jacques lacan, my teaching
DESCRIPTION
Three very brief essays from 1967-68 by Lacan providing an introduction to his theories for newcomers to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Edited and translated by Jacques-Alain Miller.TRANSCRIPT
MY
TEAC
HIN
G
MY
TEAC
HIN
G
JAC
QU
ES
LA
CA
N
Tran
slat
ed
by D
avid
M
acey
VER
SOLo
ndon
• N
ew Y
ork
:• »
Thi
s ed
ition
fir
st p
ubli
shed
by
Ver
so 2
008
©
Ver
so 2
008
Tra
nsla
tion
©
Dav
id M
acey
200
8Fi
rst
publ
ishe
d as
Man
Ens
eign
emen
t©
E
ditio
ns d
u Se
uil
2005
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righ
ts r
eser
ved
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al r
ight
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hor
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or h
ave
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erte
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57
91
08
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2
Ver
soU
K:
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eard
Str
eet,
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don
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OE
GU
S: 2
0 Ja
y St
reet
, Su
ite 1
010,
Bro
okly
n, N
Y 1
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ooks
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rary
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ata
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rary
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er T
ext
UK
Ltd
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ghPr
inte
d in
the
US
by M
aple
Vai
l
CONT
ENTS
Prefa
ce
by J
acqu
es-A
lain
M
ille
r
1 T
he P
lace
, O
rigi
n an
d E
nd o
f M
y T
each
ing
2 M
y T
each
ing,
Its
Nat
ure
and
Its
End
s
3 So
, Y
ou W
ill
Hav
e H
eard
Lac
an
Bio-
Bibl
iogr
aphi
cal
Not
es
vu
1
57 91 115
PREF
ACE
It
was
19
67,
and
then
19
68,
befo
re
the
mon
th
ofM
ay.
Ecrit
s ha
d be
en p
ublis
hed
in l
ate
1966
. L
acan
was
invi
ted
ever
ywhe
re
to
talk
ab
out
it.
He
som
etim
esac
cept
ed t
he i
nvita
tions
and
wen
t to
var
ious
pro
vinc
ial
tow
ns.
He
foun
d hi
mse
lf f
aced
with
aud
ienc
es w
ho w
ere
not
fam
iliar
w
ith w
hat
he c
alle
d hi
s 's
ame
old
stor
y'.
He
impr
ovis
ed,
desc
ribe
d hi
s di
ffic
ultie
s w
ith h
is c
olle
ague
s,an
d ex
poun
ded
the
conc
epts
of p
sych
oana
lysi
s in
the
mos
tac
cess
ible
sty
le.
He
was
fun
ny.
For
exam
ple:
'W
e've
alw
ays
know
n ab
out
the
unco
nsci
ous.
B
ut i
n ps
ycho
-an
alys
is,
the
unco
nsci
ous
is a
n un
cons
ciou
s th
at
thin
ksha
rd.
Just
a m
inut
e, j
ust
a m
inut
e.'
He
also
vi
site
d It
aly,
w
here
he
ga
ve
thre
e le
ctur
es.
The
te
xt,
w
hich
was
w
ritt
en
in
adva
nce,
is
in
clud
ed
in
Aut
res
e'crit
s, Pa
ris:
Se
uil,
2001
,32
9-3S
9.
Pref
a,
Som
etim
es i
t ev
en s
ound
ed l
ike
a sk
etch
by
som
eone
like
Pie
rre
Dae
, D
evos
or
Bed
os:
Psy
choa
naly
sts
do
not
say
that
th
ey
know
in
so
man
y w
ords
, bu
t th
ey i
mpl
y th
at t
hey
do.
'We
dokn
ow
a bi
t ab
out
it,
but
let's
ke
ep
quie
t ab
out
that
. L
et's
kee
p it
bet
wee
n ou
rsel
ves.
' W
e en
ter
this
fi
eld
of
know
ledg
e by
w
ay
of
a un
ique
expe
rien
ce
that
co
nsis
ts,
quit
e si
mpl
y,
in
bein
gps
ycho
anal
yzed
. A
fter
th
at,
you
can
talk
. B
eing
able
to
talk
doe
s no
t m
ean
that
you
do
talk
. Y
ouco
uld.
You
cou
ld i
f yo
u w
ante
d to
, an
d yo
u w
ould
wan
t to
if
you
w
ere
talk
ing
to
peop
le
like
us,
peop
le w
ho a
re i
n th
e kn
ow,
but
wh
at's
the
poi
nt?
And
so,
we
rem
ain
sile
nt w
ith
thos
e w
ho d
o kn
owan
d th
ose
who
d
on
't kn
ow,
beca
use
thos
e w
hod
on
't kn
ow
cann
ot k
now
.
The
n ca
me
thin
gs
that
w
ere
mor
e co
mpl
ex,
but
they
w
ere
alw
ays
intr
oduc
ed
wit
h th
e gr
eate
st
sim
-pl
icit
y.T
his
volu
me
brin
gs t
oget
her
thre
e le
ctur
es,
whi
ch I
have
edi
ted
and
whi
ch h
ave
not
prev
ious
ly b
een
publ
ishe
din
boo
k fo
rm.
The
y ar
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
2 [A
ndre
Isa
ac,
'Pie
rre
Dae
' (18
93-1
975)
, R
aym
ond
Dev
os (
1922
-200
6) a
nd G
uyB
edos
(19
34—
) ar
e th
ree
wel
l-kn
own
Fren
ch c
omic
s.]
Prefc
ace
'The
P
lace
, O
rigi
n an
d E
nd
of
My
Tea
chin
g'(V
inat
ier,
L
yon,
an
asy
lum
fou
nded
un
der
the
July
M
onar
chy)
. T
he
lect
ure
is f
ollo
wed
by
adi
alog
ue w
ith
the
phil
osop
her
Hen
ri M
aldi
ney.
'My
Tea
chin
g,
Its
Nat
ure
an
d It
s E
nds'
(B
or-
deau
x).
A l
ectu
re t
o ps
ychi
atri
c in
tern
s.'S
o,
You
Wil
l H
ave
Hea
rd
Lac
an'
(Fac
ulty
of
Med
icin
e,
Str
asbo
urg)
. T
he
titl
e is
bo
rrow
ed
from
th
e be
ginn
ing
of t
he
lect
ure. Ja
cque
s-A
lain
M
iller
IX
THE
PLAC
E,
ORIG
INAN
D
END
O
F M
Y TE
ACHI
NG
I do
not
thi
nk I
will
giv
e yo
u m
y te
achi
ng i
n th
e fo
rm o
f api
ll; I
thi
nk t
hat
wou
ld b
e di
ffic
ult.
Per
haps
tha
t w
ill c
ome
late
r. T
hat
is a
lway
s ho
w i
ten
ds.
Whe
n yo
u ha
ve b
een
dead
lon
g en
ough
, yo
u fi
ndyo
urse
lf b
eing
sum
med
up
in th
ree
lines
of
a te
xtbo
ok
-th
ough
whe
re I
am
con
cern
ed,
I'm n
ot t
oo s
ure
whi
chte
xtbo
ok i
t w
ill b
e. I
can
not
fore
see
whi
ch t
extb
ooks
Iw
ill f
igur
e in
bec
ause
Lca
nnot
for
esee
any
thin
g to
do
wit
hth
e fu
ture
of
my
teac
hing
, or
in
othe
r w
ords
psy
cho-
anal
ysis
/ W
e do
n't
know
w
hat
wil
l be
com
e of
thi
sps
ycho
anal
ysis
^ F
or
my
part
, I
do
hope
it
be
com
esso
met
hing
, bu
t it
is
not
cert
ain
that
tha
t's t
he w
ay i
tis
hea
ding
.o
You
can
see
from
tha
t th
at m
y ti
tle,
'T
he P
lace
, Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Tea
chin
g',
can
begi
n to
tak
e on
a m
eani
ngth
at i
s m
ore
than
just
sum
mat
ive.
Wha
t I
am tr
ying
to d
o
My
Teac
hing
is t
o le
t yo
u in
on
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is u
nder
way
, th
at i
s in
trai
n, s
omet
hing
tha
t is
unf
inis
hed
and
that
wil
l pro
babl
ybe
fin
ishe
d on
ly w
hen
I am
fin
ishe
d, i
f I
do
n't
have
one
of
thos
e an
noyi
ng a
ccid
ents
tha
t m
ake
you
outl
ive
your
self
.T
here
ag
ain,
I'm
te
lling
yo
u I'm
no
t he
adin
g in
tha
tdi
rect
ion.
It's
lik
e a
wel
l-co
nstr
ucte
d di
sser
tati
on,
wit
h a
star
t, a
begi
nnin
g an
d an
end
. 'P
lace
', be
caus
e w
e re
ally
do
have
to b
egin
at
the
begi
nnin
g.
In t
he b
egin
ning
, th
ere
was
not
the
ori
gin.
The
re w
as t
hepl
ace. The
re a
re p
erha
ps t
wo
or t
hree
peo
ple
here
who
hav
eso
me
idea
abo
ut t
his
sam
e ol
d st
ory
of m
ine.
Pla
ce i
s a
term
I o
ften
use
, be
caus
e th
ere
are
ofte
n re
fere
nces
to
plac
e in
the
fie
ld t
hat
my
disc
ours
es —
or m
y di
scou
rse,
if
you
pref
er —
dea
l w
ith.
If
you
wan
t to
kno
w w
here
you
are
in t
hat
fiel
d, i
t is
adv
isab
le t
o ha
ve w
hat
othe
r an
dm
ore
self
-ass
ured
dom
ains
cal
la jo
polo
gy,
and
to h
ave
som
e id
ea o
f how
the
sup
port
on
whi
ch w
hat
is a
t st
ake
isin
scri
bed
was
con
stru
cted
, yI
cert
ainl
y w
ill
not
get
that
far
thi
s ev
enin
g be
caus
e I
abso
lute
ly r
efus
e to
giv
e yo
u m
y te
achi
ng in
the
for
m o
f ali
ttle
il
l.. '
Bla
ce'
mea
ns s
omet
hing
ver
y di
ffer
ent
here
. x-
—
^
*
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
from
wha
t it
mea
ns in
/top
olog
y, i
n th
e se
nse
of s
truc
ture
,w
here
it
is ju
st a
que
stio
n~oT
Kno
win
g w
heth
er a
sur
face
isa
sphe
re o
r a
ring
, be
caus
e w
hat
can
be d
one
wit
h it
is n
otat
all
the
sam
e/ B
ut th
at i
s no
t w
hat
this
is
abou
t. 'P
lace
'ca
n ha
ve a
ver
y di
ffer
ent
mea
ning
. It
sim
ply
mea
ns t
hepl
ace
I ha
ve c
ome
to,
and
whi
ch p
uts
me
in a
pos
ition
to
teac
h, g
iven
tha
t th
ere
is s
uch
a th
ing
as t
each
ing.
Wel
l, th
at p
lace
has
to
be i
nscr
ibed
in
the
regi
ster
of
wha
t is
our
com
mon
fat
e. Y
ou o
ccup
y th
e pl
ace
whe
re a
nac
t pu
shes
you
, ju
st l
ike
that
, fr
om t
he r
ight
or
the
left
,an
y ol
d w
ay.
It s
o ha
ppen
s th
at c
ircu
mst
ance
s w
ere
such
that
, tr
uth
to
tell
, I
real
ly
did
not
thin
k it
w
as m
yde
stin
y, a
nd .
. .
wel
l .
..
I ju
st h
ad to
gra
b ho
ld o
f the
thre
ad.
It a
ll r
evol
ves
arou
nd t
he f
act
that
the
fun
ctio
n of
the
psyc
hoan
alys
t is
not
sel
f-ev
iden
t, th
at,
whe
n it
com
es t
ogi
ving
him
his
sta
tus,
his
hab
its,
his
ref
eren
ce,
and
even
his
plac
e in
the
wor
ld,
noth
ing
is o
bvio
us,
noth
ing
is s
elf-
evid
ent
at a
ll..y
jrtie
re a
re t
he p
lace
s I
talk
ed a
bout
fir
st:
topo
logi
cal
plac
es, p
lace
s th
at h
ave
to d
o w
ith
esse
nce,
and
then
the
reis
you
r pl
ace
in t
he w
orld
s/Y
ou u
sual
ly g
et t
o th
at p
lace
by p
ushi
ng a
nd s
hovi
ng.
In s
hort
, it
lea
ves
you
som
eho
pe.
No
mat
ter
how
man
y of
you
the
re a
re,
you
will
alw
ays
end
up i
n a
cert
ain
plac
e, w
ith
a bi
t of
luck
. It
goe
s
no f
urth
er t
han
that
.
.
My
Teac
hing
So f
ar a
s m
y pl
ace
is c
once
rned
, th
ings
go
back
to t
heye
ar 1
953.
At
that
tim
e, i
n ps
ycho
anal
ysis
in F
ranc
e, w
ew
ere
in w
hat
mig
ht b
e ca
lled
a m
omen
t of
cri
sis.
The
rew
as t
alk
of s
etti
ng u
p an
inst
itut
iona
l m
echa
nism
to s
ettl
eth
e fu
ture
sta
tus
of p
sych
oana
lyst
s.A
ll ac
com
pani
ed b
y bi
g el
ectio
n pr
omis
es.
If y
ou g
oal
ong
wit
h M
r S
o-an
d-so
, w
e w
ere
told
, th
e st
atus
of
psyc
hoan
alys
ts w
ill
quic
kly
be g
rant
ed a
ll so
rts
of o
ffic
ial
sanc
tions
and
ble
ssin
gs —
espe
cial
ly m
edic
al s
anct
ions
and
bles
sing
s.
As
is th
e ru
le w
ith p
rom
ises
of
this
kin
d, n
othi
ng c
ame
of t
hem
. A
nd y
et s
omet
hing
was
set
up
as a
res
ult.
It s
o ha
ppen
ed t
hat
this
cha
nge
did
not
suit
eve
ryon
e,fo
r ex
trem
ely
cont
inge
nt r
easo
ns.
So l
ong
as t
hing
s ha
dno
t be
en s
ettl
ed,
ther
e co
uld
be —
wer
e —
fric
tions
, w
hat
we
call
con
flic
ts.
In t
he m
idst
of
this
com
mot
ion,
I f
ound
mys
elf,
alo
ngw
ith
a nu
mbe
r of
oth
ers,
on
a r
aft.
For
ten
yea
rs,
we
lived
on,
wel
l, o
n w
hate
ver
cam
e to
han
d. W
e w
eren
'tco
mpl
etel
y w
itho
ut r
esou
rces
, w
eren
't co
mpl
etel
y do
wn
and
out.
And
in
the
mid
st o
f al
l th
at,
it s
o ha
ppen
ed t
hat
wha
t I
had
to s
ay a
bout
psy
choa
naly
sis b
egan
to
have
ace
rtai
n im
port
.
The
se a
re n
ot t
hing
s th
at h
appe
n al
l by
the
mse
lves
.Y
ou c
an ta
lk a
bout
psy
choa
naly
sis
just
lik
e th
at,
bah!
, an
dit
is
very
eas
y to
ver
ify
that
peo
ple
do t
alk
abou
t it
lik
e
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
that
. It
is
not
quit
e so
eas
y to
tal
k ab
out
it e
very
wee
k,m
akin
g it
a r
ule
neve
r to
say
the
sam
e th
ing
twic
e, a
ndno
t to
say
wha
t is
alr
eady
fam
iliar
, ev
en th
ough
you
kno
wth
at w
hat
is a
lrea
dy fa
mili
ar i
s no
t ex
actl
y un
esse
ntia
l. B
utw
hen
wha
t is
alr
eady
fam
iliar
see
ms
to y
ou t
o le
ave
a lo
tto
be
de
sire
d,
seem
s to
yo
u to
be
ba
sed
on
a fa
lse
prem
ise,
the
n it
has
ver
y di
ffer
ent
repe
rcus
sion
s,v
Eve
ryon
e th
inks
the
y ha
ve a
n ad
equa
te i
dea
of w
hat
psyc
hoan
alys
is is
. 'T
he u
ncon
scio
us .
. .
wel
l .
. . i
t's th
eun
cons
ciou
s.'
Now
aday
s, e
very
one
know
s th
ere
is s
uch
ath
ing
as a
n un
cons
ciou
s. T
here
are
no
mor
e pr
oble
ms,
no
mor
e ob
ject
ions
, no
mor
e ob
stac
les.
B
ut w
hat
is t
his
unco
nsci
ous?
>J
We'
ve a
lway
s kno
wn
abou
t the
unc
onsc
ious
. O
f co
urse
ther
e ar
e lo
ts o
f thi
ngs
that
are
unc
onsc
ious
, and
of c
ours
eev
eryo
ne h
as b
een
talk
ing
abou
t th
em f
or a
lon
g ti
me
inph
ilos
ophy
. B
ut i
n ps
ycho
anal
ysis
, the
unc
onsc
ious
is
anun
cons
ciou
s th
at
thin
ks h
ard.
It
's
craz
y, w
hat
can
bedr
eam
ed u
p in
tha
t un
cons
ciou
s. T
houg
hts,
the
y sa
y.Ju
st a
min
ute,
just
a m
inut
e. '
If th
ey a
re th
ough
ts, i
t can
' tbe
unc
onsc
ious
. T
he m
omen
t th
e un
cons
ciou
s be
gins
to
thin
k, i
t th
inks
tha
t it
's t
hink
ing.
Tho
ught
is
tran
spar
ent
to
itse
lf;
you
can'
t th
ink
wit
hout
kn
owin
g yo
u ar
e
thin
king
.'O
f co
urse
, th
at o
bjec
tion
no
long
er c
arri
es a
ny w
eigh
tat
al
l. N
ot
that
an
yone
has
any
rea
l id
ea
of w
hat
is
My
Teac
hing
refu
tabl
e ab
out i
t. It
see
ms
refu
tabl
e, b
ut i
t is
irr
efut
able
.A
nd t
hat
is p
reci
sely
wha
t th
e unco
nsc
iousj
^jt^
sjja
ct^a
new
fac
t. W
e ha
ve t
o be
gin
to t
hink
up
som
ethi
ng t
hat
carM
expT
ain
it, c
an e
xpla
in w
hy t
here
are
suc
h th
ings
as
unco
nsci
ous
thou
ghts
. It
's n
ot s
elf-
evid
ent.
No
one
has
in f
act
got
dow
n to
doi
ng t
hat,
and
yet
it i
san
em
inen
tly
phil
osop
hica
l que
stio
n.I
wil
l tel
l yo
u fr
om t
he o
utse
t th
at t
hat
is n
ot h
ow I
set
abou
t it.
It
so h
appe
ns th
at t
he w
ay I
did
set
abo
ut it
eas
ilyre
fute
s th
at
obje
ctio
n,
but
it
is
no
long
er
real
ly a
nob
ject
ion
beca
use
ever
yone
now
is
abso
lute
ly c
onvi
nced
on t
hat
poin
t.
Wel
l th
en,
the
unco
nsci
ous
has
been
acc
epte
d,
but
ther
e ag
ain
we
thin
k th
at a
lot
of
othe
r th
ings
hav
e be
enac
cept
ed —
pre
-pac
kage
d an
d ju
st a
s th
ey c
ome
— an
d th
eou
tcom
e is
that
eve
ryon
e th
inks
they
kno
w w
hat p
sych
o-an
alys
is i
s, a
part
fro
m p
sych
oana
lyst
s, a
nd t
hat
real
ly is
wor
ryin
g. T
hey
are
the
only
one
s no
t to
kno
w.
It's
not
onl
y th
at t
hey
do n
ot k
now
; up
to a
poi
nt,
that
is q
uite
rea
ssur
ing.
If
they
tho
ught
the
y kn
ew s
trai
ght-
away
, ju
st l
ike
that
, m
atte
rs w
ould
be
seri
ous
and
ther
ew
ould
be
no
m
ore
psyc
hoan
alys
is a
t al
l. U
ltim
atel
y,ev
eryo
ne i
s in
agr
eem
ent.
Psyc
hoan
alys
is?
The
m
atte
ris
clo
sed.
But
it
can'
t be
for
psy
choa
naly
sts.
And
thi
s is
whe
re t
hing
s be
gin
to g
et i
nter
esti
ng.
The
rear
e tw
o w
ays
of p
roce
edin
g in
suc
h ca
ses.
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
The
fir
st i
s to
try
to
be a
s w
ith i
t as
pos
sibl
e, a
nd to
cal
lit
into
que
stio
n. A
n op
erat
ion,
an
expe
rien
ce,
a te
chni
que
abou
t w
hich
the
tec
hnic
ians
are
for
ced
to a
dmit
tha
t th
eyha
ve
noth
ing
to
say
whe
n it
co
mes
to
w
hat
is m
ost
cent
ral,
mos
t es
sent
ial
— n
ow
, tha
t w
ould
be
som
ethi
ngto
see
, wou
ldn'
t it
! T
hat
mig
ht s
tir u
p a
lot
of sy
mpa
thy
beca
use
ther
e ar
e, a
fter
all
, a lo
t of
thin
gs t
o do
wit
h ou
rco
mm
on f
ate
that
are
like
tha
t, a
nd th
ey a
re p
reci
sely
the
thin
gs p
sych
oana
lysi
s is
int
eres
ted
in.
The
onl
y pr
oble
m i
s th
at,
wel
l, ps
ycho
anal
ysts
hav
e, a
sfa
te w
ould
hav
e it
, al
way
s ad
opte
d th
e op
posi
te a
ttit
ude.
The
y do
not
say
that
the
y kn
ow i
n so
man
y w
ords
, bu
tth
ey i
mpl
y th
at t
hey
do.
'We
know
a b
it a
bout
it,
but
let's
ke
ep
quie
t ab
out
that
. L
et's
ke
ep
it
betw
een
ours
elve
s.'
We
ente
r th
is f
ield
of
know
ledg
e by
way
of a
uni
que
expe
rien
ce
that
co
nsis
ts,
quit
e si
mpl
y, i
nbe
ing
psyc
hoan
alys
ed. A
fter
tha
t, y
ou c
an ta
lk.
Bei
ng ab
leto
tal
k do
es n
ot m
ean
that
you
do
talk
. Y
ou c
ould
. Y
ouco
uld
if y
ou w
ante
d to
, an
d yo
u w
ould
wan
t to
if
you
wer
e ta
lkin
g to
peo
ple
like
us,
peop
le w
ho a
re i
n th
e
know
, bu
t w
hat's
the
poi
nt?
And
so
we
rem
ain
sile
nt w
ith
thos
e w
ho d
o kn
ow a
ndw
ith
thos
e w
ho d
on
't kn
ow,
beca
use
thos
e w
ho d
on
't
know
can
't kn
ow.
Aft
er a
ll, i
t is
a te
nabl
e po
siti
on.
The
y ad
opt
it, s
o th
atpr
oves
it's
tena
ble.
Eve
n so
, it's
not
to
ever
yone
's li
king
.
V
My
Teac
hing
And
tha
t m
eans
that
, so
mew
here
, th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst h
as a
wea
k sp
ot,
you
know
. A
ver
y bi
g w
eak
spot
.
Wha
t I
have
sai
d so
far
may
see
m c
omic
al t
o yo
u, b
utth
ese
are
not
wea
knes
ses.
It
is c
oher
ent.
Onl
y, t
here
is
som
ethi
ng t
hat
mak
es th
e an
alys
t cha
nge
his
atti
tude
, an
dth
at i
s w
here
it
begi
ns t
o be
com
e in
cohe
rent
.T
he p
sych
oana
lyst
kno
ws
perf
ectl
y w
ell
that
he
has
tobe
ca
refu
l no
t to
su
rren
der
to
his
tem
ptat
ion,
to
his
penc
hant
, an
d in
his
day
-to-
day
prac
tice
he
does
wat
ch h
isst
ep.
Psy
choa
naly
sis i
n th
e co
llec
tive
sen
se,
on t
he o
ther
hand
, or
psy
choa
naly
sts,
whe
n th
ere'
s a
crow
d of
them
, a
host
of
them
, w
ant
it t
o be
kno
wn
that
the
y ar
e th
ere J
OTth
e go
od o
f al
l.
The
y ar
e ve
ry c
aref
ul,
how
ever
, no
t to
mov
e st
raig
htfr
om t
his
'goo
d of
all
' to
the
good
[bi
en]
of th
e in
divi
dual
,of
a p
arti
cula
r pa
tien
t, be
caus
e ex
peri
ence
ha
s ta
ught
them
tha
t w
ishi
ng p
eopl
e w
ell
[bie
n] a
ll to
o of
ten
brin
gsab
out t
he o
ppos
ite e
ffec
t. It
is ra
ther
in
thei
r de
alin
gs w
ith
the
outs
ide
wor
ld t
hat
psyc
hoan
alys
ts b
ecom
e cl
ose
tobe
ing
real
pro
paga
ndis
ts.
No,
in
sofa
r as
the
y ar
e re
pres
ente
d as
a p
rofe
ssio
n,ps
ycho
anal
ysts
abs
olut
ely
wan
t to
be
on th
e ri
ght
side
, on
the
win
ning
sid
e. A
nd s
o, i
n or
der
to p
rove
tha
t th
ey a
re,
they
hav
e to
dem
onst
rate
tha
t w
hat
they
do,
wha
t th
eysa
y,
has
alre
ady
been
fo
und
som
ewhe
re,
that
it
ha
sal
read
y be
en s
aid,
tha
t it
is
som
ethi
ng y
ou c
ome
acro
ss.
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of M
y Te
achi
ng
Whe
n yo
u co
me
to t
he s
ame
cros
sroa
ds in
oth
er s
cien
ces,
you
say
som
ethi
ng s
imil
ar:
nam
ely,
tha
t it
's n
ot a
ll t
hat
new
, th
at y
ou'd
alr
eady
tho
ught
of
it.
And
so
we
rela
te t
his
unco
nsci
ous
to o
ld r
umou
rs,
and
eras
e th
e lin
e th
at w
ould
allo
w u
s to
see
that
the
Fre
udia
nun
cons
ciou
s ha
s ab
solu
tely
not
hing
to
do w
ith
wha
t w
as
calle
d th
e 'u
ncon
scio
us'
befo
re F
reud
.T
he w
ord
had
been
use
d, b
ut i
t is
not
the
fac
t th
at t
heun
cons
ciou
s is
unc
onsc
ious
tha
t is
cha
ract
eris
tic
of it
. T
heun
cons
ciou
s is
not
a n
egat
ive
char
acte
rist
ic.
The
re a
re l
ots
of t
hing
in
my
body
of
whi
ch I
am
not
con
scio
us,
and
that
are
abso
lute
ly n
ot p
art
of th
e F
reud
ian
unco
nsci
ous.
Tha
tth
e bo
dy t
akes
an
inte
rest
in
it f
rom
tim
e to
tim
e is
not
why
the
unc
onsc
ious
wor
king
s of
the
body
are
at
stak
e in
the
Fre
udia
n un
cons
ciou
s.I g
ive
you
this
exa
mpl
e be
caus
e I d
o no
t w
ant
to g
o to
ofa
r. L
et m
e si
mpl
y ad
d th
at t
hey
even
go
so f
ar a
s to
say
that
the
sex
ualit
y th
ey t
alk
abou
t is
the
sam
e th
ing
that
biol
ogis
ts t
alk
abou
t. A
bsol
utel
y no
t. T
hat's
sal
es p
atte
r
[bon
imen
t].
Eve
r si
nce
Fre
ud,
the
psyc
hoan
alyt
ic c
rew
hav
e be
enpr
opag
andi
zing
in
a st
yle
that
the
wor
d bo
nim
ent
capt
ures
very
wel
l. Y
ou h
ave
the
good
[le
bon]
and
the
n yo
u ha
veth
e w
ishi
ng th
em w
ell
[le b
ien}
tha
t I w
as t
ellin
g yo
u ab
out
just
now
. Thi
s re
ally
has
bec
ome
seco
nd n
atur
e fo
r psy
cho-
anal
ysts
. W
hen
they
are
am
ongs
t th
emse
lves
, th
e is
sues
1011
My
Teac
hing
that
are
rea
lly
at s
take
, th
at r
eall
y bo
ther
the
m a
nd t
hat
can
even
lead
to s
erio
us c
onfl
icts
bet
wee
n th
em, a
re is
sues
for
thos
e w
ho k
now
. B
ut w
hen
they
are
tal
king
to
peop
lew
ho d
o no
t kn
ow,
they
tel
l th
em t
hing
s th
at a
re i
nten
ded
to b
e a
way
in,
an e
asy
way
in.
It's
sta
ndar
d pr
acti
ce,
part
of t
he p
sych
oana
lyti
c st
yle.
It's
a te
nabl
e po
siti
on.
It is
not
at
all w
ithin
the
fie
ld o
fw
hat
we
can
call
the
cohe
rent
, bu
t, a
fter
all
, w
e kn
ow a
lot
of t
hing
s in
the
wor
ld t
hat
surv
ive
on t
hat
basi
s. I
t is
part
of
wha
t ha
s al
way
s be
en d
one
in a
cer
tain
reg
iste
r,an
d it
is n
ot
for
noth
ing
that
I
have
des
crib
ed
it as
'pro
paga
nda'
. T
his
term
ha
s ve
ry
spec
ific
or
igin
s in
hist
ory
and
in t
he s
ocio
logi
cal
stru
ctur
e. I
t is
Pro
paga
nda
Jide
i. It
's t
he
nam
e of
a b
uild
ing
som
ewhe
re
in R
ome
whe
re a
nyon
e ca
n co
me
and
go.
So,
tha
t's w
hat
they
do,
and
that
's w
hat
they
hav
e al
way
s do
ne.
The
que
stio
n is
whe
ther
or
no
t it
is t
enab
le w
here
ps
ycho
anal
ysis
isco
ncer
ned.
Is p
sych
oana
lysi
s pur
ely
and
sim
ply
a th
erap
y, a
dru
g, a
plas
ter,
a m
agic
al c
ure
or i
ndee
d so
met
hing
tha
t ca
n ev
erbe
des
crib
ed a
s a
cure
? A
t fi
rst
sigh
t, w
hy n
ot?
The
onl
ypr
oble
m i
s th
at i
s ce
rtai
nly
not
wha
t ps
ycho
anal
ysis
is.
We
firs
t ha
ve to
adm
it t
hat,
if th
at i
s w
hat
it w
as,
we
wou
ld r
eall
y ha
ve to
ask
why
we
forc
e ou
rsel
ves
to p
ut i
ton
, be
caus
e,
of
all
plas
ters
, th
is
is
one
of t
he
mos
tfa
stid
ious
to
have
to p
ut u
p w
ith.
Des
pite
tha
t, if
peo
ple
12
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
do c
omm
it t
hem
selv
es t
o th
is h
ellis
h bu
sine
ss o
f co
min
gto
see
a g
uy t
hree
tim
es a
wee
k fo
r ye
ars,
it
mus
t be
beca
use
it is
of s
ome
inte
rest
in
itse
lf.
Usi
ng w
ords
you
do
not
unde
rsta
nd,
such
as
'tran
sfer
ence
', do
es n
ot e
xpla
in
why
it
last
s.W
e ar
e ju
st o
utsi
de t
he d
oor.
S
o I
real
ly d
o ha
ve t
obe
gin
at t
he b
egin
ning
if I
'm n
ot t
o ta
lk m
ore
sale
s pa
tter
or p
rete
nd I
thou
ght
you
knew
som
ethi
ng a
bout
psy
cho-
anal
ysis
. N
othi
ng I
am
say
ing
here
is
new
. N
ot o
nly
is i
tno
t ne
w,
it's
sta
ring
you
in
the
face
. E
very
one
quic
kly
notic
es t
hat
ever
ythi
ng t
hat
is s
aid
abou
t psy
choa
naly
sis
by w
ay o
f ex
plan
atio
n ad
usu
m p
ublic
um is
sal
es p
atte
r. N
oon
e ca
n be
in
any
doub
t ab
out
that
bec
ause
, af
ter
a w
hile
,yo
u ca
n re
cogn
ize
sale
s pa
tter
w
hen
you
hear
it.
Wel
l, yo
u kn
ow t
he f
unny
thi
ng i
s th
at t
his
is 1
967,
and
the
thin
g th
at b
egan
, ro
ughl
y sp
eaki
ng,
at t
he b
egin
-ni
ng o
f the
cen
tury
, or
let
's s
ay fo
ur o
r fi
ve y
ears
ear
lier
ifw
e w
ant
to g
o a
litt
le f
urth
er b
ack,
if
we
real
ly w
ant
toca
ll w
hat
Fre
ud
was
doi
ng w
hen
he w
as o
n hi
s ow
n'p
sych
oana
lysi
s'
- w
ell,
it's
st
ill h
ere.
Des
pite
all
the
patt
er,
psyc
hoan
alys
is is
aliv
e an
d w
ell,
and
even
enj
oys
a ki
nd o
f re
spec
t, of
pre
stig
e, a
sor
t of
pres
ence
-eff
ect
that
is
quit
e un
usua
l, if
we
thin
k of
the
dem
ands
mad
e by
the
scie
ntif
ic m
ind.
Fro
m t
ime
to t
ime,
thos
e w
ho a
re s
cien
tists
get
ann
oyed
, pr
otes
t an
d sh
rug
thei
r sh
ould
ers.
But
som
ethi
ng s
till
rem
ains
, so
muc
h so
13
My
Teac
hing
that
pe
ople
who
ar
e ca
pabl
e of
mak
ing
the
mos
t di
s-pa
ragi
ng
com
men
ts
abou
t ps
ycho
anal
ysis
wil
l at
ot
her
tim
es i
nvok
e so
me
fact
or
ot
her,
so
me
psyc
hoan
alyt
icpr
inci
ple
or p
rece
pt,
cite
a p
sych
oana
lyst
, or
invo
ke w
hat
is k
now
n ab
out
a ce
rtai
n ex
peri
ence
, as
thou
gh t
hat
wer
eth
e ps
ycho
anal
ytic
exp
erie
nce.
It
mak
es y
ou t
hink
all
the
sam
e. The
re h
as b
een
a lo
t of
sal
es p
atte
r in
his
tory
bu
t, i
f w
e
look
ver
y cl
osel
y, n
one
of it
has
gon
e fo
r th
is l
ong.
