg/h 1 2
T C - S
M
CUDrive 85.6 kWhEnergy 85.6 kWh; 0.31 GJ/hDrive 171.2 kWhEnergy 171.2 kWh; 0.62 GJ/h
1
2
CO 2 88.6 kg/h 177.2 kg/h
1 2
Fuel 26.2 kg/h; 1.18 GJ/h
52.4 kg/h; 2.36 GJ/h
1
2 T
CO2
94.3 kg/h
188.6 kg/h2
1
Fuel34.9 kg/h; 1.58 GJ/h
69.8 kg/h; 3.16 GJ/h
1
2T
Drive 380 kW W S Energy 380 kW h; 1.36 GJ/h1 2 Charcoal:
2.4 t/h 4.9 t /h Clean-coal:
54.5 t/h 51.9 t/h 49.6 t/h
1 2
1 2 Co-generationpowerplant
300 MW
Ash 7.14 t/h 6.85 t/h 6.55 t/h1 2
150 MWth
150 MWe
Heat losses153 GJ; 42.2 MW
161 GJ45 MW
(CO2 – see Table )Flue gases
Flue gases : CO 2 - 1.02 t; 2.04 t
Noxious gases: NOx – 1.5; SO2 – 5.5; CO – 2.5 kg/h
NOx – 3.0; SO2 – 11.0; CO – 5.0 kg/h
1 2
1 2
3Rcarbonisation
plant
Drive 120 kW 120 kWh; 0.43 GJ/h 1 2 M
M
T
Coal - Mine
Drive 120 kW Energy 120 kW h ; 0.43 GJ/h
1 2
G
Drive 120 kW Drive 380 kWEnergy 120 kW h Energy 380 kWh
1 12 2
M W S
Fuel42.4 kg/h;1.92 GJ/h
84.8 kg/h; 3.84 GJ/h
1
2
CO2
90.5 kg/h
183.0 kg/h
1
2
7.55 t/h; 151 GJ/h
15.7 t/h; 302 GJ/h
1
2
T Railway sleepers
Material , energy flow and CO 2 emission ove rvie w ( 1 hour operation of the system)
Legend c arbonisation units transport (truck) cross – cutting, spliting wood shredder milling gr inding 5% energy of biomass origin 10% energy of biomass origin
CU
T
C - S
WS
M
G
1
2
I
II
III
(noxious substances – see Table )
0.43 GJ/h 1.36 GJ/h
•Emergy is the availability of energy (exergy) of one king that is used up in transformations directly and indirectly to make a product or service.
•Emergy recognizes that there are quality differences to energies of different form. While a calorie is a calorie, is a calorie, no matter how it is derived, a calorie of sunlight and a calorie of energy from the food cannot support the same types of work.
•Scienceman (1987) coined the phrase “energy memory” wich was shortened to emergy as a means of providing a name for a quantitative concept that was based on energy flow through system, but different from energy.
•Its capacity to evaluate technologies toward environmentally sound innovation, natural resources and human labor within the same framework makes Emergy Analysis a valuable and powerful addition to other environmental assessment tools such as Life Cycle Assessment and Exergy Analysis, etc.
XML – The eXtensibleMarkkup Lanquage
Local Non - renewable so urces
Enviro nment alSy st e ms
Economic Use
N Loca lRe newa ble Source s
R
Purchase d Resource s
Se rvic e s
Yie ld
F
Y
Yield (Y) = R+N+FEmergy Yield Ratio = Y/FEmergy Investment Ratio = F/(R+N)Environmental Loading Ratio = (F+N)/REmpower Density = (R+N+F)/area
Emergy Based Sustainibility Indices
LR = Local renewable resourcesWOOD AIR
LN = Local non-renewable resourcesFUEL (Diesel)
P = Purchased ResourcesELECTRICITY
S = Services and LabourHUMAN RESOURCES
E = Energy contents
Emergy yield (Y) = LR+LN+P+S
Transformity = Y/E
Emergy yield ratio (EYR) = Y/(P+S)
Emergy investment ratio (EIR) = (P+S)/(LR+LN)
Non-renewable to renewable ratio (NRR) = (LN+P)/LR
Services to resources = S/(LR+LN+P)
Environmental load ratio (ELR) = (P+S+LN)/LR
Emergy sustainability index = EYR/ELR
C&EN, 2004, vol. 82, No.38, 36-37.
