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James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @ Glasgow @ Glasgow Contact: douglas.Paul@glasgow.ac.uk

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Page 1: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow@ Glasgow

Contact: [email protected] @g g

Page 2: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @ Glasgow

In School of Engineering University of Glasgow

Smallest electron‐beam lithography pattern – 3 nmWorld Bests:

In School of Engineering, University of Glasgow

Best layer‐to‐layer alignment accuracy 0.46 nm rms

Smallest diamond transistor (50 nm gate length)

Lowest loss silicon optical waveguide (< 0 9 dB/cm)Lowest loss silicon optical waveguide (< 0.9 dB/cm)

Fastest mode locked laser (2.1 THz)

Highest Q silicon nanowire cavity

Page 3: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

>30 Years Nanofabrication at Glasgow

1978 – EBL on convertedSEM i b t

1989 – our first dedicatedSEM f t l

1990 – Leica EBPG5Fi t UK U i l b tSEM in basement SEM for metrology First UK Uni lab to runprofessional installation

2005 – New James WattNanofabrication Centre built

2006 – New EBL toolState‐of‐the‐art

2007 – Nanoforum formedCross‐disciplinary groupof researchersa o ab cat o Ce t e bu t State o t e a t of researchers

Page 4: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow

750m2 cleanroom ‐ pseudo‐industrial operationVistec VB6 & EBPG5

18 technicians + 5 research technologists

Large number of process modules

(PhD level process engineers)

E‐beam lithography

Large number of process modules

Processes include: GaAs/AlGaAs, InGaAs/InP,III V CMOS MMIC t l t i t t i l

/ l d l h

III‐V CMOS, MMICs, optoelectronics, metamaterials

http://www.jwnc.gla.ac.uk

9 RIE / PECVD 4 Metal dep tools 4 SEMs: Hitachi S4700

Süss MA6 optical &nanoimprintlithographyg p y

Page 5: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Electron Beam Lithography @ GlasgowVistec VB6 electron beam lithography:

maximum 200 mm wafer 

<10 nm minimum feature size (≥4 nm spot)

0.46 nm proprietary layer‐to‐layer alignment

0 k d 100 k i50 keV and 100 keV operation

extra wide field of 1.3 mm

l i t f t t t 0 62laser interferometer stage to 0.62 nm

50 MHz pattern generator

automated alignmentautomated alignment

multi‐substrate load locked

Vistec EBPG5 electron beam lithography:g p y

maximum 150 mm wafer 

<10 nm minimum feature size

0 46 nm proprietary layer to layer alignment0.46 nm proprietary layer to layer alignment

Page 6: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

E‐beam Lithography with HSQ Resist Stephen Thoms

e‐beamCoat HSQ with tungsten 

tungstentungsten

HSQ

SEM backscatter detector

tungstentungstensubstrate

7

8

9Measured linewidth vs dose

5

6

7

50 nm

3

4

16000 20000 24000 28000

Dose ( µC cm -2)

Page 7: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

E b L t L C l ti Ali tE‐beam Layer‐to‐Layer Correlation AlignmentPenrose tile

Normal alignmentmarks ‐ 4 squares

Problems: Low statistics& errors from defects

For correlated alignment –>For correlated alignment  >sharply peaked autocorrelation(i.e. ideal is 2D δ‐function) 

nmWiener–Khintchine theorem –>ideal alignment from perfectly aperiodic pattern

nm

K.E. Docherty et al., Microelect. Eng. 85, 761 (2008)

nm0.46 nm rms layer‐to‐layer alignment

K.E. Docherty et al., Microelect. Eng. 85, 761 (2008)

Page 8: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Optical and Nanoimprint Lithography

Süss MA6 optical i‐line lithography &UV nanoimprint lithography – up to 150 mm substrates

Obducat nanoimprint lithography up to 75 mm substrates

Page 9: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Reactive Ion Etch

6 tools for different etch chemistries / applications

Load‐locked Cl chemistry for GaN& GaAs/AlGaAs etching

CH4/H2 : for selective InGaAs/InP etching

Low damage processes (no reductionin µ or ns in InGaAs HEMTs)