The
rere
ally
m
ust
be s
omet
hing
to
it,
som
ethi
ng,
som
ethi
ngth
at p
sych
oana
lysi
s ke
eps
to i
tsel
f, s
omet
hing
tha
t gi
ves
itth
is d
igni
ty,
give
s it
som
e w
eigh
t. T
his
is s
omet
hing
tha
tit
kee
ps v
ery
muc
h to
its
elf,
and
in
a po
siti
on t
hat
I ha
ve
som
etim
es
call
ed b
y th
e na
me
it d
eser
ves:
'e
xtr
ater
ri-
tori
al'.
It i
s w
orth
thi
nkin
g ab
out.
It
is i
n an
y ca
se t
he m
ain
entr
ance
to
the
ques
tion
I a
m t
ryin
g to
int
rodu
ce h
ere.
The
re a
re i
n fa
ct s
till
peo
ple
who
hav
e no
ide
a at
all
wha
t ps
ycho
anal
ysis
is,
who
are
not
par
t of
it,
but
who
have
hea
rd o
f it
and
who
hav
e he
ard
such
bad
thin
gs a
bout
it t
hat
they
use
the
ter
m w
hen
they
wan
t to
fin
d a
nam
efo
r a
cert
ain
way
of
oper
atin
g. T
hey'
ll t
urn
out
boo
ks f
oryo
u ca
lled
The
Psy
choa
naly
sis
of A
lsac
e-Lo
rrai
ne
or
of t
heC
omm
on
Mar
ket.
Tha
t is
a r
eall
y in
trod
ucto
ry s
tep,
but
it
does
hav
e th
evi
rtue
of
stat
ing
very
cle
arly
, and
wit
h no
mor
e re
fere
nce
14
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
than
is
requ
ired
, th
e m
yste
ry s
urro
undi
ng s
ome
of t
hew
ords
we
use,
wor
ds t
hat
have
the
ir o
wn
shoc
k-ef
fect
,th
at m
ake
sens
e. T
he w
ord
'tru
th',
for
exam
ple.
Wha
t is
'the
tru
th'?
Wel
l, '
psyc
hoan
alys
is'
is o
ne o
f th
ose
wor
ds.
At
firs
t,ev
eryo
ne f
eels
tha
t it
mea
ns s
omet
hing
ver
y sp
ecia
l, a
ndab
ove
all
that
tr
uth
is,
in
thi
s ca
se,
arti
cula
ted
wit
h a
mod
e of
rep
rese
ntat
ion
that
gi
ves
the
wor
d 'p
sych
o-
anal
ysis
' its
sty
le,
and
give
s it
its
sec
ond
job
, if
I c
an p
ut i
t
that
way
.T
he tr
uth
in
ques
tion
is
exa
ctly
the
sa
me
as i
n th
em
ythi
cal i
mag
e th
at r
epre
sent
s it
. It
is s
omet
hing
hid
den
in
natu
re,
and
then
it
com
es o
ut q
uite
nat
ural
ly,
emer
ges
from
the
wel
l. I
t com
es o
ut, b
ut t
hat
isn'
t en
ough
. It
spea
ks.
It
says
thi
ngs,
usu
ally
thi
ngs
we
wer
e no
t ex
pect
ing.
Tha
t'sw
hat
we
hear
whe
n w
e sa
y: '
At
last
we
know
the
tru
th
abou
t th
is b
usin
ess.
Som
eone
is b
egin
ning
to c
ome
clea
n.'
Whe
n w
e ta
lk a
bout
'ps
ycho
anal
ysis
', I
mea
n w
hen
we
refe
r to
th
is
thin
g th
at
lend
s it
so
me
wei
ght,
th
at i
sw
hat
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t,
incl
udin
g th
e ap
prop
riat
e
corr
elat
ive
effe
ct,
whi
ch is
wha
t we
call
the
surp
rise
-eff
ect./
One
of
my
stud
ents
sai
d to
me
one
day
whe
n he
was
drun
k —
he'
s be
en p
erpe
tual
ly d
runk
for
som
e ti
me
now
beca
use,
fro
m
tim
e to
tim
e in
his
lif
e,
ther
e ar
e th
ings
that
get
nai
led
to t
he c
ross
— th
at I
was
lik
e Je
sus
Chr
ist.
He
was
ob
viou
sly
taki
ng
the
piss
, w
asn
't he
? G
oes
15
My
Teac
hing
wit
hout
say
ing.
I h
ave
noth
ing
at a
ll in
com
mon
wit
h th
atin
carn
atio
n. I
'm m
ore
the
Pon
tius
Pil
ate
type
.P
onti
us P
ilat
e ha
d no
luc
k, a
nd n
or
do I
. H
e sa
id a
thin
g th
at i
s re
ally
com
mon
plac
e an
d ea
sy to
say
: 'W
hat i
str
uth?
' H
e ha
d no
luc
k, h
e as
ked
the
ques
tion
of
Tru
thits
elf.
Tha
t go
t hi
m i
nto
all
kind
s of
bot
her,
and
he
does
not
have
a g
ood
repu
tati
on.
I re
ally
lik
e C
laud
el.
It's
on
e of
my
wea
knes
ses,
beca
use
I'm
no
Cat
holi
c [t
hala
].
Cla
udel
, w
ith
the
incr
edib
le d
ivin
ator
y ge
nius
he
alw
ays
had,
gav
e P
onti
usP
ilate
a f
ew m
ore
year
s of
lif
e.
Whe
n P
ilat
e w
ent
for
a w
alk,
he
says
, w
hene
ver
Pil
ate
wal
ked
in f
ront
of
wha
t w
e ca
ll, i
n C
laud
elia
n la
ngua
ge o
fco
urse
, an
id
ol —
as
thou
gh
an
idol
w
ere
som
ethi
ngre
pugn
ant,
ugh!
— w
ell,
beca
use,
I s
uppo
se,
he h
ad r
aise
dth
e qu
esti
on o
f th
e tr
uth
prec
isel
y w
here
he
shou
ldn'
tha
ve d
one,
in
tru
th,
ever
y ti
me
he w
alke
d in
fro
nt o
f an
idol
— p
ouf!
— th
e id
ol's
bel
ly o
pene
d, a
nd y
ou c
ould
see
that
it
was
jus
t a
pigg
y ba
nk.
Wel
l, m
uch
the
sam
e th
ing
happ
ened
to
me.
You
hav
eno
ide
a w
hat
effe
ct
I ha
ve o
n ps
ycho
anal
ytic
idol
s.
3 [P
aul
Cla
udel
(18
68—
1955
) w
as
a fa
mou
s F
renc
h po
et,
play
wri
ght,
essa
yist
,di
plom
at a
nd m
embe
r of
the
Aca
dem
ic f
ranc
aise
.]
4 [S
lang
term
for
'C
atho
lic'
der
ived
fro
m c
eux
<jui
vonT
A L
A m
esse
('th
ose
who
go
tom
ass'
).]
5 [T
he a
llus
ion
is to
Pau
l C
laud
el's
pla
y La
Mar
t de
Juda
s; L
e Po
int
de v
ue d
e Po
nce
Pila
te(1
934)
.]
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
Let
's s
tart
aga
in.
We
obvi
ousl
y ha
ve t
o ta
ke t
hing
s on
e st
ep a
t a
tim
e.T
he f
irst
ste
p is
tha
t of
the
tru
th.
Aft
er
wha
t ps
ycho
-an
alys
is h
as s
aid
abou
t tr
uth
, or
wha
t th
ey t
hink
it
has
said
, si
nce
it b
egan
to t
alk,
it
no lo
nger
im
pres
ses
anyo
ne.
Nat
ural
ly.
Whe
n so
met
hing
has
bee
n sa
id a
nd s
aid
agai
n en
ough
tim
es,
it b
ecom
es p
art
of a
gen
eral
aw
aren
ess.
As
Max
Jaco
b us
ed to
say
, and
I tr
ied
to r
epro
duce
it
at t
he e
nd o
fon
e of
my
ecri
ts,
'the
trut
h is
alw
ays n
ew',
and
if it
is
to b
etr
ue,
it h
as t
o be
new
. §o
you
hav
e to
bel
ieve
tha
t w
hat
trut
h sa
ys
is
not
said
in
qu
ite
the
sam
e w
ay
whe
nev
eryd
ay d
isco
urse
rep
eats
it.
-/A
nd t
hen
ther
e ar
e so
me
thin
gs t
hat
have
cha
nged
.T
he p
sych
oana
lyti
c tr
uth
was
that
the
re w
as s
omet
hing
terr
ibly
im
port
ant
at t
he b
otto
m o
f it
, in
eve
ryth
ing
that
gets
hat
ched
up
whe
n it
com
es to
the
int
erpr
etat
ion
of th
e
trut
h, n
amel
y se
xual
lif
e.Is
tha
t tr
ue
or n
ot t
rue?
If i
t is
true
, w
e ne
ed t
o kn
ow i
f th
at w
as o
nly
beca
use
this
was
at t
he h
eigh
t of
the
Vic
tori
an a
ge, w
hen
sexu
alit
yw
as a
s im
port
ant
a pa
rt o
f the
lif
e of
eac
h an
d ev
ery
one
as
it no
w i
s of
eve
ryon
e's
life.
But
, al
l th
e sa
me,
som
ethi
ng h
as c
hang
ed.
Sex
uali
ty is
som
ethi
ng m
uch
mor
e pu
blic
. In
trut
h, I
do
not
thin
k th
atps
ycho
anal
ysis
had
muc
h to
do
wit
h th
at.
Wel
l, le
t's
1617
My
Teac
hing
argu
e th
at if
psy
choa
naly
sis
did
have
som
ethi
ng to
do
wit
hit,
and
tha
t is
pre
cise
ly w
hat
I am
say
ing,
the
n th
is i
s no
tre
ally
psy
choa
naly
sis.
For
the
mom
ent,
the
refe
renc
e to
sex
uali
ty is
not
at a
llin
its
elf
som
ethi
ng t
hat
can
cons
titu
te t
he r
evel
atio
n of
I th
e hi
dden
I w
as t
alki
ng a
bout
. S
exua
lity
mea
ns a
ll so
rts
of t
hing
s,
the
pape
rs,
clot
hes,
th
e w
ay w
e be
have
, th
ew
ay b
oys
and
girl
s do
it
one
fine
day
, in
the
ope
n ai
r, i
n>
the
mar
ketp
lace
.
Sa
vie
sexu
elle
sh
ould
be
w
ritt
en
usin
g a
spec
ial
orth
ogra
phy.
I
stro
ngly
re
com
men
d th
e ex
erci
se
that
cons
ists
in
tryi
ng t
o tr
ansf
orm
the
way
we
wri
te t
hing
s,fa
vi
ce e
xuel
le.
It's
com
e to
tha
t.
It's
qu
ite
a re
veal
ing
exer
cise
, an
d it
's
also
ve
ryto
pica
l. M
onsi
eur
Der
rida
ha
s in
vent
ed g
ram
mat
olog
yto
ent
ice
peop
le w
ho a
re p
arti
al t
o su
ch t
hing
s, t
he o
nes
who
at
the
mom
ent
thin
k th
at, j
ust b
ecau
se li
ngui
stic
s ha
sfl
ung
ever
ythi
ng o
ut,
it's
bee
n a
fail
ure.
We
have
to
find
appl
icat
ions
for
it.
Try
pla
ying
aro
und
wit
h sp
ellin
g; i
t'son
e w
ay o
f de
alin
g w
ith
ambi
guit
ies,
and
it's
not
ent
irel
ypo
intl
ess.
If y
ou w
rite
the
for
mul
a ga
viss
e ex
uelle
, you
can
get
a lo
ng w
ay,
you'
ll s
ee.
Tha
t w
ill s
hed
som
e lig
ht o
nce
rtai
n th
ings
, an
d it
mig
ht s
park
som
ethi
ng i
n pe
ople
'sm
inds
.
The
fac
t th
at c
a vi
sse
sexu
elle
mea
ns t
hat
ther
e is
a lo
t of
conf
usio
n ab
out
the
subj
ect
of p
sych
oana
lyti
c tr
uth.
18
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
Psyc
hoan
alys
ts a
re w
ell
awar
e of
tha
t, I
mus
t sa
y, a
ndth
at i
s w
hy t
hey
conc
ern
them
selv
es w
ith
othe
r th
ings
.Y
ou n
ever
hea
r ta
lk o
f se
xual
ity
in p
sych
oana
lyti
c ci
rcle
san
y m
ore.
If
you
open
the
m,
psyc
hoan
alyt
ic jo
urna
ls a
reth
e ch
aste
st
thin
gs i
n th
e w
orld
. T
hey
no l
onge
r te
llst
orie
s ab
out
fuck
ing.
The
y le
ave
that
to
the
daili
es.
The
yde
al w
ith
thin
gs t
hat
have
far
-rea
chin
g im
plic
atio
ns f
orth
e do
mai
n of
eth
ics,
lik
e th
e lif
e in
stin
ct.
Ah,
let
's t
ake
ave
ry l
ife-
inst
inct
ual
view
of
thin
gs,
and
do
n't
trus
t th
ede
ath
inst
inct
. Y
ou s
ee,
we
are
ente
ring
the
gre
at p
er-
form
ance
, a
high
er m
ytho
logy
.T
here
are
peo
ple
who
rea
lly
beli
eve
they
're
in c
ontr
olof
all
that
, an
d th
ey t
alk
abou
t it
as t
houg
h th
ese
wer
eob
ject
s w
e ha
ndle
eve
ry d
ay, i
n w
hich
cas
e th
e po
int
is t
ost
rike
a g
ood
bala
nce
betw
een
them
, be
twee
n ta
ngen
cyan
d th
e ri
ght
inte
rsec
tion
, an
d w
ith
the
grea
test
pos
sibl
eec
onom
y of
eff
ort.
And
do
you
know
wha
t th
e ul
tim
ate
goal
is?
Gai
ning
wha
t th
ey p
ompo
usly
cal
l a
stro
ng e
go,
ego
stre
ngth
in
the
mid
st o
f al
l tha
t an
d al
l the
sci
entif
ic in
stan
ces
that
go
wit
h it
.A
nd t
hey
succ
eed.
The
y m
ake
good
em
ploy
ees.
Tha
t'sw
hat
the
stro
ng
ego
is.
You
obv
ious
ly h
ave
to h
ave
are
sist
ant
ego
to b
e a
good
em
ploy
ee.
The
y do
it
at e
very
leve
l, at
the
lev
el o
f pa
tien
ts,
and
then
at
the
leve
l of
psyc
hoan
alys
ts.
19
My
Tea
chin
g
Eve
n so
, yo
u ha
ve t
o as
k yo
urse
lf if
the
ide
al e
nd o
fth
e ps
ycho
anal
ytic
cur
e re
ally
is t
o ge
t so
me
gent
lem
anto
ea
rn a
bit
mor
e m
oney
tha
n be
fore
and
, w
hen
itco
nies
to
his
sex
life,
to
supp
lem
ent
the
mod
erat
e he
lphe
ask
s fr
om h
is c
onju
gal
part
ner
wit
h th
e he
lp h
e ge
tsfr
om
his
secr
etar
y.
Whe
n a
guy
had
had
a fe
wpr
oble
ms
in t
hat
dom
ain,
or
was
jus
t le
adin
g a
hell
ish
life,
or
had
som
e of
tho
se l
ittl
e in
hibi
tion
s yo
u ca
n ha
veat
var
ious
leve
ls,
in t
he o
ffic
e, a
t w
ork
and
even
— w
hyno
t? —
in b
ed,
that
was
usu
ally
con
side
red
to b
e a
good
outc
ome.
Whe
n al
l th
at h
as b
een
rem
oved
, w
hen
the
ego
isst
rong
and
at
peac
e, w
hen
the
obse
ssio
n w
ith
tits
and
bum
s ha
s si
gned
its
lit
tle
peac
e tr
eaty
wit
h th
e su
pere
go,
as
they
sa
y, a
nd
whe
n th
e it
ch
isn'
t to
o ba
d,
wel
l,ev
eryt
hing
is
fine
. S
exua
lity
is
very
muc
h a
seco
ndar
yis
sue
in a
ll th
at.
My
dear
fri
end
Ale
xand
er
— an
d he
was
a f
rien
d, a
ndhe
was
n't
stup
id,
but
give
n th
at
he w
as l
ivin
g in
the
Am
eric
as,
he a
nsw
ered
the
call
— ev
en s
aid,
bas
ical
ly,
that
sexu
ality
sho
uld
be r
egar
ded
as a
sur
plus
act
ivit
y. Y
ouun
ders
tand
: w
hen
you'
ve d
one
ever
ythi
ng p
rope
rly
and
whe
n yo
u pa
y yo
ur t
axes
reg
ular
ly,
then
wha
t's l
eft
isse
xual
ity'
s sh
are.
6 [F
ranz
Ale
xand
er (
1891
-196
4),
Hun
gari
an-b
orn
anal
yst
and
foun
der,
in
1932
, of
the
Chi
cago
Psy
choa
naly
tic I
nsti
tute
.)
The
P
lace
, O
rigin
an
d E
nd
of
My
Tea
chin
g
The
re m
ust
have
bee
n a
mis
take
som
ewhe
re f
or t
hing
sto
hav
e re
ache
d th
at p
oint
. O
ther
wis
e, t
here
is
no r
eal
expl
anat
ion
as t
o w
hy i
t to
ok
such
a h
uge
theo
reti
cal
faci
litat
ion
befo
re p
sych
oana
lysi
s co
uld
sett
le i
n, e
ven
set
up i
ts w
orld
hea
dqua
rter
s th
ere,
and
then
ina
ugur
ate
this
extr
avag
ant t
hera
peut
ic f
ashi
on.
Why
all
the
disc
ours
es, i
fth
at's
wha
t it
was
all
abo
ut?
Som
ethi
ng r
eall
y m
ust
bew
rong
. P
erha
ps w
e sh
ould
be
look
ing
for
som
ethi
ng e
lse.
We
mig
ht b
egin
by
sayi
ng to
our
selv
es th
at t
here
rea
llym
ust b
e a
reas
on w
hy s
exua
lity
onc
e to
ok o
n th
e fu
ncti
on of
trut
h —
if it
was
just
onc
e, t
he w
hole
poi
nt b
eing
that
it w
asno
t ju
st o
nce.
Aft
er a
ll, s
exua
lity
is n
ot a
ll th
at u
nacc
ep-
tabl
e. A
nd o
nce
it t
ook
on t
hat
func
tion
, it
kep
t it
.W
hat
it's
all
abo
ut r
eall
y is
wit
hin
reac
h, o
r at
lea
stw
ithi
n th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst's
rea
ch,
and
he b
ears
wit
ness
to
that
fac
t w
hen
he t
alks
abo
ut s
omet
hing
ser
ious
and
not
abou
t hi
s th
erap
euti
c re
sult
s. W
hat
is w
ithi
n re
ach
is t
hefa
ct t
hat
sexu
alit
y m
akes
a h
ole
in t
ruth
.Se
xual
ity i
s pr
ecis
ely
the
dom
ain,
if
I ca
n pu
t it
that
way
, whe
re n
o on
e kn
ows
wha
t to
do
abou
t w
hat
is tr
ue.
And
whe
n it
com
es t
o se
xual
rel
atio
ns,
the
ques
tion
ofw
hat
we
are
real
ly d
oing
alw
ays
com
es u
p —
I w
on
't sa
yw
hen
we
say
to s
omeo
ne '
I lo
ve y
ou
', be
caus
e ev
eryo
nekn
ows
that
on
ly i
diot
s sa
y th
at,
but
whe
n w
e ha
ve a
sexu
al
rela
tion
ship
w
ith
som
eone
, w
hen
that
le
ads
toso
met
hing
, w
hen
it t
akes
the
form
of w
hat
we
call
an a
ct.
2021
My
Teac
hing
,:
, ,
An
act i
s not
just
som
ethi
ng th
at h
appe
ns to
you
just
like
that
, a
mot
or d
isch
arge
, as
ana
lyti
c th
eory
say
s al
l to
oqu
ickl
y an
d al
l too
oft
en —
even
if, w
ith
the
help
of a
cer
tain
num
ber
of a
rtif
ices
, va
riou
s fac
ilita
tions
, or
eve
n th
anks
toth
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of a
cer
tain
pro
mis
cuit
y, w
e su
ccee
d in
turn
ing
the
sexu
al a
ct in
to s
omet
hing
that
has
, the
y sa
y, n
om
ore
impo
rtan
ce t
han
drin
king
a n
ice
glas
s of
wat
er.
Tha
t is
not
tru
e, a
s yo
u qu
ickl
y re
aliz
e. B
ecau
se t
hew
hole
poi
nt i
s th
at s
omet
imes
you
dri
nk a
gla
ss o
f w
ater
and
then
ge
t di
arrh
oea.
It
's
not
stra
ight
forw
ard,
for
reas
ons
that
hav
e to
do
wit
h th
e es
senc
e of
the
thi
ng.
In t
his
rela
tion
ship
, w
e as
k ou
rsel
ves,
in
othe
r w
ords
, if
you
are
real
ly a
man
, if y
ou a
re a
man
, or
if y
ou r
eall
y ar
ea
wom
an,
if y
ou a
re a
wom
an.
It i
s no
t on
ly y
our
part
ner
who
ask
s hi
m-
or h
erse
lf t
hat
ques
tion
; yo
u as
k it
too
,ev
eryo
ne a
sks
it,
and
it..m
atte
rs,..
jt m
atte
rs r
ight
aw
ay.
So w
hen
I tal
k ab
out,
a ho
le in
tru
th, i
t is
not
, nat
ural
ly,
a cr
ude
met
apho
r. I
t is
not
a h
ole
in a
jac
ket,
it
is t
hene
gati
ve a
spec
t th
at a
ppea
rs i
n an
ythi
ng t
o do
wit
h th
e' s
exua
l, na
mel
y its
in
abil
ity
to
aver
. T
hat
is
wha
t a
psyc
hoan
alys
is i
s al
l ab
out.
Whe
n th
ings
get
off
to t
hat
kind
of
star
t, w
e ob
viou
sly
can'
t le
ave
it a
t th
at.
If w
e st
art
wit
h a
ques
tion
lik
e th
at,
a qu
esti
on t
hat
is r
eall
y to
pica
l an
d pr
essi
ng f
or e
very
one,
we
can
feel
tha
t w
hat
Fre
ud c
alle
d 's
exua
lity
' ta
kes
on a
new
m
eani
ng f
rom
the
ver
y be
ginn
ing.
'
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
Fre
ud's
ter
ms
com
e ba
ck t
o lif
e, t
ake
on a
dif
fere
ntim
port
. W
e ev
en n
otic
e th
at t
hey
have
a li
tera
ry i
mpo
rt,
whi
ch i
s on
e w
ay o
f sa
ying
how
w
ell
they
len
d th
em-
selv
es,
as l
ette
rs,
to m
anip
ulat
ing
wha
t is
at
stak
e. T
heid
eal
is,
of c
ours
e, t
o ta
ke t
hing
as
far
as I
hav
e be
gun
topu
sh t
hem
, by
God
. I'
ve p
ushe
d th
e li
tera
ry s
peci
alis
tsto
the
poi
nt w
here
the
y fi
nally
adm
it t
hat
you
can
succ
eed
in c
reat
ing
lang
uage
whe
n yo
u w
ant
to a
void
am
bigu
ity,
or,
in o
ther
wor
ds,
whe
n yo
u re
duce
it
to t
he l
iter
al,
toal
gebr
a's
litt
le l
ette
rs.
Thi
s br
ings
us
stra
ight
to
my
seco
nd c
hapt
er:
the
orig
inof
my
teac
hing
.
So y
ou s
ee,
it's
the
opp
osite
of
wha
t I
was
jus
t sa
ying
.I
told
you
tha
t its
pla
ce w
as a
n ac
cide
nt.
At
the
end
ofth
e da
y, I
was
pus
hed
into
the
hol
e w
e ar
e ta
lkin
g ab
out,
and
no o
ne w
ants
to
stum
ble
into
tha
t. T
he r
easo
n w
hy I
figh
t so
ser
ious
ly i
s th
at,
once
it
has
star
ted,
you
can
'tst
op j
ust
like
that
.N
ow,
on t
he s
ubje
ct o
f th
e or
igin
, w
ell
it c
erta
inly
does
not
m
ean
wha
t it
mig
ht
sugg
est
to
you
on
firs
the
arin
g, n
amel
y w
hen
and
why
it
bega
n.I
am n
ot
talk
ing
to y
ou a
bout
wha
t th
ey n
obly
cal
lth
e or
igin
s of
my
thou
ght
or e
ven
my
prac
tice
in t
hese
s
2223
My
Teac
hing
from
the
Sor
bonn
e an
d ot
her
Facu
lties
of A
rts.
One
wel
l-in
tent
ione
d in
divi
dual
wan
ted
me
to t
alk
to y
ou a
bout
Mon
sieu
r de
C
lera
mba
ult,
but
I w
on
't ta
lk
to
you
abou
t hi
m,
beca
use
that
rea
lly
wou
ld n
ot d
o.C
lera
mba
ult
taug
ht m
e th
ings
. H
e si
mpl
y ta
ught
me
tose
e w
hat
I ha
d in
fro
nt o
f m
e:
a m
adm
an.
As
befi
ts a
psyc
hiat
rist
, he
ta
ught
m
e th
at
by i
nter
posi
ng
a ve
rypr
etty
lit
tle
theo
ry b
etw
een
me
and
him
, th
e m
adm
an:
mec
hani
cism
, an
d th
at i
s th
e m
ost
wor
ryin
g th
ing
in t
hew
orld
w
hen
you
thin
k ab
out
it.
Whe
n yo
u ar
e a
psyc
hiat
rist
, yo
u al
way
s in
terp
ose
som
ethi
ng.
So,
wha
t w
e ha
ve i
n fr
ont
of u
s is
a g
uy w
ho h
as w
hat
Cle
ram
baul
t ca
lled
'men
tal
auto
mat
ism
', or
in
ot
her
wor
ds a
guy
who
can
not
mak
e a
gest
ure
wit
hout
bei
ngor
dere
d to
, w
itho
ut b
eing
tol
d:
'Loo
k, h
e's
doin
g th
at,
the
litt
le
rasc
al.'
If y
ou
are
not
a ps
ychi
atri
st,
if y
ousi
mpl
y ha
ve,
let's
say
, a
hum
an,
inte
rsub
ject
ive,
sym
pa-
thet
ic a
ttit
ude,
it
rea
lly
mus
t gi
ve y
ou a
hel
l of
a s
hock
whe
n a
guy
com
es a
long
and
tel
ls y
ou s
omet
hing
lik
eth
at. A g
uy w
ho l
ives
that
way
, w
ho c
anno
t m
ake
a ge
stur
ew
itho
ut s
omeo
ne s
ayin
g: '
Loo
k, h
e's
stre
tchi
ng h
is a
rmou
t, si
lly b
ugge
r',
wel
l th
at r
eall
y is
som
ethi
ng f
abul
ous,
7 [G
ae'ta
n G
atia
n de
Cle
ram
baul
t (1
872—
1934
), Fr
ench
psy
chia
tris
t. La
can
wor
ked
unde
r hi
m i
n th
e la
ter
1920
s, a
nd h
is s
tudi
es o
f er
otom
ania
and
men
tal a
utom
atis
mw
ere
a si
gnif
ican
t in
flue
nce
on h
is e
arly
wor
k.]
24
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
but
if y
ou
decr
ee
that
it
's
the
effe
ct
of a
mec
hani
smso
mew
here
, of
som
ethi
ng t
hat
tickl
es y
our
conv
olut
ions
and,
bes
ides
, so
met
hing
tha
t no
one
has
eve
r se
en,
you
just
see
how
you
cal
m d
own.
Cle
ram
baul
t ta
ught
me
a lo
tab
out
the
stat
us o
f ps
ychi
atri
sts.
I've
na
tura
lly
reta
ined
w
hat
he
taug
ht
me
abou
tw
hat
he
calle
d m
enta
l au
tom
atis
m.
A l
ot
of
peop
leha
ve
noti
ced
the
phen
omen
on
sinc
e,
and
have
de
-sc
ribe
d it
in
muc
h th
e sa
me
term
s,
but
that
do
es n
otm
ean
that
it
's
not
pric
eles
s w
hen
you
hear
it
fr
omth
e ho
rse'
s m
outh
. H
avin
g sa
id
that
, C
lera
mba
ult
was
ve
ry
clea
r-si
ghte
d be
caus
e th
e fa
ct
rem
ains
th
atno
on
e be
fore
hi
m
had
notic
ed
the
natu
re
of
this
men
tal
auto
mat
ism
. W
hy?
Bec
ause
psy
chia
tris
ts v
eile
dit
eve
n m
ore
heav
ily
then
. T
hey
som
etim
es
even
put
so
man
y 'fa
cult
ies
of
arts
' be
twee
n th
emse
lves
an
dth
eir
mad
men
th
at
they
co
uld
not
even
se
e th
eph
enom
enon
.E
ven
toda
y,
we
mig
ht
see
mor
e,
mig
ht
desc
ribe
hallu
cina
tion
in v
ery
diff
eren
t te
rms.
Not
re
ally
be
ing
a ps
ycho
anal
yst
is a
ll it
take
s, a
nd t
hey
are
not
psyc
ho-
anal
ysts
. A
nd t
hey
are
not
exac
tly p
sych
oana
lyst
s to
the
exte
nt
that
, ev
en t
houg
h th
ey a
re p
sych
oana
lyst
s, t
hey
keep
tha
t no
ble
dist
ance
bet
wee
n th
emse
lves
and
wha
tev
en p
sych
oana
lyst
s st
ill c
all
men
tal
pati
ents
. O
h,
let's
drop
it.
25
My
Teac
hing
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
As
for
the
orig
in o
f my
teac
hing
, w
ell,
we
can
no m
ore
talk
abo
ut t
hat
than
we
can
abou
t an
y ot
her
ques
tion
of
orig
ins.
The
ori
gin
of m
y te
achi
ng i
s ve
ry s
impl
e. I
t ha
s al
way
sbe
en t
here
bec
ause
tim
e w
as b
orn
at t
he s
ame
tim
e as
wha
t w
e ar
e ta
lkin
g ab
out.
My
teac
hing
is
in f
act
quit
esi
mpl
y la
ngua
ge,
and
abso
lute
ly n
othi
ng e
lse.
For
mos
t of
you
, th
is i
s pr
obab
ly th
e fi
rst
tim
e yo
u've
hear
d an
ythi
ng t
o do
wit
h th
is,
beca
use
I th
ink,
rea
lly,
that
a l
ot o
f pe
ople
her
e ha
ve y
et t
o en
ter
the
Age
of
Enl
ight
enm
ent.
A lo
t of
peo
ple
here
pro
babl
y be
liev
e th
atla
ngua
ge
is a
sup
erst
ruct
ure.
E
ven
Mr
Sta
lin d
id
not
beli
eve
that
. H
e ex
plai
ned
very
cl
earl
y th
at,
if t
hey
star
ted
out
that
way
, th
ings
cou
ld g
et n
asty
, and
tha
t in
aco
untr
y I
wou
ld n
ot
dare
to
desc
ribe
as
adva
nced
— I
prob
ably
wil
l no
t ha
ve ti
me
to t
ell
you
why
— th
at c
ould
have
cer
tain
rep
ercu
ssio
ns.
It is
ver
y un
usua
l for
any
thin
gth
at
happ
ens
in
the
univ
ersi
ty
to
have
re
perc
ussi
ons,
beca
use
the
univ
ersi
ty i
s de
sign
ed t
o en
sure
tha
t th
ough
tne
ver
has
any
repe
rcus
sion
s. B
ut w
hen
you'
ve g
ot t
he b
itbe
twee
n yo
u te
eth,
as
happ
ened
som
ewhe
re i
n 19
17,
and
whe
n M
arr
stat
ed t
hat
lang
uage
was
a
supe
rstr
uctu
re,
that
cou
ld h
ave
had
cert
ain
repe
rcus
sion
s an
d co
uld,
for
exam
ple,
hav
e be
gun
to c
hang
e R
ussi
an. J
ust
a m
inut
e,
8 [S
ee J
.V.
Sta
lin,
Mar
xism
an
d th
e Pr
oble
ms
oj L
ingu
istic
s (1
950)
.]9
[Nik
olay
Yak
ovle
vich
Mar
r (1
865-
1934
), R
ussi
an l
ingu
ist.]
Fat
her
Sta
lin s
ense
d th
at a
ll h
ell
wou
ld b
reak
loo
se i
f the
ydi
d th
at.
You
can
see
wha
t ki
nd o
f co
nfus
ion
they
mig
htge
t in
to.
'No
t an
othe
r w
ord
abou
t it
. L
angu
age
is n
ot a
supe
rstr
uctu
re,'
said
Sta
lin —
and
on t
hat
poin
t he
was
in
agre
emen
t w
ith
Hei
degg
er:
'In l
angu
age
man
dw
ells
.'W
hat
Hei
degg
er m
eant
by
sayi
ng th
at i
s no
t w
hat
I am
aoin
g to
tal
k to
you
abo
ut t
his
even
ing
but,
as
you
can
see,
I h
ave
to s
wee
p up
in
fron
t of
the
mon
umen
t. 'In
lang
uage
man
dw
ells
' .
. . e
ven
whe
n it
's e
xtra
cted
fr
omH
eide
gger
's
tex
t,
it
spea
ks
for
itse
lf.
It
mea
ns
that
lang
uage
w
as t
here
bef
ore
man
, an
d th
at
is o
bvio
us.
Not
onl
y is
man
bor
n in
to l
angu
age
in p
reci
sely
the
way
he i
s bo
rn i
nto
the
wor
ld;
he i
s bo
rn t
hrou
gh l
angu
age.
!T
hat
has
to d
esig
nate
the
orig
in o
f w
hat
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t. N
o on
e be
fore
me
seem
s to
hav
e at
tach
ed t
he l
east
impo
rtan
ce t
o th
e fa
ct t
hat,
in
Fre
ud's
fir
st b
ooks
, th
ees
sent
ial
book
s on
dre
ams,
on
wha
t th
ey c
all
the
psy-
chop
atho
logy
of
eve
ryda
y lif
e,
on j
okes
, w
e fi
nd
one
com
mon
fa
ctor
, an
d it
de
rive
s fr
om
stum
blin
g ov
erw
ords
, ho
les
in d
isco
urse
s, w
ordp
lay,
pun
s, a
mbi
guit
ies.