BLOCK SCHEME FOR SYSTEM MODELING AND INDICES CALCULATION
ENERGY DIAGRAM OF RAILWAY SLEEPERS UTILIZATION SYSTEM
Charcoalcooler
Pit sawWood chopper
WOOD
FUEL
ELEC –TRICITY
AIR
Railwaysleepers
Transport
Block ofretorts
Furnace Brickwork
Timberdryer
Saw-dust
Flue gases, 800°C
Flue gases, 800°C
Pyroli-genousvapour
~ 350°C
Chunkwood +
creosote
Stack gases
Market
Charcoal
H20; CO2 CO; NOx; Dust
CLEAN COAL 300MW POWER PLANT ENERGY DIAGRAM
AIR
CLEANCOALFUEL
Furnacecombustion
Boiler Turbine +Generator
56 GJ4.938%
0%
Thermalenergy
Hot flue gases1260 GJ
80%80%
MarketAsh
0 GJ0%
100%
Steam1134 GJ
90%100%
Thermalenergy
Ash1 GJ
0.063%0.063%
16 GJT=192748.9257472
Heat loss126 GJ
10%0%
Electricity539 GJ
47.531%50%
Thermal energy539 GJ
47.531%50%
Heat loss1 GJ100%
0%
Cooler
Stack gases191 GJ +Heat loss123 GJ
19.937%19.937% Heat
Electricity
Chemical energy
1559 GJT=4.0E+04
Sleepers’ clean charcoal production unit. Calculated indices
0.1352Emergy sustainability index:
9.3611Environmental load ratio (ELR):
2.1515Services to resources:
2.2877Non-renewable to renewable ratio (NRR):
3.7695Emergy investment ratio (EIR):
1.2653Emergy yield ratio (EYR):
4701.0966Transformity:
5.016E+13Emergy yield (Y):
Clean coal 300 MW cogeneration power plant. Calculated indices
11.3383Emergy sustainability index:
20.3131Environmental load ratio (ELR):
0.0044Services to resources:
20.2206Non-renewable to renewable ratio (NRR):
0.0044Emergy investment ratio (EIR):
230.3157Emergy yield ratio (EYR):
60973.2707Transformity:
6.573E+16Emergy yield (Y):
Fuel, % on the total energy output basis Flue gases
CO2 of fossil
origin, t
Noxious substances, kg
Clean-coal Biofuel t/h 103 m3/h CO SO2 NOx
100 - 678.4 554.2 170.2 27.71 2.77 55.42
95 5 (charcoal) 673.2 550.0 161.8 27.50 2.75 55.00
90 10 (charcoal) 675.4 551.8 154.2 27.6 2.76 55.18
95 5 (railway sleepers) 693.2 566.3 161.2 28.31 2.83 56.63
90 10 (railway sleepers) 714.2 583.5 154.2 29.17 2.92 28.35
Emissions of noxious substances of 300 MW co-generation power plant stoked by clean fuel (clean coal + biomass)during 1 hour of operation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Year
Gg
CO
2 eq
.Kioto mērķisScenārijs "ar pasākumiem"Bāzes scenārijs
GHG emissions in Latvia and Kyoto Protocol demands. ♦- Kyoto Protocol demands to Latvia; ▲-scenarios without improvement of technologies; ■ – with improvement of technologies (needs 3R plants for imported coal pretreatment)
Conclusions1. LCA analysis on the bases of emergy approach
demonstrates that co-firing of clean coal with biomass decrease load on environment of the 300 MW power plant.
2. Emergy LCA analysis indices demonstrated sustainability of 300 MW clean coal cogeneration with biomass co-firing plant sustainability.
3. Analysis of Kyoto Protocol goals in case of Latvia showed that for realizing the best scenarios applying of 3R clean coal plant be very useful.
4. The Project demonstrated use of practically all principles of Zero Emissions concept and the clean coal technology is near zero emission.
Last important publications:
Gravitis J. Biorefinery and Lignocellulosics Economy Towards Zero Emissions In: Targeting Zero Emissions for the Utilisation of Renewable Resources (Biorefinery, Chemical Risk Reduction, Lignocellulosic Economy), Eds. K. Iijama, J. Gravitis, A. Sakoda, Tokyo, Japan, Published by UNU/IAS, ANESC/UT and IIS/UT, 1999, pp. 2-11.
Gravitis J. and Della Senta T. Global Prospects of Substituting Oil by Biomass In: World Forests, Markets and Policies, Eds. Matti Palo, Jussi Uusivuori and Gerardo Mery, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, Chapter 2, 23-39.
Zandersons J., Gravitis J., Zhurinsh A., Kokorevics A., Kallavus U., and Suzuki. C. K. Carbon materials obtained from self-binding sugar cans bagasse and deciduous wood residues plastics. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2004, vol. 26, pp. 345-360.
Gravitis J., Zandersons J., Vedernikov N., Kruma I., and Ozols-Kalnins. V. Clustering of bio-products technologies for zero emissions and eco-efficiency. Industrial Crops & Products, 2004, vol. 20, Issue 2, pp. 169-180.
Gravitis J., Zandersons J., Ozols-Kalnins V. and Kokorevics A. How Can the Baltic Countries’Resources be Oriented towards Sustainability? In: Environmental Education, Communication and Sustainability, Vol. 15, “Integrative Approaches Towards Sustainability in the Baltic Sea Region”, Walter Leal Filho and Arnolds Ubelis eds. Peter Lang Publishers House, Frankfurt am Maim, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2004, pp. 67-85.
Thank you for your attention