Jamestown 1607 – The Chesapeake

• 1st Group – Get rich quickers• Joint stock companies • Problems: malarial swamp / “starving time” / Indian

fighting • John Smith – leadership / militancy • John Rolfe – Tobacco development / Pocahontas • Eventual decline of Virginia company – transition to

Royal Colony• Gov – House of Burgesses – Representative

Democracy (limited) • By late 1600s directly controlled by crown –

interests favor crown – Bacon’s Rebellion is evidence of divide

• Life Brutal, Dirty, Short • Big Gap – Rich v. Poor• Split off Maryland (Act of Toleration/ Baltimore)

• Recent archeology on Jamestown Fort 1607 - 2007

Start of African Slavery• Why not Native Americans?• Why not Irish or other “lesser”

whites?• How did West Africans

become enslaved • Caribbean v. N. American

Slavery • Slavery v. Indentured

Servitude• Universality of Colonial Slavery • Product of GWT /

Ethnocentrism

Native American Interaction • Spanish – Priests and Soldiers

to control Native Population – Eventual intermarrying

• French – Priests and Traders to do business with native population

• British – ALL elements of society – Seek to supplant / remove the

native population – Pattern of removal / relocation

starts early

Bacon’s Rebellion is a an example of social inequality as a source of conflict

in the colonies • Bacon’s Rebellion – b/g• Backcountry people want protection from

Royal Governor (Berkeley) v. Indians• Gov makes deal with Indians instead• Backcountry people decide Gov is not living up

to its end of the social contract” and attack Gov– Led by wealthy / charismatic relative of Gov –

Bacon

• Issue manifesto– list of grievances of which Gov is guilty– Similar to reasons for English Civil War 1640s– Model for Declaration of Independence 1776

• Gains momentum but crumbles after Bacon dies of dysentery

• Coincides with King Phillip’s War / Briefly precedes Dominion of New England and Glorious Revolution– Pattern repeats at the end of French and Indian

War – leads to Revolution

Plymouth 1620 • Puritans / Separatists – Logical

extension of Reformation ideas • Calvinistic – Predestination• The Pilgrims / Mayflower /

Mayflower Compact • NOT ALL SEPARATISTS – • NE Style Town Hall

Democracy – Direct Democracy

• Were they really trying for Virginia?

• Importance of Mayflower Compact

• Standish / Bradford

SOAPSTone – Plan for reading Primary Source Documents

• Speaker

• Occasion

• Audience

• Purpose

• Subject

• Tone

– In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc.

– Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620.[

Mass Bay Colony (Boston) 1630• Puritans • City on a Hill – Foundation concept • Williams / Hutchinson Cases• Winthropian Idealism fades w/ 2nd

Generation • Halfway Covenant – Expands democracy • NE Colonies = more democratic than

southern colonies• Emphasis on education • Eventual merge with Plymouth• More democ than other colonies • Wars v. Indians – Pequot / King Philip • Dominion of NE / Andros etc• Salem Witch Hysteria 1692 • “The west” as undefined region past

Worcester • Wars v. French – Queen Ann / King

William – Forts in West / Coastal Islands – Often in

Maine

“A city upon a hill”

Basics on Salem Witch stuff -1692• 1660s – Halfway Covenent• 1676 – King Phillip’s War (Metacom)• 1686-1689 Dominion of New England – and associated

rebellions• 1689 – King William’s War (v. Fr Canada)• All resulted in major population shifts / large numbers of

orphans and widows• No existing structure to deal with DPs• Most orphans become servants of others• Stress as Salem grows – Salem Village seeking

independence• Rev Parrish – is new, unpopular minister in Salem Village

(previously in Maine during a witchcraft outbreak in 1680s) • When girls in Parrish house become ill suspicions fall on

Parrish servants and others• After initial confessions the accusations spread• Use of SPECTRAL EVIDENCE – sets this apart, violates

normal procedure• Eventually Gov. Phipps wife is accused, soon after Gov.

prohibits further arrests and shuts down the investigation• Before it is done 20 are dead (19 hanged, 1 pressed)• Only 10 years later official declaration that court had been

unlawful•

Discussing “How could they believe…”

• Break into 2 groups• Choose a scribe• Go around the group and each person shares 1

sentence from the text that they thought was important - and explain why

• Go around again and each person shares 1 phrase from the text that they thought was important – and explain why

• As a group look at the sentences and phrases you’ve identified – What do they have in common? What do they say about the text? Etc.

