TOWARDS CLEANER INDIAProviding safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to all

Team Jal, IIM LucknowShrishti | Priyanka | Udit | Garima | Chandni

• 74% of the rural population still defecates in the open • Unsafe disposal of human excreta facilitates the transmission of oral-fecal diseases• Even in areas where households have toilets, the contents of bucket-latrines and pits are

emptied without regard for environmental and health considerations• Wastewater treatment capacity is also woefully inadequate. India has neither enough

water to flush-out city effluents nor enough money to set up sewage treatment plants.

Cause of Poor Sanitation

Drinking Water:• Only 32% people drink treated water• 17 per cent fetch drinking water from a

source located more than 500 metres inrural areas

• Only 30% of India's wastewater is beingtreated, with the remainder flowing intorivers and groundwater.

Sanitation Facility:• Through its Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC),

the Government sanctioned projects in all ofIndia’s rural districts,

• 57 million individual household sanitarylatrines (IHHLs) built

• Estimated 119 million units needed to meetthe Government’s goal of eradicating opendefecation by 2015

Improving drinking water and sanitation facility – Motivation Behind the Study

India's existing condition

Total Households 246.6 Million

Access to Toilet 46.90%

Use of Public Toilet 3.20%

Excrete in open 49.80%

Treated water for drinking 32%

• All the run-off from storm water is discharged as sewage• The sewage systems are in very bad condition and need maintenance, replacement in

addition to a great expansion to keep up with the pace of the growing urbanization.• All the major 18 rivers in India polluted due to discharges from agricultural, domestic and

industrial uses

Cause of poor drinking water

Proposed Solution: Drinking Water

Three possible approaches to deliver clean water

ConceptCentral plant for purification &

pipe systems for deliveryClean at village level and monitor

qualityClean at point of use (before

consumption itself)

Target segment Urban and sub-urban areas Villages with population>5000 Remote villages population<5000

MeritsScalable, standardized and

convenientCost effective; community

involvementIndependent of water sources (surface,

well, tap)

Challenges Infrastructure, expensive, illegal tapping

Monitoring, maintenance & quality problems

Individual level awareness & responsibility; safe storage needed

Currently exists? Yes Yes but not effective No

Scope of initiatives Difficult to implement in rural areas- High investment

Leverage existing infrastructure New technological initiatives

Technological SolutionsTFC- Thin film composites for RO filters – fix on tube-wellsNanoparticle technology- silver ions mechanism for householdsInnovative point-of-use products – aquatab, waterguard

Awareness GenerationNGO Partnership & Women as target initiator (involve SHGs)Sustainable water replenishment by watersheds, conservationDrinking water cleanliness guidelines – water education for all

PPP – For community welfare initiativesCSR activities of MNCs focusing on water managementInvolve schools to conduct monitoring campaigns with studentsEntrepreneurial projects to increase efficiency of execution

Infrastructure DevelopmentTanks for clean storage in schools, religious placesDistribution Kendra for Aquatabs in every village

Reed beds and duckweed ponds in all villages

Proposed Solution: Sanitation Facilities

Construction of individual and community based toilets Stepwise Segment : Based on coverage ratio, first target villages with 0-20% facilities & then 20-40% APL and BPL - Create awareness of sanitation for APL & construct toilets for BPL Households: Construction of toilets for a household, ‘Nari ki prathamic zaroorat ‘: Construct public toilets & bathrooms for women

Defecation Facilities

Sludge management

Remote Areas: Land filling , Incineration & Heat Recovery Beneficial Reuse: Direct Application of Digested Sludge

Trenching of Undigested Sludge Sewage Sludge: Commercial Electricity Production via production of Bio Gas

Processing Compositing ( naturally recycling organic waste & adding nutrients to make it a fertilizer)

Liquid Waste Management-

NeeriTechnology

Caters to the main reason of people not using the defecation facility, i.e., improper Waste management Use of Phytorid technology: constructed wetland designed for the treatment of municipal, urban, agricultural

and industrial wastewater Based on the specific plants, such as Elephant grass Treated effluent shall be useful for municipal gardens, fountains and irrigation

Awareness

Organizing campaigns with the help of NGOs and Private Players like ‘ Importance of Washing Hands’ Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Award) mandates functional toilets in all Government, Government aided and private schools and all Co -ed Upper Primary schools to have separate toilets for boys and girls. Deliver lectures in schools and Gram Sabha to propagate importance of sanitation facilities

Implementation Plan: Key steps & resources required

• Involve NGOs in conducting water management workshops involving women and children majorly

• Develop habits for sustaining use of these products & provide recognition/applaud for motivationRaise Awareness

• Work with local SMEs to procure & deliver the products for trial & generate re-purchase willingness

• Provide training to women on the usage of the product and storage of clean water post treatmentPoint of use Products

• Infrastructure development for wastewater management & storage of clean/purified drinking water