Dry etches for Al, Ti, W, Au, Pt, Pd metals

Dry etches for Si3N4 and SiO2

ICP Deep Si Bosch process for III‐V on Si/SOI

Page 10: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Dielectric Deposition3 tools: PECVD SiO2

PECVD Si3N4

Room temperature ICP PECVD low stress Si3N4 

4.6x106 V/cm breakdown for 5 nm films

Complementary selective dry etches for (In)GaAs

Universities of Sheffield, Cambridge, Glasgow, Nottingham

National Centre for III-V Technologies

Page 11: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Wet Chemical Processing

Page 12: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Metallisation

Plassys I: Load‐locked electron beam evaporator, ion‐beam surface prep with 6 sources for Au, Ge, Ni, Pd, NiCr, Ti

Plassys II: Electron beam evaporatorPlassys II: Electron beam evaporator with 6 sources for Au, Ge, Ni, NiCr, Al, Pt

Pl III d d f tt t l ithPlassys III: dc and rf sputter tool with 6 sources for V, Cr, Cu, W, Al, W/Ti

Thermal evaporator: for non standard materialsThermal evaporator: for non‐standard materials

Page 13: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Metrology4 SEMs: Hitachi S900, S3000, S4700 with EDX and Nova NanoSEM S600

2 Digital Instruments AFM, Veeco Dektak

For dry etch / deposition: ellipsometerQuickTime™ and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 14: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Miscellaneous Tools 

Jipelec JetFirst Rapid Thermal Annealler (RTA)p p ( )

Up to 1000 ˚C anneal in N2

Veeco Dektak 6M

Ellipsometer

Electroplating kit

Ellipsometer

Wire bonder – deep access ultrasonic wedge bonder

Wafer scribe

Wafer saw

Page 15: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Process Integration

Process integration is key to obtain functioning devices

Not all individual processes can be integrated for complete devices 

Heterolayer design must be integrated with full process to maximise device yielddevice yield

Heterolayers optimised for etch stop, Schottky barriers and Ohmic y p p, ycontact are available for many III‐V materials

Page 16: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

MMICs Technology50 nm InGaAsT‐gate HEMT process on 100mm wafers

Maximum ID = 0.9 A/mmMaximum gm = 1.6 S/mmffT = 550 GHzfmax = 440 GHz

P i l d i b id h l

10 nm T‐gate process in development

D i (d i & i i ) MBE h f d

Process includes: airbridge technologyspiral inductors, capacitorswaveguides, antenna

Design (device & circuit), MBE growth, foundry, test

Circuit demonstrators: 94 & 140 GHz LNAs, 94 GHz mixers

140 GHz LNA

I Thayne et al

22 nm

I. Thayne et al., Thin Solid Films 515, 4373 (2007)

Page 17: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Scaling T gate Process to 22 nmScaling T‐gate Process to 22 nm

Ti/Pt/Au

50 SiN50 nm SiN

S. Bentley et al., Microelect. Eng. 85, 1375 (2008)

Page 18: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

22 nm T‐gatesZEB resistprofile

SiN RIE SF6/N2

@ 20W 

Metal 1b l d d

S. Bentley et al., Microelect. Eng. 85, 1375 (2008)

lift‐offMobility and carrier density measurementsused to confirm low damage SiN etching

S. Bentley et al., Microelect. Eng. 85, 1375 (2008)

Page 19: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

III‐V CMOS

Statistical variationof 90 nm devicesof 90 nm devices

Channel mobilityoptimisationAtomic scale optimisationAtomic scale

interfacecharacterisation

Oxide

Predictedperformance

Semiconductor

pcalibrated 

using experimentalp

data

Page 20: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

30 nm RIE Tungsten Gates for III‐V CMOSCMOS

Low damage W RIE Low damage spacer RIE300 K ICP‐CVD Si3N4

spacer depositionNEB31 resistNEB31 resist

RIE SF6:N2ICP SF6:C4F8

X Li et al Microelec Eng 85 996 (2008)X Li et al Microelec Eng 85 996 (2008)