• Are there any ideas from the text that you thought were important but didn’t come out yet.

Later Colonies

• Carolinas / NY / NJ / PA / DE – All granted by King to various nobles as rewards / political deals

• Carolinas – Rice belt absentee plantation owners / Slave majority

• NY – Most euro / hierarchical Dutch holdover + Royal origin

• NH other NEs split / solidified after Dominion fiasco

Mercantilism

• As 1600s nation states stabilize they come up with national economic policies

• Goal is a policy that helps the nation as a whole

• Mercantilism is dominant national economic policy of many Euro states in this era

• Main Idea 1 – Maintain a favorable balance of trade (export more than you import)

• Main Idea 2 – Colonies exist to enrich the “mother country” (especially in terms of balance of trade)

• Result – Navigation Laws restrict what economic activities colonists can engage in

• Very Little enforcement in the 1600s – Increased enforcement in the 1700s

Navigation Acts –

– Examples of Mercantile doctrine

– Restoration Kings try to assert more control

– Centralization ends with Glorious Revolution

– Will re-emerge later – Board of Trade / Lords of

Trade • Had power – didn’t use it

Navigation Act of 1660• For the increase of Shiping and incouragement of the Navigation of

this Nation, wherin under the good providence and protection of God the Wealth Safety and Strength of this Kingdome is soe much concerned Bee it Enacted …… noe Goods or Commodities whatsoever shall be Imported into or Exported out of any Lands Islelands Plantations or Territories to his Majesty …………..in Asia Africa or America in any other Ship or Ships Vessell or Vessells whatsoever but in such Ships or Vessells as doe truely and without fraude belong onely to the people of England or Ireland Dominion of Wales or Towne of Berwicke upon Tweede, or are of the built of, and belonging to any of the said Lands Islands Plantations or Territories as the Proprietors and right Owners therof and wherof the Master and three fourthes of the Marriners at least are English under the penalty of the Forfeiture and Losse of all the

By early 1700s

• Colonies firmly established• Threats exist from Native Americans, French, Spanish

– Increased focus on imperial conflicts / Euro spillover

• Some democratic institutions throughout colonies• Britain stabilized after Civil War / Parliamentary Rule /

Restoration / Glorious Revolution • Stabilization / Increased wealth lead to pride – vague

nationalism• Pattern of British history in 1600s sets precedents for

later revolts– King / Government is accountable to some extent to the people

Enlightenment • 5 Ideas– Reason, Nature, Liberty,

Progress, Happiness

• Emphasis on reason / logic • Harmony of science / nature• “natural laws”

– Newton– Smith

• Natural rights • Locke – Influence

– Social Contract

• Franklin / Jefferson = best known Am enlightenment thinkers

• Favorite of wealthy – Way of showing wealth

Enlightenment Ideas Read It, SOAPSTone it,ID 2 quotes that

connect to Enlightenment

• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government,

and to provide new Guards for their future security. —– Continental Congress 1776

The Great Awakening

• After 1690s (Witch Trials) Puritanism lost power in the colonies

• Many concerned about “moral decline” by mid 1700s (kids these days ….!)

• Religious revival movement begins, attempts to re-new morality, awareness of sins

• Preachers become famous. Sermons are outrageous – emotional.

– Edwards, Whitefield, Tennant most famous

• Results – More colleges / new denominations of Protestantism emerge / focus on individual morality/ declining importance of established churches / rise of Deism / start of Af Am Prot Churches

J. Edwards – most famous preacher of the Great Awakening

Famous sermon = Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked. His wrath towards you burns like fire. He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire. You are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince (the devil). Yet it is nothing but God’s hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment.”

•Speaker – Who is what do we know about them?•Occasion – When is this / what else is going on at that time / is this connected to a big trend of the time?•Audience – Who is supposed to be reading this? •Purpose – Why was this written?•Subject – What is this talking about?•Tone – How does it sound? Happy / sad Formal / informal etc.

•What does this document show us about the time period?•What BIG IDEAS of the time period is this document connected to? How?

How does Americanism emerge?

– Local Self Rule – Direct Democracy – Representative Democracy

• Benign Neglect – “a fit of absentmindedness”

• French and Indian War – Removal of perceived

threat– Stirrings of colonial Unity – End myth of British

invincibility