jamaica institute of environmental professionals 5th ...balancing national development and...

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Jamaica Institute of Environmental ProfessionalsJamaica Institute of Environmental Professionals

5th Biennial Conference on the Environment 5th Biennial Conference on the Environment ““Balancing National Development and Environmental Protection”Balancing National Development and Environmental Protection”

The Jamaica Pegasus Hotel, Kingston JamaicaThe Jamaica Pegasus Hotel, Kingston JamaicaJune 6 June 6 ––8, 2011 8, 2011

““Wave Energy Conversion Technology for Clean Power Wave Energy Conversion Technology for Clean Power Generation in Jamaica”Generation in Jamaica”

David BarrettDavid BarrettEnBar ConsultingEnBar Consulting

1. Global Scenario

2. Wave Potentials.

3. Technology.

4. Matching Location & Technology.

5. Key Issues.

6. Conclusions.

David Barrett - EnBar Consulting

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Ocean Energy Ocean Energy


Ocean Current Converters

Offshore Wind Power

Tidal Power

Wave Energy Converters

Ocean Thermal Energy Converters

IntroductionIntroduction

• Ocean energy from oscillating seas surface and sea swells.

• Potential power levels of > 1,000 kW per meter of wave crest length. (e.g. comparable solar potential of 100 W/m2).

• All of the energy is concentrated near the water surface with little wave action below 50 m depth.


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POTENTIALSPOTENTIALS

David Barrett – EnBar Consulting

Global PotentialGlobal Potential

• Global wave power resource ~ 1-10 TW (Panicker, 1976)

• Economically exploitable resource varies from 140 - 750 TWh/yr (mature existing designs) (Wavenet, 2003);

• Potentially all UK electricity needs.


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Average Annual Wave Power PotentialAverage Annual Wave Power Potential

• >15kW/m have the potential to generate at competitive prices (UK, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Canada and Australia).


Jamaica is estimated at approx 11 kW/m

Source: Ocean Power Delivery.

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY


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Status of Wave TechnologiesStatus of Wave Technologies

• Current - Pre-commercial – 7%

• 2nd Phase offshore wave farms possibly in 2015-2016.

• Commercial devices by 2018.


AdvantagesAdvantages

1. No significant energy loss over travel distance.

2. More energy dense - 1,000 times the kinetic energy of wind.

3. Diurnal and seasonal reliability for base-load power

4. Overall capacity factors 35 – 40%.

5. Potable water.


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AdvantagesAdvantages

4. Higher power production from waves than wind averaged over time.

5. Minimal or no land requirements.

6. Relatively quieter and less visually obtrusive .

7. 1 – 2 dy forecast predictability


Technical ChallengesTechnical Challenges

• Variability in Wave Direction.

• Wave Movement not easily converted into power.

• Designing for severe waves conditiosn.

• Variability of Wave Power Levels.


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WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES


Wave Energy TechnologiesWave Energy Technologies

Wave conversion devices capture wave motion.

Power Take-off Systems

Power Smoothing systems


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Point Absorber Point Absorber -- CETOCETO• Absorber Systems (Floats or buoys) – harness

vertical wave motion or ocean swells to drive hydraulic pumps.

• High pressure water pumped to land-based reservoir. Low head pelton hydropower turbine. Desalination opportunities.

• Commercial model 5 MW total (Australia).


Point Absorber Point Absorber -- CETOCETO


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Point Absorber Point Absorber -- Archimedes Wave SwingArchimedes Wave Swing

• Buoyant cylindrical, air-filled chamber (the 'Floater') above surface.

• Linear electrical generator produces energy.

• 2 MW Pilot scheme (test in Portugal).


Point Absorber Point Absorber -- WaveWave--Pump SystemPump System

• SEADOG ocean -wave pump oscillates with ocean swells or waves to pump seawater to a land-based holding area or water tower. (Texas GOM - Independent Natural Resources Inc [INRI]) ,

• Hydroelectric turbines.

• Water storage =generation on demand.


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Point Absorber Systems Point Absorber Systems –– 40South Energy40South Energy

• Submerged system.

• Relative motion between Upper Members and Lower Members is converted directly into electricity in the machine.


Point Absorber Point Absorber -- Permanent Magnet BuoyPermanent Magnet Buoy

• Oscillation of a permanent magnet surrounded by an electric coil.

• 1-2 miles offshore.

• Neutral buoyancy.


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Oscillating Water Column (OWC)Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Devices – vertical wave action compresses and decompresses column of air to drive pneumatic turbines.

• Partially submerged structure with an enclosed air chamber, with an underwater aperture.

• Air turbines;

• Scotland and Australia.


OWC OWC -- EnergeTechEnergeTech• PORT KEMBLA, Australia - 100 yards off shore; city of 200,000

people.

• Power to 500 homes along the local grid; desalinate 2,000 liters of drinking water /day .

22David Barrett - EnBar Consulting

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• High wave energy along exposed shoreline.

• Limpet 500 - on the grid since 2000. (Island of Islay, off Scotland’s west coast).

• Air turbines.

OWC OWC -- Limpet Limpet


Overtopping Overtopping -- Wave DragonWave Dragon

• Overtopping Systems - shore-mounted or sea-based. channels and concentrates the waves into an elevated reservoir creating a ‘head’ (water elevation and mass).– Standard hydropower technologies. (

• Danish inlet.

• Full-size device under construction for Wales.


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Overtopping Overtopping -- Wave DragonWave Dragon• Curved reflectors to channel waves into a central receiver.

• Water leaves the reservoir below via low-head water turbines.

Wave Energy Consultancy Team

Commercial target of 12 MW.