Tha
t is
wha
t ba
cks
up t
he f
irst
int
erpr
etat
ions
an
d th
ein
augu
ral
disc
over
ies
of w
hat
is i
nvol
ved
in t
he p
sych
o-an
alyt
ic e
xper
ienc
e,
in t
he f
ield
tha
t it
det
erm
ines
. ^/
Ope
n th
e bo
ok o
n dr
eam
s, w
hich
cam
e fi
rst,
at a
nypa
ge a
nd y
ou w
ill s
ee th
at i
t tal
ks a
bout
not
hing
but
thi
ngs
to d
o w
ith
wor
ds .\u
will
see
tha
t F
reud
tal
ks a
bout
•
2627
My
Teac
hing
them
in
su
ch
a w
ay
that
th
e st
ruct
ural
la
ws
Mr
deSa
ussu
re
diss
emin
ated
all
ove
r th
e w
orld
ar
e w
ritt
enou
t th
ere
in fu
ll. H
e w
asn'
t th
e fi
rst t
o di
scov
er t
hem
, bu
the
was
eag
er t
o tr
ansm
it t
hem
, to
pro
vide
a b
asis
for
the
mos
t so
lid w
ork
that
is
now
bei
ng d
one
unde
r th
e ru
bric
of l
ingu
istic
s.In
Fre
ud,
a dr
eam
is
not
a na
ture
th
at
drea
ms,
an
arch
etyp
e th
at
stir
s,
a m
atri
x fo
r th
e w
orld
, a
divi
nedr
eam
, or
th
e he
art
of t
he
wor
ld.
Fre
ud
desc
ribe
s a
drea
m
as
a ce
rtai
n kn
ot,
an
asso
ciat
ive
netw
ork
ofan
alys
ed v
erba
l fo
rms
that
int
erse
ct a
s su
ch,
not
beca
use
of w
hat
they
sig
nify
, bu
t th
anks
to a
sor
t of
hom
onym
y. I
tis
whe
n yo
u co
me
acro
ss a
sin
gle
wor
d at
the
int
erse
ctio
nof
thr
ee o
f th
e id
eas
that
com
e to
the
sub
ject
tha
t yo
uno
tice
th
at
the
impo
rtan
t th
ing
is t
hat
wor
d an
d no
tso
met
hing
els
ej I
t is
whe
n yo
u ha
ve f
ound
the
wor
d th
atco
ncen
trat
es a
roun
d it
the
gre
ates
t nu
mbe
r of
thr
eads
in
the
myc
eliu
m t
hat
you
know
it
is t
he h
idde
n ce
ntre
of
grav
ity
of t
he d
esir
e in
que
stio
n. T
hat,
in a
wor
d, i
s th
epo
int
I was
talk
ing
abou
t jus
t now
, th
e no
dal p
oint
whe
redi
scou
rse
form
s a
hole
. \ a
llow
mys
elf t
his
pros
opop
oeia
sim
ply
to m
ake
wha
t I
am s
ayin
g co
mpr
ehen
sibl
e to
tho
se o
f yo
u w
ho h
ave
not
hear
d it
bef
ore.
Whe
n I
expr
ess
mys
elf
by s
ayin
g th
at t
he u
ncon
scio
usis
str
uctu
red
like
a la
ngua
ge,
I am
try
ing
to r
esto
re t
he
28
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
true
fun
ctio
n of
eve
ryth
ing
that
str
uctu
res
unde
r th
e ae
gis
of F
reud
, an
d th
at i
n its
elf
allo
ws
us t
o se
e ou
r fi
rst
step
.It
is
be
caus
e la
ngua
ge
exis
ts
that
tr
uth
exis
ts,
as
ever
yone
can
com
e to
see
.W
hy s
houl
d so
met
hing
tha
t m
anif
ests
itse
lf a
s a
livin
gpu
lsat
ion
and
that
can
hap
pen
at a
s veg
etat
ive
a le
vel
as y
oulik
e be
mor
e tr
ue t
han
ever
ythi
ng e
lse?
The
dim
ensi
on o
ftr
uth
is n
owhe
re,
for
the
very
goo
d re
ason
tha
t w
e ar
eno
t ju
st t
alki
ng
abou
t a
biol
ogic
al
scuf
fle.
E
ven
if w
ein
trod
uce
the
dim
ensi
on t
hat
is i
nten
ded
to d
ecei
ve a
nad
vers
ary,
wha
t do
es a
n an
imal
's d
ispl
ay a
dd t
o it?
It
is a
str
ue a
s an
ythi
ng e
lse,
pre
cise
ly b
ecau
se th
e po
int
is to
get
a re
al r
esul
t, n
amel
y to
cat
ch o
ut t
he o
ther
. T
ruth
beg
ins
to
be
esta
blis
hed
only
on
ce
lang
uage
ex
ists
.) If
th
eun
cons
ciou
s w
ere
not
lang
uage
, w
hat
mig
ht b
e ca
lled
the
unco
nsci
ous
in t
he
Fre
udia
n se
nse
wou
ld h
ave
no
priv
ileg
e, w
ould
be
of n
o in
tere
st.
Fir
stly
, bec
ause
, if t
he u
ncon
scio
us w
ere
not
lang
uage
,th
ere
wou
ld b
e no
unc
onsc
ious
in
the
Fre
udia
n se
nse.
Wou
ld t
here
be
som
ethi
ng u
ncon
scio
us?
Wel
l, y
es,
the
unco
nsci
ous
is a
ll v
ery
wel
l. S
o le
t's t
alk
abou
t it.
Thi
s
tabl
e is
som
ethi
ng u
ncon
scio
us t
oo.
The
se a
re t
hing
s th
at h
ave
been
qui
te f
orgo
tten
by
the
so-c
alle
d ev
olut
ioni
st
pers
pect
ive.
In
tha
t pe
rspe
ctiv
e,th
ey f
ind
it q
uite
nor
mal
to
say
that
the
min
eral
sca
lele
ads
natu
rall
y to
a s
ort
of h
ighe
r po
int
whe
re w
e re
ally
29
My
Teac
hing
see
cons
ciou
snes
s co
min
g in
to
play
, ra
ther
as
tho
ugh
cons
ciou
snes
s st
ood
out
agai
nst w
hat
I hav
e ju
st e
voke
d. If
all
we
have
to d
o is
thin
k co
nsci
ousn
ess
only
in
the
form
of t
he c
ogni
tive
func
tion
tha
t m
akes
it
poss
ible
for
ver
yhi
ghly
evo
lved
bei
ngs
to r
efle
ct s
omet
hing
of
the
wor
ld,
why
sho
uld
it,
of a
ll t
he o
ther
fun
ctio
ns a
tten
dant
upo
nth
e bi
olog
ical
spe
cies
as
such
, ha
ve t
he l
east
pri
vile
ge?
The
id
eali
sts,
w
ho
are
peop
le
who
ha
ve b
een
calle
dva
riou
s pe
jora
tive
na
mes
, ha
ve
mad
e th
e po
int
very
clea
rly.
It i
s no
t as
tho
ugh
we
didn
't ha
ve s
erio
us t
erm
s to
o
mak
e th
e co
mpa
riso
n. W
e ha
ve a
sci
ence
org
aniz
ed o
n a
basi
s th
at i
s no
t at
all
wha
t yo
u th
ink
it i
s. N
othi
ng t
o do
wit
h a
gene
sis.
We
did
not
crea
te o
ur s
cien
ce b
y en
teri
ngin
to t
he p
ulsa
tion
of
natu
re.
No.
We
play
ed a
roun
d w
ith
litt
le l
ette
rs a
nd li
ttle
fig
ures
, and
they
are
wha
t w
e us
e to
buil
d m
achi
nes
that
wor
k, t
hat
fly,
that
mov
e ar
ound
the
wor
ld,
that
tr
avel
lo
ng
dist
ance
s.
Tha
t ha
s ab
solu
tely
noth
ing
to d
o w
ith
anyt
hing
that
has
bee
n dr
eam
ed u
p on
the
regi
ster
of
know
ledg
e. T
his
is a
thin
g th
at h
as it
s ow
nor
gani
zati
on.
Whi
ch f
inal
ly e
mer
ges
as i
ts v
ery
esse
nce,
nam
ely
our
fam
ous
litt
le c
ompu
ters
of
all
kind
s, e
lect
ro-
nic
or n
ot.
Tha
t's w
hat
the
orga
niza
tion
of
scie
nce
is.
o
It d
oesn
't w
ork
all
by i
tsel
f, o
f co
urse
, bu
t I
can
poin
tou
t to
you
tha
t fo
r th
e m
omen
t, a
nd u
ntil
fur
ther
not
ice,
ther
e is
no
way
we
can
buil
d a
brid
ge b
etw
een
the
mos
t
30
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
high
ly e
volv
ed f
orm
s of
a l
ivin
g or
gani
sm's
org
ans,
and
this
org
aniz
atio
n of
sci
ence
.A
nd y
et,
it's
not
ent
irel
y un
rela
ted.
The
re a
re l
ines
,tu
bes
and
conn
ectio
ns t
here
too
. B
ut a
hum
an b
rain
is
som
uch
rich
er t
han
any
of t
he m
achi
nes
we
have
man
aged
to b
uild
so
far.
Why
sho
uldn
't w
e ra
ise
the
ques
tion
ofw
hy i
t do
es n
ot f
unct
ion
in t
he s
ame
man
ner?
Why
ca
n't
we
perf
orm
th
ree
billi
on
oper
atio
ns,
addi
tions
and
mul
tipl
icat
ions
, an
d ot
her
stan
dard
ope
ra-
tions
in
twen
ty s
econ
ds t
he w
ay a
mac
hine
doe
s, w
hen
som
any
mor
e th
ings
are
bei
ng m
oved
aro
und
in o
ur b
rain
s?C
urio
usly
eno
ugh,
our
bra
ins
som
etim
es d
o w
ork
like
that
for
a b
rief
mom
ent.
On
the
basi
s of
eve
ryth
ing
we
know
, th
e br
ains
of
the
reta
rded
do
wor
k li
ke t
hat.
The
phen
omen
on
of
idio
ts
sava
nts
who
ca
n ca
lcul
ate
like
mac
hine
s is
wel
l kn
own.
Thi
s su
gges
ts t
hat
ever
ythi
ng t
o do
wit
h th
e w
ay w
eth
ink
is,
perh
aps,
th
e re
sult
of
a
cert
ain
num
ber
ofla
ngua
ge-e
ffec
ts,
and
that
th
ey
are
such
th
at
we
can
oper
ate
on t
hem
. I m
ean
that
we
can
buil
d m
achi
nes
that
are
in s
ome
way
an
equi
vale
nt,
but
on a
muc
h sh
orte
rre
gist
er t
hen
we
mig
ht e
xpec
t fr
om a
com
para
ble
pro-
duct
ivit
y if
we
real
ly w
ere
talk
ing
abou
t a
brai
n th
atfu
nctio
ned
in t
he s
ame
way
.I a
m n
ot s
ayin
g al
l thi
s in
ord
er t
o ba
se a
nyth
ing
firm
on
!t,
but
just
to
sugg
est
to y
ou t
he n
eed
for
a li
ttle
cau
tion
,
31
My
Teac
hing
part
icul
arly
whe
re
the
func
tion
m
ight
se
em t
o op
erat
eth
anks
to w
hat t
hey
call
'par
alle
lism
'. N
ot s
o as
to re
fute
the
fam
ous
psyc
ho-p
hysi
cal p
aral
leli
sm w
hich
was
, as
we
all
know
, sh
own
to b
e bu
llshi
t a
long
tim
e ag
o, b
ut t
o su
gges
tth
at t
he b
reak
sho
uld
not
be b
etw
een
the
phys
ical
and
the
psyc
hica
l, bu
t be
twee
n th
e ps
ychi
cal a
nd t
he l
ogic
al.
Now
tha
t w
e've
rea
ched
thi
s po
int,
we
begi
n to
get
at
leas
t so
me
idea
of
wha
t I
mea
n w
hen
I sa
y th
at
it is
impe
rati
ve t
o ca
ll i
nto
ques
tion
how
thi
ngs
stan
d w
ith
lang
uage
if w
e w
ish
to b
egin
to
shed
som
e lig
ht o
n w
hat i
sgo
ing
on w
ith
resp
ect
to t
he f
unct
ion
of th
e un
cons
ciou
s.In
deed
, it
may
ver
y w
ell
be t
rue
that
the
unc
onsc
ious
does
not
fun
ctio
n in
acc
orda
nce
wit
h th
e sa
me
logi
c as
cons
ciou
s th
ough
t. In
whi
ch c
ase,
the
que
stio
n is
: w
hich
logi
c? It s
till
func
tions
log
ical
ly,
and
this
is
not
a pr
e-lo
gic.
No,
but
it's
a l
ogic
tha
t is
mor
e su
pple
, w
eake
r, a
s th
elo
gici
ans
say.
'Wea
ker'
ind
icat
es t
he p
rese
nce
or a
bsen
ceof
cer
tain
bas
ic c
orre
lati
ons
on w
hich
the
tole
ranc
e of
that
logi
c is
bas
ed.
A w
eake
r lo
gic
is n
ot
less
in
tere
stin
gth
an a
str
onge
r lo
gic,
in
fact
it
is m
uch
mor
e in
tere
stin
gbe
caus
e it
is
muc
h m
ore
diff
icul
t to
mak
e it
stic
k, b
ut i
tho
lds
up a
ll t
he s
ame.
Tha
t lo
gic
may
be
of i
nter
est,
and
taki
ng a
n in
tere
st i
n it
may
eve
n be
our
exp
ress
obj
ect
asps
ycho
anal
ysts
, al
way
s as
sum
ing
that
th
ere
are
a fe
wps
ycho
anal
ysts
her
e.
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
Thi
nk
abou
t it
in
very
cru
de
term
s fo
r a
bit.
The
lang
uage
app
arat
us is
ther
e so
mew
here
in
the
brai
n, l
ike a
!
spid
er.
It h
as a
hol
d.T
hat
mig
ht s
hock
you
, an
d yo
u m
ight
ask
'O
h c
ome
on,
real
ly,
wha
t ar
e yo
u ta
lkin
g ab
out,
whe
re d
oes
this
lang
uage
co
me
from
?'
I ha
ve n
o id
ea.
I'm
unde
r no
oblig
atio
n to
kno
w
ever
ythi
ng.
And
bes
ides
, yo
u d
on
't
know
any
thin
g ab
out
it e
ithe
r.D
o no
t im
agin
e th
at m
an i
nven
ted
lang
uage
. Y
ou'r
eno
t su
re a
bout
tha
t, y
ou h
ave
no p
roof
, an
d yo
u've
see
nno
hum
an a
nim
al b
ecom
e H
omo
sapi
ens
just
lik
e th
at,
infr
ont
of y
our
very
eye
s. W
hen
he i
s H
omo
sapi
ens,
he
alre
ady
has
that
lan
guag
e. W
hen
they
, an
d es
peci
ally
ace
rtai
n H
elm
holt
z, w
ere
good
eno
ugh
to t
ake
an in
tere
stin
how
thi
ngs
stoo
d w
ith
lingu
istic
s, t
hey
refu
sed
to r
aise
the
ques
tion
of o
rigi
ns.
Tha
t w
as a
wis
e de
cisi
on.
It d
oes
not
mea
n th
at th
is is
a p
rohi
bitio
n w
e ha
ve to
mai
ntai
n fo
rev
er,
but
it i
s w
ise
not
to t
alk
too
muc
h ru
bbis
h, a
nd o
neal
way
s ta
lks
rubb
ish
whe
n it
com
es t
o or
igin
s.T
hat
does
not
mea
n th
at t
here
are
not
who
le p
iles
ofpr
aise
wor
thy
book
s fr
om w
hich
we
can
gain
som
e hi
ghly
amus
ing
insi
ghts
. R
ouss
eau
wro
te a
bout
thi
s, a
nd s
ome
ofm
y de
ar n
ew f
rien
ds
of t
he E
cole
Nor
mal
e ge
nera
tion
,w
ho a
re k
ind
enou
gh t
o le
nd m
e an
ear
fro
m
tim
e to
tim
e,
have
pub
lishe
d a
cert
ain
Essa
y on
th
e O
rigi
ns o
fLa
ngua
ges
by h
im.
Gre
at f
un,
I re
com
men
d it
to
you.
3233
My
Teac
hing
But
you
hav
e to
be
care
ful
abou
t an
ythi
ng t
o do
wit
hps
ycho
anal
ysis
. O
nce
you
have
an
idea
of
the
sort
of
diss
ocia
tion
I've
trie
d to
m
ake
you
feel
th
is
even
ing,
perh
aps
you
will
se
e th
e fu
tility
of
P
iage
t's
child
psyc
holo
gy.
If y
ou a
sk a
chi
ld q
uest
ions
bas
ed o
n a
logi
cal
appa
-ra
tus,
esp
ecia
lly if
you
you
rsel
f ar
e a
logi
cian
— an
d P
iage
tw
as a
goo
d on
e —
then
it
is s
carc
ely
surp
risi
ng t
hat
you
find
this
logi
cal a
ppar
atus
in th
e ch
ild y
ou a
re q
uest
ioni
ng.
You
obs
erve
it
ther
e th
e m
omen
t it
beg
ins
to b
ite,
ris
es t
oth
e ba
it i
n th
e ch
ild,
but
to d
educ
e fr
om t
his
that
it
is t
hech
ild'
s de
velo
pmen
t th
at c
onst
ruct
s th
e lo
gica
l ca
tego
ries
is a
pet
itio
prin
cipi
i, pu
re a
nd s
impl
e. Y
ou a
sk t
he c
hild
ques
tion
s in
the
reg
iste
r of
log
ic,
and
the
child
ans
wer
syo
u in
the
reg
iste
r of
log
ic.
But
don
't im
agin
e ch
ildre
nen
ter
the
fiel
d of
lan
guag
e th
at w
ay a
t ev
ery
leve
l. T
hey
need
tim
e, t
hat's
for
sur
e.
The
re i
s a
gent
lem
an,
not
a ps
ycho
anal
yst
at a
ll,
who
has
quit
e ri
ghtly
pu
lled
M
onsi
eur
Piag
et
up
over
th
ispo
int.
He
was
cal
led
Vyg
otsk
y, a
nd h
e op
erat
ed s
ome-
whe
re
arou
nd
St
Pet
ersb
urg.
H
e ev
en
surv
ived
th
ere
volu
tion
ary
orde
als
for
a fe
w y
ears
but
, gi
ven
that
he
was
a b
it tu
berc
ular
, he
le
ft
us b
efor
e he
fin
ishe
d al
lhe
had
to d
o. H
e no
ticed
tha
t, cu
riou
sly
enou
gh,
the
chil
d's
10
[Lev
S.
Vyg
otsk
y (1
896-
1934
), R
ussi
an p
sych
olog
ist.]
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
entr
y in
to t
he a
ppar
atus
of
logi
c sh
ould
not
be
seen
as
the
resu
lt o
f so
me
inne
r ps
ychi
cal d
evel
opm
ent,
but
that
, on
the
cont
rary
, it
sho
uld
be s
een
as s
omet
hing
sim
ilar
to t
hew
ay c
hild
ren
lear
n to
pla
y, i
f w
e ca
n pu
t it
tha
t w
ay.
He
note
d, f
or e
xam
ple,
tha
t ch
ildre
n ha
ve n
o ac
cess
to
the
notio
n of
a
conc
ept,
to
wha
t co
rres
pond
s to
a
conc
ept,
befo
re t
hey
reac
h pu
bert
y.
Now
, w
hy s
houl
dth
at b
e th
e ca
se?
Pub
erty
doe
s in
deed
see
m t
o de
sign
ate
aca
tego
ry o
f a
diff
eren
t ki
nd t
o so
me
hare
brai
ned
idea
of
how
cer
ebra
l ci
rcum
volu
tion
s be
gin
to f
unct
ion.
Vyg
ots-
ky s
aw t
hat
very
cle
arly
in
his
expe
rim
ent.
I ca
nnot
ad
vanc
e th
e fu
ncti
on
of t
he
subj
ect
here
,de
spit
e w
hat
they
tol
d in
adv
ance
. The
y ar
e ex
agge
ratin
g.P
erso
nall
y,
I th
ink
you'
re
liste
ning
to
m
e ve
ry
wel
l.Y
ou'r
e ki
nd,
mor
e th
an
kind
, be
caus
e ki
ndne
ss
alon
ew
ould
not
be
enou
gh t
o ge
t yo
u to
lis
ten
prop
erly
.So
I d
on
't se
e w
hy I
sho
uldn
't te
ll yo
u a
few
thi
ngs
that
are
a li
ttle
mor
e di
ffic
ult.
Why
ha
ve I
int
rodu
ced
the
func
tion
of
the
subj
ect
asso
met
hing
dis
tinct
fro
m a
nyth
ing
to d
o w
ith t
he p
sych
e?I
cann
ot r
eall
y gi
ve y
ou a
theo
retic
al e
xpla
nati
on,
but
Ica
n sh
ow
you
how
th
is h
as t
o do
wit
h th
e su
bjec
t'sfu
nctio
n in
lan
guag
e, a
nd t
hat
is a
dou
ble
func
tion
.
3435
My
Teac
hing
The
re
is t
he
subj
ect
of t
he
utte
ranc
e [e
nonc
e].
Tha
tsu
bjec
t is
qui
te e
asy
to i
dent
ify,
/m
ean
s th
e pe
rson
_who
isac
tual
ly s
peak
ing
at t
he m
omen
t I
say
/. B
ut t
he s
ubje
ctis
not
alw
ays
the
subj
ect o
f th
e ut
tera
nce,
bec
ause
not
all
utte
ranc
es c
onta
in /.
Eve
n w
hen
ther
e is
no
7 — e
ven
whe
nyo
u sa
y, '
It's
rai
ning
' —
ther
e is
a s
ubje
ct o
f th
e en
un-
ciat
ion
[enu
ncia
tion]
, an
d th
ere
is a
sub
ject
eve
n w
hen
itca
n no
lon
ger
be g
rasp
ed i
n th
e se
nten
ce.
All
this
all
ow u
s to
re
pres
ent
a lo
t of
thi
ngs.
T
hesu
bjec
t th
at c
once
rns
us h
ere,
the
sub
ject
not
ins
ofar
as
itpr
oduc
es d
isco
urse
but
in
sofa
r as
it
is p
rodu
ced
[fait]
,co
rner
ed e
ven
[fait
com
me
un r
at],
by
disc
ours
e, i
s th
esu
bjec
t of
the
enu
ncia
tion
.
Thi
s al
low
s m
e to
put
for
war
d a
form
ula
that
I p
rese
ntto
you
as
one
of t
he m
ost
prim
ordi
al.
It i
s a
defi
nitio
n of
wha
t w
e ca
ll th
e 'e
lem
ent'
in la
ngua
ge. I
t has
alw
ays
been
calle
d th
e 'e
lem
ent',
eve
n in
Gre
ek.
The
Sto
ics
call
ed i
t'th
e si
gnif
ier'.
I
stat
e th
at
wha
t di
stin
guis
hes
it
from
the
sign
is
that
'th
e si
gnif
ier
is t
hat
whi
ch r
epre
sent
s th
esu
bjec
t fo
r an
othe
r si
gnif
ier',
not
for
ano
ther
sub
ject
.A
ll I
am t
hink
ing
of d
oing
thi
s ev
enin
g is
to
try
to g
etyo
u a
bit
inte
rest
ed.
I do
n't
thin
k I
can
do a
nyth
ing
mor
eth
an p
lonk
it
in y
our
hand
and
say
to
you:
'Y
ou t
ry t
om
ake
it fu
ncti
on.'
Bes
ides
, yo
u ha
ve b
een
give
n a
few
clue
s he
re a
nd t
here
, be
caus
e I
have
pup
ils
who
, fr
omti
me
to t
ime,
sho
w h
ow i
t fu
ncti
ons.
36
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
The
im
port
ant
poin
t is
tha
t it
req
uire
s th
e fo
rmal
,to
polo
gica
l ad
mis
sion
, no
t th
at i
t m
atte
rs m
uch
whe
re i
tha
ngs
out,
of
a ce
rtai
n ta
ble,
if y
ou l
ike,
tha
t w
e w
ill c
all
Tab
le
O'.
The
y so
met
imes
al
so
call
it
'the
Oth
er'
arou
nd h
ere,
whe
n th
ey k
now
wha
t I'm
tal
king
abo
ut:
the
Oth
er,
whi
ch t
akes
a c
apit
al '
O'
too.
To
the
exte
ntth
at w
e ca
n id
enti
fy i
t in
ter
ms
of t
he w
orki
ngs
of t
hesu
bjec
t, th
is O
ther
is
to b
e de
fine
d as
the
site
of
spee
ch.
Thi
s is
not
whe
re s
peec
h is
utt
ered
, bu
t w
here
it
take
son
the
va
lue
of s
peec
h,
or
in o
ther
w
ords
w
here
it
inau
gura
tes
the
dim
ensi
on
of
tru
th.
It
is
abso
lute
lyin
disp
ensa
ble
to t
he w
orki
ngs
of w
hat
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t.So
we
quic
kly
notic
e th
at n
one
of th
is c
an h
appe
n al
l by
itsel
f, f
or a
ll s
orts
of
reas
ons.
The
mai
n on
e be
ing
that
it
so h
appe
ns
that
th
e O
ther
I
am t
ellin
g yo
u ab
out
isre
pres
ente
d by
a l
ivin
g be
ing
of w
hom
yo
u m
ay h
ave
thin
gs t
o as
k, b
ut t
here
's n
o ob
liga
tion
. It
suf
fices
tha
t th
eO
ther
is
the
one
to w
hom
you
say
'Ple
ase
God
that
. .
.',
or w
hate
ver
it m
ay b
e, a
nd t
hat
you
use
the
opta
tive
orev
en t
he s
ubju
ncti
ve.
Wel
l, th
is s
ite o
f tr
uth
take
s on
ave
ry
diff
eren
t m
eani
ng.
Just
the
ut
tera
nce
I ha
ve j
ust
spok
en t
o yo
u is
eno
ugh
to m
ake
you
feel
th
at.
Thi
s in
trod
uces
us
to t
he r
efer
ence
to
a ve
ry s
peci
altr
uth,
nam
ely
that
of d
esir
e. T
he lo
gic
of d
esir
e, a
logi
c th
atis
not
in
the
indi
cati
ve,
has
neve
r be
en t
aken
so
far.
37
My
Teac
hing
The
y've
be
gun
thin
gs
they
cal
l 'm
odal
lo
gics
', bu
tth
ey'v
e ne
ver
got
very
fa
r w
ith
them
, pr
obab
ly
be-
caus
e th
ey d
id n
ot n
otic
e th
at t
he r
egis
ter
of d
esir
e m
ust
of n
eces
sity
be
cons
titu
ted
at t
he l
evel
of
Tab
le O
, or
in
othe
r w
ords
tha
t de
sire
is
alw
ays
wha
t is
ins
crib
ed a
s a
i re
perc
ussi
on o
f th
e ar
ticu
lati
on o
f la
ngua
ge a
t th
e le
vel
ofth
e O
ther
.
Man
's d
esir
e, I
said
one
day
whe
n I h
ad t
o m
ake
mys
elf
unde
rsto
od —
why
sho
uldn
't I
say
'man
', th
ough
it's
not
real
ly t
he
righ
t w
ord?
— d
esir
e fu
ll st
op i
s al
way
s th
ede
sire
of
the
Oth
er.
Whi
ch b
asic
ally
mea
ns t
hat
we
are
alw
ays
aski
ng t
he O
ther
wha
t he
des
ires
.
Wha
t I
am t
elli
ng y
ou i
s qu
ite
easy
to
hand
le a
nd is
not
inco
mpr
ehen
sibl
e. W
hen
you
leav
e he
re,
you
will
not
ice
that
thi
s is
tru
e. Y
ou s
impl
y ha
ve t
o th
ink
abou
t it
and
form
ulat
e it
as su
ch. A
nd b
esid
es, s
uch
form
ulae
are
alw
ays
very
pra
ctic
al,
you
know
, be
caus
e yo
u ca
n in
vert
the
m.
A c
erta
in s
ubje
ct w
hose
des
ire
is f
or t
he O
ther
to
ask
him
— it
's
sim
ple,
we
inve
rt i
t, tu
rn i
t up
side
dow
n -
wel
l, th
ere
you
have
the
def
initi
on o
f th
e ne
urot
ic.
See
how
han
dy t
hat
can
be w
hen
it c
omes
to
find
ing
your
dire
ctio
n. T
he o
nly
prob
lem
is
that
you
hav
e to
loo
k at
it
very
, ve
ry c
lose
ly.
And
tha
t ta
kes
tim
e.
You
can
go
furt
her,
and
you
wil
l im
med
iate
ly s
ee w
hyth
e re
ligi
ous
[le
relig
ieux
] ha
s be
en
com
pare
d to
th
ene
urot
ic.
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
The
rel
igio
us i
s no
t ne
urot
ic a
t al
l. H
e is
rel
igio
us.
But
he l
ooks
lik
e a
neur
otic
, be
caus
e he
too
com
bine
s th
ings
arou
nd w
hat
real
ly i
s th
e de
sire
of
the
Oth
er.
The
onl
ydi
ffer
ence
is
that
, be
caus
e th
is i
s an
Oth
er t
hat
does
not
exis
t, be
caus
e it
is
God
, w
e ne
ed p
roof
. S
o w
e pr
eten
dth
e O
ther
is
aski
ng fo
r so
met
hing
. V
icti
ms,
for
exa
mpl
e.T
hat
is w
hy t
his
grad
uall
y be
com
es c
onfu
sed
wit
h th
eat
titu
de
of t
he n
euro
tic,
an
d es
peci
ally
the
obs
essi
onal
neur
otic
. It
loo
ks t
erri
bly
like
all
the
tech
niqu
es u
sed
in
vict
imar
y ce
rem
onie
s.T
his
is m
y w
ay o
f te
llin
g yo
u th
at th
ese
thin
gs a
re q
uite
easy
to
hand
le,
and
that
not
onl
y do
the
y no
t go
aga
inst
wha
t F
reud
sai
d, t
hey
even
mak
e hi
m q
uite
rea
dabl
e.T
hat
emer
ges
from
jus
t a
sim
ple
read
ing
of F
reud
, so
long
as
we
are
prep
ared
not
to
read
him
thr
ough
th
epe
rfec
tly
opaq
ue g
lass
es p
sych
oana
lyst
s no
rmal
ly w
ear
to s
et t
heir
ow
n m
inds
at
rest
. Y
ou j
ust
have
to
take
thin
gs j
ust
a li
ttle
bit
fur
ther
to
see
that
we
are
gett
ing
on t
o ve
ry s
cabr
ous
grou
nd,
and
that
she
ds s
ome
new
ligh
t. The
fac
t th
at w
e ca
n se
e a
link
betw
een
the
neur
otic
and
the
relig
ious
is
no r
easo
n to
jum
p to
wha
t m
ight
be
ara
ther
has
ty c
oncl
usio
n by
bra
cket
ing
them
tog
ethe
r. Y
ouha
ve t
o se
e th
at t
here
is
afte
r al
l a n
uanc
e, k
now
why
it's
true
, ho
w f
ar i
t is
tru
e,
why
it
isn'
t qu
ite
true
. P
oor
Fre
ud,
ther
e he
was
, he
sai
d, d
iggi
ng h
oles
and
tre
nche
soo
o
3839
My
Teac
hing
and
colle
ctin
g ob
ject
s lik
e an
arc
haeo
logi
st.
Per
haps
he
was
not
ver
y su
re a
bout
wha
t he
was
mea
nt t
o be
doi
ng:
shou
ld h
e le
ave
thin
gs i
n si
tu o
r ca
rry
ever
ythi
ng o
ff r
ight
away
fo
r hi
s sh
elf?
T
his
show
s th
at
ther
e re
ally
is
som
ethi
ng v
erac
ious
abo
ut t
he q
uest
ion
for
a ne
w-s
tyle
trut
h th
at b
egan
wit
h F
reud
.
Let
us
go b
ack
to t
he d
esir
e of
the
Oth
er.
If y
ou h
ave
take
n th
e ti
me
to c
onst
ruct
de
sire
pro
p-er
ly,
that
is,
on
a la
ngua
ge b
asis
, rel
atin
g it
to
wha
t is
its
fund
amen
tal
lingu
istic
ba
sis,
w
hich
is
w
hat
we
call
met
onym
y, y
ou'll
pro
gres
s m
uch
mor
e ri
goro
usly
int
oth
e fi
eld
to b
e ex
plor
ed:
nam
ely,
the
fie
ld o
f ps
ycho
-an
alys
is.
You
may
wel
l ev
en n
otic
e th
e tr
ue
sine
w o
fso
met
hing
in
psyc
hoan
alyt
ic th
eory
tha
t is
stil
l so
opa
que,
so o
btus
e an
d so
obs
truc
ted.
Whi
lst
it i
s in
the
fie
ld o
f th
e O
ther
tha
t de
sire
is
cons
titu
ted,
an
d w
hils
t 'm
an's
des
ire
is t
he d
esir
e of
the
Oth
er',
man
som
etim
es
fails
to
liv
e up
to
his
desi
re,
mea
ning
his
ow
n de
sire
. W
ell,
now
tha
t yo
u ha
ve h
adso
me
prac
tice
, yo
u ar
e in
a p
osit
ion
to s
ee t
hing
s le
sspr
ecip
itou
sly
than
at
firs
t, in
way
s th
at a
re l
ess
inte
ntup
on i
mm
edia
tely
fin
ding
ane
cdot
al e
xpla
nati
ons.
Whe
nm
an's
des
ire
has
to b
e ex
trac
ted
from
th
e fi
eld
of t
heO
ther
an
d ha
s to
be
my
desi
re,
wel
l, so
met
hing
ver
yfu
nny
happ
ens.