• NGOs can conduct frequent campaigns to teach the villagers about product usage & its efficiencyPPP terms and NGO

involvement

• Extension activities to educate them on usage of these products & convey their long-term benefits

• Village goshthis meetings to discuss drinking water issues and usage of available technology for itCommunity involvement

for water education

• Promote weekly cleaning of all household storage vessels & monitoring of chemical content in water

• Conduction of monthly check on community drinking water storage tanks and quality reports Monitoring and

Maintenance

Key StakeholdersVillage men & women, NGO

personnel, school students, volunteers, MNCs, govt. officials

& staff, SHGs, healthcare staff

Source of fundingGovt. budget, Corporate CSR

budget, Voluntary organizations, NGO

sponsors, Global Agencies for water

management & conservation

Existing Govt. Infrastructure

Community Storage Tanks cleanliness,

Tube wells renovation, pipelines cleaned, state govt.

responsible for monitoring alignments

RationaleInvolvement of

Private players and NGOs will increase

the reach and efficiency of

execution. Also, it will help in basic awareness generation

No of villages (in mn) Population

1.45 500-999

1.3 1000-1999

1.28 2000-4999

Element Cost / unit No of units Targeted Total Cost

Aqua swabs/Alums - 50% of villages with population

<5000 100 4030000 2015000 201,500,000

TFC purifier - targeted at 50% of villages with population >10,000 6100 3961 1981 12,081,050

Human resource 10,00,000

Maintenance 20,00,000

Infrastructure 50,00,000

Operating cost 1981 4,00,000

Capital cost 1981 8,00,000

Total cost 213,581,050

Total villages (population <5000) in millions 4.03

Total villages (population >10,000) in millions 3961

Variable cost of production of a 4” diameter TFC spiral module

10 s.q m of TFC membrane 2,200

Product and feed spacers 2000

Product tube (1.2 m), end caps, adhesive, hard wrap 1600

Energy Cost 50

Labour cost (7 semi-skilled/shift x 2 shifts) 250

Implementation Plan: Clean Water Solution

Water education volunteers

in schools & village

choupals

ProductsFront-line

sales staff for door-to-door

delivery

Quality testing and monitoring

staff for each village

Rural Infrastructure Development & staff for construction or product

distribution activities

Constructionworkers and

labour for installations of RO, TFCs

Private company

mangers and govt.

employees for inspections

Awareness

NGO & SHG volunteers for extension and

promotion activities

Human Resources required at different levels in proposed solution

Total cost for all the proposed solutions was calculated and overall estimate of required resources was made at each level.The calculations also include awareness and other campaigns

within the HR cost and other costs have been estimated to nearest levels for total solution at each step involved

Implementation Plan: Sanitation Facilities Solution

Infrastructure

Key Steps1. Identification of the areas

and households

2. Construction of individual

and community facilities

3. Monitoring that they use

these facilities

Construction of new facilities

will require atleast 500 sqr m

area for a village

Defecation Facilities Liquid Waste Management

Human Resources

StakeholdersLocal bodies can monitor

Residents of cities and villages

Schools can be used to

increase awareness

Project staff for construction

Maintenance staff

Cleaners and guards

Sludge Management

The local bodies to monitor

Private Entrepreneurs for

constructions

Local bodies for better drainage

system

The construction of plant can

be outsourced to

entrepreneurs

Present staff can be used

Land owners from whom land will

be acquired

Project Staff

Other organisations like fertilizer

companies, Energy organizations

Project Staff for construction of

plant or contract management

1. Water collection : through

drainage system

2. Water processing:

Construction of the plant

3. Redistribution of the

processed water

1. Identify the type of process

for a particular area

2. Collection of waste

3. Processing the waste to

produce electricity

4. Processing the waste to

produce Composite

Total area required for the system is approximately 35 sq. m. for 20 M3/DayDevelopment of drainage system

Development of waste collection

system

Construction of Waste Processing

Plants

Implementation Plan: Financial Analysis of Sanitation Facilities

Decentralized recruitment

Outsourcing the projects for speedy

implementation

Quality testing and monitoring by local bodies.

Constructionworkers and labourfor installations of

facilities

Rationale: Costs of Waste water and Solid Waste management is very high .This can be justified by long term benefits of these projects and sustainable growth of the country .