Inverted Pendulum Inverted Pendulum -- OysterOyster

• Hydraulic pumps system.

• Pumps high pressure water to land based reservoir.

• Useful for power, shoreline energy dissipation and water desalination.


• Inverted Pendulum systems – resistive obstruction to wave horizontal-perpendicular motion.

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• Harnesses sub-surface circular and horizontal wave motion (Norwegian).

• Wave motion drives hydraulic system, which powers electric generators.

Inverted Pendulum Inverted Pendulum -- LangleeLanglee

Pelamis Wave Energy Converter.Pelamis Wave Energy Converter.• Semi-submerged, articulated

structure. 4 hinged-jointed cylindrical steel sections.

• Wave-induced motion of the joints is resisted by hydraulic rams.

• The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity.


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Pelamis Wave PowerPelamis Wave Power

• Linked to shore through a single seabed cable.

• As much as 5 km offshore.

• Portugal (3), Scotland and UK.

• Capacity factor typically 25-40% of rated power over the course of the year (dependent on location).


Technology Benefits.Technology Benefits.

• Wave parks protect coast line from erosion – beach restoration.

• Zero emission.

• Hybrids for more power.

• Alleviates land constraints for power generation.

• Enhances grid at coastal areas (fringes).


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MATCHING LOCATION & MATCHING LOCATION & TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY


Site SelectionSite Selection


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Wave Energy Data RequirementsWave Energy Data Requirements

• Site Specific Data

• Modeling software.

• Coastal power requirements.


Wave Height (Ft)Wave Height (Ft)

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Wave EnergyWave Energy

• Based on wave rose diagram (courtesy of Smith Warner International) high probability of > 2 m waves 60% of the times and wave period of 9 seconds.

• Potential wave capacity = 23.63 kW/m.

• WaveNet – approaching commercial generation at 30 kW/m.


Possible TechnologyPossible Technology

• Considering 50 - 150 kW unit – Approx 100 homes.

• Inverted pendulum.– (near shore).

• Point Source absorber– (near shore).

• Systems designed for low energy environments < 2 m


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KEY ISSUESKEY ISSUES


Coral Cover Eastern Jamai caCoral Cover Eastern Jamai ca

• Dragon Point- 5.89%• Alligator West- 4.83%• Pellew Island- 9.04%• Courtney’s Reef- 10.01%• Drapers- 21.33%• Dragon Bay- 8.18%• Fairy Hill- 3.98%• Boston Bay- 5.90%

• Policeman's Harbour- 13.64%• Black River - 6.28%• See me no more- 2.76%• Banana House- 6.42%• Manchioneal Harbour- 4.4%• Horse Savannah River- 6.79%


• Potential loss of value to tourism from beach erosion ~ US$19 M.

• Coral reefs of eastern coast under very high threat while coast has only medium protection from reefs.

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Potential Social and Environmental Issues.Potential Social and Environmental Issues.

1. Conflicting recreational use.

2. Fisheries/shipping.

3. Seafloor ecosystems/envi ronment (anchorage, scouring, disturbance etc).

4. Installation/operational issues on seafloor.

5. Aesthetic (visual).


Potential Policy and Power Issues.Potential Policy and Power Issues.

1. Grid access ( licenses, policy, tariffs etc.).

2. Costs (subsea cables, maintenance, reliability).

3. Vision 2030 and Energy Policy support.

4. Phasing, interconnection, distribution (including DG) and transmission.

5. Capacities (kW/MW) and generation rates ($/kWh).


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Wave Energy Generation CostsWave Energy Generation Costs• Investment cost for grid connection is expected to be reduced to

$4,750/kW by 2020.

• Generating costs ~ 44 cents – 50 cents/kWh for a typical project financed commercially (UK-based Carbon Trust).

• UK – average projected/assessed cost of 7.5 cents/kWh with various fiscal incentives paid by consumer.

• Improving technology and economies of scale will bring generation to cost comparable with wind-driven turbines (~ 4.5 cents/kWh).

• Submarine cables.


Comparative Costs (REN21Comparative Costs (REN21--2010)2010)Technology Size Energy Costs

Small Hydro 1 – 10 MW 5 – 12 c/kWh

On-shore Wind 1.5 – 3.5 MW 5 – 9 c/kWh

Small wind 3 – 100 kW 15 – 35 kWh

Off-shore Wind 1.5 – 5 MW 10 – 14 c/kWh

OffOff--shoreshore Wave Wave 0.25 0.25 –– 1 MW1 MW 35 35 –– 4545 c/kWhc/kWhBiomass Power 1 – 20 MW 5 – 12 c/kWh

Geothermal 1 – 100 MW 4 – 7 c/kWh

Roof-top solar PV 2- 5 kW peak (12 – 18% efficiency). 20 – 50 c/kWh

Utility grade solar PV 200 – 100 MW peak 15 – 30 c/kWh

Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP)

50 – 500 MW (trough); 10 – 20 MW (tower);

14 – 18 c/kWh

Ethanol All feedstock 30 – 50 c/litre (cane); 60 – 80 c/litre (corn).

Biodiesel Virgin and recycled feedstock 40 – 80 c/litre.

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ConclusionConclusion1. Technically feasible; commercially viable by 2018.

2. R&D technology transfers with future possibility of lower power cost as technology develops.

3. Jamaica could have potential for small power generation in the short-term.

4. Low environmental impacts and clean power generation -commitments regarding climate change and locally for air quality.

5. Potential for potable water.

6. Possible reduction in damage to coastline from wave energy or improvement of beaches.


ENDENDDavid Barrett

EnBar [email protected]

946-2662/ 342-9996/ 366-2454


jamaica institute of environmental professionals 5th ...balancing national development and...

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