RIE SF6:N2

5:55 sccm20 W, 15 mTorr

ICP SF6:C4F825:15 sccm200 W, 5 mTorr

X. Li et al., Microelec. Eng. 85, 996 (2008)X. Li et al., Microelec. Eng. 85, 996 (2008)

Page 21: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Electrical TestIn cleanroom:

Probe station with Agilent dc test

On‐wafer probing

On‐wafer probing up to 150 mm substrates

Outside cleanroom:

DC to 325 GHz (Agilent B1500 and VNAs)

p g p

In situ CV and variable duty cycle pulsed to 50 ns

Microwave/Millimetre Wave Test & Measurement

In‐situ CV and variable duty‐cycle pulsed to 50 ns

20 GHz nearfield test range ‐ anechoic chamber

VNA suite from MHz to 325 GHz

Page 22: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Quantum Cascade LasersMIR and THz QCLs fabricated

GaAs/AlGaAs and InP/InGaAs(Sb) supported

Ridge, plasmon and racetrack waveguides demonstrated

Page 23: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Semiconductor LasersSemiconductor lasers: ridge, ring, microdiscGaAs/AlGaAs, InGaAs(P)/InP, GaN/ , ( )/ ,

G. Mezosi et al., IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 21, 88 (2009)

2.0

1 CRTFastest mode locked laser at 2.1 THz

Sig 1.4

1.6

1.8

1 CRT

2.1 THz

Delay, ps0 5 10 15

gnal, A.U

.

1.0

1.2

D.A. Yanson et al., IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 38, 244 (2002)

y p

Page 24: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Optoelectronics

Integrated technologies(GaAs/AlGaAs;InGaAs/InP;

GaN)

Pulse shaping using Bragg gratings

GaN)

L.M. Rivas et al., Opt. Lett. 33, 2425 (2008)

Page 25: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

Optoelectronic ModulatorsMach‐Zendermodulators

Photonic crystalsand nanophotonicmodulatormodulator

Page 26: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

RIE dry etching of gallium nitride (GaN)SiCl4/SF6/Ar RIE (physical to chemical etching 1:1), 120W, 40mTorr: 650nm HSQ resist

2-D FDTD simulation resultsProc SPIE Vol 7713 77131N (2010)Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7713, 77131N (2010)

Page 27: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

RIE dry etching of gallium nitride (GaN)SiCl4/SF6/Ar RIE (physical to chemical etching 1:1), 120W, 40mTorr: 650nm HSQ resist

QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

2 D FDTD simulation results 2-D FDTD simulation results Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7713, 77131N, 2010.

Page 28: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

ICP dry etching of indium phosphide (InP)InP/InGaAsP ICP‐RIE: Cl2/Ar/N2 gas mixture

Highly anisotropic process resulted in near‐vertical sidewallsHighly anisotropic process resulted in near vertical sidewalls on deeply etched structures, for a single HSQ hard‐mask used.

Nano-sized features in InP/InGaAsP-based material: SEM micrograph of high aspect ratio (~30) etching. Deeply etched (3.2 µm) and highly recessed first-order sidewall grating fabricated simultaneously with a ridge waveguide.

Page 29: James Watt Nanofabrication Centre - Epitaxy · James Watt Nanofabrication Centre @Glasgow 750m2 cleanroom ‐pseudo‐industrial operation Vistec VB6 & EBPG5 ... PECVD SiO 2 PECVD

ICP dry etching of indium phosphide (InP)

Deep ICP dry etching of InP/AlGaInAs: Cl2/Ar/N2 ICP‐RIESmooth transition between InGaAs capping layer and InP, InGaAsP AlGaInAs layers (equal rate etching process)InGaAsP, AlGaInAs layers (equal‐rate etching process).