Sources of Fund:The government has a budget of 15265 crores . Hence this can be implemented phase-wise .More budget can be allocatedPublic Private partnership can be done and private parties may gain in operation of these facilities by funding the initial investment

Human Resource

Defecation Facilities

No. of Households 200

Cost of a Toilet 2500

Total cost of building toilets 625000

Phytorid Plant

Initial Investment 80 lakhs

Annaul Maintenance 8 lakhs

Total Cost 88 lakhs

Electricity Production Plant

One time Expert Consultation 200000

Legal Proceedings 100000

Land Acquisition 100000

Miscellaneous 100000

Recurring Costs 260000

Staff Salaries 240000

Maintenance and Equipments 20000

Total cost to start the project 1020000

Criteria to measure the impact of the solution

• DALY – Disability Adjusted Life years

• DALY is used by WHO, World Bank currently

• 1 DALY = loss of one year of equivalent health

• Reduction in the number of deaths due to diseases like Malaria, Water-Borne Diseases in a year

• % increase in the tap water penetration in rural areas

• No of community based water purifiers fully operationalized in one year

Scalability of the solution• The solution does not requires much

upfront capital investments• Easy to procure and distribute Aqua

Slabs, Alums and R.O• Cost effective and scalable to remote

areas as well• Variable expenses – monitoring and

maintenance

Sustainability of the solution

In long run – Instead of undertaking initiatives to provide safe drinking water , Eliminate the sources of contaminated water

One cannot control the source accessed to drink water. Hence make pure and safe drinking water available at all points of water sources accessed for drinking waterOur solution addressed this challenge and will thus be sustainable

Monitoring Mechanisms

• Adopt HACCP – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points

• Follow the 8-step process • Risk assessment• Establishment of preventive

measures with critical limits for each control point

• Establishment of procedures to monitor

• Establishment of corrective actions

• Verification• Effective record keeping• Continuous quality

Improvement• Set-up water quality testing

stations as well as on-the spot water quality test campaigns

• Continually engage is raising awareness and benefits

Impact of the drinking water solution

Impact of the Sanitation Facilities Solution

Benefits Sustainability Scalability

PhytoridTechnology for Waste Water

Treatment

No power requirement Low capital cost compared with standard sewage/ effluent treatment systems Simple construction Low maintenance costs

Due to absence of mechanical or

electrical machines the project life is

almost 30-35 years.

Can be implemented phase wise in all the districts The costs can be distributed over the years .

Incineration and

Land Fill

Reduced Construction materials

Low Cost

Reduced road transport as the

material is not transmitted

Effective treatment of water so that

people use indoor toilets

With the current resources it is the

most practical decision to

implement.

Currently the most implemented.

In the long run, we need to scale

down these projects . But for this

overall connectivity of villages must

be improved

Composite

Reduced reliance on inorganic fertilizers Resource conservation Soil conservationReduced use of non-renewable fuels

The project can be sustained bycooperatives or private companies. Operation costs can be profitably met with production of fertilizers

Difficult to implement in remote

areas but can be implemented in

large villages and cities

Electricity

Production

Solution will not only help in solving

the problem of solid waste but also

provide electricity at village level

Co-operative structure can also

operate in this , once community has

a capacity, the operations would be

handed over to the co-operative,

with support of the promoters.

Can be scaled up to different

districts with the help of Public

private partnership

Challenges and Mitigation Factors

Awareness needs to start from women and children of the household to penetrate effectively and sustain for long-term development Government needs to simplify the current hierarchy in implementation of these projects at village level to reduce time & inefficiencies Heat generated in the Incineration Process can be used for Flash Drying to avoid resource loss & air pollution Adding nutrients to the residue obtained from composting to make it a fertilizer

Social• Managing drinking water separately than water for bathing,

cleaning & agricultural is not a prevalent practice in rural areas • Adoption of sanitation habits might be a taboo in some areas• Awareness needs to be at grass-root level with focus on women• Soil contamination through sludge processing

Economic• Cost for operation does not include maintenance & servicing• High fixed costs for construction projects for toilets/pipelines• Hi-tech solutions have obsoleting risk which increases scaling cost• Scalability for personal solutions has high time- cost associated

Technological• Complex technical solutions have high risk of adoption failure• Maintenance is difficult at rural level due to lack of literacy• Quality monitoring & chemical content difficult to educate them• Plants requiring electricity continuously is a challenge in villages• Ash (hazardous waste) likely to be generated from Incineration

process• Gas emission during Incineration

Political• Policy issues in implementing a PPP as budget allocation is fixed• Infrastructural projects require central & state alignments• Complex structure to operate with NGOs in these activities• Approval of different nodal agencies for technological projects• Political issues in Gram Sabha & Panchayati Raj

How to mitigate above challenges?

Challenges

References

http://www.neeri.res.in/pdf/Phytorid.pdf

http://gramvikas.org/uploads/file/Publications/WebPublications/Foundations/11_Indias%20sanitation%20for%

20all.pdf

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmpfinal.pdf

http://www.mdws.gov.in/node/1332

http://www.cess.ac.in/cesshome/wp%5CWater.pdf

http://mdws.gov.in/sites/upload_files/ddws/files/pdfs/Budget%20Allocation%20During%202013.pdf

http://www.srtt.org/institutional_grants/pdf/tata_ge.pdf

http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/drinking-water-quality-rural-india.pdf

http://swsmup.org/wp-content/themes/swajal/pdf/ruraldrinkingwater_guidelines.pdf