N
ow
that
it
is
his
tur
n to
de
sire
, he
noti
ces,
wel
l, th
at h
e is
cas
trat
ed.
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
Tha
t is
wha
t th
e ca
stra
tion
com
plex
is.
It
mea
ns t
hat
som
ethi
ng n
eces
sari
ly h
appe
ns i
n si
gnif
ican
ce,
and
it is
that
sor
t of
loss
whi
ch m
eans
tha
t, w
hen
man
ent
ers
the
fiel
d of
his
ow
n de
sire
ins
ofar
as
it is
sex
ual
desi
re,
he c
ando
so
on
ly
thro
ugh
the
med
ium
of
a
sym
bol
that
repr
esen
ts
the
loss
of
an o
rgan
ins
ofar
as
it
take
s on
,in
the
circ
umst
ance
s, a
sig
nify
ing
func
tion
, th
e fu
ncti
on o
f
the
lost
obj
ect.
You
will
say
that
I a
m n
ow a
dvan
cing
som
ethi
ng t
hat
isno
mor
e tr
ansp
aren
t fo
r th
at.
But
I'm
no
t lo
okin
g fo
rtr
ansp
aren
cy,
I am
try
ing,
fir
st o
f al
l, to
stic
k to
wha
t w
efi
nd i
n ou
r ex
peri
ence
, an
d if
it
is n
ot t
rans
pare
nt,
wel
l
that
's t
oo b
ad.
Fir
st,
we
have
to
acce
pt c
astr
atio
n. W
e're
obv
ious
lyno
t us
ed t
o do
ing
so.
It m
akes
it
diff
icul
t to
rec
over
tha
ttr
ansp
aren
cy,
to g
et i
t ba
ck.
And
so
we
mak
e up
all
sor
tsof
co
ck
and
bull
st
orie
s,
incl
udin
g st
orie
s ab
out
the
thre
ats
mad
e by
our
pa
rent
s,
who
ar
e su
ppos
edly
to
blam
e. A
s th
ough
the
fac
t th
at o
ur p
aren
ts
said
som
e-th
ing
of t
he
kind
w
ere
all
it
took
to
gi
ve
rise
to
ast
ruct
ure
as f
unda
men
tal
and
as u
nive
rsal
as
the
cast
ra-
tion
com
plex
.It
's r
each
ed s
uch
a po
int
that
wom
en a
re i
nven
ting
one
for
them
selv
es,
inve
ntin
g a
phal
lus
they
can
dem
and,
jus
tso
as
to b
e ab
le to
con
side
r th
emse
lves
cas
trat
ed,
whi
ch is
prec
isel
y w
hat
they
are
not
, po
or
litt
le t
hing
s, a
t le
ast
4041
My
Teac
hing
whe
re t
he o
rgan
— th
e pe
nis
— is
con
cern
ed,
beca
use
they
do n
ot h
ave
one
at a
ll.
Eve
n so
, I'
m g
oing
to
say
som
ethi
ng t
hat
wil
l cal
m y
oudo
wn,
mak
e it
a l
ittl
e m
ore
com
preh
ensi
ble
for
you.
The
rea
son
why
cas
trat
ion
exis
ts
is,
perh
aps,
qu
ite
sim
ply
that
des
ire
— w
hen
it re
ally
is
a qu
esti
on o
f ou
rde
sire
— c
anno
t ha
ve b
een,
ca
nnot
be
, so
met
hing
w
eha
ve,
cann
ot b
e an
org
an w
e ca
n ha
ndle
. It c
anno
t be
bot
hbe
ing
and
havi
ng.
So,
th
e or
gan
serv
es,
perh
aps,
a
purp
ose
that
fun
ctio
ns a
t th
e le
vel
of d
esir
e.
It i
s th
elo
st o
bjec
t be
caus
e it
stan
ds in
for
the
sub
ject
qua
des
ire.
Wel
l, it
's a
sug
gest
ion.
Oo
On
this
poi
nt,
you
can
set
your
min
ds a
t re
st.
Abo
veal
l, d
on
't im
agin
e th
at t
here
is
som
ethi
ng d
arin
g ab
out
this
. T
he p
oint
is
to t
ry t
o fo
rmal
ize
corr
ectl
y w
hat
isno
mor
e th
an t
he e
xper
ienc
e w
e ha
ve t
o ve
rify
day
by
day. W
e ha
ve s
tude
nts
who
com
e to
tel
l us
sto
ries
abo
utth
eir
pare
nts,
and
who
fin
ally
not
ice
not
only
that
we
can
unde
rsta
nd p
atie
nts
wit
h th
is l
angu
age
of L
acan
's a
s ea
sily
as w
e ca
n w
ith
the
lang
uage
that
is
spre
ad a
nd d
iffu
sed
byin
stit
utio
ns e
stab
lish
ed o
n a
diff
eren
t ba
sis;
we
actu
ally
unde
rsta
nd t
hem
bet
ter.
Pat
ient
s so
met
imes
say
som
e ve
ry c
leve
r th
ings
, an
d it
is L
acan
's o
wn
disc
ours
e th
at t
hey
are
spea
king
. O
nly,
if
psyc
hoan
alys
tis h
adn'
t he
ard
Lac
an f
irst
, th
ey w
ould
n't
42
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
even
hav
e lis
tene
d to
the
pat
ient
, an
d w
ould
hav
e sa
id:
'Jus
t an
othe
r m
enta
l pa
tien
t ta
lkin
g m
ore
nons
ense
'.R
ight
. L
et's
tu
rn t
o th
e en
d.
The
end
of m
y te
achi
ng.
Whe
n I
use
the
wor
d 'e
nd
', I
dono
t m
ean
the
end
of th
e w
orld
. I
am n
ot t
alki
ng a
bout
the
day
it sn
uffs
it;
no,
the
end
is t
he t
elos
, w
hy I
do
it.T
he
end
of m
y te
achi
ng i
s,
wel
l, to
tr
ain
psyc
ho-
anal
ysts
who
are
cap
able
of
fulf
illin
g th
e fu
ncti
on k
now
nas
the
sub
ject
, be
caus
e it
so
happ
ens
that
it
is o
nly
from
this
poi
nt o
f vie
w t
hat
we
can
real
ly s
ee w
hat
is a
t st
ake
in J
psyc
hoan
alys
is.
' Psy
choa
naly
sts
who
are
cap
able
of
fulf
illin
g th
e fu
nc-
tion
of t
he s
ubje
ct'
may
not
see
m a
ll th
at c
lear
to y
ou,
but
it's
tru
e. I
will
try
to
outli
ne t
o yo
u w
hat
we
can
dedu
ceab
out
it f
rom
the
the
ory
of t
he t
rain
ing
anal
ysis
.D
oing
a b
it o
f m
athe
mat
ics
wou
ld n
ot b
e ba
d tr
aini
ngfo
r ps
ycho
anal
ysts
. In
mat
hem
atic
s,
the
subj
ect
is f
luid
and
pure
, an
d it
is
n't
stuc
k or
tr
appe
d an
ywhe
re.
Itw
ould
hel
p th
em,
and
they
wou
ld s
ee th
at t
here
are
cas
esin
whi
ch i
t no
lon
ger
circ
ulat
es,
prec
isel
y be
caus
e, a
s yo
usa
w j
ust
a m
omen
t ag
o, t
he
Oth
er
seem
s to
be
split
betw
een
the
site
of
trut
h an
d th
e si
te o
f th
e de
sire
of
the
Oth
er.
It's
the
sam
e w
ith
the
subj
ect.
43
My
Teac
hing
A p
ost-
lang
uage
sub
ject
; tha
t is t
he s
ubje
ct w
e ca
n pu
rify
so e
lega
ntly
in
mat
hem
atic
al l
ogic
. O
nly,
the
re i
s st
illal
way
s so
met
hing
to
be c
ited
, so
met
hing
tha
t w
as a
lrea
dyth
ere.
The
sub
ject
is m
anuf
actu
red
by a
cer
tain
num
ber
ofar
ticu
lati
ons
that
hav
e ta
ken
plac
e,
and
falls
fr
om
the
sign
ifyi
ng c
hain
in
the
way
tha
t ri
pe f
ruit
falls
. A
s so
onas
he
com
es in
to th
e w
orld
he
falls
fro
m a
sig
nify
ing
chai
n,w
hich
may
wel
l be
com
plic
ated
or
at l
east
ela
bora
te,
and
wha
t w
e ca
ll th
e de
sire
of
his
pare
nts
is s
ubja
cent
to
that
very
cha
in.
It w
ould
be
diff
icul
t no
t to
ta
ke t
hat
into
acco
unt i
n th
e fa
ct o
f his
bir
th, e
ven,
and
esp
ecia
lly,
whe
n it
was
, pr
ecis
ely,
a d
esir
e fo
r hi
m n
ot t
o be
bor
n.
The
lea
st w
e ca
n as
k m
ight
be
for
psyc
hoan
alys
ts t
ono
tice
th
at
they
are
poe
ts.
Tha
t's
wha
t's
funn
y,
very
funn
y, a
bout
it.
I wil
l ta
ke t
he f
irst
exa
mpl
e th
at c
omes
to
min
d. I'm m
akin
g so
me
use
of th
e no
tes
I m
ade
on t
he t
rain
for
your
ben
efit
. M
y pa
per
was
n't
the
only
one
on
the
trai
n. T
here
was
a c
opy
of F
ranc
e-So
ir l
ying
aro
und,
so
Igl
ance
d at
it.
Cla
udin
e, y
ou k
now
, th
at p
rett
y F
renc
h gi
rl,
I d
on
'tkn
ow i
f sh
e w
as s
tran
gled
or
st
abbe
d, b
ut i
n an
y ca
seth
ere
was
an
Am
eric
an w
ho
quic
kly
disa
ppea
red,
an
dno
w h
e's
in a
men
tal
hom
e, m
uch
good
tha
t w
ill d
o hi
m.
Let
's t
hink
abo
ut i
t. H
e's
in a
men
tal
hom
e,
and
aps
ycho
anal
yst g
oes
to s
ee h
im.
It d
oes
happ
en, b
ecau
se h
e
44
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
is a
mem
ber
of a
ver
y go
od s
ocie
ty.
So w
hat
do w
e fi
nd?
We
find
LS
D.
Seem
s he
was
as
high
as
a ki
te w
hen
itha
ppen
ed.
LSD
, but
eve
n so
, ev
en s
o, L
SD
can
't co
mpl
etel
y m
ess
up t
he s
igni
fyin
g ch
ains
. O
r at
lea
st l
et's
hop
e w
e fi
ndso
met
hing
acc
epta
ble.
We
find
wha
t th
ey c
all
a m
urde
r-ou
s im
puls
e, a
nd w
e fi
nd t
hat
it i
s pe
rfec
tly
arti
cula
ted
wit
h a
cert
ain
num
ber
of s
igni
fyin
g ch
ains
tha
t w
ere
quit
ede
cisi
ve a
t on
e m
omen
t or
oth
er i
n hi
s pa
st.
Oh
com
e on
, it
's t
he p
sych
oana
lyst
who
is
sayi
ng t
hat.
Why
not
jus
t sa
y he
bum
ped
the
girl
off
, an
d be
don
ew
ith
it?
It
is t
rue
we
notic
e th
at
ther
e w
ere
caus
esso
mew
here
at
th
e le
vel
of
the
sign
ifyi
ng
chai
n.
The
psyc
hoan
alys
t sa
ys s
o, a
nd t
he r
eall
y fu
nny
thin
g is
tha
t
we
beli
eve
him
.I b
eg y
our
pard
on,
they
bel
ieve
him
. If
we
do
n't
belie
vehi
m,
we'
re p
oorl
y th
ough
t of
, w
e're
out
of
touc
h.
We
just
hav
e to
und
erst
and
wha
t be
lievi
ng h
im m
eans
. I
amno
t of
cou
rse
coun
ting
on t
he k
indn
ess
of E
nglis
h ju
dges
.T
hat
shou
ld a
t le
ast
enco
urag
e th
e ps
ycho
anal
ysts
to
beso
mew
hat
criti
cal
of s
omet
hing
qui
te a
nalo
gous
whe
n it
com
es t
o,
for
inst
ance
, th
e tr
ansf
eren
ce.
The
psy
cho-
anal
yst
says
tha
t th
e tr
ansf
eren
ce r
efle
cts
som
ethi
ng t
hat
happ
ened
in
the
past
. T
hat's
wha
t he
say
s. T
he r
ules
of
the
gam
e sa
y th
at w
e ha
ve to
bel
ieve
him
. B
ut w
hy s
houl
dw
e, w
hen
all's
sai
d an
d do
ne?
Why
sho
uldn
't w
hat
is n
ow
45
My
Teac
hing
happ
enin
g in
the
tran
sfer
ence
hav
e it
s ow
n va
lue?
Per
haps
we
shou
ld f
ind
anot
her
mod
e of
ref
eren
ce t
o ju
stif
y th
epr
efer
ence
tha
t is
giv
en t
o th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst's
poi
nt o
fvi
ew w
hen
it c
omes
to
wha
t ac
tual
ly h
appe
ned.
I'm
not
the
one
who
ca
me
up w
ith
that
id
ea.
An
Am
eric
an p
sych
oana
lyst
— th
ey a
re n
ot
all
stup
id —
has
just
mad
e ex
actl
y th
ese
com
men
ts i
n a
rela
tive
ly r
ecen
tis
sue
of
the
Psyc
hoan
alyt
ic
Gaz
ette
[j
ourn
al
ojfic
iel
de l
aps
ycha
naly
se].
I w
ant
to e
nd w
ith
livi
ng th
ings
, as
they
say
. So
here
is
a li
ttle
exa
mpl
e. '
If I
'd k
now
n',
said
one
of
my
pati
ents
,'I
'd h
ave
wet
the
bed
mor
e th
an t
wic
e a
wee
k.'
I'll
spa
re y
ou w
hat
led
up to
him
com
ing
out
wit
h th
at.
It
cam
e af
ter
a w
hole
se
ries
of
co
nsid
erat
ions
ab
out
vari
ous
priv
atio
ns,
and
afte
r he
ha
d cl
eare
d so
me
ofth
e de
bts
he f
elt
he w
as b
urde
ned
wit
h. H
e fe
lt qu
ite
atea
se,
and
rath
er o
ddly
reg
rett
ed t
he f
act
that
he
had
not
done
so
earl
ier.
So,
you
see,
one
thi
ng i
n pa
rtic
ular
str
ikes
me:
th
eps
ycho
anal
yst
does
not
re
aliz
e th
e de
cisi
ve p
ositi
on h
eho
lds
by
arti
cula
ting
, na
chtr
dglic
h,
as F
reud
put
s it,
a
defe
rred
act
ion
that
est
abli
shes
the
tru
th o
f w
hat
cam
eea
rlie
r. H
e do
es n
ot r
eall
y kn
ow w
hat h
e is
doi
ng in
doi
ngth
at. 'R
etro
acti
vely
' [a
pres
-cou
p]
. .
. yo
u ca
n fi
nd i
t in
the
firs
t pa
ges
of a
cer
tain
voc
abul
ary
that
cam
e ou
t no
t so
46
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
long
ago
. I
need
n't
tell
you
tha
t no
one
wou
ld e
ver
have
incl
uded
thi
s 'd
efer
red
acti
on'
in a
Fre
udia
n vo
cabu
lary
ifI
hadn
't br
ough
t it
out
in
my
teac
hing
. N
o on
e be
fore
me
had
ever
not
iced
the
im
port
ance
of
this
nac
htrd
'glic
h,ev
en th
ough
it
is th
ere
on e
very
pag
e of
Fre
ud.
And
yet
it
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t to
det
ach
the
'retr
oact
ivel
y' i
n th
is c
ase.
No
psyc
hoan
alys
t ha
d th
ough
t of
thi
s,
I m
ean
ever
wri
tten
thi
s, e
ven
thou
gh i
t is
dir
ectl
y in
lin
e w
ith
wha
the
doe
s as
a p
sych
oana
lyst
. Whe
n so
meo
ne t
ells
us
'God
in h
eave
n, w
hy d
idn'
t I
wet
the
bed
mor
e th
an t
wic
e a
wee
k?',
if y
ou k
now
how
to
list
en,
it m
eans
tha
t th
e fa
ctof
onl
y w
etti
ng t
he b
ed t
wic
e a
wee
k ha
s to
be
take
n in
toco
nsid
erat
ion,
and
that
we
have
to t
ake
into
acc
ount
tha
tth
e fi
gure
2 is
intr
oduc
ed i
n co
rrel
atio
n w
ith
the
neur
otic
sym
ptom
.P
erha
ps k
now
ing
how
to
use
wha
t is
not
hing
m
ore
than
an
effe
ct o
f th
ough
t's i
nter
nal
cohe
renc
e is
eno
ugh.
Whe
n th
ough
t is
not
too
em
piri
cal,
it d
oes
not
cons
ist i
nst
andi
ng a
nd g
apin
g, a
nd w
aiti
ng f
or i
nspi
rati
on t
o co
me
from
the
fa
cts.
And
bes
ides
, ho
w c
an w
e ev
en s
ay t
hat
we
are
deal
-in
g w
ith
fact
s, w
ith
fact
s pu
re a
nd s
impl
e, i
n a
situ
atio
nas
ar
ticu
late
d,
as
inte
rven
tion
ist,
and
as
artif
icia
l as
' 1
[See
the
entr
y on
'Def
erre
d ac
tion;
Def
erre
d' i
n J.
Lap
lanc
he a
nd J.
-B.
Pont
alis
,Th
e La
ngua
ge o
f Ps
ycho
anal
ysis
, tr
ans.
Don
ald
Nic
hols
on-S
mith
(L
ondo
n, 1
973)
. T
heFr
ench
ori
gina
l w
as p
ublis
hed
in 1
967.
] 47
My
leac
hing
psyc
hoan
alys
is?
The
fa
ct
that
th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst
neve
rm
oves
and
kee
ps q
uiet
thr
ee-q
uart
ers
of t
he
tim
e,
orni
nety
-nin
e po
int
nine
per
ce
nt
of t
he
tim
e,
does
not
mea
n w
e ha
ve t
o se
e it
as a
n ex
erci
se i
n ob
serv
atio
n. I
t is
an e
xper
imen
t in
whi
ch th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst i
s in
volv
ed, a
ndno
psy
choa
naly
sts
wou
ld
ever
da
re t
o tr
y to
de
ny
it.
Onl
y, y
ou h
ave
to k
now
wha
t is
goi
ng o
n. L
ess
so h
ere
than
any
whe
re e
lse,
we
cann
ot f
ail
to r
ecog
nize
tha
t th
ere
al m
echa
nism
beh
ind
a sc
ient
ific
str
uctu
re i
s its
log
ic,
and
not
its
empi
rica
l si
de.
Onc
e w
e re
aliz
e th
at,
we
mig
ht p
erha
ps b
egin
to
see
som
ethi
ng.
And
per
haps
the
psy
choa
naly
st w
ould
be
all
the
mor
e ke
en o
n fe
elin
g go
od a
bout
him
self
if
he c
ould
be m
ore
than
jus
t a
psyc
hiat
rist
.
It s
o ha
ppen
s th
at t
here
is
no r
easo
n w
hy w
e sh
ould
rest
rict
O's
fam
ous
litt
le d
— th
at d
esir
e of
the
Oth
er —
toth
e fi
eld
of a
naly
tic
prac
tice
alon
e. W
hils
t th
ere
is n
o su
chth
ing
as a
col
lect
ive
cons
ciou
snes
s, w
e m
ight
pe
rhap
sno
te t
hat
the
func
tion
of
the
desi
re o
f th
e O
ther
rea
lly
does
hav
e to
be
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
whe
n it
com
es t
oth
e or
gani
zati
on o
f so
ciet
ies,
esp
ecia
lly
thes
e da
ys.
Thi
s ou
tcom
e re
sult
s fr
om
the
inst
itut
ion
of w
hat
isus
ually
cal
led
com
mun
ism
, na
mel
y a
desi
re o
f/fo
r [d
e\e
Oth
er b
ased
upo
n ju
stic
e in
the
red
istr
ibut
ive
sens
e
of t
he w
ord.
We
mig
ht n
ote
mor
e th
an o
ne c
orre
lati
on,
wit
h th
e su
bjec
t of
sci
ence
on
the
one
hand
, an
d, o
n th
e
48
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
oj
My
Teac
hing
othe
r, w
ith
wha
t ha
ppen
s at
the
lev
el o
f th
e re
lati
onsh
ipw
ith
tru
th.
Wo
uld
n't
it b
e in
tere
stin
g to
try
to
see
the
corr
elat
ion
betw
een
putt
ing
the
desi
re o
f th
e O
ther
in
char
ge o
f a
reg
ime,
and
the
fac
t th
at t
he d
one
thin
g is
to
obst
inat
ely
defe
nd a
n ev
er-g
row
ing
num
ber
of o
ut-
righ
t lie
s?D
on
't ge
t th
e id
ea
that
m
y re
mar
ks
are
dire
cted
agai
nst
the
com
mie
s.
Tha
t's
not
wha
t I
mea
n at
al
l.A
nd
I am
goi
ng t
o gi
ve y
ou
anot
her
ridd
le.
Do
you
thin
k th
at
thin
gs
are
any
bett
er
on
the
othe
r si
de,
whe
re t
he d
esir
e of
the
Oth
er i
s ba
sed
upon
wha
t th
eyca
ll fr
eedo
m,
or i
n ot
her
wor
ds i
njus
tice?
In
a co
untr
yw
here
yo
u ca
n sa
y an
ythi
ng,
even
th
e tr
uth
, th
eou
tcom
e is
tha
t,
no m
atte
r w
hat
they
sa
y, i
t ha
s no
kind
of
effe
ct
wha
tsoe
ver.
I w
ould
lik
e to
end
the
re,
in o
rder
to
tell
you
tha
tth
ere
may
co
me
a ti
me
whe
n w
e fi
nd
that
be
ing
aps
ycho
anal
yst
mea
ns h
avin
g a
plac
e in
soc
iety
.T
hat
plac
e w
ill,
I hop
e, I
am
sur
e, b
e ta
ken,
eve
n if
it is
for
the
mom
ent
occu
pied
onl
y by
psy
choa
naly
sts
who
have
lur
ched
int
o th
eir
litt
le j
oke
shop
.Ps
ycho
anal
ysis
obv
ious
ly m
ight
be
a m
ode,
a s
cien
tific
mod
e of
app
roac
h co
ncer
ning
th
ings
to
do
w
ith
the
subj
ect.
It w
ill,
how
ever
, be
com
e m
ore
and
mor
e us
eful
to
pres
erve
it
in
th
e m
idst
of
th
e ev
er-a
ccel
erat
ing
mov
emen
t in
whi
ch o
ur w
orld
is
ente
ring
.
49
My
Teac
hing
DIS
CU
SSIO
N
Hen
ri M
aldi
ney:
H
ow c
an w
e di
scus
s yo
ur d
isco
urse
? W
ew
ould
hav
e to
do
so v
ia a
plu
rali
ty o
f po
ints
and
slip
into
it
s ar
ticu
lati
ons,
an
d w
e ca
nnot
do
th
at
for
ever
ythi
ng.
I w
ill
ask
you
a si
mpl
e qu
esti
on
abou
tth
e di
stin
ctio
n be
twee
n yo
ur t
wo
subj
ects
.It
see
ms
to m
e th
at y
ou o
ver-
sim
plif
y th
e fi
rst,
the
one
that
, pr
ecis
ely,
has
no
lexi
cal
mea
ning
, th
e on
e th
at i
sde
term
ined
sol
ely
by th
e ac
t of
spe
akin
g, t
he o
ne t
hat i
sno
t si
mpl
y de
term
ined
by
al
l th
e w
ord'
s po
ssib
lese
man
tem
es,
whi
ch
are
neve
r pu
re,
as i
t ha
ppen
s,no
r by
the
set
of
mor
phem
es,
but
by t
he p
ossi
bilit
ies
inhe
rent
in
a si
tuat
ion.
It s
eem
s to
me
that
, be
caus
e yo
u ov
erlo
ok t
hat,
you
find
you
rsel
f in
dis
agre
emen
t w
ith
Hei
degg
er,
who
myo
u ju
st c
ited,
bec
ause
Hei
degg
er's
arc
he i
s ba
sica
lly a
pres
ence
or
arti
cula
tion
tha
t ex
ists
pri
or t
o an
y m
or-
phol
ogic
al s
truc
ture
, be
fore
it b
ecom
es a
mea
ning
. It
ispr
imar
ily
sove
reig
n in
the
co
ncre
te
and
outs
ide
the
unde
rsta
ndin
g, i
n th
e si
tuat
ion
itse
lf.
So
long
as
the
/th
at
spea
ks
and
the
you,
th
e al
teri
ty
it
need
s,re
quir
es
. .
. be
caus
e if
eve
ryth
ing
is c
lear
, th
ere
isno
thin
g le
ft.
Wha
t I
mea
n is
that
, if
the
othe
r do
es n
otre
sist
, th
e /
cann
ot l
ocat
e it
self
.
Now
, th
e / t
hat
is s
o in
stit
uted
esc
apes
the
legi
slat
ion
50
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
of l
angu
age,
exc
ept
in t
he l
ogic
of
prea
chin
g, a
nd i
tap
pear
s to
me
that
, be
caus
e of
the
logi
c of
you
r ex
pose
,an
d by
def
inin
g th
e su
bjec
t of
the
enu
ncia
tion
, yo
u do
ente
r in
to
a lo
gic
of p
reac
hing
. N
ow,
the
logi
c of
prea
chin
g is
aft
er a
ll no
mor
e th
an o
ne f
orm
of
logi
c,an
d it
is s
urel
y a
logi
c of
the
obje
ct r
athe
r th
an o
f th
esu
bjec
t/ob
ject
re
lati
onsh
ip.
Mor
e sp
ecif
ical
ly,
the
obje
ctiv
atio
n pr
esen
t in
tha
tlo
gic
seem
s to
m
e to
be
quite
th
e op
posi
te
of a
nyno
tion
of in
sigh
t be
caus
e it
is n
o m
ore
than
the
sec
ond
stag
e in
the
si
ngul
ariz
atio
n of
a m
uch
mor
e fu
nda-
men
tal
func
tion
, na
mel
y th
at
of b
eing
-in-
the-
wor
ld.
Now
, be
ing
at th
e ve
ry h
eart
of t
his
logi
c an
d be
ing-
in-
the-
wor
ld
are
not
the
sam
e th
ing
at a
ll.
You
are
in
dang
er o
f re
mai
ning
with
in t
he f
ield
of
the
take
n-fo
r-
gran
ted,
to
talk
lik
e H
usse
rl.
And
in
rela
tion
to
the
thin
g, t
he v
ery
arti
cula
tion
of
thin
gs,
whi
ch i
s al
way
s pr
esen
t in
Hei
degg
er,
I do
n't
real
ly s
ee w
hat
pres
ence
it
can
have
, if
lang
uage
rea
llydo
es b
ecom
e th
e si
gn,
or w
hat
I w
ould
cal
l th
e ve
ryfo
rm
of t
he
abso
lute
, be
yond
th
e re
ality
pr
inci
ple,
whi
ch i
s th
e op
posi
te o
f F
reud
's V
erne
inun
g, w
hich
you
mak
e .
. .
J.L.
: I'
ve n
ot s
aid
a si
ngle
wor
d ab
out
Vern
einu
ng t
oday
.H
enri
Mal
dine
y:
No,
and
yes
, gi
ven
that
the
rep
ress
ion
isno
t re
mov
ed
by
the
inte
llect
ual
mea
ning
of
th
e
51
My
Teac
hing
repr
esen
tati
on,
and
that
it
is
m
eani
ng
we
obta
inth
roug
h la
ngua
ge.
It s
eem
s to
me
that
lan
guag
e it
self
is n
ot
cont
empo
rary
, an
d is
not
jus
t bo
rn o
f ti
me.
In
ige
nera
l, la
ngua
ge d
oes
wit
hout
tim
e, a
nd m
eani
ng i
sba
sica
lly r
ever
sibl
e. A
nd i
t is
onl
y in
the
pre
sent
tha
tyo
u ca
n re
cupe
rate
tha
t so
met
hing
tha
t is
not
sim
ply
inm
eani
ng oJ.
L.:
Say
no
mor
e,
plea
se.
I cl
aim
to
foll
ow H
eide
gger
only
to
the
exte
nt t
hat
I al
low
mys
elf
to c
ite h
im i
nor
der
to f
ind
a st
riki
ng f
orm
ula.
Eve
n as
sum
ing
that
o
o
som
e pe
ople
in
my
audi
ence
ev
en t
houg
ht
of t
hat
conn
ecti
on,
I im
med
iate
ly s
aid
that
I w
as
borr
owin
gth
at
form
ula,
an
d th
at's
w
hat
I di
d he
re.
Wha
tH
eide
gger
doe
s w
ith
it is
a d
iffe
rent
m
atte
r.O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, an
d to
res
pond
to
wha
t ap
pear
sto
me
to b
e th
e re
al p
oint
you
are
mak
ing,
I d
on
'tre
ally
see
why
you
say
that
I s
acri
fice
the
sub
ject
of
the
arti
cula
tion
, of
the
arch
e, o
f th
e si
tuat
ion
of th
e su
bjec
tin
sofa
r as
it s
peak
s an
d he
ars
to t
he e
xten
t th
at i
t en
ters
into
the
pre
sent
si
tuat
ion
qua
bein
g-in
-the
-wor
ld,
asyo
u sa
y, b
ecau
se t
hat
is p
reci
sely
why
I s
peak
of
the
'div
isio
n of
the
sub
ject
'.
I am
say
ing
that
the
sub
ject
, w
hils
t it
rem
ains
the
subj
ect,
func
tions
onl
y w
hen
divi
ded.
Ind
eed,
tha
t is
the
who
le i
mpo
rt o
f w
hat
I es
tabl
ish.
I h
ave
to t
ell
you
that
I c
onse
crat
e th
is d
ivis
ion
of th
e su
bjec
t, de
noun
ce
52
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
it
and
dem
onst
rate
it
in
ve
ry
diff
eren
t w
ays
than
redu
ctiv
e w
ay
I ha
ve
used
he
re
and
whi
ch,
as i
tha
ppen
s, c
erta
inly
doe
s no
t co
rres
pond
to
the
divi
sion
itsel
f. I
wou
ld h
ave
to h
ave
done
som
ethi
ng
I ab
so-
lute
ly
refu
se
to
supp
ly t
he
refe
renc
e th
is
even
ing,
beca
use
you
mus
t no
t th
ink
that
I h
ave
been
tal
king
abou
t w
hat,
with
you
r pe
rmis
sion
, I
will
cal
l, to
sav
eti
me,
no
t ju
st
my
teac
hing
bu
t m
y do
ctri
ne,
and
ever
ythi
ng t
hat
foll
ows
from
it.
I ha
ve n
ot b
een
able
to d
o th
at.
The
re i
s a
caus
al e
lem
ent
in t
his
divi
sion
, an
d it
isw
hat
I ca
ll ob
jet
petit
a.
The
re
are
thos
e w
ho h
ave
alre
ady
hear
d ab
out
this
, an
d th
ere
are
thos
e w
ho h
ave
not.
It m
ay lo
ok l
ike
a st
rang
e th
ing
to t
hose
who
hav
eno
t he
ard
abou
t it
, es
peci
ally
as
I ha
ve n
ot r
eall
y ha
dti
me
to
evok
e th
e or
der
it
mig
ht
belo
ng
to,
and
beca
use
it i
s cl
osel
y re
late
d to
the
str
uctu
re o
f de
sire
.A
t al
l eve
nts,
thi
s ob
jet
petit
a is
in th
e ve
ry p
lace
whe
reth
at s
ingu
lar
phal
lic a
bsen
ce i
s re
veal
ed,
at t
he r
oot
ofw
hat
I hav
e tr
ied
here
to
put
in th
e ce
ntre
bec
ause
it i
sth
e ce
ntre
of
the
anal
ytic
exp
erie
nce,
nam
ely
wha
t I,
like
ever
yone
els
e, c
all
cast
rati
on.
So i
n or
der
to s
ay t
hat
the
subj
ect
was
div
ided
, I
sim
ply
indi
cate
d it
s tw
o po
sitio
ns
in r
elat
ion
to t
hesu
bjec
t of
lan
guag
e. O
ur
subj
ect
as s
uch,
the
sub
ject
that
spe
aks,
if y
ou l
ike,
may
wel
l cl
aim
pri
mac
y, b
ut i
t
53
My
Teac
hing
will
nev
er b
e po
ssib
le t
o re
gard
it
pure
ly a
nd s
impl
y as
the
free
ini
tiat
or o
f its
dis
cour
se, s
impl
y be
caus
e, b
eing
divi
ded,
it
is b
ound
up
wit
h th
at o
ther
sub
ject
— th
esu
bjec
t of
the
un
cons
ciou
s, w
hich
hap
pens
to
exis
tin
depe
nden
tly
of a
ny l
ingu
istic
str
uctu
re.
Tha
t is
wha
tth
e di
scov
ery
of t
he u
ncon
scio
us i
s.
Eit
her
this
is t
rue,
or
it i
s no
t tr
ue.
If it
is
true
, th
atsh
ould
sto
p ev
en M
. H
eide
gger
fro
m a
lway
s ta
lkin
gab
out
how
mat
ters
sta
nd w
ith
the
subj
ect
in t
he s
ame
way
. A
nd b
esid
es,
if w
e ge
t in
volv
ed i
n th
e H
eide
g-ge
rean
con
trov
ersy
, I
wou
ld b
e so
bol
d as
to
sugg
est
that
Hei
degg
er's
use
of
the
term
's
ubje
ct'
is f
ar f
rom
OO
J
bein
g ho
mog
eneo
us.
Hen
ri M
aldi
ney:
H
e ha
rdly
eve
r us
es i
t.J.
L.:
P
reci
sely
. I
do.
Hen
ri M
aldi
ney.
Y
ou h
ave
your
rea
sons
.J.
L.:
I hav
e m
y re
ason
s, a
nd I
am
try
ing
to a
rtic
ulat
e th
emfo
r yo
u no
w.
