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jacket vessels. overall coefficients

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  j H  = 0.14(  N Re  / φ) −0.68 (11-53  b) In Eqs. (11-53a) and (11-53  b), N Re is based on particle diameter and superficial fluid velocity. Zenz and Othmer (see “Introduction: General References”) give an excellent summary of fluidized bed-to-wall heat-transfer investiga- tions. Solidification involves heavy heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. It also involves the varying values of liq- uid- and solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity. When these are substantial and/or in the case of a liquid flowing over a changing solid layer interface, Siegel and Savino (ASME Paper 67-WA/Ht-34, Novem- ber 1967) offer equations and charts for prediction of the layer-growth time. For solidification (or melting) of a slab or a semi-infinite bar, ini- tially at its transition temperature, the position of the interface is given by the one-dimensional Newmann’s solution given in Carslaw and Jaeger (Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959). Later work by Hashem and Sliepcevich [ Chem. Eng. Prog.,  63, Symp. Ser. 79, 35, 42 (1967)] offers more accurate second-order finite-difference equations. The heat-transfer rate is found to be substantially higher under con- ditions of agitation. The heat transfer is usually said to occur by com- THE RMAL DESIGN OF HEA T -TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 11- 27 TABLE 11- 7 Jacke ted Vesse ls: Overa ll Coeff icien ts Overall U * Jacket fluid Fluid in vessel Wall material Btu/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F) J/(m 2 ⋅ s ⋅ K) Steam Water Stainless steel 150–300 850–1700 Steam Aqueous solution Stainless steel 80–200 450–1140 Steam Organics Stainless steel 50–150 285–850 Steam Light oil Stainless steel 60–160 340–910 Steam Heavy oil Stainless steel 10–50 57–285 Brine Water Stainless steel 40–180 230–1625 Brine Aqueous solution Stainless steel 35–150 200–850 Brine Organics Stainless steel 30–120 170–680 Brine Light oil Stainless steel 35–130 200–740 Brine Heavy oil Stainless steel 10–30 57–170 Heat-transfer oil Water Stainless steel 50–200 285–1140 Heat-transfer oil Aqueous solution Stainless steel 40–170 230–965 Heat-transfer oil Organics Stainless steel 30–120 170–680 Heat-transfer oil Light oil Stainless steel 35–130 200–740 Heat-transfer oil Heavy oil Stainless steel 10–40 57–230 Steam Water Glass-lined CS 70–100 400–570 Steam Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 50–85 285–480 Steam Organics Glass-lined CS 30–70 170–400 Steam Light oil Glass-lined CS 40–75 230–425 Steam Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 10–40 57–230 Brine Water Glass-lined CS 30–80 170–450 Brine Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 25–70 140–400 Brine Organics Glass-lined CS 20–60 115–340 Brine Light oil Glass-lined CS 25–65 140–370 Brine Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 10–30 57–170 Heat-transfer oil Water Glass-lined CS 30–80 170–450 Heat-transfer oil Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 25–70 140–400 Heat-transfer oil Organics Glass-lined CS 25–65 140–370 Heat-transfer oil Light oil Glass-lined CS 20–70 115–400 Heat-transfer oil Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 10–35 57–200 *Values listed are for moderate nonproximity agitation. CS = carbon steel. TABLE 11-8 Exte rnal Coils ; Typi cal Overal l Coeffici ents * U expressed in Btu/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F) Coil spacing, Temp. U ‡ U  with heat- Type of coil in.† Fluid in coil Fluid in vessel range, °F . wit hout cement transfer cement r in. o.d. copper tubing attached 2 5 to 50 lb./sq. in. gage Water under light agitation 158–210 1–5 42–46  with bands at 24-in. spacing 3f steam 158–210 1–5 50–53 6d 158–210 1–5 60–64 12a or greater 158–210 1–5 69–72 r in. o.d. copper tubing attached 2 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam No. 6 fuel oil under light 158–258 1–5 20–30  with bands at 24-in. spacing 3f agitation 158–258 1–5 25–38 6d 158–240 1–5 30–40 12a or greater 158–238 1–5 35–46 Panel coils 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam Boiling water 212 29 48–54  Water Water 158–212 8–30 19–48  Water No. 6 fuel oil 228–278 6–15 24–56  Water 130–150 7 15 No. 6 fuel oil 130–150 4 9–19 *Data courtesy of Thermon Manufacturing Co. †External surface of tubing or side of panel coil facing tank. ‡For tubing, the coefficients are more dependent upon tightness of the coil against the tank than upon either fluid. The low end of the range is recommended. NOTE: To conve rt British thermal units per hour-square foot-degrees Fahrenheit to joules per square meter -second-kelvins, multiply by 5.6783; to convert inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254; and to convert pounds-force per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.895. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.

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  • jH = 0.14(NRe /)0.68 (11-53b)In Eqs. (11-53a) and (11-53b), NRe is based on particle diameter andsuperficial fluid velocity.

    Zenz and Othmer (see Introduction: General References) give anexcellent summary of fluidized bed-to-wall heat-transfer investiga-tions.

    Solidification involves heavy heat loads transferred essentially at asteady temperature difference. It also involves the varying values of liq-uid- and solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity. When these aresubstantial and/or in the case of a liquid flowing over a changing solid

    layer interface, Siegel and Savino (ASME Paper 67-WA/Ht-34, Novem-ber 1967) offer equations and charts for prediction of the layer-growthtime. For solidification (or melting) of a slab or a semi-infinite bar, ini-tially at its transition temperature, the position of the interface is givenby the one-dimensional Newmanns solution given in Carslaw andJaeger (Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959).

    Later work by Hashem and Sliepcevich [Chem. Eng. Prog., 63,Symp. Ser. 79, 35, 42 (1967)] offers more accurate second-orderfinite-difference equations.

    The heat-transfer rate is found to be substantially higher under con-ditions of agitation. The heat transfer is usually said to occur by com-

    THERMAL DESIGN OF HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 11-27

    TABLE 11-7 Jacketed Vessels: Overall Coefficients

    Overall U*

    Jacket fluid Fluid in vessel Wall material Btu/(h ft2 F) J/(m2 s K)

    Steam Water Stainless steel 150300 8501700Steam Aqueous solution Stainless steel 80200 4501140Steam Organics Stainless steel 50150 285850Steam Light oil Stainless steel 60160 340910Steam Heavy oil Stainless steel 1050 57285

    Brine Water Stainless steel 40180 2301625Brine Aqueous solution Stainless steel 35150 200850Brine Organics Stainless steel 30120 170680Brine Light oil Stainless steel 35130 200740Brine Heavy oil Stainless steel 1030 57170

    Heat-transfer oil Water Stainless steel 50200 2851140Heat-transfer oil Aqueous solution Stainless steel 40170 230965Heat-transfer oil Organics Stainless steel 30120 170680Heat-transfer oil Light oil Stainless steel 35130 200740Heat-transfer oil Heavy oil Stainless steel 1040 57230

    Steam Water Glass-lined CS 70100 400570Steam Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 5085 285480Steam Organics Glass-lined CS 3070 170400Steam Light oil Glass-lined CS 4075 230425Steam Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 1040 57230

    Brine Water Glass-lined CS 3080 170450Brine Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 2570 140400Brine Organics Glass-lined CS 2060 115340Brine Light oil Glass-lined CS 2565 140370Brine Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 1030 57170

    Heat-transfer oil Water Glass-lined CS 3080 170450Heat-transfer oil Aqueous solution Glass-lined CS 2570 140400Heat-transfer oil Organics Glass-lined CS 2565 140370Heat-transfer oil Light oil Glass-lined CS 2070 115400Heat-transfer oil Heavy oil Glass-lined CS 1035 57200

    *Values listed are for moderate nonproximity agitation. CS = carbon steel.

    TABLE 11-8 External Coils; Typical Overall Coefficients*U expressed in Btu/(h ft2 F)

    Coil spacing, Temp. U U with heat-Type of coil in. Fluid in coil Fluid in vessel range, F. without cement transfer cement

    r in. o.d. copper tubing attached 2 5 to 50 lb./sq. in. gage Water under light agitation 158210 15 4246with bands at 24-in. spacing 3f steam 158210 15 5053

    6d 158210 15 606412a or greater 158210 15 6972

    r in. o.d. copper tubing attached 2 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam No. 6 fuel oil under light 158258 15 2030with bands at 24-in. spacing 3f agitation 158258 15 2538

    6d 158240 15 304012a or greater 158238 15 3546

    Panel coils 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam Boiling water 212 29 4854Water Water 158212 830 1948Water No. 6 fuel oil 228278 615 2456

    Water 130150 7 15No. 6 fuel oil 130150 4 919

    *Data courtesy of Thermon Manufacturing Co.External surface of tubing or side of panel coil facing tank.For tubing, the coefficients are more dependent upon tightness of the coil against the tank than upon either fluid. The low end of the range is recommended.NOTE: To convert British thermal units per hour-square foot-degrees Fahrenheit to joules per square meter-second-kelvins, multiply by 5.6783; to convert inches

    to meters, multiply by 0.0254; and to convert pounds-force per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.895.

    Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use ofthis product is subject to the terms of its license agreement. Click here to view.


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