Alo
ng th
e sa
me
line
s, y
ou r
aise
d a
cert
ain
num
ber
of o
bjec
tion
s by
int
rodu
cing
a f
ew r
egis
ters
of
Fre
udia
n do
ctri
ne,
repr
essi
on,
Vern
einu
ng,
and
a lo
t of
othe
r th
ings
. It
is
qui
te
obvi
ous
that
al
l th
at
has
play
ed
its
role
, an
d ha
s be
en
sift
ed
thro
ugh
my
thin
king
for
the
las
t se
vent
een
year
s, I
'm s
orry
, ev
ersi
nce
it's
be
en g
oing
on
...
wha
t I
cam
e he
re
toin
trod
uce,
or
ra
ther
ev
oke
by
way
of
th
e th
ree
refe
renc
es I
cal
l, su
cces
sive
ly,
the
'pla
ce,
orig
in a
nd
54
The
Pla
ce,
Ori
gin
and
End
of
My
Teac
hing
end
of m
y te
achi
ng'.
The
obj
ectio
ns t
hat
you
mig
htra
ise,
and
whi
ch a
re n
atur
ally
stil
l ve
ry p
rese
nt,
aris
efr
om a
cer
tain
per
spec
tive
. I
am w
ell
awar
e of
wha
tyo
u in
tend
to
pres
erve
by
rais
ing
them
, if
onl
y be
caus
ede
mon
stra
ting
th
at
to
you
wou
ld
sure
ly r
equi
re
am
uch
long
er d
ialo
gue
than
the
one
we
can
have
her
e.H
enri
Mal
dine
y. I
am
not
den
ying
wha
t yo
u sa
y ab
out
the
unco
nsci
ous.
In
the
sam
e w
ay t
hat
you
turn
it
into
ala
ngua
ge,
Hus
serl
tu
rns
it
into
'in
actu
alit
ies'
. W
eth
eref
ore
cann
ot h
ave
a di
alog
ue,
but,
let
's c
all
it j
ust
a do
uble
mon
olog
ue.
J.L
.:
Tha
t's
not
spec
ific
to
w
hat
goes
on
be
twee
nph
ilos
ophe
rs.
It's
the
sam
e be
twee
n hu
sban
d an
d w
ife.
55
MY
TEAC
HIN
G,
ITS
NATU
RE
AND
IT
S EN
DS
I ag
reed
to
visi
t a
psyc
hiat
ric
clin
ic b
ecau
se I
had
goo
dca
use
to p
resu
me
that
it
was
not
wit
hout
rea
son
that
I h
adbe
en a
sked
to t
ake
part
in
wha
t w
e ca
ll in
mod
ern
jarg
ona
collo
quiu
m.
Not
bad
, th
at t
erm
. I
quit
e li
ke i
t. W
e ta
lk t
oget
her,
in t
he
sam
e pl
ace,
I
mea
n.
Tha
t do
es n
ot
nece
ssar
ily
mea
n th
at w
e th
ink.
Eac
h of
us
talk
s be
caus
e w
e ar
e in
the
sam
e pl
ace:
w
e co
-loq
uate
. 'C
ollo
quiu
m'
is
anun
pret
enti
ous
term
, un
like
the
ter
m
'dia
logu
e'.
Bei
ngin
dia
logu
e is
one
of
the
mos
t en
orm
ous
pret
ensi
ons
ofou
r ti
mes
. H
ave
you
ever
se
en
peop
le
in d
ialo
gue?
Occ
asio
ns w
hen
we
spea
k of
dia
logu
e ar
e al
way
s a
litt
lebi
t li
ke d
omes
tic
quar
rels
.So
I w
as h
opin
g to
co-
loqu
ate.
But
giv
en th
at t
here
are
so m
any
of y
ou,
that
will
be
muc
h m
ore
diff
icul
t th
an I
thou
ght.
59
My
Teac
hing
The
fa
ct
is
that
I
have
pr
epar
ed
noth
ing
that
is
espe
cial
ly i
nten
ded
for
you.
If
I ha
d co
me
here
to
say
som
ethi
ng i
n fr
ont
of y
ou a
nd f
ound
onl
y si
lenc
e in
you
rpr
esen
ce,
I w
ould
fee
l th
at I
was
im
itat
ing
the
wom
anso
win
g se
eds
[la
sem
euse
]. B
ut j
ust
beca
use
you
are
sitt
ing
in r
ows
does
not
mea
n th
at t
hey
are
furr
ows,
and
nor
does
it m
ean
that
the
see
ds a
re s
ure
to f
ind
soil
whe
reth
ey c
an g
row
. T
hat
is w
hy I
wou
ld l
ike
som
e of
the
peop
le w
ho a
re s
itti
ng o
n th
e ti
ers
in th
is ro
om t
o be
goo
den
ough
to
ask
me
a qu
esti
on.
It's
hig
hly
unli
kely
, of
cour
se,
but
that
is
the
requ
est
Iam
mak
ing,
as
I do
whe
neve
r, a
nd i
t is
not
tha
t of
ten,
Iha
ppen
to
spea
k in
a c
onte
xt t
hat
is,
it h
as t
o be
sai
d,un
fam
iliar
to
me,
bec
ause
I do
not
thi
nk m
any
of y
ou h
ave
been
fol
low
ing
wha
t I
teac
h.o
Wha
t I
teac
h ha
s ca
used
som
ethi
ng o
f a
stir
.T
hat
date
s fr
om t
he d
ay -
and
than
k G
od I
put
it o
fffo
r as
lon
g as
I c
ould
— I
coll
ecte
d to
geth
er s
omet
hing
Iha
d to
cal
l Ec
rits
, in
the
plu
ral,
bec
ause
it s
eem
ed t
o m
eth
at t
hat
was
the
sim
ples
t te
rm t
o de
sign
ate
wha
t I
was
goin
g to
do.
12
[La
sem
euse
: th
e fe
mal
e fi
gure
of
the
sow
er t
hat
appe
ared
on
som
e (p
re-E
uro)
Fre
nch
bank
note
s.]
60
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s E
nds
I br
ough
t to
geth
er
unde
r th
at t
itle
the
thi
ngs
I ha
dw
ritt
en j
ust
to
put
dow
n a
few
mar
kers
, a
few
mil
e-st
ones
, lik
e th
e po
sts
they
dri
ve i
nto
the
wat
er t
o m
oor
boat
s to
, in
wha
t I h
ad b
een
teac
hing
on
a w
eekl
y ba
sis
for
twen
ty y
ears
or
so.
I d
on
't th
ink
I rep
eate
d m
ysel
f muc
h.I'm
qui
te s
ure
I d
idn
't, b
ecau
se I
mad
e it
a r
ule,
a s
ort
ofim
pera
tive
, ne
ver
to s
ay th
e sa
me
thin
gs m
ore
than
onc
e.T
hat,
I th
ink
you
will
agr
ee,
is q
uite
a f
eat.
In th
e co
urse
of t
hose
long
yea
rs o
f tea
chin
g, f
rom
tim
eto
ti
me
I co
mpo
sed
an
ecri
t an
d it
se
emed
to
m
eim
port
ant
to p
ut i
t th
ere
like
a py
lon
to m
ark
a st
age,
the
poin
t w
e ha
d re
ache
d in
som
e ye
ar,
som
e pe
riod
in
som
e ye
ar.
The
n I
put
it a
ll t
oget
her.
It
happ
ened
in
aco
ntex
t in
whi
ch t
hing
s ha
d ga
ined
gro
und
sinc
e th
e ti
me
whe
n I
star
ted
out
in t
each
ing.
I w
as s
peak
ing
for
the
bene
fit
of p
eopl
e it
conc
erne
ddi
rect
ly,
for
the
spec
ific
pe
ople
w
ho
call
them
selv
esps
ycho
anal
ysts
. It
had
to d
o w
ith
thei
r m
ost
dire
ct,
mos
tda
y-to
-day
, an
d m
ost
urge
nt
expe
rien
ce.
It w
as d
one
expr
essl
y fo
r th
em,
and
it's
nev
er b
een
done
for
any
one
else
. B
ut it
is
true
tha
t it
had
occ
urre
d to
me
that
it
mig
htbe
of i
nter
est
to p
eopl
e to
who
m i
t was
not
add
ress
ed a
ndw
hom
it
did
not
conc
ern
at a
ll.
Any
pro
duct
ion
of t
his
natu
re a
lway
s ha
s an
exe
mpl
ary
char
acte
r to
the
ext
ent
that
it
face
s up
to
a di
ffic
ulty
you
can
sen
se,
a re
al t
hing
, aco
ncre
te t
hing
, to
use
ano
ther
fas
hion
able
wor
d. E
ven
if
61
My
Teac
hing
you
do n
ot u
nder
stan
d it
ver
y w
ell,
rea
ding
wha
t I h
ave
wri
tten
has
an
effe
ct,
hold
s yo
ur i
nter
est,
is
of in
tere
st.
Itis
not
tha
t of
ten
that
you
rea
d an
ecr
it th
at i
s ne
cess
aril
yso
met
hing
ur
gent
, an
d w
hich
is
add
ress
ed
to
peop
lew
ho r
eall
y ha
ve s
omet
hing
to
do,
som
ethi
ng i
t is
not
easy
to
do.
It i
s pr
imar
ily
for
that
rea
son,
I s
uppo
se,
that
, if
we
appr
oach
the
m f
rom
a d
iffe
rent
an
gle,
we
can
agre
e to
cons
ider
the
se E
crits
unr
eada
ble;
peo
ple
at l
east
pre
tend
to r
ead
them
, or
to
have
rea
d th
em.
Not
, na
tura
lly,
the
peop
le w
ho s
uppo
sedl
y do
tha
t fo
r a
livi
ng,
or i
n ot
her
wor
ds t
he
crit
ics.
Rea
ding
the
m w
ould
for
ce
them
to
prov
e th
eir
wor
th b
y w
riti
ng s
omet
hing
tha
t m
ight
at
leas
t hav
e so
met
hing
to d
o w
ith
wha
t I a
m a
dvan
cing
, but
at t
hat
poin
t th
ey b
ecom
e su
spic
ious
. A
s yo
u m
ay h
ave
noti
ced,
thi
s bo
ok h
as n
ot h
ad m
any
revi
ews.
Pro
babl
ybe
caus
e it
is
very
thic
k, d
iffi
cult
to r
ead,
obs
cure
. It
is n
otD
esig
ned
for
ever
yday
con
sum
ptio
n at
all
. Y
ou m
ight
say
to
me
that
th
at
rem
ark
mig
ht
sugg
est
I'm
mak
ing
excu
ses.
It
mig
ht m
ean
that
I'm
sa
ying
I s
houl
d ha
vepr
oduc
ed a
boo
k fo
r ev
eryd
ay c
onsu
mpt
ion,
or
even
tha
tI'm
goi
ng t
o. Y
es, i
t is
pos
sibl
e. I
mig
ht t
ry t
o. B
ut I
am
not
used
to
that
. A
nd i
t is
by
no m
eans
cer
tain
tha
t it
wou
ld b
e a
succ
ess.
Per
haps
it w
ould
be
bett
er i
f I d
id n
ottr
y to
for
ce m
y ta
lent
. A
nd I
do
not
find
it
part
icul
arly
desi
rabl
e in
it
self
, be
caus
e w
hat
I te
ach
will
in
deed
62
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
even
tual
ly
beco
me
com
mon
cu
rren
cy.
The
re
will
be
peop
le w
ho w
ill g
et d
own
to i
t, w
ho w
ill p
ut i
t ab
out.
Tha
t is
obv
ious
ly n
ot q
uite
the
sam
e th
ing,
and
it w
ill b
e a
bit
dist
orte
d. T
hey'
ll t
ry t
o in
trod
uce
it i
nto
the
hubb
ub.
The
y w
ill d
o al
l th
ey c
an t
o re
posi
tion
it
in r
elat
ion
to a
cert
ain
num
ber
of t
hose
ver
y so
lid c
onvi
ctio
ns t
hat
suit
ever
yone
in
this
soc
iety
, as
in
any
soci
ety.
I ha
ve n
o in
tent
ion
of m
akin
g cr
itici
sms
of t
he s
ocie
tyin
whi
ch w
e li
ve h
ere.
It
is n
o be
tter
and
no
wor
se t
han
any
othe
r. H
uman
soc
iety
has
alw
ays
been
a f
olly
. It
'sno
ne t
he w
orse
for
tha
t. I
t ha
s al
way
s be
en l
ike
that
,w
ill a
lway
s be
lik
e th
at.
Aft
er a
ll,
it h
as t
o be
adm
itte
dth
at
a fa
ir
num
ber
of i
deas
are
in
crea
sing
ly s
pine
less
.E
very
thin
g is
a c
onti
nuat
ion
of e
very
thin
g el
se.
It e
ven
ends
up
mak
ing
each
and
eve
ry o
ne o
f us
fee
l a
bit
sick
.A
t lu
nch
just
now
, in
the
li
ttle
cir
cle
of p
eopl
e w
hoha
ve g
iven
me
such
a k
ind
wel
com
e, w
e w
ere
talk
ing
abou
t w
hat
they
cal
l T
V,
the
thin
g th
at a
llow
s yo
u to
catc
h up
wit
h th
e w
orld
sce
ne a
t an
y m
omen
t, t
o ke
epup
w
ith
ever
ythi
ng
cult
ural
. N
othi
ng
cult
ural
w
ill
esca
pe y
ou a
ny m
ore.
Whi
le w
e're
on
the
subj
ect,
I wou
ld l
ike
to d
raw
you
rat
tent
ion
to a
maj
or
diff
eren
ce,
whi
ch h
as p
erha
ps n
otbe
en e
mph
asiz
ed e
noug
h, b
etw
een
man
and
the
ani
mal
s.It
is
wor
th m
enti
onin
g pr
ecis
ely
beca
use
we
forg
et a
bout
it. I
am
tal
king
abo
ut a
dif
fere
nce
in th
e co
ntex
t of
nat
ure
63
My
Teac
hing
beca
use
I re
ally
do
no
t w
ant
to
dabb
le
in
cult
ural
anth
ropo
logy
.
Unl
ike
wha
t ha
ppen
s at
ev
ery
leve
l of
the
an
imal
king
dom
— w
hich
sta
rts
wit
h el
epha
nts
and
hipp
os a
nden
ds w
ith
jelly
fish
— m
an i
s na
tura
lly
char
acte
rize
d by
the
extr
aord
inar
y em
barr
assm
ent
he
feel
s ab
out
- w
hat
shou
ld w
e ca
ll it?
By
the
sim
ples
t na
me
we
can
find
,by
God
— th
e ev
acua
tion
of
shit
.M
an is
the
only
ani
mal
for
who
m t
his
is a
pro
blem
, an
dit
's a
pro
digi
ous
one.
You
do
n't
real
ize,
bec
ause
you
hav
eli
ttle
dev
ices
that
eva
cuat
e it
. Y
ou h
ave
no i
dea
whe
re i
tgo
es a
fter
war
ds.
It a
ll go
es t
hrou
gh p
ipes
and
is
colle
cted
in f
anta
stic
pla
ces
you
have
no
idea
of,
and
the
n th
ere
are
fact
orie
s th
at t
ake
it i
n, t
rans
form
it
and
mak
e al
l so
rts
ofth
ings
tha
t go
bac
k in
to
circ
ulat
ion
thro
ugh
the
inte
r-m
edia
ry
of h
uman
ind
ustr
y,
and
hum
an i
ndus
try
is a
com
plet
ely
circ
ular
ind
ustr
y. I
t is
str
ikin
g th
at t
here
is
not,
to
my
know
ledg
e, a
ny c
ours
e on
pol
itica
l ec
onom
yth
at d
evot
es a
les
son
or t
wo
to i
t. T
his
is a
phe
nom
enon
of r
epre
ssio
n w
hich
, lik
e al
l ph
enom
ena
of r
epre
ssio
n, i
sbo
und
up w
ith
the
need
for
dec
orum
. T
roub
le
is,
we
do
n't
real
ly k
now
whi
ch
deco
rum
.
The
re i
s a
man
of
wit
I m
et a
ver
y lo
ng t
ime
ago,
and
I'm
sorr
y I
didn
't kn
ow
him
bet
ter.
H
e's
quit
e w
ell
know
n. A
ldou
s H
uxle
y. H
e w
as a
cha
rmin
g m
an,
of g
ood
fam
ily,
and
he w
asn'
t en
tire
ly s
tupi
d, n
ot a
t al
l st
upid
in
64
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s E
nds
fact
. I d
on
't kn
ow i
f he
is s
till
aliv
e. G
et h
old
of h
is A
doni
san
d th
e A
lpha
bet.
The
re's
a F
renc
h tr
ansl
atio
n, p
ublis
hed
by S
tock
, if
mem
ory
serv
es.
The
tit
le o
bvio
usly
doe
s no
tan
noun
ce t
he c
hapt
er i
t co
ntai
ns o
n w
hat
I've
jus
t be
en
talk
ing
abou
t: w
aste
dis
posa
l.T
alki
ng a
bout
thi
s is
alw
ays
shoc
king
, ev
en t
houg
h it
has
alw
ays
been
par
t of
wha
t w
e ca
ll ci
viliz
atio
n. A
gre
atci
viliz
atio
n is
fir
st a
nd f
orem
ost
a ci
viliz
atio
n th
at h
as a
was
te-d
ispo
sal
syst
em.
So lo
ng a
s w
e do
not
tak
e th
at a
sou
r st
arti
ng p
oint
, w
e w
ill n
ot b
e ab
le t
o sa
y an
ythi
ng
seri
ous.
Am
ongs
t th
ose
peop
le w
e ha
ve f
or s
ome
tim
e ca
lled
prim
itiv
e, t
houg
h I
have
no
idea
why
we
call
them
tha
tbe
caus
e th
ey h
ave
none
of
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of p
rim
i-tiv
enes
s at
al
l, or
le
t's
say
the
soci
etie
s th
at
soci
alan
thro
polo
gist
s st
udy
even
th
ough
, no
w
that
th
eth
eore
ticia
ns
have
put
th
eir
oar
in
and
go
on
abou
tth
e pr
imit
ive,
th
e ar
chai
c, t
he p
re-l
ogic
al a
nd a
ll t
hat
bull
shit
, no
one
und
erst
ands
the
m a
ny m
ore
— w
ell,
the
rear
e fe
w p
robl
ems
wit
h w
aste
dis
posa
l. I
am n
ot s
ayin
gth
ere
aren
't an
y. A
nd p
erha
ps i
t is
bec
ause
the
y ha
vefe
wer
of
the
se p
robl
ems
that
we
call
them
sa
vage
s, o
rev
en n
oble
sav
ages
, and
we
rega
rd t
hem
as
peop
le w
ho
are
clos
er t
o na
ture
.B
ut w
hen
it co
mes
to
the
equa
tion
gre
at c
ivili
zatio
n —
pipe
s an
d se
wer
s, th
ere
are
no
exce
ptio
ns.
The
re
wer
e
65
My
Teac
hing
sew
ers
in B
abyl
on, a
nd R
ome
was
all
sew
ers.
Tha
t's h
owth
e C
ity b
egan
, wit
h th
e C
loac
a m
axim
a. I
t was
des
tine
d to
rule
the
wor
ld.
So
we
shou
ld b
e pr
oud
of it
. T
he r
easo
nw
hy w
e ar
e no
t is
that
, if
we
gave
this
phe
nom
enon
wha
tw
e m
ight
cal
l its
fun
dam
enta
l im
port
, w
e w
ould
fin
d th
epr
odig
ious
an
alog
y th
at
exis
ts
betw
een
sew
age
and
cult
ure.
Cul
ture
is
no l
onge
r a
priv
ileg
e. T
he w
hole
wor
ld i
sm
ore
than
cov
ered
in
it.
Cul
ture
clo
ts o
n yo
u. B
ecau
sew
e ar
e co
oped
up
in t
he g
reat
she
ll o
f w
aste
tha
t co
mes
from
the
sam
e pl
ace,
we
mak
e va
gue
effo
rts
to g
ive
it a
form
. W
hat
does
tha
t co
me
dow
n to
? T
o gr
eat
idea
s, a
sth
ey s
ay.
His
tory
, fo
r ex
ampl
e.
It c
omes
in
hand
y, d
oes
hist
ory.
It
does
n't
have
just
one
mea
ning
; it
has
a t
hous
and
and
one
mea
ning
s. T
here
are
peop
le w
ho l
ook
to i
t as
a s
uppo
rt.
Not
tha
t th
eyw
ould
bot
her
to s
ee w
hat
Heg
el h
as to
say
on
the
subj
ect,
of c
ours
e.
The
re w
ere
othe
rs b
efor
e hi
m,
Bos
suet
, fo
rex
ampl
e. H
e pu
t ev
eryt
hing
in
the
hand
s of
Pro
vide
nce.
Tha
t at
lea
st w
as c
lear
. I
have
to
say
that
I h
ave
a hi
ghop
inio
n of
the
Dis
cour
se o
n U
nive
rsal
His
tory
. F
irst
, bec
ause
it w
as th
at t
hat
inau
gura
ted
the
genr
e, a
nd it
did
so
on t
heba
sis
of c
lear
pri
ncip
les.
It
is G
od w
ho p
ushe
s th
e pa
wns
acro
ss t
he b
oard
. T
hat
real
ly d
oes
dese
rve
to b
e ca
lled
'his
tory
' [h
isto
ire]
. E
very
thin
g re
volv
es a
roun
d th
e st
ory
[hist
oire
] of
wha
t ha
ppen
ed t
o a
cert
ain
gent
lem
an.
Not
66
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
bad,
it
gav
e ot
her
peop
le
an a
ppet
ite
for
it a
nd m
ade
hist
ory
muc
h m
ore
prof
ound
. I'
m n
ot s
ayin
g th
at a
ll th
ese
idea
s ar
e un
acce
ptab
le,
but
som
e fu
nny
use
has
been
mad
e of
the
m.
Do
n't
let
that
mak
e yo
u be
liev
e th
at c
ultu
re i
s a
goal
of
whi
ch I
dis
appr
ove.
Far
fro
m i
t. It
dis
char
ges.
It
com
-pl
etel
y di
scha
rges
us
from
th
e fu
ncti
on o
f th
inki
ng.
Itdi
scha
rges
us
from
th
e on
ly t
hing
tha
t is
of
any
min
orin
tere
st i
n th
at f
unct
ion,
whi
ch i
s qu
ite i
nfer
ior.
I f
ail
tose
e w
hy w
e sh
ould
con
fer
any
kind
of
nobi
lity
upon
the
phen
omen
on
of
thin
king
. W
hat
do
we
thin
k ab
out?
Abo
ut t
hing
s ov
er w
hich
we
have
abs
olut
ely
no c
ontr
ol,
thin
gs t
hat
we
have
to
turn
ove
r, o
ver
and
over
aga
in,
turn
ove
r se
vent
y ti
mes
in
the
sam
e di
rect
ion
befo
re w
em
anag
e to
und
erst
and
them
. T
hat's
wha
t w
e ca
ll th
ink-
ing.
As
I co
gita
te,
I ag
itat
e, r
umm
age
arou
nd.
It o
nly
begi
ns t
o ge
t in
tere
stin
g w
hen
it
take
s re
spon
sibi
lity
,w
hen,
in
oth
er w
ords
, it
com
es u
p w
ith
a so
luti
on,
asfo
rmal
ized
a s
olut
ion
as p
ossi
ble.
If
it do
es n
ot c
ome
upw
ith
a fo
rmul
a,
a fo
rmal
izat
ion,
as
m
athe
mat
ical
a
solu
tion
as p
ossi
ble,
we
cann
ot s
ee t
he i
nter
est,
or
the
nobi
lity
. W
e d
on
't se
e w
hy i
t's w
orth
dw
ellin
g on
.T
he p
oint
of h
isto
ry i
s to
wri
te t
he h
isto
ry o
f tho
ught
, I
mea
n, t
o ge
t ri
d of
the
lit
tle
effo
rts,
tim
id e
ffor
ts
but,
trut
h to
te
ll,
they
're
ofte
n sc
rupu
lous
--
th
at's
w
hat
surv
ives
bes
t —
that
thi
s on
e or
tha
t on
e ha
s m
ade
to s
olve
67
My
Tea
chin
g
cert
ain
prob
lem
s. A
s a
resu
lt,
our
prof
esso
rs w
ould
be
very
em
barr
asse
d ab
out
havi
ng t
o dr
aw a
lin
e an
d sa
yw
hat
they
thi
nk o
f the
log
ic o
f D
esca
rtes
or
a fe
w o
f th
ose
stra
ys,
to s
ay w
heth
er i
t ho
lds
up —
mor
e to
the
poi
ntth
an w
heth
er i
ts b
lood
y tim
e is
up
— bu
t it
's m
uch
easi
erto
do
th
e hi
stor
y of
tho
ught
, w
hich
co
mes
do
wn
toi
>.
. *~
"
O
look
ing
for
wha
t th
ey
have
pa
ssed
on
fr
om
one
toan
othe
r.
It's
fa
scin
atin
g,
espe
cial
ly w
hen
it's
bu
llsh
it,
and
whe
n yo
u se
e th
e so
rt o
f th
ing
that
has
sur
vive
d.T
he m
echa
nism
I a
m p
oint
ing
out
to y
ou w
orks
in
ave
ry c
onte
mpo
rary
way
. It
is
not
theo
ry,
and
I am
not
here
to
mak
e a
big
thin
g of
the
ory.
You
can
see
tha
t w
ith
your
ow
n ey
es,
wit
hout
goi
ng t
o un
iver
sity
, whe
re t
hat i
sin
fa
ct
wha
t th
ey t
each
w
hen
they
sa
y th
ey'r
e do
ing
'phi
loso
phy'
.
You
kno
w t
he n
onse
nse
they
've
com
e up
wit
h no
w.
The
re
is
stru
ctur
e,
and
ther
e is
his
tory
. T
he
peop
leth
ey'v
e pu
t in
the
's
truc
ture
' ca
tego
ry,
whi
ch i
nclu
des
me
— it
was
n't
me
who
put
me
ther
e, t
hey
put
me
ther
e,ju
st l
ike
that
— su
ppos
edly
spi
t on
his
tory
. T
hat's
abs
urd.
The
re c
an o
bvio
usly
be
no s
truc
ture
wit
hout
ref
eren
ce t
ohi
stor
y. B
ut f
irst
, yo
u ha
ve to
kno
w w
hat
you
are
talk
ing
abou
t w
hen
you
talk
abo
ut h
isto
ry.
I w
ill t
ry t
o te
ll y
ouso
met
hing
abo
ut i
t.o
It is
alw
ays
diff
icul
t to
pin
dow
n w
hat i
s go
ing
on in
the
fiel
d of
w
hat
we
are
real
ly
cogi
tatin
g w
itho
ut
any
68
, M
y T
each
ing,
Its
N
atur
e an
d Its
E
nds
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
gs.
The
w
ords
ha
ve
ofte
n be
en
sur-
roun
ded
by a
ll s
orts
of
conf
usio
n fo
r a
litt
le t
oo l
ong.
Tha
t is
wha
t no
w a
llow
s so
me
peop
le t
o us
e hi
stor
ical
redu
ctio
n, w
hich
has
not
hing
to
do w
ith
hist
oric
al r
ight
s,so
to
spea
k, w
ith
the
func
tion
of
hist
ory.
So
they
com
eou
t w
ith
ques
tions
tha
t ha
ve t
o do
wit
h, n
ot s
truc
ture
.,
but
wha
t th
ey c
all
stru
ctur
alis
m.
^XF
or
exam
ple,
in
the
co
urse
of
a c
onve
rsat
ion
that
prec
eded
my
appe
aran
ce b
efor
e yo
u, s
omeo
ne,
som
eone
\y
resp
ecta
ble
as it
hap
pens
, sa
id to
me:
'C
ou
ldn
't yo
u
say
how
you
, w
hat
you
do,
wha
t yo
u ad
vanc
e, r
elat
es t
ost
ruct
ural
ism
?' I
rep
lied:
'W
hy n
ot?'
So
let's
set
thi
ngs
out
prop
erly
and
tra
ce t
he p
roce
ss.
The
fun
ctio
n of
wha
t w
e ca
ll a
cult
ural
tre
nd i
s to
mix
and
hom
ogen
ize.
So
met
hing
em
erge
s an
d ha
s ce
rtai
nqu
aliti
es,
a ce
rtai
n fr
eshn
ess,
a
cert
ain
tip.
It
's
a bu
d.T
he s
aid
cult
ural
tre
nd k
nead
s it
unt
il i
t be
com
es c
om-
plet
ely
redu
ced,
de
spic
able
, an
d co
mm
unic
ates
w
ith
ever
ythi
ng.
It h
as t
o be
sai
d th
at t
his
is n
ot s
atis
fact
ory,
des
pite
ever
ythi
ng.
Not
fo
r re
ason
s to
do
w
ith
any
inte
rnal
nece
ssit
y,
but
for
com
mer
cial
re
ason
s.
Whe
n it
ha
sbe
en
upro
oted
, it
be
com
es
exha
uste
d.
Alt
houg
h I'
vebe
en u
sing
bad
lan
guag
e I
thin
k I
can
take
the
lib
erty
of
repe
atin
g th
e fo
rmul
a th
at
occu
rred
to
m
e in
th
isco
nnec
tion.
E
atin
g sh
it is
all
ver
y w
ell,
but
you
can'
t
69
My
Teac
hing
alw
ays
eat
the
sam
e sh
it.
So,
I t
ry t
o ge
t ho
ld o
f so
me
new
shi
t.
The
or
igin
s of
thi
s ne
w
fash
ion,
of
w
hat
you
call
'str
uctu
rali
sm',
lie
in t
he a
ttem
pts
to l
ump
toge
ther
men
who
do
not
easi
ly fi
t int
o th
eir
cate
gori
es,
who
've
stay
edin
the
sm
alle
st r
oom
. Y
ou w
ould
hav
e to
stu
dy a
ll t
hepr
oces
ses,
al
l th
e re
sist
ance
fu
nctio
ns
that
le
ft
them
isol
ated
, an
d th
en
asso
ciat
ed,
assi
mil
ated
the
m,
stuc
kth
em t
oget
her.
I'v
e ha
d th
e in
sane
goo
d lu
ck to
be
one
ofth
em,
and
I fee
l fi
ne a
bout
it.
The
se a
re p
eopl
e w
ho w
ent
abou
t th
ings
a l
ittl
e m
ore
seri
ousl
y. W
ell
done
, L
evi-
Str
auss
. T
hey
wo
n't
be a
ble
to d
o as
wel
l as
tha
t in
the
futu
re,
that
's f
or s
ure.
It's
ove
rwhe
lmin
g. A
nd th
en t
here
are
othe
rs.
The
y ch
ange
the
m f
rom
ti
me
to t
ime.
For
the
mom
ent,
the
y ar
e m
akin
g a
seri
ous
effo
rt
toge
t al
l tha
t in
to g
ener
al c
ircu
lati
on,
real
ly tr
ying
. O
h ye
s,it
's n
ot a
bad
sol
utio
n. U
ntil
now
I'v
e he
ld o
ut a
gain
st th
isop
erat
ion,
bec
ause
the
y d
on
't qu
ite
know
wha
t to
mak
eof
wha
t I'm
say
ing.
The
y d
on
't kn
ow b
ecau
se, w
ith
good
reas
on,
they
rea
lly
have
no
idea
of
wha
t it
con
cern
s, e
ven
thou
gh i
t se
ems
to t
hem
tha
t it
's
som
ethi
ng l
ike
that
.T
hey
have
to
stru
ggle
to
reso
rb
it
like
they
do
wit
hev
eryt
hing
els
e, b
ut t
hey
do
n't
know
how
to.
The
y'll
fin
d a
way
. E
spec
ially
if
I he
lp t
hem
.
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
It i
s ob
viou
s th
at w
hat
I tea
ch h
as to
do
wit
h w
hat
we
call
the
psyc
hoan
alyt
ic e
xper
ienc
e.T
hey
wan
t to
tra
nspo
rt a
ll t
hat
into
, I
do
n't
know
,so
met
hing
tha
t do
esn'
t pu
t it
in
any
posi
tion
to k
now
,w
hat
they
cal
l by
a ni
ce n
ame
that
sou
nds
like
a sn
eeze
, aW
elta
nsch
auun
g. F
ar b
e it
fro
m m
e to
be
so p
rete
ntio
us.
Tha
t's w
hat
I ha
te m
ost.
I'll
nev
er i
ndul
ge in
tha
t, t
hank
God
. N
o W
elta
nsch
auun
g.
And
al
l th
e re
st
of
thos
e
Wel
tans
chau
unge
n, I
loa
the
them
.W
hat
I te
ach
has
to d
o w
ith
som
ethi
ng v
ery
diff
eren
t,w
ith
tech
nica
l pr
oced
ures
and
for
mal
det
ails
con
cern
ing
an e
xper
ienc
e th
at i
s ei
ther
ver
y se
riou
s, o
r an
inc
redi
ble
erra
ncy,
som
ethi
ng m
ad,
dem
ente
d. A
nd t
hat
is w
hat
itlo
oks
like
from
the
out
side
. The
bas
ic th
ing
abou
t an
alys
isis
tha
t pe
ople
fi
nally
re
aliz
e th
at t
hey'
ve b
een
talk
ing
nons
ense
at
full
volu
me
for
year
s.Fo
r m
y pa
rt,
I tr
y to
sho
w,
by s
tart
ing
out
from
wha
tcl
arif
ies
its r
aiso
n d'
etre
, why
it l
asts
, why
it g
oes
on,
why
it
ends
up
as s
omet
hing
tha
t is
ver
y of
ten
not
at a
ll w
hat t
hey
thin
k th
ey h
ave
to a
nnou
nce
to t
he o
utsi
de w
orld
, w
hat
they
cla
im to
ow
e to
the
way
it o
pera
tes.
It'
s obv
ious
that
this
is a
dis
curs
ive o
pera
tion
, a d
isco
urse
-ope
rati
on. Y
ou'll
say
tom
e th
at s
ome
peop
le g
o th
roug
h th
eir
who
le a
naly
sis w
itho
utsa
ying
any
thin
g. I
f tha
t's t
he c
ase,
it's
an
eloq
uent
sile
nce.
7071
My
Teac
hing
We
did
not h
ave
to w
ait f
or a
naly
sis
to ta
ke a
n in
tere
st in
disc
ours
e. I
ndee
d, d
isco
urse
is
the
star
ting
poi
nt f
or a
ny-
thin
g sc
ient
ific
. It's
not
eno
ugh
to im
agin
e ph
iloso
phy
in th
ere
gist
er I
was
just
telli
ng y
ou a
bout
, nam
ely
how
bea
utif
ulth
ough
ts w
ere
pass
ed o
n do
wn
the
ages
. T
hat
is n
ot w
hat
this
is
abou
t. T
he p
urpo
se o
f ph
ilos
ophy
is
to s
peci
fy t
heex
tent
we
can
extr
act
thin
gs t
hat
are
cert
ain
enou
gh t
o be
desc
ribe
d as
sci
ence
fro
m a
dis
cour
se-o
pera
tion
.It
's t
aken
tim
e fo
r a
scie
nce
to e
mer
ge:
our
scie
nce,
whi
ch h
as c
erta
inly
pro
ved
its w
orth
— th
ough
wha
t it
prov
es r
emai
ns t
o be
see
n, t
houg
h it
has
pro
ved
effe
ctiv
e.It
's a
ll a
bout
per
fect
ing
the
corr
ect
use
of d
isco
urse
, an
dno
thin
g m
ore.
And
wha
t abo
ut e
xper
ienc
e, y
ou s
ay?
The
who
le p
oint
isth
at e
xper
ienc
e is
con
stit
uted
as s
uch
only
if w
e st
art o
ut b
yas
king
the
righ
t qu
esti
on. W
e ca
ll th
at a
hyp
othe
sis.
Why
ahy
poth
esis
? A
hyp
othe
sis
is s
impl
y a
ques
tion
tha
t has
bee
nas
ked
in th
e ri
ght w
ay. S
omet
hing
, in
oth
er w
ords
, be
gins
to t
ake
a de
fac
to f
orm
, an
d a
fact
[fa
it]
alw
ays m
ade
up o
f[fa
it de
] di
scou
rse.
No
one
has
ever
see
n a
rece
ived
fac
t.T
hat i
s not
a fa
ct. I
t's a
lum
p, s
omet
hing
you
bum
p in
to, a
llth
e th
ings
tha
t ca
n be
sai
d ab
out
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is n
otal
read
y di
scur
sive
ly a
rtic
ulat
ed.
Psyc
hoan
alys
is,
whi
ch is
an
abso
lute
ly n
ew e
xam
ple
ofdi
scou
rse,
lea
ds u
s to
tak
e an
othe
r li
ttle
loo
k at
how
we
pose
the
pro
blem
of,
for
exa
mpl
e, r
oots
. It
enc
oura
ges
72
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s E
nds
us,
for
exam
ple,
to
in
vest
igat
e th
e ph
enom
enon
co
n-st
itut
ed b
y th
e ap
pear
ance
of
a lo
gic,
its
adv
entu
res
and
the
stra
nge
thin
gs i
t en
ds u
p sh
owin
g us
.T
here
was
a c
erta
in A
rist
otle
, an
d hi
s po
siti
on —
wha
tyo
u be
lieve
aft
er t
his
decl
arat
ion
is o
f lit
tle
impo
rtan
ce
-w
as n
ot d
issi
mila
r to
min
e. W
e d
on
't re
ally
hav
e m
uch
idea
of
wha
t, of
who
m h
e ha
d to
dea
l w
ith.
The
y w
ere
calle
d, i
n a
vagu
e, c
onfu
sed
way
, so
phis
ts.
We
natu
rall
yha
ve t
o be
sus
pici
ous
of t
hese
ter
ms,
and
we
have
to
beve
ry c
aref
ul.
The
re i
s in
fac
t a
blac
k-ou
t on
wha
t pe
ople
got
from
the
sop
hist
s' o
racl
e. P
roba
bly
som
ethi
ng e
ffec
-ti
ve,
beca
use
we
know
tha
t th
ey p
aid
them
ver
y w
ell,
inth
e sa
me
way
they
pay
psy
choa
naly
sts.
Ari
stot
le c
erta
inly
got
som
ethi
ng o
ut o
f it,
but
it h
ad a
bsol
utel
y no
eff
ect
onth
e pe
ople
he
was
talk
ing
to.
Tha
t's h
ow i
t w
as f
or h
im,
and
how
it
is f
or m
e. I
t's t
he s
ame.
Wha
t I
say
mak
es n
odi
ffer
ence
to
psyc
hoan
alys
ts w
ho a
re a
lrea
dy v
ery
sett
led
in t
heir
way
s. B
ut w
e ca
n co
ntin
ue,
cont
inue
, an
d ho
pe.
All
the
won
derf
ul th
ings
we
find
in th
e Pr
ior A
naly
tics,
the
Poste
rior
Ana
lytic
s an
d th
e C
ateg
orie
s ar
e w
hat
we
call
logi
c.It
's b
een
deva
lued
now
bec
ause
we
are
the
ones
who
do
real
, ser
ious
logi
c, th
ough
we'
ve
not b
een
doin
g it
for
long
;si
nce
the
mid
-nin
etee
nth
cent
ury,
abo
ut I
SO y
ears
.C
orre
ct,
stri
ct,
true
log
ic is
the
logi
c th
at b
egan
wit
h a
cert
ain
Boo
le.
It g
ives
us
the
oppo
rtun
ity
to r
evis
e a
few
idea
s. W
e al
way
s bel
ieve
d th
at,
whe
n w
e ha
d es
tabl
ishe
d
73
My
Tea
chin
g
a fe
w g
ood
prin
cipl
es f
rom
th
e ou
tset
, ev
eryt
hing
we
coul
d de
rive
fro
m t
hem
wou
ld r
un s
moo
thly
and
tha
t w
ew
ould
alw
ays
fall
on o
ur f
eet.
The
im
port
ant
thin
g w
asth
at a
sys
tem
sho
uld
not
be c
ontr
adic
tory
. T
hat
was
all
ther
e w
as t
o lo
gic.
And
the
n w
e no
tice
that
it
is n
ot l
ike
that
at
all.
We
disc
over
lot
s of
thin
gs t
hat
esca
pe u
s. I
f by
som
e ch
ance
a f
ew p
eopl
e he
re a
nd t
here
hav
e he
ard
of a
cert
ain
God
el,
they
may
kno
w t
hat
even
ari
thm
etic
tur
nsou
t to
be
a ba
sket
; I'm
not
say
ing
it i
s do
uble
-bot
tom
ed,
but
ther
e ar
e lo
ts
and
lots
of
hol
es
in
the
bott
om.
Eve
ryth
ing
disa
ppea
rs t
hrou
gh t
he h
ole
in t
he
bott
om.
Tha
t is
int
eres
ting
, an
d it
is n
ot i
mpo
ssib
le t
hat
taki
ngan
int
eres
t in
it
mig
ht n
ot b
e w
itho
ut a
for
mat
ive
valu
efo
r so
meo
ne l
ike
a ps
ycho
anal
yst.
But
for
the
mom
ent
itge
ts u
s no
whe
re,
beca
use
we
have
her
e a
very
par
ticu
lar
prob
lem
tha
t I
call
the
age
ques
tion
. If
you
wan
t to
do
logi
c, o
r an
ythi
ng e
lse
to d
o w
ith
mod
ern
scie
nce,
you
have
to
star
t be
fore
you
hav
e be
en c
ompl
etel
y cr
etin
ized
,by
cul
ture
of
cour
se.
Obv
ious
ly,
we
are
alw
ays
a li
ttle
cret
iniz
ed b
ecau
se th
ere
is n
o es
capi
ng s
econ
dary
sch
ool.
Of
cour
se,
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
m
ay h
ave
its v
alue
to
o,be
caus
e th
ose
who
sur
vive
it a
nd s
till h
ave
a re
al s
cien
tific
viva
city
are
cas
es a
part
, as
any
one
wil
l te
ll y
ou.
My
good
frie
nd
Lep
rinc
e-R
ingu
et,
who
w
as
cret
iniz
ed
at
the
13
[Lou
is L
epri
nce-
Rin
guet
, Fr
ench
phy
sici
st (
1901
-200
0).]
74
My
Tea
chin
g,
Its
Na
ture
an
d It
s E
nds
sam
e ti
me
as m
e at
sch
ool,
esca
ped
imm
edia
tely
, br
il-
liant
ly a
nd i
n liv
ely
fash
ion.
It
took
psy
choa
naly
sis t
o ge
tm
e ou
t. It
has
to b
e sa
id th
at n
ot m
any
peop
le h
ave
take
n
adva
ntag
e of
it
the
way
I h
ave.
Log
ic is
a fa
irly
pre
cise
thi
ng a
nd r
equi
res
som
e m
enta
lre
silie
nce
that
has
not
bee
n co
mpl
etel
y w
orn
dow
n by
all
the
stup
id t
hing
s th
ey f
orce
dow
n yo
ur t
hroa
t. S
o I
mus
tha
ve h
ad i
t at
a v
ery
earl
y ag
e. T
he o
nly
prob
lem
is
that
bein
g ve
ry y
oung
is n
ot t
he b
est
cond
ition
to
mak
e a
good
psyc
hoan
alys
t ei
ther
. A
nd w
hen
som
eone
w
ith
som
eex
peri
ence
do
es
happ
en
to
ente
r th
e ps
ycho
anal
yst's
prof
essi
on,
it i
s to
o la
te
to
teac
h hi
m
the
key
thin
gsth
at w
ould
tra
in h
im f
or i
ts p
arti
cula
r pr
acti
ce.
I men
tion
ed l
ogic
to g
ive
you
a ta
rget
. T
here
's m
ore
toit
than
tha
t, bu
t lo
gic
is e
xem
plar
y if
we
take
it
at S
totle
's,le
vel,
beca
use
he o
bvio
usly
did
try
to
inau
gura
te s
ome-
thin
g. O
f co
urse
tho
se p
eopl
e, t
he s
ophi
sts,
wer
e al
read
yus
ing
logi
c, a
nd i
n qu
ite
asto
nish
ing,
ver
y br
illia
nt,
very
effe
ctiv
e w
ays,
at
on
e le
vel
of r
atio
nali
ty.
Tha
t th
eyth
emse
lves
did
not
giv
e it
its
nam
e ob
viou
sly
does
not
mea
n th
at t
hat
isn'
t w
hat
it w
as,
that
's f
or c
erta
in.
The
yw
ould
not
hav
e be
en s
o go
od
at e
ntic
ing
citiz
ens,
and
non-
citi
zens
, an
d at
giv
ing
them
ti
ps
on h
ow
to
win
deba
tes
or o
n ho
w t
o de
bate
the
et
erna
l qu
estio
ns o
fbe
ing
and
non-
bein
g, i
f it
didn
't ha
ve a
for
mat
ive
effe
ct.
Stot
le t
ried
to
pe
rfec
t a
tech
niqu
e,
wha
t th
ey
call
the
75
My
Tea
chin
g
Org
anon
. H
e ga
ve b
irth
to
a li
ne, t
o a
line
of p
hilo
soph
ers,
and
now
you
can
see
whe
re t
hat
got
him
: hi
s lin
e ha
s di
edou
t a
litt
le b
it,
now
tha
t ph
ilos
ophy
has
com
e do
wn
tom
eani
ng
the
hist
ory
of t
houg
ht.
Whi
ch
mea
ns
we'
reha
ving
a b
lood
y ha
rd t
ime
of it
. F
ortu
nate
ly t
here
are
stil
la
few
cou
nter
feit
ers
arou
nd t
o tr
y to
put
you
bac
k on
top
of t
hing
s. T
hey'
re c
alle
d ph
enom
enol
ogis
ts.
Psyc
hoan
alys
is g
ives
us
a ch
ance
, a
chan
ce t
o st
art
agai
n.
As
I th
ink
I ha
ve g
ot a
cros
s to
you
, th
ere
is t
he c
lose
stre
lati
onsh
ip
betw
een
the
emer
genc
e of
psy
choa
naly
sis
and
the
trul
y re
gal
exte
nsio
n of
the
fun
ctio
ns o
f sc
ienc
e.A
ltho
ugh
it m
ay n
ot b
e im
med
iate
ly a
ppar
ent,
ther
e is
ace
rtai
n re
lati
onsh
ip o
f co
ntem
pora
neit
y be
twee
n th
e fa
ctof
w
hat
has
been
is
olat
ed
and
cond
ense
d w
ithin
th
ean
alyt
ic f
ield
, an
d th
e fa
ct t
hat,
ever
ywhe
re e
lse,
onl
ysc
ienc
e st
ill h
as s
omet
hing
to
say.
Tha
t, yo
u w
ill t
ell
me,
is
a sc
ient
istic
dec
lara
tion
. O
fco
urse
it
is,
and
why
sho
uldn
't it
be?
And
yet
, th
at i
s no
tqu
ite
wha
t it
is,
bec
ause
I do
not
add
wha
t w
e al
way
s fi
ndon
the
fri
nges
of
wha
t is
con
vent
iona
lly
calle
d sc
ient
ism
,na
mel
y a
cert
ain
num
ber
of a
rtic
les
of f
aith
to
whi
ch I
by
no m
eans
sub
scri
be.
The
re i
s, f
or e
xam
ple,
the
ide
a th
at
76
My
Tea
chin
g,
Its
Nat
ure
and
Its
End
s
all
this
re
pres
ents
pr
ogre
ss.
Pro
gres
s in
th
e na
me
of
wha
t? One
obj
ectio
n w
as p
ut f
orw
ard
to m
e ju
st n
ow,
and
itco
mes
, it
see
ms
to m
e, f
rom
cer
tain
cor
ners
whe
re t
hey
labe
l th
emse
lves
ps
ycho
anal
ysts
. I
have
to
say
that
it
insp
ired
me.
It
was
pas
sed
on t
o m
e by
a l
ady
who
had
,I'm
to
ld,
give
n a
lect
ure
on w
hat
Lac
an i
s on
abo
ut.
Tha
nks,
bas
ical
ly, t
o he
r, I
can
let
mys
elf
go a
lit
tle.
If I
unde
rsta
nd
righ
tly,
th
e ob
ject
ion
in q
uest
ion
mig
ht b
efo
rmul
ated
thu
s: '
Why
do
you
find
it
nece
ssar
y to
dra
g in
the
subj
ect?
Whe
re i
s a
trac
e of
the
sub
ject
in
Fre
ud?'
Tha
t w
as a
ter
ribl
e bl
ow,
I ca
n te
ll yo
u. T
he t
erri
ble
thin
g is
tha
t af
ter
a ti
me
— ti
me
that
I w
aste
— th
ere
is a
grow
ing
gulf
bet
wee
n yo
u an
d th
e ef
fect
of
cul
ture
, of
jour
nali
sm.
Now
tha
t I
am i
n th
e pu
blic
eye
, I
need
an
inte
rmed
iary
to
tell
me
whe
re s
ome
peop
le m
ight
be
at.
So t
hey
thin
k th
at d
ragg
ing
in t
he s
ubje
ct i
n co
nnec
tion
with
Fre
ud i
s so
met
hing
new
, an
inv
enti
on.
At t
his
poin
t, I
am
sin
cere
ly in
voki
ng a
nyon
e w
ho is
not
aps
ycho
anal
yst,
not
that
the
re c
an b
e m
any
psyc
hoan
alys
tshe
re.
Any
body
who
kno
ws
just
a li
ttle
abo
ut w
hat
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t kn
ows
thaj
JFre
tid t
alks
abo
ut t
hree
thi
ngs.
The
fir
st i
s th
at i
t [f
a] d
ream
s.
So
it's
a s
ubje
ct,
isn'
tit?
Wha
t ar
e w
e al
l do
ingJ
aere
? I
have
no
illus
ions
abo
ut
14
[The
pla
y is
on
k g
a: d
as E
s, t
he i
d.] 77
My
Teac
hing
this
: an
aud
ienc
e, e
ven
a qu
alif
ied
audi
ence
, is
dre
amin
gw
hile
I'm
str
uggl
ing
away
. Eve
ryon
e is
thin
king
abo
ut h
is<
ow
n bu
sine
ss,
the
girl
frie
nd y
ou'r
e go
ing
to m
eet
late
r,th
e pi
ston
rod
tha
t's j
ust
gone
on
your
car
, so
met
hing
that
's g
one
wro
ng s
omew
here
.O
O
And
the
re a
gain
, it
get
s th
ings
wro
ng.
Thi
nk o
f th
esl
ips
of t
he t
ongu
e, t
he b
ungl
ed a
ctio
ns,
the
very
tex
t of
your
ex
iste
nce.
T
hey
mak
e a
grot
esqu
e fa
rce
of w
hat
they
've
alw
ays
trot
ted
out
to y
ou a
bout
the
ide
al f
unc-
tions
of
con
scio
usne
ss
and
all
that
im
plie
s ab
out
the
pers
on w
ho h
as t
o ga
in c
ontr
ol.
I d
on
't kn
ow w
hat
it's
abou
t. Y
ou c
an s
ee in
my
Ecri
ts m
y st
upor
whe
n I r
ead
the
thin
gs t
hat
my
dear
fri
end
Hen
ri E
y,
and
I lov
e hi
m,
has
drea
med
up.
H
e w
ante
d to
civ
ilize
psy
chia
tris
ts,
so h
ein
vent
ed o
rgan
o-dy
nam
ism
, and
it's
a c
ompl
ete
sham
bles
that
m
akes
no
sens
e at
al
l. I
def
y an
yone
to
see
any
conn
ecti
on b
etw
een
wha
t we
are
deal
ing
wit
h, t
he t
ext o
fo
the
subj
ect,
and
wha
teve
r it
is
that
he
has
drea
med
up
abou
t th
is
so-c
alle
d sy
nthe
sis,
the
co
nstr
ucti
on
of t
hepe
rson
alit
y, a
nd I
do
n't
know
wha
t el
se.
Whe
re a
re t
hey,
thes
e co
nstr
ucte
d pe
rson
alit
ies?
I d
on
't kn
ow,
I'm l
ook-
ing
for
them
w
ith
a lig
hted
la
mp,
lik
e D
ioge
nes.
T
hebe
auti
ful
thin
g ab
out
it i
s th
at,
desp
ite a
ll th
e ap
peal
s th
atar
e m
ade
to
thes
e co
nstr
ucts
, th
ey a
ctua
lly
fail.
T
hat
IS
[Hen
ri E
y (1
900-
1972
),
Fre
nch
psyc
hiat
rist
.]
78
My
Teac
hing
, Its
N
atur
e an
d Its
E
nds
mea
ns s
omet
hing
. It
's a
lway
s th
e ot
hers
who
suc
ceed
.T
here
are
eve
n pe
ople
in
the
room
who
hav
e go
t to
the
irfe
et.
For
my
part
, I'
ve s
ucce
eded
in
goin
g to
bed
.T
hird
, it
[fa]
dre
ams,
it
fails
, an
d it
laug
hs.
And
are
thos
e th
ree
thin
gs s
ubje
ctiv
e, o
r ar
e th
ey n
ot,
I as
k yo
u?W
e ha
ve to
kno
w w
hat
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t. Pe
ople
who
won
der
why
I n
eede
d to
dra
g in
the
subj
ect
whe
n w
e ar
ede
alin
g w
ith
Fre
ud h
ave
abso
lute
ly n
o id
ea w
hat
they
are
sayi
ng.
I ha
ve t
o co
nclu
de t
hat
that
's w
here
the
y ar
e at
,th
ough
I t
houg
ht t
he r
esis
tanc
e w
as b
ased
on
som
ethi
ng
mor
e so
phis
ticat
ed.
The
sub
ject
in
ques
tion
has
noth
ing
to d
o w
ith
wha
tw
e ca
ll th
e su
bjec
tive
in
the
vagu
e se
nse,
in
a se
nse
that
mud
dles
eve
ryth
ing
up,
and
nor
does
it
have
any
thin
g to
do w
ith
the
indi
vidu
al.
The
sub
ject
is
wha
t I
defi
ne i
n th
est
rict
sen
se a
s an
eff
ect
of t
he
sign
ifie
r.
Tha
t is
wha
t a
subj
ect
is,
befo
re i
t ca
n be
sit
uate
d in
, fo
r ex
ampl
e, o
neor
ano
ther
of
the
peop
le w
ho a
re t
here
in
an i
ndiv
idua
lst
ate,
eve
n be
fore
the
y ex
ist
as l
ivin
g be
ings
.O
f co
urse
we
can
say
in c
onve
ntio
nal
term
s,
'It's
ago
od o
r ba
d su
bjec
t, it
's a
mor
al s
ubje
ct,
it's
the
sub
ject
of c
onsc
ious
ness
', or
wha
teve
r yo
u lik
e. T
his
idea
of
asu
bjec
t of
kno
wle
dge
real
ly is
a lo
ad o
f no
nsen
se,
and
one
won
ders
how
the
y ca
n go
on
talk
ing
abou
t it
in
phil
os-
ophy
cla
sses
at
scho
ol.
It c
an m
ean
only
one
thi
ng:
that
anyt
hing
th
at
is a
live
know
s en
ough
, ju
st
enou
gh
to
79
My
Teac
hing
surv
ive.
B
ut t
here
's
noth
ing
mor
e to
be
said
abo
ut i
t.T
hat
can
be e
xten
ded
to t
he a
nim
al k
ingd
om o
r —
and
why
not
? —
the
vege
tabl
e ki
ngdo
m.
As
for
the
idea
of
rela
ting
wha
t th
ey c
all
man
to
wha
tth
ey
call
the
wor
ld,
that
w
ould
m
ean
rega
rdin
g th
atw
orld
as
an
ob
ject
an
d tu
rnin
g th
e su
bjec
t in
to
aco
rrel
ativ
e fu
ncti
on.
If w
e th
ink
of t
he
wor
ld
as a
nob
-ject
, w
e as
sum
e th
e ex
iste
nce
of
a su
b-je
ct.
Tha
tre
lati
onsh
ip c
an o
nly
beco
me
subs
tanc
e, e
ssen
ce,
than
ksto
a
grea
t im
age
of c
onte
mpl
atio
n w
hose
co
mpl
etel
ym
ythi
cal
char
acte
r is
obv
ious
. W
e im
agin
e th
at
ther
ew
ere
peop
le
who
con
tem
plat
ed
the
wor
ld.
The
re
are
obvi
ousl
y th
ings
lik
e th
at i
n A
rist
otle
, fo
r in
stan
ce w
hen
he is
talk
ing
abou
t the
sph
eres
, bu
t th
is s
impl
y m
eans
tha
tth
ere
is n
o th
eory
of
the
cele
stia
l sp
here
s th
at d
oes
not
invo
lve
a co
ntem
plat
ive
mov
emen
t.
We
know
wha
t a
scie
nce
is.
Non
e of
us
can
mas
ter
the
who
le o
f sc
ienc
e. I
t st
eam
s ah
ead
at f
ull
spee
d un
der
itsow
n im
petu
s,
does
sci
ence
, so
muc
h so
tha
t th
ere
isno
thin
g w
e ca
n do
abo
ut i
t. T
hose
who
are
mos
t in
the
know
ar
e al
so
thos
e w
ho
are
the
mos
t em
barr
asse
dab
out
it.
All
poss
ible
enl
ight
ened
exp
erie
nce
indi
cate
s th
at t
hesu
bjec
t is
dep
ende
nt o
n th
e ar
ticu
late
d ch
ain
repr
esen
ted
by s
cien
ce's
acq
uire
d kn
owle
dge.
The
sub
ject
has
to t
ake
his
plac
e th
ere,
si
tuat
e hi
mse
lf a
s be
st
he
can
in
the
80
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s E
nds
impl
icat
ions
of
that
cha
in.
He
cons
tant
ly h
as t
o re
vise
all
the
litt
le i
ntui
tive
rep
rese
ntat
ions
he
has
com
e up
wit
h,an
d w
hich
bec
omes
par
t of
the
wor
ld,
and
even
the
so-
calle
d in
tuit
ive
cate
gori
es.
He'
s al
way
s ha
ving
to
mak
eso
me
impr
ovem
ents
to
the
appa
ratu
s, j
ust
to f
ind
som
e-w
here
to
live
. It
's a
won
der
he h
asn'
t be
en k
icke
d ou
t of
the
syst
em b
y no
w.
And
tha
t is
in
fact
the
go
al o
f th
e sy
stem
. In
ot
her
wor
ds,
the
syst
em f
ails
. T
hat
is w
hy t
he s
ubje
ct l
asts
. If
som
ethi
ng g
ives
us
the
feel
ing
that
the
re i
s a
plac
e w
here
we
can
lay
hand
s on
it,
whe
re i
t's t
he s
ubje
ct w
e ar
ede
alin
g w
ith,
th
en
it's
at
the
le
vel
know
n as
the
un
-co
nsci
ous.
Bec
ause
it a
ll fa
ils,
laug
hs a
nd d
ream
s.It
onl
y dr
eam
s, f
ails
and
laug
hs in
a p
erfe
ctly
art
icul
ated
way
. W
hat
is F
reud
con
stan
tly
doin
g in
his
app
roac
h, h
isdi
scov
ery,
his
rev
elat
ion
of w
hat
the
unco
nsci
ous
is a
llab
out?
Wha
t do
es h
e sp
end
his
tim
e on
? W
hat
is h
e de
alin
gw
ith?
No
mat
ter
whe
ther
it
is th
e te
xt o
f th
e dr
eam
, th
ete
xt o
f th
e jo
ke o
r th
e fo
rm o
f th
e sl
ip, h
e is
man
ipul
atin
gar
ticu
lati
ons
of l
angu
age,
of
disc
ours
e.In
the
mar
gins
of
a sm
all
etch
ing
by G
oya,
we
find
wri
tten
: 'T
he s
leep
of
reas
on p
rodu
ces
mon
ster
s.'
It's
beau
tifu
l an
d, a
s it
's b
y G
oya,
it i
s ev
en m
ore
beau
tiful
-
we
can
see
the
mon
ster
s.Y
ou s
ee,
whe
n yo
u ar
e ta
lkin
g,
you
alw
ays
have
to
know
whe
n to
sto
p. A
ddin
g 'p
rodu
ces
mon
ster
s' s
ound
s
81
My
Teac
hing
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
good
, do
esn'
t it
? It
's t
he b
egin
ning
of
a bi
olog
ical
dre
am.
It t
ook
biol
ogy
a lo
ng t
ime
to g
ive
birt
h to
sci
ence
too
.T
hey
spen
t a
long
tim
e dw
elli
ng o
n th
e ca
lf w
ith
six
hoov
es.
Oh!
Mon
ster
s, a
ll th
at,
the
imag
inat
ion!
We
love
it.
Oh,
it's
so
fine
. Y
ou k
now
, th
e ps
ychi
atri
sts
tell
us
that
it
's
teem
ing,
sw
arm
ing
wit
h ps
ycho
path
s,
that
it
inve
nts
and
imag
ines
thi
ngs.
It's
fan
tast
ic.
The
y ar
e th
eon
ly o
nes
to i
mag
ine
that
. I
cann
ot t
ell
you
how
it
is f
orth
e ps
ycho
path
— I
'm n
ot e
noug
h of
a p
sych
opat
h —
but
itis
cer
tain
ly n
ot t
he w
ay th
e ps
ychi
atri
sts
imag
ine
it t
o be
,es
peci
ally
w
hen
they
ta
lk
abou
t, I
do
n't
know
, th
eph
ysio
logy
of
sens
atio
n, o
r of
per
cept
ion,
and
the
n m
ove
on t
o co
nstr
ucts
and
the
n ge
nera
liza
tion
s, a
ll s
o th
ey c
anth
ink
abou
t w
hat
they
wil
l co
me
up a
gain
st, p
oor
thin
gs.
Tha
t ha
s ab
solu
tely
not
hing
to
do w
ith
thei
r co
nstr
ucts
.T
hat
muc
h sh
ould
be
obvi
ous.
So y
ou h
ave
to k
now
whe
n to
sto
p. T
he sl
eep
of r
easo
n —
that
's a
ll.
So
wha
t do
es t
hat
mea
n? I
t m
eans
tha
t re
ason
enco
urag
es u
s to
go
on
slee
ping
. O
nce
agai
n, I
do
n't
know
if
ther
e is
any
dan
ger
of y
ou u
nder
stan
ding
a l
ittl
ede
clar
atio
n of
irra
tion
alis
m o
n m
y pa
rt.
No,
no,
qui
te t
heop
posi
te.
Wha
t w
e w
ould
lik
e to
get
rid
of,
to
excl
ude,
nam
ely
the
reig
n of
sle
ep,
find
s it
self
ann
exed
by
reas
on,
its
empi
re,
its
func
tion
, by
the
hol
d of
dis
cour
se,
by t
hefa
ct t
hat
man
dw
ells
in
lang
uage
, as
som
eone
sai
d. I
s it
irra
tion
alis
m t
o no
tice
tha
t, o
r to
fol
low
rea
son'
s lin
e of
82
thou
ght
in t
he t
ext
of t
he d
ream
its
elf?
It's
pos
sibl
e fo
r a
who
le p
sych
oana
lysi
s to
go
by b
efor
e w
hat
mig
ht w
ell
happ
en d
oes
happ
en:
we'
ve r
each
ed t
he p
oint
whe
re w
e
wak
e up
.S
omew
here
F
reud
wri
tes
Wo
Es
war
, soi
l Ic
h w
erde
n.E
ven
if w
e re
mai
n at
the
lev
el o
f hi
s se
cond
top
ogra
phy,
wha
t is
thi
s, i
f no
t a
cert
ain
way
of
defi
ning
the
sub
ject
?W
here
the
rei
gn o
f sl
eep
was
, I
mus
t co
me,
be
com
e,w
ith
the
spec
ial
acce
nt t
he v
erb
wer
den
take
s in
Ger
man
,an
d w
e ha
ve t
o gi
ve i
t its
im
port
of
beco
min
g in
the
futu
re.
Wha
t do
es t
hat
mea
n? T
hat
the
subj
ect
is a
lrea
dy
at h
ome
at t
he l
evel
of
the
Es.
The
re i
s no
poi
nt i
n qu
ibbl
ing
and
sayi
ng t
hat,
in
his
seco
nd
topo
grap
hy,
Fre
ud
calls
a
cert
ain
syst
em
the
perc
epti
on-c
onsc
ious
ness
sys
tem
, da
s Ich
, wit
h th
e ar
ticl
ebe
caus
e th
ere
are
no w
ords
in
Ger
man
tha
t fu
ncti
on t
hew
ay m
oi a
nd j
e fu
ncti
on i
n F
renc
h. D
as I
ch is
som
ethi
nglik
e th
e ot
her
two
agen
cies
, to
use
tha
t va
gue
term
, he
asso
ciat
es i
t w
ith:
the
£5
and
the
Ube
rich
. W
hat
is i
t, if
not,
stri
ctly
spe
akin
g, t
he c
ore
of t
he s
ubje
ct?
It m
ight
eve
n ha
ve to
do
with
tha
t gr
otes
que,
rid
icul
ous
func
tion
all
thos
e w
ho
wer
e fo
r a
whi
le
my
fell
ow-
trav
elle
rs p
ounc
ed u
pon,
and
they
cam
e fr
om G
od k
now
sw
here
, an
d fu
ll of
psy
chol
ogy,
whi
ch i
s no
pre
para
tion
for
psyc
hoan
alys
is.
I am
tal
king
abo
ut t
he f
unct
ion
of i
nter
-su
bjec
tivity
. A
h! L
acan
, the
'R
ome
Dis
cour
se',
'Fun
ctio
n
83
My
Teac
hing
and
Fiel
d of
Sp
eech
an
d L
angu
age'
, in
ter s
ubje
ctiv
ity!
The
re
is y
ou a
nd t
here
is
me,
an
d w
e sa
y so
to
each
othe
r, s
end
each
oth
er t
hing
s, a
nd s
o w
e ar
e in
ters
ubje
c-tiv
e. A
ll th
at i
s pu
rely
con
fusi
onal
.I
thin
k yo
u kn
ow m
y po
sitio
n on
thi
s po
int
but,
if
you
do
n't,
I a
m i
n a
posi
tion
to g
et i
t ac
ross
to
you
bet
ter.
Con
fusi
ng t
he s
ubje
ct w
ith
the
mes
sage
is o
ne o
f the
gre
atch
arac
teri
stic
s of
all
the
stup
id t
hing
s th
at a
re s
aid
abou
tth
e so
-cal
led
redu
ctio
n of
lan
guag
e to
co
mm
unic
atio
n.T
he c
omm
unic
atio
n fu
nctio
n ha
s ne
ver
been
the
m
ost
impo
rtan
t as
pect
of l
angu
age.
Tha
t w
as m
y st
arti
ng p
oint
.V
on F
risc
h th
inks
tha
t be
es h
ave
a la
ngua
ge b
ecau
seth
ey c
omm
unic
ate
thin
gs t
o on
e an
othe
r. T
hat
is ju
st t
heso
rt o
f th
ing
that
peo
ple
say
from
tim
e to
tim
e w
hen
the
fanc
y ta
kes
them
: na
mel
y, t
hat
the
fact
tha
t so
met
hing
com
es t
o us
fro
m t
hem
pro
ves
that
we
rece
ive
mes
sage
sfr
om s
tarr
y bo
dies
. In
wha
t se
nse
is t
hat
a 'm
essa
ge'?
If
we
give
the
wor
d 'm
essa
ge'
a m
eani
ng,
ther
e m
ust
be a
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
that
and
the
tran
smis
sion
of
wha
teve
rit
mig
ht b
e.
If t
here
w
asn'
t,
ever
ythi
ng i
n th
e w
orld
wou
ld b
e a
mes
sage
. A
nd b
esid
es,
ther
e's
a se
nse
inw
hich
eve
ryth
ing
is a
mes
sage
, gi
ven
wha
t m
akes
th
efu
nctio
ns o
f th
e tr
ansm
issi
on a
nd c
onve
ying
of
info
rma-
tion
fash
iona
ble,
as
they
say
. It
is n
ot d
iffi
cult
to s
ee t
hat
this
inf
orm
atio
n ca
n be
so
form
aliz
ed a
s to
ins
crib
e it
asth
e ve
ry o
ppos
ite
of s
igni
fica
tion.
Tha
t in
its
elf
is e
noug
h
84
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s E
nds
to s
how
tha
t in
form
atio
n, u
nder
stoo
d in
that
sen
se,
is n
otto
be
conf
used
wit
h th
e re
sult
of
wha
t is
con
veye
d in
the
use
of l
angu
age.
The
art
icul
atio
n of
lang
uage
cal
ls in
to q
uest
ion,
fir
st o
fal
l, th
e is
sue
of th
e su
bjec
t of t
he e
nunc
iatio
n. T
he s
ubje
ctof
the
enun
ciat
ion
is d
efin
itel
y no
t to
be
conf
used
wit
h th
eon
e w
ho ta
kes t
he o
ppor
tuni
ty t
o sa
y of
him
self
/, as
subj
ect
of th
e ut
tera
nce.
Whe
n he
has
to ta
lk a
bout
him
self
, he
calls
him
self
/.
It s
impl
y m
eans
/ w
ho a
m s
peak
ing.
The
/,
as i
tap
pear
s in
any
utt
eran
ce, i
s not
hing
mor
e th
an w
hat w
e ca
lla
shift
er.
Lin
guis
ts c
laim
tha
t it
is a
lso
the
subj
ect
of t
heen
unci
atio
n. T
hat
is q
uite
wro
ng,
wha
teve
r th
ey m
ay s
ay.
It i
s so
wro
ng t
hat
it h
as o
bvio
usly
bee
n un
true
eve
r si
nce
we
have
kno
wn
it.
You
can
alw
ays t
ry t
o fi
nd th
e su
bjec
t of
som
e en
unci
atio
ns.
It i
s no
t, i
n an
y ca
se,
ther
e fo
r an
yone
who
can
say
/.T
his
mea
ns,
all
the
sam
e, t
hat
we
have
to r
econ
stru
ctth
e so
-cal
led
com
mun
icat
ions
sch
ema
a li
ttle
bit
. If
the
reis
one
thi
ng t
hat
has
to b
e ca
lled
into
que
stio
n, i
t is
the
sim
ple
func
tion
of
inte
r sub
ject
ivit
y, a
s th
ough
it
wer
e a
sim
ple
dual
rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n a
send
er a
nd a
rec
eive
rth
at w
orke
d al
l by
its
elf.
It's
not
tha
t at
all
.T
he f
irst
thi
ng i
nvol
ved
in c
omm
unic
atio
n is
kno
win
gw
hat
it m
eans
. E
very
body
kno
ws
that
. Y
ou d
on
't ne
edm
uch
expe
rien
ce
to s
how
tha
t w
hat
the
othe
r is
say
ing
obvi
ousl
y ne
ver
coin
cide
s w
ith w
hat
he s
ays.
85
My
Teac
hing
Tha
t is
als
o w
hy y
ou w
ork
your
self
to
deat
h tr
ying
to
cons
truc
t a
logi
c fo
r th
e sa
me.
So
that
the
re w
ill b
e no
doub
ts s
urro
undi
ng t
he l
ittl
e si
gns
you
can
put
on t
hebo
ard.
Pre
cise
ly:
you
are
tryi
ng t
o el
imin
ate
the
subj
ect.
And
on
ce y
ou h
ave
put
dow
n so
me
litt
le
lett
ers,
th
esu
bjec
t is
ind
eed
elim
inat
ed f
or
a m
omen
t.
You
will
natu
rall
y fi
nd t
he s
ubje
ct o
nce
mor
e w
hen
you
get
to t
heen
d, i
n th
e sh
ape
of a
ll so
rts
of p
arad
oxes
. T
hat
is t
hede
mon
stra
tive
an
d fa
scin
atin
g th
ing
abou
t lo
gic'
s at
-te
mpt
s to
stu
dy t
hing
s cl
osel
y.S
omeo
ne
wil
l ob
ject
th
at,
if w
e w
ant
to
spea
k of
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is a
bsol
utel
y no
t ps
ychi
cal,
but
that
is
are
al m
etap
sych
olog
y, o
r in
oth
er w
ords
som
ethi
ng v
ery
diff
eren
t fr
om a
psy
chol
ogy,
we
have
to t
alk
abou
t the
id,
the
ego
or t
he s
uper
ego.
We
act
as th
ough
all
tha
t w
ere
obvi
ous,
sel
f-ev
iden
t, q
uite
nat
ural
, so
met
hing
we
coul
dse
e co
min
g a
mil
e of
f. N
othi
ng o
f th
e ki
nd.
Not
onl
y is
it
diff
eren
t fr
om a
ll th
e ol
d w
affl
e; i
f the
re is
som
ethi
ng t
hat
we
can
legi
tim
atel
y ca
ll a
n in
ter s
ubje
ctiv
ity,
an
int
er-
subj
ectiv
ity t
hat
is n
ot j
ust d
ram
atic
but
tra
gic,
the
n it
has
noth
ing
to d
o w
ith
the
orde
r of
com
mun
icat
ion,
wit
h an
inte
r sub
ject
ivity
of
pe
ople
w
ho
push
an
d sh
ove,
ge
tja
mm
ed u
p ag
ains
t ea
ch o
ther
an
d su
ffoc
ate
each
oth
er-
wel
l,
it
take
s th
e fo
rm
of t
he
id,
the
ego
and
the
supe
rego
, an
d it
can
eas
ily d
o w
itho
ut w
hat
you
wou
ldca
ll a
subj
ect.
86
•
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
The
y as
k m
e w
hy
I ta
lk
abou
t th
e su
bjec
t, w
hy
Isu
ppos
edly
add
tha
t to
Fre
ud.
Tha
t is
all
tha
t ge
ts t
alke
dab
out
in
Fre
ud.
But
it
gets
ta
lked
ab
out
in a
bru
tal,
impe
rati
ve w
ay. I
t is
a s
ort
of b
ulld
ozer
ope
rati
on,
and
itbr
ings
bac
k to
life
eve
ryth
ing
that
the
y ha
ve b
een
tryi
ngto
cov
er u
p ab
out t
he s
ubje
ct fo
r th
ousa
nds
of y
ears
of
the
philo
soph
ical
tra
diti
on.
As
I w
as t
ellin
g yo
u ju
st n
ow,
it is
in ju
st th
at o
rder
of
thin
gs t
hat
they
are
now
up
to s
omet
hing
. W
hat
I hav
est
ress
ed,
and
I ca
nnot
cla
im t
o be
doi
ng a
nyth
ing
mor
eth
an s
ugge
stin
g a
dim
ensi
on h
ere,
has
ind
eed
a co
unte
r-o
o
o
part
, an
d it
is
supp
lied
by p
hilo
soph
ers.
T
here
is
, fo
rex
ampl
e, o
ne t
o w
hom
I m
ake
a br
ief
allu
sion
in t
he f
irst
issu
e of
my
jour
nal
Scili
cet,
a ve
ry t
alen
ted
boy
who
stil
lha
s a
few
reh
ashe
s in
sto
re f
or u
s w
hen
it c
omes
to
grea
tcl
assi
cal t
hem
es,
and
I kne
w o
f the
ir e
xist
ence
long
bef
ore
I fir
st m
et h
im a
t a
cong
ress
. So
, he
said
to
me:
'A
ll t
hat's
very
wel
l, I
agre
e w
ith
wha
t yo
u sa
y' —
and
inde
ed i
t w
asob
viou
s th
at h
e di
d ag
ree,
sin
ce i
n hi
s ar
ticl
e on
Fre
udhe
wro
te n
othi
ng t
hat
I ha
d no
t sa
id a
lrea
dy —
but
wha
tI'
ve s
aid,
'B
ut w
hy,
why
, do
you
ins
ist
on c
allin
g it
the
subj
ect?
'T
hat's
the
way
it
is w
hen
you
touc
h on
cer
tain
top
ics,
you
find
tha
t so
meo
ne h
as a
lrea
dy l
aid
clai
m t
o th
em.
One
of
the
peop
le w
ho i
s ju
st l
earn
ing
that
les
son
dare
dto
wri
te a
boo
k on
Rac
ine
one
day.
The
tro
uble
was
, he
87
My
Teac
hing
was
n't
the
only
one
, be
caus
e th
ere
was
som
eone
els
e w
hoth
ough
t he
was
the
expe
rt o
n R
acin
e. H
ow d
are
he?
And
so o
n. I
n th
is c
ase,
the
phi
loso
pher
was
qui
te p
repa
red
tosa
y to
me:
'W
hy d
o yo
u ke
ep c
allin
g th
e un
cons
ciou
s —
anun
cons
ciou
s yo
u sa
y is
str
uctu
red
like
a la
ngua
ge —
th
esu
bjec
t?'
Whe
n an
alys
ts a
sk m
e qu
esti
ons
like
that
, I'm
sho
cked
but
I ca
n't
say
that
I
am s
urpr
ised
. B
ut c
omin
g fr
omph
ilos
ophe
rs,
they
are
so
disc
once
rtin
g I
can'
t fi
nd a
nyan
swer
, ex
cept
to
say:
'I k
eep
the
subj
ect
..
. to
get
you
talk
ing.
'
And
yet
, it
wou
ld b
e qu
ite
insa
ne n
ot t
o re
tain
th
ete
rm.
Som
e ha
ppy
acci
dent
in
the
phil
osop
hica
l tr
adit
ion
has
perp
etua
ted
the
line
that
be
gan
wit
h A
rist
otle
'sO
rgan
on,
whi
ch I
was
tal
king
abo
ut j
ust
now
. R
ead,
or
rere
ad,
the
Cat
egor
ies,
my
litt
le f
rien
ds,
or t
hose
of
you
who
fro
m
tim
e to
tim
e ge
t it
int
o yo
ur h
eads
to
read
som
ethi
ng o
ther
tha
n te
xtbo
oks,
an
d yo
u w
ill s
ee f
rom
the
star
t th
e di
ffer
ence
be
twee
n th
e su
bjec
t an
d su
b-st
ance
.
Thi
s is
so
met
hing
th
at
is
so
cruc
ial
that
th
e tw
oth
ousa
nd y
ears
of
phil
osop
hica
l tr
adit
ion
I w
as t
alki
ngab
out
have
bee
n tr
ying
to
do j
ust
one
thin
g, t
ryin
g to
reso
rb t
hat.
The
man
who
is
rega
rded
as
the
pinn
acle
of
the
phil
osop
hica
l tra
diti
on —
Heg
el —
sugg
ests
wit
h, I
hav
eto
say
, da
zzli
ng b
rill
ianc
e, s
omet
hing
tha
t ne
gate
s w
hat
My
Teac
hing
, It
s N
atur
e an
d It
s En
ds
we
touc
h up
on
in
drea
ms,
na
mel
y th
at
subs
tanc
e is
alre
ady
the
subj
ect,
befo
re i
t be
com
es
the
subj
ect,
asw
e sa
w j
ust
now
wit
h F
reud
's f
orm
ula.
It
all
star
ts
with
th
e in
itial
tr
aum
a of
A
rist
otle
'sas
sert
ion,
w
hich
int
rodu
ced
the
mos
t ri
goro
us d
ivor
ceo
betw
een
subj
ect
and
subs
tanc
e. T
hat
has
been
com
plet
ely
forg
otte
n.T
hat
the
subj
ect
has
outl
ived
the
phi
loso
phic
al t
radi
-tio
n de
mon
stra
tes,
if
we
can
put
it t
hat
way
, th
at
we
real
ly a
re b
ehav
ing
like
int
elle
ctua
l fa
ilure
s.Is
tha
t no
t a
reas
on n
ot t
o ab
ando
n th
e te
rm '
subj
ect',
now
tha
t th
e ti
me
has
fina
lly
com
e to
inv
ert
its
usag
e?
50,
YOU
WIL
L H
AVE
HEA
RD
LAC
AN
I ca
nnot
say
tha
t m
y si
tuat
ion
is v
ery
diff
icul
t. O
n th
eco
ntra
ry,
it is
ext
raor
dina
rily
eas
y. T
he v
ery
way
I h
ave
been
int
rodu
ced
indi
cate
s th
at I
wil
l, at
any
rat
e, h
ave
spok
en i
n m
y ca
paci
ty a
s L
acan
.So
, yo
u w
ill h
ave
hear
d L
acan
.T
he
'lect
ure'
is
not
m
y st
yle.
It
is
not
m
y st
yle
beca
use,
ev
ery
wee
k fo
r th
e la
st f
ifte
en
year
s, I
hav
egi
ven
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is n
ot a
lect
ure,
but
wha
t th
ey u
sed
to
call
a se
min
ar
in t
he
days
whe
n th
ere
was
so
me
enth
usia
sm,
and
it is
a c
lass
, bu
t it
is s
till
a se
min
ar,
still
goes
by
that
nam
e.It
is n
ot I
who
will
tes
tify
to t
he f
act,
but
the
few
who
have
bee
n th
ere
from
the
st
art,
w
ith
som
e re
plac
ing
othe
rs:
not
one
of t
hose
cla
sses
has
eve
r be
en r
epea
ted.
The
re w
as a
mom
ent,
in
the
cour
se o
f ci
rcum
stan
ces
whe
n I t
houg
ht I
ow
ed i
t to
the
few
who
wer
e ar
ound
me
93
My
Teac
hing
to e
xpla
in s
omet
hing
to
them
, so
met
hing
that
we
wil
l be
deal
ing
wit
h no
w.
And
, my
God
, th
at s
omet
hing
mus
t be
suff
icie
ntly
br
oad
for
me
still
no
t to
ha
ve
fini
shed
expl
aini
ng i
t to
the
m.
It's
str
ange
. P
erha
ps i
t is
als
o th
at t
he v
ery
deve
lop-
men
t of
wha
t I
had
to e
xpla
in c
ause
d m
e pr
oble
ms
and
rais
ed n
ew q
uest
ions
. P
erha
ps.
But
it's
not
cer
tain
.B
e th
at a
s it
may
, I
mak
e ab
solu
tely
no
clai
m t
o be
evok
ing
even
its
mai
n de
tour
s to
day,
eve
n by
way
of
allu
sion
for
the
ben
efit
of t
hose
who
kno
w w
hat
I am
talk
ing
abou
t, a
nd w
ho e
ven
have
som
e id
ea o
f w
hat
Iha
ve s
aid
abou
t it
.A
s fo
r th
e re
st o
f yo
u, a
nd I
sup
pose
you
mak
e up
par
tof
thi
s ga
ther
ing,
who
kno
w l
ittl
e or
not
hing
abo
ut i
t,gi
ving
you
eve
n so
me
idea
of
it is
out
of
the
ques
tion
,as
sum
ing
that
wha
t I
have
just
sai
d is
tru
e, n
amel
y th
at I
have
nev
er r
epea
ted
mys
elf.
In t
ruth
, th
e 'le
ctur
e' g
enre
pre
supp
oses
a p
ostu
late
that
is
esse
ntia
l to
the
ver
y na
me
'uni
vers
ity'
: th
ere
issu
ch a
thi
ng a
s a
univ
erse
, by
whi
ch I
mea
n a
univ
erse
of
disc
ours
e.
Dis
cour
se,
that
is
to
sa
y,
has
appa
rent
lysu
ccee
ded
for
cent
urie
s in
con
stit
utin
g an
ord
er t
hat
issu
ffic
ient
ly e
stab
lish
ed f
or e
very
thin
g to
be
com
part
men
-ta
lize
d, d
ivid
ed i
nto
sect
ors
that
we
have
onl
y to
stu
dyca
refu
lly a
nd s
epar
atel
y, w
ith
ever
yone
mak
ing
his
own
litt
le c
ontr
ibut
ion
to a
mos
aic
who
se f
ram
es a
re a
lrea
dy
94
So,
You
Will
H
ave
Hea
rd
Laca
n
adeq
uate
ly e
stab
lishe
d be
caus
e en
ough
wor
k ha
s al
read
y
been
don
e on
the
m.
It t
akes
onl
y a
quic
k lo
ok a
t hi
stor
y to
con
trad
ict
the
idea
tha
t th
e st
rata
tha
t ha
ve b
een
laid
dow
n th
roug
hout
hist
ory,
an
d te
rrac
ed
over
a p
erio
d of
cen
turi
es,
con-
stit
ute
asse
ts t
hat
add
up a
nd t
hat
can
ther
efor
e co
me
toge
ther
to
cr
eate
th
at
univ
ersi
ty -
- th
e U
nive
rsit
y of
Let
ters
, th
e U
nive
rsita
s Li
ttera
rum
th
at
is b
asic
to
the
teac
hing
tha
t be
ars
the
nam
e.o
Do
not,
I b
eg y
ou,
unde
rsta
nd t
he w
ord
'his
tory
' to
mea
n w
hat
you
are
taug
ht u
nder
the
nam
e of
'his
tory
of
phil
osop
hy',
or
of
wha
teve
r el
se
it
is,
beca
use
that
repl
aste
ring
job
is
desi
gned
to
delu
de y
ou i
nto
thin
king
that
the
var
ious
sta
ges
of th
ough
t en
gend
er o
ne a
noth
er.
You
hav
e on
ly t
o ta
ke a
qui
ck l
ook
at h
isto
ry t
o se
e th
atth
is
is
far
from
be
ing
the
case
an
d th
at
ever
ythi
ngor
igin
ates
, on
the
co
ntra
ry,
in b
reak
s, i
n a
succ
essi
onof
tri
als
and
open
ings
tha
t ha
ve a
t ev
ery
stag
e de
lude
d us
into
thi
nkin
g th
at w
e co
uld
laun
ch i
nto
a to
tali
ty.
The
ou
tcom
e is
tha
t yo
u on
ly h
ave
to
go i
nto
any
book
sell
er's
sho
p, a
ny a
ntiq
uari
an b
ooks
hop,
and
pin
chan
y bo
ok f
rom
the
tim
e of
the
Ren
aiss
ance
. Ope
n it
, re
adit
pro
perl
y, a
nd y
ou w
ill s
ee t
hat
you
wo
n't
be a
ble
tofo
llow
th
e th
read
of
thr
ee-q
uart
ers
of t
he
thin
gs
that
preo
ccup
ied
them
and
see
med
ess
entia
l to
the
m.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd,
wha
t m
ight
see
m o
bvio
us t
o yo
u ca
me
into
95
My
Tea
chin
g
bein
g du
ring
a c
erta
in
epoc
h,
and
it w
as n
ot
twen
ty,
thir
ty o
r fi
fty
year
s ag
o, b
ut d
ates
to
no f
urth
er b
ack
than
Des
cart
es.
It w
as f
rom
Mon
sieu
r D
esca
rtes
onw
ards
tha
t ce
rtai
nth
ings
hap
pene
d, a
nd t
hey
are
cert
ainl
y w
orth
y of
not
e,es
peci
ally
th
e in
augu
rati
on o
f ou
r m
oder
n sc
ienc
e,
asc
ienc
e w
hose
di
stin
guis
hing
fea
ture
is
the
som
ewha
tco
mpe
lling
ef
ficac
y th
at
allo
ws
it
to
inte
rven
e in
th
em
ost
ever
yday
det
ails
of
ever
yone
's l
ife.
B
ut i
n tr
uth,
perh
aps
it is
tha
t th
at d
istin
guis
hes
it fr
om e
arlie
r bo
dies
of k
now
ledg
e, w
hich
wer
e al
way
s m
ore
esot
eric
pra
c-tic
es,
by w
hich
I m
ean
that
the
y w
ere
thou
ght
to b
e th
epr
ivile
ge o
f a
smal
l nu
mbe
r.
For
our
part
, w
e ar
e im
mer
sed
in t
he f
indi
ngs
of t
hat
scie
nce.
E
ven
the
mos
t ba
nal
thin
gs
here
, ev
en
the
funn
y li
ttle
ch
airs
yo
u ar
e si
tting
on
, ar
e ac
tual
lypr
oduc
ts
of i
t. In
the
pas
t, th
ey u
sed
to
mak
e ch
airs
wit
h fo
ur f
eet,
lik
e st
urdy
ani
mal
s; t
hey
had
to
look
like
anim
als.
Now
aday
s th
ey l
ook
just
a l
ittl
e m
echa
n-ic
al.
And
of
cour
se y
ou s
till
have
not
got
use
d to
the
m,
and
you
mis
s th
e ch
airs
of
old.
So, w
hat
I tea
ch c
once
rns
som
ethi
ng th
at w
as b
orn
at a
mom
ent
in h
isto
ry a
nd i
n th
e ce
ntur
ies
whe
n w
e w
ere
alre
ady
up t
o ou
r ne
cks
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f sc
ienc
e, e
ven
befo
re w
e co
uld
say
it in
the
way
I h
ave
just
sai
d it.
I re
fer
to p
sych
oana
lysi
s.
96
So,
You
Wil
l H
ave
Hea
rd L
acan
I ha
ve b
een
led
to
put
mys
elf
in a
ver
y pa
rtic
ular
posi
tion
as a
tea
cher
, as
my
posi
tion
cons
ists
in
star
ting
agai
n at
a
cert
ain
poin
t, in
a c
erta
in
fiel
d,
as t
houg
hno
thin
g ha
d be
en
done
. T
hat
is
wha
t ps
ycho
anal
ysis
mea
ns.
Tha
t is
bec
ause
not
hing
had
bee
n do
ne w
ithin
a c
erta
incl
assi
cal
fiel
d hi
ther
to k
now
n as
'ps
ycho
logy
', an
d be
-ca
use
that
can
of
cour
se b
e ex
plai
ned
by a
ll th
e hi
stor
ical
cond
ition
s th
at h
ad g
one
befo
re.
Wha
t I
mea
n is
tha
t,w
hils
t a
very
el
egan
t co
nstr
uct
that
se
rved
ce
rtai
npu
rpos
es,
assu
min
g a
cert
ain
num
ber
of b
asic
pos
tula
tes,
had
been
ela
bora
ted,
it
so h
appe
ned
that
tho
se p
ostu
late
sal
way
s ha
d to
be
reco
nstr
ucte
d re
troa
ctiv
ely.
If,
bas
ical
ly,
we
acce
pt
thos
e po
stul
ates
, ev
eryt
hing
is
fine
, bu
t if
som
ethi
ng a
bout
the
m i
s ra
dica
lly
calle
d in
to q
uest
ion,
noth
ing
wor
ks a
ny m
ore.
My
teac
hing
doe
s no
t se
rve
that
pur
pose
, bu
t th
at i
sw
hat
it i
s en
slav
ed t
o. I
t se
rves
, an
d se
rves
to
prom
ote
som
ethi
ng t
hat
happ
ened
, and
that
som
ethi
ng h
as a
nam
e:
Fre
ud.
It s
omet
imes
so
hap
pens
tha
t th
ings
tha
t ha
ppen
do
have
a n
ame.
Tha
t in
its
elf
is a
pro
blem
, an
d it
cert
ainl
yca
nnot
be
solv
ed w
ith t
he h
elp
of n
otio
ns s
uch
as t
hose
we
call
infl
uenc
es, b
orro
win
gs,
subs
tanc
e. I
n m
any
case
s,kn
owin
g w
hat
the
sour
ces
are
can
be o
f so
me
use.
It
actu
ally
is
of s
ome
use
at t
he l
iter
ary
leve
l, at
the
lev
el o
f
97
My
Tea
chin
g
and
in t
he s
o-ca
lled
Uni
vers
itas
litte
raru
m p
ersp
ecti
ve.
But
it r
esol
ves
abso
lute
ly n
othi
ng w
hen
som
ethi
ng t
hat
has
som
e ex
iste
nce
sudd
enly
em
erge
s —
a g
reat
po
et,
for
exam
ple.
Try
ing
to a
ppro
ach
the
prob
lem
in
the
nam
e of
sour
ces
is p
ure
mad
ness
.
The
'so
urce
s' p
oint
of
view
can
als
o be
of
use
in d
ay-
to-d
ay t
each
ing,
or
in
wha
t I
just
cal
led
the
'lect
ure'
;
genr
e. T
he o
nly
prob
lem
bei
ng th
at b
reak
s do
occ
ur f
rom
tim
e to
tim
e, t
hat
ther
e ar
e pe
ople
who
hav
e in
deed
bee
n ,
able
to
borr
ow l
ittl
e bi
ts f
rom
her
e an
d th
ere
to n
urtu
re
";th
eir
disc
ours
e, i
f on
ly t
he e
ssen
ce o
f th
at d
isco
urse
tha
t ?
star
ts o
ut
from
a
bre
akin
g po
int.
|
If m
y te
achi
ng s
erve
s to
pro
mot
e F
reud
and
dec
lare
s I
itsel
f to
be
in h
is s
ervi
ce,
wha
t, i
n th
at c
ase,
do
sour
ces
mea
n? T
hey
mea
n, o
f co
urse
, th
at w
hat
inte
rest
s m
e is
not
redu
cing
Fre
ud t
o hi
s so
urce
s.
I w
ill,
on t
he c
ontr
ary,
dem
onst
rate
the
fun
ctio
n he
serv
ed a
s a
brea
k. W
hen,
of
cour
se,
it c
omes
to
brin
ging
him
bac
k in
to l
ine,
put
ting
him
bac
k in
his
pla
ce w
ithi
nge
nera
l psy
chol
ogy,
the
re a
re o
ther
s w
ho a
re tr
ying
to
doth
at,
as a
resu
lt o
f whi
ch th
ey o
verl
ook
the
only
thin
g th
at
itis
inte
rest
ing,
nam
ely
why
Fre
ud is
a n
ame
to w
hich
the
re ||
clin
gs t
hat
very
sin
gula
r th
ing
that
giv
es t
hat
nam
e it
s i
I pla
ce i
n th
e co
nsci
ousn
ess
of o
ur e
ra. ,/
<
\r a
ll,
wh
y do
es t
he
nam
e F
reud
hav
e a
pre
stig
e |
sim
ilar
to t
hat
of M
arx
wit
hout
eve
r ha
ving
had
, to
dat
e,
*1
O
'
'
(
98
So,
You
Will
H
ave
Hea
rd
Lac
an
any
of h
is c
atac
lysm
ic re
perc
ussi
ons?
Why
th
e de
vil
not?
•>
Why
is
ther
e a
who
le f
ield
whe
re w
e ca
n do
not
hing
but
evok
e hi
m,
and
whe
re i
t ev
en h
as t
he v
alue
of
a no
dal
poin
t —
irre
spec
tive
of
whe
ther
or
not
w
e ag
ree
with
_w
hat
he
said
, an
d w
hat
his
mes
sage
ap
pear
s to
be
,w
itho
ut b
eing
abl
e to
say
str
ictl
y w
hat
it m
eans
, ot
her,
than
tha
t it
is a
sor
t of
myt
holo
gy t
hat
is i
n ci
rcul
atio
n.H
ow i
s it
that
thi
s na
me
is s
o pr
esen
t in
our
con
scio
us-
/
ness
? Tha
t I a
m t
ryin
g in
this
way
to p
rom
ote
Fre
ud is
a v
ery
diff
eren
t m
atte
r fr
om
wha
t I
wil
l ca
ll th
e vi
ctor
ies
ofth
inke
rs.
Of
cour
se i
t is
not
unre
late
d to
tho
ught
, bu
t it
isso
met
hing
tha
t en
ligh
tens
us
as t
o w
hat
may
alr
eady
be
surp
risi
ng a
bout
the
inci
denc
e of
the
effe
cts
of th
ough
t on
the
hist
ory
we
shar
e.Y
ou m
ight
thi
nk t
hat,
give
n th
at i
t is
doc
tors
who
bea
rth
e bu
rden
of
Fre
ud's
mes
sage
for
the
mom
ent,
it
mig
htbe
sa
id t
hat,
afte
r al
l, he
is
les
s im
port
ant
than
th
eco
ncre
te
thin
gs
they
ar
e de
alin
g w
ith,
an
d I
mea
nco
ncre
te i
n th
e se
nse
the
wor
d ha
s as
a r
eson
ance
, th
ings
that
are
mad
e th
at w
ay,
a bi
t, a
bloc
k, s
omet
hing
to
dow
ith
— co
me
on,
we
all
know
it
— w
ith
thei
r pa
tien
ts,
who
are
sai
d to
be
just
thi
ngs
to b
e tr
eate
d, s
omet
hing
that
res
ists
.F
reud
tau
ght
us t
hat
som
e of
the
se p
atie
nts
[mal
ades
]ar
e in
tell
ectu
ally
ill
[m
alad
es
de
la
pens
e'e].
The
on
ly
99
My
Teac
hing
prob
lem
is
that
we
have
to
pay
atte
ntio
n to
the
fun
ctio
nth
at i
s so
des
igna
ted.
Are
the
y m
alad
es i
n th
e se
nse
that
we
say
that
'he
's a
bit
wro
ng i
n th
e he
ad',
in t
he s
ense
that
it
is a
ll th
at t
akes
pla
ce a
t th
e le
vel o
f th
ough
t? I
s th
ato
wha
t it
mea
ns?
Tha
t, ba
sica
lly,
is w
hat
was
sai
d be
fore
Fre
ud.
Inde
ed,
that
is
the
who
le p
robl
em.
We
spea
k of
'm
enta
l ps
ycho
-pa
thol
ogy'
. In
here
are
sev
eral
flo
ors
insi
de t
he o
rgan
ism
,an
d th
ere
is a
n up
per
floo
r. S
omew
here
at
the
com
man
dle
vel,
ther
e m
ust
be a
guy
in a
lit
tle
room
fro
m w
here
he
can
switc
h of
f ev
eryt
hing
up
ther
e in
the
cei
ling.
Tha
t is
wha
t w
e im
agin
e th
ough
t to
be,
fro
m a
cer
tain
sum
mar
yvi
ewpo
int.
Som
ewhe
re,
ther
e is
som
ethi
ng d
irec
tive,
and
if th
ings
go
w
rong
up
th
ere,
w
e w
ill
have
m
enta
lpr
oble
ms.
If
ever
ythi
ng is
tur
ned
off,
ther
e w
ill o
bvio
usly
be s
ome
disr
upti
on,
but
we
wil
l st
ill b
e al
ive
and
wel
l,st
umbl
e bl
indl
y to
a d
oor
and
star
t al
l ov
er a
gain
. T
hat
isth
e cl
assi
c co
ncep
tion
of i
ntel
lect
ual
illne
ss.
The
exp
ress
ion
'sick
in
the
min
d' c
an b
e un
ders
tood
on a
dif
fere
nt r
egis
ter.
We
can
spea
k of
'ani
mal
s th
at a
resi
ck in
the
min
d' [
anim
aux
mal
ades
de
la p
ense
'e] i
n th
e sa
me
way
th
at w
e sp
eak
of '
anim
als
that
are
si
ck w
ith
the
plag
ue'.
It's
ano
ther
acc
epta
tion
. I
am n
ot g
oing
to
goso
far
as
to s
ay th
at t
houg
ht i
n it
self
is a
n il
lnes
s. I
n its
elf,
s to
La
Fon
tain
e's
seve
ntee
nth-
cent
ury
fabl
e Le
s A
nim
aux
mal
ades
de
16
[The
all
usio
n is
la p
este
.]
100
So,
You
Will
Hav
e H
eard
La
can
the
plag
ue b
acill
us is
not
an
illne
ss e
ithe
r. I
t cau
ses i
llne
ss.
It c
ause
s it
in
anim
als
that
are
not
des
igne
d to
tol
erat
e it
,to
tol
erat
e th
e ba
cill
us.
Per
haps
that
is w
hat
it is
all
abo
ut.
Thi
nkin
g is
not
an
illne
ss i
n it
self
, bu
t it
can
mak
e so
me
peop
le i
ll.
Be
that
as
it m
ay,
wha
t F
reud
ini
tially
dis
cove
red
isso
met
hing
lik
e th
at.
At
the
leve
l of
illn
ess,
th
ere
are
thou
ghts
th
at
circ
ulat
e,
even
or
dina
ry
thou
ghts
, ou
rbr
ead
and
our
win
e, t
he t
houg
ht t
hat
we
shar
e to
som
eex
tent
, an
d of
w
hich
it
m
ight
be
sa
id:
'Thi
nk
one
anot
her.
' T
hat
is t
he
thou
ght
we
are
talk
ing
abou
t.C
erta
in
phen
omen
a th
at
cons
titu
te
a ce
rtai
n fi
eld
ofill
ness
es,
the
fiel
d of
the
ne
uros
es,
have
a g
reat
de
alto
do
wit
h th
is
'Thi
nk o
ne a
noth
er'.
And
tha
t is
how
/
Fre
ud i
ntro
duce
s hi
mse
lf.
A
trad
itio
n th
at
calle
d its
elf
— a
nd
why
no
t?ph
iloso
phic
al h
as i
t th
at
the
proc
ess
of t
houg
ht
is a
nau
tono
mou
s fu
ncti
on o
r, t
o be
mor
e ac
cura
te,
that
it
issi
tuat
ed,
cons
titu
ted,
on
ly w
hen
it g
ains
its
au
tono
my
from
th
at
ladd
er,
from
th
e hu
man
py
ram
id
buil
t by
clim
bing
on
one
anot
her'
s sh
ould
ers
that
all
owed
, ov
er a
peri
od o
f ce
ntur
ies,
the
em
erge
nce
of t
he
prec
ondi
tion
sfo
r th
e pu
re
exer
cise
of
tho
ught
, an
d th
ey h
ave
to b
eis
olat
ed i
f th
ough
t is
to g
et a
new
and
ver
y di
ffer
ent
grip
on e
very
thin
g it
fir
st h
ad t
o pr
eser
ve i
tsel
f fr
om i
n or
der
to g
uara
ntee
tha
t it
was
bei
ng p
rope
rly
exer
cise
d.
101
1
My
Tea
chin
g
that
it
even
tual
ly g
ener
ated
tha
t w
hich
is
our
priv
ileg
e: a
prop
er p
hysi
cs.
But
in t
he w
ay i
t is
rep
rese
nted
to
us -
the
wor
k of
cul
ture
and
iso
lati
on l
eadi
ng in
the
dir
ectio
nof
a c
erta
in e
ffic
acy
— co
mpl
etel
y ig
nore
s th
e qu
esti
on o
fth
e hu
man
ani
mal
's r
elat
ions
hip
wit
h th
ough
t. N
ow,
the
hum
an a
nim
al i
s in
volv
ed w
ith
thou
ght
from
th
e ve
rybe
ginn
ing,
and
it
seem
s ce
rtai
n th
at,
even
at
the
mos
tel
emen
tary
, ph
ysio
logi
cal
leve
l, in
th
e se
nse
that
th
ew
ord
desi
gnat
es t
he m
ost
fam
iliar
fun
ctio
ns,
thos
e fu
nc-
tion
s ar
e al
read
y in
volv
ed w
ith
thou
ght
func
tion
s in
the
irm
aint
enan
ce c
apac
ity,
in t
heir
cap
acit
y as
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is c
ircu
late
d, d
ispl
aced
.
In a
wor
d,
the
wor
k of
the
phi
loso
pher
s ga
ve u
s to
supp
ose
that
th
ough
t is
a s
elf-
tran
spar
ent
act,
th
at a
thou
ght
that
kno
ws
it i
s th
inki
ng is
the
ulti
mat
e cr
iter
ion,
the
esse
nce
of th
ough
t. E
very
thin
g w
e th
ough
t w
e sh
ould
puri
fy o
urse
lves
of,
rid
our
selv
es o
f, i
n or
der
to i
sola
teth
e pr
oces
s of
thou
ght,
nam
ely
our
pass
ions
, our
des
ires
,ou
r an
xiet
ies,
and
eve
n ou
r co
lics,
our
fea
rs,
our
folli
es,
all t
hat
seem
ed s
impl
y to
bea
r w
itne
ss to
int
rusi
on w
ithi
nus
of
w
hat
som
eone
li
ke
Des
cart
es
call
s th
e bo
dybe
caus
e,
at
the
cutt
ing
edge
of
th
is
puri
fica
tion
of
thou
ght,
w
e fi
nd
that
th
ere
is n
o po
int
at w
hich
we
can
gras
p th
at t
houg
ht i
s di
visi
ble.
It
all
stem
s fr
om
the
way
th
e pa
ssio
ns i
nter
fere
w
ith
the
wor
king
s of
ou
r
102
So,
You
Will
H
ave
Hea
rd
Lac
an
orga
ns.
Tha
t is
the
po
int
we
reac
h at
the
en
d of
one
philo
soph
ical
tr
adit
ion.
Fre
ud s
ays
quit
e th
e op
posi
te.
He
mak
es u
s go
bac
k, h
ete
lls u
s th
at i
t is
at
the
leve
l of
our
rel
atio
ns w
ith t
houg
htth
at w
e ha
ve t
o lo
ok f
or t
he m
echa
nism
beh
ind
a w
hole
regi
on —
whi
ch,
it se
ems,
exp
ands
to
an u
nusu
al e
xten
t,in
the
con
text
of
our
civi
lizat
ion
— of
gov
erna
nce
by t
hepr
eval
ence
, th
e in
crea
se i
n th
ough
t th
at i
s in
som
e w
ayem
bodi
ed
in w
hat
they
ca
ll br
ains
-tru
sts.
T
houg
ht
has
alw
ays
been
em
bodi
ed,
and
we
are
still
aw
are
of t
hat
inw
hat
seem
s to
be
em
inen
tly
redu
ndan
t, sc
rapp
y an
dun
assi
mil
able
, at
the
lev
el o
f ce
rtai
n fa
iling
s th
at,
appa
r-en
tly,
see
m t
o ow
e no
thin
g to
any
thin
g bu
t th
e de
fici
tfu
ncti
on.
It t
hink
s, i
n ot
her
wor
ds,
at a
lev
el w
here
it
does
not
gra
sp i
tsel
f as
tho
ught
at
all.
It
goes
fu
rthe
r th
an
that
. T
he
reas
on
why
it
[fa
]th
inks
at
a le
vel
whe
re i
t ca
nnot
gr
asp
itse
lf i
s th
at i
tdo
es n
ot
wan
t to
gr
asp
itsel
f at
an
y pr
ice.
It
w
ould
rath
er
relin
quis
h its
elf
than
be
th
ough
t;
ther
e's
noqu
esti
on a
bout
it.
The
re i
s m
uch
mor
e to
it
than
tha
t:it
is
not
at a
ll w
illin
g to
acc
ept
obse
rvat
ions
tha
t m
ight
com
e fr
om
outs
ide
to e
ncou
rage
tha
t w
hich
thi
nks
togr
asp
itsel
f as
tho
ught
. T
hat
is w
hat
the
disc
over
y of
the
unco
nsci
ous
is.
Tha
t di
scov
ery
was
mad
e at
a t
ime
whe
n no
thin
g w
asle
ss o
pen
to c
halle
nge
than
the
sup
erio
rity
of
thou
ght.
103
My
Tea
chin
g
The
peo
ple
they
cal
led,
in
cert
ain
regi
ster
s,
the
nobl
e,ci
viliz
ed
desc
enda
nts
of
the
Gre
eks
and
Rom
ans,
in
part
icul
ar,
saw
th
emse
lves
as
m
en
who
ha
d fi
nally
reac
hed
the
stag
e of
pos
itiv
e th
ough
t, an
d pl
aced
wha
thi
stor
y ha
s de
mon
stra
ted
to b
e an
exc
essi
ve t
rust
in
the
prog
ress
of
the
hum
an m
ind
and
in th
e fa
ct t
hat
in c
erta
inzo
nes,
you
cou
ld c
ross
a f
ront
ier
and
ente
r th
e ci
rcle
of
thos
e m
en
in
the
wor
ld
who
co
uld
call
them
selv
esen
ligh
tene
d,
wit
h a
litt
le
help
, if
you
w
ere
give
n a
help
ing
hand
.
To
Fre
ud's
cre
dit,
he n
otic
ed t
hat
we
had
to t
ake
adi
ffer
ent
view
lon
g be
fore
his
tory
rem
inde
d us
tha
t w
esh
ould
be
mor
e m
odes
t. H
isto
ry s
how
ed u
s th
is,
whi
chw
e ha
ve b
een
able
to g
rasp
ful
ly e
very
day
sin
ce s
uch
and
such
a
date
, na
mel
y th
at
ther
e is
n't
som
e ki
nd
ofpr
ivile
ged
area
with
in
the
hum
an f
ield
, de
fine
d as
the
fiel
d of
peo
ple
who
hav
e th
e si
ngul
ar a
bili
ty t
o ha
ndle
lang
uage
. W
heth
er t
hey
are
civi
lized
or
not,
peop
le a
reca
pabl
e of
the
sa
me
colle
ctiv
e en
thus
iasm
s,
the
sam
epa
ssio
ns.
The
y ar
e al
way
s at
a le
vel t
hat
ther
e is
no
reas
onto
des
crib
e as
hig
her
or l
ower
, as
aff
ectiv
e, p
assi
onat
e or
supp
osed
ly i
ntel
lect
ual,
or d
evel
oped
, as
the
y sa
y. T
hesa
me
choi
ces
are
avai
labl
e to
all
of
them
, an
d th
ey c
antr
ansl
ate
into
the
sam
e su
cces
ses
or t
he s
ame
aber
rati
ons.
Alt
houg
h it
ha
s be
en
grea
tly
dim
inis
hed
by
bein
gpa
ssed
on
by
the
offic
es
of t
he
mor
e or
le
ss d
isab
led
104
So,
You
Will
H
ave
Hea
rd
Laca
n
peop
le w
ho a
re h
is o
ffic
ial
repr
esen
tati
ves,
the
mes
sage
Fre
ud b
ring
s is
def
inite
ly n
ot d
isco
rdan
t w
ith
wha
t ha
sha
ppen
ed t
o us
sin
ce h
is d
ay, a
nd th
at s
houl
d in
spir
e us
to
take
a
muc
h m
ore
mod
est
view
of
the
po
ssib
ility
of
prog
ress
in
thou
ght.
Fre
ud i
s no
t di
scor
dant
at
all;
he
is s
till
ther
e w
ith h
ism
essa
ge,
and
its i
ncid
ence
is
perh
aps
all
the
stro
nger
in
that
it
is s
till
in t
he f
irm
est,
mos
t en
igm
atic
sta
te,
even
thou
gh t
hey
have
man
aged
to
give
it
a ce
rtai
n bu
oyan
cyth
anks
to
a ce
rtai
n le
vel
of v
ulga
riza
tion
. A
t th
e le
vel
whe
re a
hum
an b
eing
is a
thou
ght
that
for
tuna
tely
con
tain
sw
ithi
n it
a se
cret
war
ning
of
whi
ch i
t is
una
war
e, p
eopl
efe
el t
hat
ther
e is
in
Fre
ud's
mes
sage
, ev
en i
n th
e fo
rm i
nw
hich
it
circ
ulat
es f
or t
he m
omen
t, no
w t
hat
it h
as b
een
tran
sfor
med
in
to
pills
, so
met
hing
pr
ecio
us
thou
gh
nodo
ubt
alie
nate
d —
but
we
know
tha
t w
e ou
r bo
und
upw
ith
that
alie
natio
n; b
ecau
se i
t is
our
alie
natio
n.A
nyon
e w
ho ta
kes
the
trou
ble
to t
ry t
o ge
t bac
k to
the
leve
l w
here
thi
s m
essa
ge h
as s
ome
effe
ct i
s su
re t
o be
of
inte
rest
— an
d th
e po
int
has
been
mad
e, i
f on
ly b
y th
eco
llect
ion
of d
ross
kno
wn
as m
y Ec
rits
— s
ure
to b
e of
sing
ular
int
eres
t to
the
wid
est
vari
ety
of p
eopl
e, t
o th
em
ost
wid
ely
scat
tere
d pe
ople
, th
e m
ost
stra
ngel
y si
tuat
edpe
ople
and
, in
a w
ord,
eve
ryon
e.T
his
is t
o th
e as
toni
shm
ent
of t
hose
who
ins
ist
that
lite
ratu
re s
houl
d al
way
s re
spon
d to
cer
tain
nee
ds.
The
y
105
My
Tea
chin
gSo
, Yo
u W
ill
Hav
e H
eard
L
acan
won
der
why
my
Ecri
ts a
re s
ellin
g. I
'm a
nic
e gu
y, s
o w
hen
a jo
urna
list
com
es a
long
and
ask
s m
e th
at q
uest
ion,
I p
utm
ysel
f in
his
pos
itio
n an
d te
ll h
im:
'I'm
jus
t li
ke y
ou,
Ido
n't
kn
ow
.' A
nd t
hen
I re
min
d hi
m t
hat
thes
e Ec
rits
are
no m
ore
than
a f
ew t
hrea
ds,
floa
ts,
isla
nds
or
mar
kers
that
I p
ut d
own
from
ti
me
to t
ime
for
the
peop
le
I'mte
achi
ng.
I've
put
the
pill
aw
ay s
omew
here
saf
e, s
o th
atth
ey r
emem
ber
that
I'd
alr
eady
sai
d th
at a
t su
ch a
nd s
uch
a ti
me.
But
the
Ecr
its a
re o
f in
tere
st t
o th
e jo
urna
list
aft
er a
ll,
and
he t
ells
me
that
peo
ple
are
defi
nite
ly r
eadi
ng t
hem
.P
erha
ps it
is
beca
use
of w
hat
I sa
y in
the
m t
hat
they
are
of
inte
rest
to
so m
any
peop
le.
At
the
'nee
d' l
evel
, co
ncre
tene
ed o
f co
urse
, w
hich
is
the
prin
cipl
e be
hind
all
adve
r-tis
ing,
one
is
surp
rise
d. W
hy s
houl
d th
ey n
eed
thes
e Ec
rits
whi
ch
are,
it
se
ems,
in
com
preh
ensi
ble?
P
erha
ps
they
need
to
ha
ve
a pl
ace
from
w
hich
th
ey
can
see
that
they
're
talk
ing
abou
t so
met
hing
the
y do
not
und
erst
and.
Why
not
?
Whi
lst
the
goal
of
my
teac
hing
is
to p
rom
ote
Fre
ud,
itob
viou
sly
does
not
do
so a
t the
'ge
nera
l pu
blic
' lev
el.
The
gene
ral
publ
ic d
oes
not
need
me
to p
rom
ote
Fre
ud.
The
yge
t by
per
fect
ly w
ell
wit
h w
hat
the
othe
rs,
my
pals
, ar
edo
ing.
As
I ha
ve ju
st e
xpla
ined
to
you,
wha
teve
r w
e do
and
even
if
we
hand
res
pons
ibili
ty o
ver
to t
he g
uild
of
psyc
hoan
alys
ts —
and
I am
one
of
the
jew
els
in it
s cr
own
—
106
mak
e w
hat
you
like,
or
even
wha
t I
like,
of
that
, F
reud
is
defi
nite
ly t
here
.U
ntil
now
, th
e ef
fort
of
my
teac
hing
ha
s th
eref
ore
not
cons
iste
d in
pro
mot
ing
Fre
ud
at t
he
leve
l of
the
popu
lar
pres
s.
The
re
wou
ld b
e no
nee
d fo
r it
, an
d in
trut
h I
do
n't
see
why
I s
houl
d ha
ve m
ade
it m
y co
ncer
nor
mad
e th
e ef
fort
, if
it
wer
e no
t ad
dres
sed
to p
sych
o-
anal
ysts
.W
hat
I gi
ve y
ou i
s th
is,
in i
ts b
road
est
form
ula.
I re
ally
hav
e to
tak
e th
e vi
ew t
hat
thou
ght
exis
ts a
t th
em
ost
radi
cal
leve
l, an
d al
read
y co
nditi
ons
at l
east
a v
ast
part
of
wha
t w
e kn
ow a
s th
e hu
man
ani
mal
.W
hat
is th
ough
t? T
he a
nsw
er d
oes
not
lie
at t
he l
evel
o
whe
re t
hey
take
the
vie
w t
hat
its e
ssen
ce i
s be
ing
self
-tr
ansp
aren
t an
d kn
owin
g th
at i
t is
thou
ght.
It is
, rat
her,
at
the
leve
l of
the
fac
t th
at e
very
hum
an i
s bo
rn s
teep
ed i
nso
met
hing
w
e ca
ll th
ough
t, bu
t fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion
obvi
ousl
y de
mon
stra
tes,
fr
om
Fre
ud's
ea
rlie
st
wor
kon
war
ds,
that
it
is q
uite
im
poss
ible
to
gras
p w
hat
it i
sab
out
unle
ss
we
base
ou
rsel
ves
on
his
mat
eria
l, as
cons
titut
ed
by l
angu
age
in a
ll i
ts m
yste
ry.
I sa
y 'm
yste
ry'
in th
e se
nse
that
no
light
has
bee
n sh
edon
its
ori
gins
, bu
t th
at s
omet
hing
can
, on
the
othe
r ha
nd,
cert
ainl
y be
sai
d ab
out
its c
ondi
tion
s, i
ts a
ppar
atus
, an
dab
out
how
a
lang
uage
is
mad
e at
the
min
imal
lev
el o
f
wha
t w
e ca
ll it
s st
ruct
ure.
107
My
Teac
hing
To
deny
that
Fre
ud s
tart
ed o
ut f
rom
tha
t is
to d
eny
the
obvi
ous,
to
deny
wha
t be
com
es o
bvio
us t
o us
fro
m h
isfi
rst
grea
t w
orks
, es
peci
ally
the
Tr
aum
deut
ung,
Th
e Ps
y-ch
opat
holo
gy o
f Ev
eryd
ay L
ife
and
the
Witz
, w
hich
we
have
tran
slat
ed a
s Jok
es.
Fre
ud f
irst
des
igna
tes
the
fiel
d of
the
unco
nsci
ous
in p
heno
men
a th
at l
ook
irra
tion
al a
nd c
a-pr
icio
us,
that
bob
up
and
dow
n lik
e fl
oats
: dr
eam
s ar
eab
surd
, sl
ips
of th
e to
ngue
are
rid
icul
ous
and
the
Witz
tha
tm
ake
us l
augh
wit
hout
kno
win
g w
hy a
re p
athe
tic.
I ha
ve t
o be
qui
ck.
Whi
lst
Fre
ud d
irec
ts u
s to
war
ds t
he f
ield
of s
exua
lity
as
som
ethi
ng
that
is
esp
ecia
lly
impl
icat
ed i
n al
l th
ese
phen
omen
a,
the
fact
re
mai
ns
that
th
e st
ruct
ure
and
mat
eria
l in
que
stio
n de
sign
ate
the
unco
nsci
ous,
bec
ause
all
this
hap
pens
wit
hout
any
hel
p at
all
fro
m
wha
t w
epr
evio
usly
too
k fo
r th
ough
t, or
in
othe
r w
ords
som
ethi
ngth
at w
as a
ble
to g
rasp
its
elf
as c
onsc
ious
. T
hat
is i
ndee
dF
reud
's s
tart
ing
poin
t an
d th
e in
vers
ion
he i
ntro
duce
s.T
his
rais
es s
ome
com
plet
ely
new
que
stio
ns.
The
fir
st q
uest
ion
is w
heth
er c
onsc
ious
ness
itse
lf is
that
thin
g th
at c
laim
s to
be
perh
aps
the
mos
t im
pond
erab
le,
but
cert
ainl
y th
e m
ost
auto
nom
ous
of
thin
gs,
and
whe
ther
th
e un
cons
ciou
s m
ight
be
just
an
infe
renc
e, a
deta
il —
and
a de
tail
tha
t ac
ts l
ike
a m
irag
e —
com
pare
dw
ith
how
m
atte
rs
stan
d w
ith
the
effe
cts
of a
cer
tain
radi
cal
arti
cula
tion
, th
e ar
ticu
lati
on w
e gr
asp
in la
ngua
ge,
108
So,
You
Will
Hav
e H
eard
La
can
to
the
exte
nt
that
it
is
per
haps
w
hat
gene
rate
s th
eso
met
hing
tha
t is
in q
uest
ion
unde
r th
e na
me
of t
houg
ht.
Tho
ught
, in
oth
er w
ords
, is
not
to
be c
once
ived
as
aki
nd o
f fl
ower
tha
t pe
eps
thro
ugh
at t
he t
op
of s
ome
evol
utio
n or
oth
er,
and
it i
s di
ffic
ult,
afte
r al
l, to
see
wha
tth
e co
mm
on f
acto
r m
ight
be
that
des
tines
it
to p
rodu
ceth
at f
low
er.
Our
tas
k is
to
take
a s
erio
us l
ook
into
wha
t
its
orig
ins
mig
ht b
e.T
houg
ht
cert
ainl
y do
es n
ot,
in a
ny c
ase
or
for
the
mom
ent,
appe
ar to
us
in th
e fo
rm o
f a
func
tion
that
can
inan
y se
nse
be d
escr
ibed
as
high
er.
On
the
cont
rary
, it
is
apr
econ
diti
on
into
whi
ch w
e fi
t as
bes
t w
e ca
n a
who
lese
ries
of
an
imal
fu
ncti
ons,
fr
om
wha
t th
ey
call
the
high
est,
thos
e th
at c
an b
e si
tuat
ed a
t th
e le
vel
of t
hece
ntra
l ne
rvou
s sy
stem
, to
tho
se t
hat
take
pla
ce a
t th
ele
vel
of th
e gu
ts a
nd e
ntra
ils
and
that
, G
od k
now
s w
hy,
they
cal
l in
feri
or.
Wha
t m
atte
rs,
in o
ther
wor
ds,
is c
allin
g in
to q
uest
ion
this
ter
raci
ng o
f en
titie
s th
at t
ends
to
mak
e us
und
erst
and
orga
nic
mec
hani
sms
in h
iera
rchi
cal
term
s w
here
as t
hey
are
in f
act
perh
aps
to b
e si
tuat
ed a
t th
e le
vel
of a
cer
tain
radi
cal
disc
ord
betw
een
perh
aps
thre
e re
gist
ers
that
Ide
sign
ate
as S
ymbo
lic,
Im
agin
ary
and
Rea
l. E
ven
thei
rre
cipr
ocal
di
stan
ces
are
not
hom
ogen
eous
. T
here
is
alre
ady
som
ethi
ng a
rbit
rary
abo
ut p
utti
ng t
hem
on
the
sam
e li
st.
Wha
t do
es i
t m
atte
r, i
f th
ese
regi
ster
s ca
n at
109
My
Tea
chin
g
leas
t ha
ve a
cer
tain
eff
icac
y w
hen
it co
nies
to
intr
oduc
ing
the
ques
tion
?B
e th
at a
s it
may
, as
soo
n as
we
are
deal
ing
with
the
leve
l of
a c
erta
in p
assi
on o
r su
ffer
ing,
as
soon
as
we
are
deal
ing
wit
h th
ough
t —
and
ther
e is
now
here
tha
t w
e ca
ngr
asp
the
one
who
is
thin
king
it a
s a
cons
ciou
snes
s —
wit
hth
ough
t th
at c
anno
t gr
asp
itsel
f an
ywhe
re,
a th
ough
t of
whi
ch i
t ca
n al
way
s be
ask
ed w
ho i
s th
inki
ng i
t, th
at i
sen
ough
to
m
ake
anyo
ne w
ho
ente
rs i
nto
this
str
ange
dial
ectic
ren
ounc
e, a
t le
ast
for
him
self
, the
pre
vale
nce
ofth
ough
t in
sofa
r as
it
is s
omet
hing
tha
t gr
asps
its
elf.
It m
eans
tha
t th
e ps
ycho
anal
ysis
mus
t no
t on
ly h
ave
read
Fre
ud t
o so
me
exte
nt,
bear
ing
in m
ind
the
psyc
ho-
logi
cal
wor
ld's
lit
tle
boxe
s, w
hich
mak
e it
cle
ar f
rom
the
outs
et t
hat
'you
are
you
, an
d I
am m
e',
and,
as
for
me,
give
n th
at I
am
a p
sych
oana
lyst
, I a
m o
f co
urse
the
bri
ght
spar
k w
hose
job
it is
to g
uide
you
aro
und
the
laby
rint
h of
a se
ragl
io I
hav
e su
ppos
edly
lon
g be
en f
amili
ar w
ith.
At
the
leve
l of
his
pra
ctic
e,
the
psyc
hoan
alys
t m
ust
alw
ays
be a
ble
to p
rese
nt h
imse
lf a
s th
e on
e w
ho k
now
sho
w m
uch
he is
dep
ende
nt u
pon
thin
gs t
hat,
in th
eory
, he
fully
gra
sped
in h
is i
naug
ural
exp
erie
nce,
and
kno
ws,
for
exam
ple,
th
at h
e is
dep
ende
nt
upon
a c
erta
in
fant
asy.
Tha
t is
in t
heor
y ce
rtai
nly
wit
hin
his
reac
h. H
e m
ust
not
take
the
view
that
he
know
s on
the
grou
nds
that
it i
s in
his
capa
city
as
wha
t I
call
the
subj
ect
supp
osed
to
know
tha
t
So,
You
Will
H
ave
Hea
rd
Laca
n
they
com
e to
see
him
. The
y do
not
con
sult
him
abo
ut t
hat
whi
ch i
s m
argi
nal
to s
ome
know
ledg
e, b
e it
that
of
the
o
o '
subj
ect
or
com
mon
kn
owle
dge,
bu
t ab
out
that
w
hich
elud
es k
now
ledg
e, a
nd s
peci
fica
lly a
bout
som
ethi
ng t
hat
is p
reci
sely
wha
t ev
ery
one
of t
hem
def
inite
ly d
oes
not
wan
t to
kno
w.
Why
wou
ld h
e no
t w
ant
to k
now
if
not
beca
use
this
not-
know
ing
is w
hat
calls
him
int
o qu
esti
on a
s th
e su
bjec
tof
kno
wle
dge?
Thi
s ap
plie
s at
the
lev
el o
f th
e si
mpl
est
and,
let
's s
ay, l
east
inf
orm
ed b
eing
.T
he a
naly
st d
oes
not
beli
eve
that
he
can
intr
oduc
ehi
mse
lf i
nto
such
a q
uest
ion
pure
ly b
y ac
cept
ing
the
role
that
has
dev
olve
d up
on h
im i
n th
e sh
ape
of t
he s
ubje
ct-
supp
osed
-to-
know
. H
e kn
ows
full
wel
l th
at h
e do
es n
otkn
ow,
and
that
the
re i
s a
dang
er t
hat
all h
e ca
n co
nstr
uct
as h
is o
wn
know
ledg
e w
ill b
e co
nstit
uted
as
noth
ing
mor
eth
an a
def
ence
aga
inst
his
ow
n tr
uth.
Eve
ryth
ing
that
he
can
cons
truc
t ab
out
the
psyc
holo
gyof
the
obs
essi
onal
, ev
eryt
hing
he
can
embo
dy i
n th
e so
-ca
lled
prim
itive
ten
denc
y w
ill n
ot,
whe
n w
hat
is c
alle
d th
etr
ansf
eren
tial
rela
tions
hip
goes
a li
ttle
fur
ther
, pre
vent
him
from
bei
ng c
alle
d in
to q
uest
ion
in t
he f
unda
men
tal m
ode
of n
euro
sis,
to
the
ex
tent
tha
t it
inv
olve
s th
e sl
ippe
ryin
terp
lay
betw
een
dem
and
and
desi
re.
Not
hing
in
a ca
seca
n be
dis
plac
ed if
the
psyc
hoan
alys
t doe
s no
t ac
tual
ly f
eel
that
it
is h
is d
esir
e th
at i
nter
ests
the
hys
teri
cal
dem
and,
110
111
My
Teac
hing
that
it
is h
is d
esir
e th
at t
he o
bses
sion
al w
ants
to
arou
se a
tal
l co
st.
But
it
is n
ot e
noug
h fo
r hi
m t
o re
spon
d to
tha
t ap
peal
by d
emon
stra
ting
to
each
of
his
ques
tion
ers
that
we
have
here
for
ms
that
hav
e al
read
y be
en p
asse
d an
d re
prod
uced
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
the
law
tha
t re
gula
tes
rela
tion
s w
ith
ever
yone
's
rela
tion
ship
w
ith
thei
r pa
rtne
r.
It
is
not
enou
gh f
or h
im t
o m
ove
the
ques
tion
bac
k to
, I
do
n't
know
wha
t re
iter
atio
n, w
hich
wil
l al
way
s be
retr
oact
ive.
Tha
t is
no
doub
t an
ess
enti
al d
imen
sion
if th
e su
bjec
t is
tobe
mad
e to
und
erst
and
that
par
t of
him
he
has
drop
ped
inth
e sh
ape
of
an
irre
duci
ble
core
. B
ut
wit
hout
an
ysc
affo
ldin
g,
all
the
man
y co
mpl
icat
ed
cons
truc
ts
that
are
desi
gned
to
expl
ain
the
subj
ect's
res
ista
nces
, def
ence
san
d op
erat
ion,
thi
s or
tha
t m
ore
or l
ess
desi
rabl
e il
lnes
s,ca
nnot
rep
rese
nt a
nyth
ing
mor
e th
an s
uper
stru
ctur
es,
inth
e se
nse
of f
ictiv
e co
nstr
ucts
.
The
se c
onst
ruct
s ar
e de
sign
ed s
olel
y to
sep
arat
e th
ean
alys
is f
rom
whe
re,
ulti
mat
ely,
it i
s be
ing
trac
ked
dow
n.In
oth
er w
ords
, th
ey c
ome
to r
epre
sent
— fo
r th
e su
bjec
t —w
hat t
he p
rogr
ess
of th
e an
alys
is m
ust m
ake
him
ren
ounc
e,na
mel
y th
e ob
ject
, whi
ch is
at o
nce
a pr
ivil
eged
obj
ect a
nd a
scra
p-ob
ject
, to
whi
ch h
e hi
mse
lf i
s br
acke
ted.
Tha
t is
atr
agic
pos
itio
n be
caus
e, u
ltim
atel
y, th
e an
alys
t mus
t kno
who
w t
o el
imin
ate
him
self
fro
m t
his
dial
ogue
as
som
ethi
ngfa
lls o
ut o
f it,
and
fal
ls o
ut o
f it
for
ever
.
112
So,
You
Will
Hav
e H
eard
La
can
The
dis
cipl
ine
that
is
incu
mbe
nt u
pon
him
is
ther
efor
eth
e op
posi
te o
f th
e di
scip
line
incu
mbe
nt u
pon
a sc
ient
ific
auth
orit
y.
I do
no
t sa
y th
e di
scip
line
of t
he
scie
ntis
t[s
cjra
nt].
Mod
ern
scie
nce'
s sc
ient
ist
has
inde
ed a
sin
gula
rre
latio
nshi
p w
ith
his
soci
al s
urfa
ce a
nd h
is o
wn
dign
ity,
and
it is
far
fro
m
the
idea
l fo
rm t
hat
is b
asic
ally
wha
tco
nsti
tute
s hi
s st
atus
. E
very
one
know
s th
at w
hat
spec
ifie
sth
e m
ost
cont
empo
rary
for
ms
of s
cien
tifi
c re
sear
ch i
s by
no m
eans
iden
tifi
able
wit
h th
e tr
adit
iona
l typ
e of
scie
ntif
icau
thor
ity,
w
ith
the
auth
orit
y of
he
who
kn
ows
and
touc
hes,
who
ope
rate
s an
d cu
res
thro
ugh
the
pres
ence
of h
is a
utho
rity
alo
ne.
It i
s so
pat
heti
c to
see
the
vor
acit
y w
ith
whi
ch s
ome
of t
hose
who
und
erst
and
wha
t I
have
bee
n te
achi
ng f
orso
man
y ye
ars
poun
ce u
pon
my
form
ulae
in
orde
r to
turn
the
m i
nto
arti
clet
s [a
rticu
lets]
wit
h on
ly o
ne t
hing
in
min
d: t
akin
g cr
edit
for
the
m,
all
that
in
orde
r to
tak
ecr
edit
fo
r ha
ving
w
ritt
en
an
artic
le
that
st
ands
up
.N
othi
ng c
ould
be
mor
e di
ffer
ent
from
wha
t w
e sh
ould
be h
elpi
ng t
hem
to
fin
d, n
amel
y th
e ri
ght
situ
atio
n of
asce
ticis
m o
r w
hat
I w
ould
cal
l 'd
esti
tuti
on':
that
is
the
situ
atio
n of
the
an
alys
t to
the
ex
tent
th
at h
e is
a m
anlik
e an
y ot
her,
an
d on
e w
ho
mus
t kn
ow
that
he
is
neit
her
know
ledg
e no
r co
nsci
ousn
ess,
but
is
depe
nden
tup
on t
he d
esir
e of
the
Oth
er,
just
as
he i
s on
the
spe
ech
of t
he
Oth
er.
113
My
Teac
hing
So
long
as
ther
e ar
e no
anal
yst
s w
ho h
ave
un
der
sto
od
me
wel
l en
ough
to
rea
ch t
hat
po
int,
nor
wil
l th
ere
be
wh
at
that
w
ou
ld
imm
edia
tely
g
ener
ate,
n
amel
y
the
esse
ntia
l st
eps
that
we
are
stil
l w
aiti
ng
for
in
ana
lysi
s,
and w
hic
h,
by
ret
raci
ng
Fre
ud
's
step
s,
wo
uld
m
ake
itad
vanc
e on
ce
mo
re.
114
BIO
-BIB
LIO
GRA
PHIC
AL
NOTE
Sby
Jac
ques
-Ala
in
Mill
er
The
firs
t of
the
se l
ectu
res
was
giv
en
in
Oct
ober
1967
at
the
Cen
tre
hosp
italie
r du
V
inat
ier
in L
yon;
the
sec
ond
in B
orde
aux
on
20
Apr
il 1967;
and
the
thir
d on
10
Jun
e 1967
at
the
Fac
ulte
' de
me'
deci
ne,
Stra
sbou
rg.
A s
tenc
illed
tra
nscr
ipt
of t
he L
yon
lect
ure
was
pub
lishe
d by
the
CE
S de
psy
chia
tric
de
Fac
ulte
de
me'
deci
ne, L
yon-
I in
198
1;
it
was
rep
ublis
hed,
w
ith
my
auth
oriz
atio
n,
in
the
jour
nal
Ess
aim
. Tr
ansc
ript
s of
the
oth
er t
wo
lect
ures
wer
e ci
rcul
ated
.
The
Asi
le d
u V
inat
ier,
cre
ated
by
the
law
of
30 J
une
1838
that
pro
vide
dJor
a m
enta
l as
ylum
in
ever
y de
'par
tem
ent,
suffe
red
for
a lo
ng
time
from
its
ne
gativ
e im
age
and
was
kno
wn
as
'1'A
sile
de
Bro
n'.
Refo
rmed
af
ter
the
Libe
ratio
n of
Fra
nce,
it
had
alre
ady
beco
me
the
Cen
tre
hosp
italie
r du
V
inat
ier
whe
n La
can
visi
ted
it.
The
esta
blis
hmen
t is
now
the
Rho
ne-A
lpes
re
gion
's
mai
n ps
ychi
atri
c ce
ntre
.
115
My
Teac
hing
The
phil
osop
her
Hen
ri M
aldi
ney,
w
ho w
as b
om i
n 1
91
2 a
nd
who
tau
ght
at t
he U
nive
rsite
de
Lyo
nfor
a
long
tim
e, h
ad l
inks
wit
h th
e ph
enom
enol
ogic
al
mov
emen
t. H
is
wor
k co
ncen
trat
ed
mai
nly
on
poet
ry,
the
fine
arts
an
d W
este
rn
and
Chi
nese
land
scap
es.
Ther
e w
as a
lar
ge L
acan
ian
grou
p in
Str
asbo
urg.
It
deve
lope
d
from
the
mid
-19
50
s on
war
ds a
roun
d L
ucie
n Is
rael
, a
prof
esso
r of
psyc
hiat
ry
and
a ps
ycho
anal
yst.
It w
as h
is i
dea
to i
nvit
e L
acan
to S
tras
bour
g.
Lac
an v
isit
ed B
orde
aux
at t
he i
nvi
tati
on
of
a nu
mbe
r of
int
erns
at t
he H
opit
al p
sych
iatr
iaue
(C
HS)
Cha
rles
-Per
rens
. T
he l
ectu
re
took
pla
ce i
n a
mun
icip
al
buil
ding
op
posi
te t
he
esta
blis
hmen
t.
116