JUDAISMThe development and spread of Judaism from

1800B.C.E. to 1949 C.E.

By: Abby Flaxer, Brittany Kamson and Maddie Zide

JEWISH HOLIDAYS

The Jewish star

Rosh Hashanah: symbolized with honey and apples for a sweet new year.

Matzah and wine; the common food eaten during Passover.

JEWISH TRADITIONS

Jewish wedding chair and napkin ceremony

During a bar/bat mitzvah, young adults begin to observe commandments.

Only Kosher foods can be eaten.

WHERE CAN JUDAISM BE FOUND?

Map of Israel

Flag of Israel

CHRONOLOGY 1800 BCE- Time of Abraham and Sarah 587 BCE- King Nebuchadnezzar takes over Palestine and

makes the Jews slaves 539 BCE- Cyrus takes over Palestine and frees the Jews 500 BCE- The idea of a messiah develops 450 BCE- Torah begins to become recognized as scripture 424 BCE- Megillah written 332 BCE- Alexander the Great takes over and recognizes

Judaism as a religion. During the Hellinization period, the Jewish community in Alexandria develops to create a separation between liberal and conservative Jews

201 BCE- Prophets begins to become recognized as scripture 70 CE- Start of the exile (Diaspora) 117-114- Jews revolt against Rome, resulting in the

destruction of The Great Synagogue, the Great Library in Alexandria, and the Jewish community in Cyprus

CHRONOLOGY (CONT.) 500- Ostrogoth king Theodoric says that Jews can live safely in

Italy 1492- Jews expelled from Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella 1497- Jews expelled from Portugal 1800s- Orthodox and Reform Judaism begins 1900s- Conservative Judaism begins 1910- Jews granted full equality in Spain 1938- Holocaust begins 1948- Modern state of Israel founded

Middle East(Mizrachi)

Political•Monarchy, King David and Solomon of Israel•Served as advisors to the elite class

Intellectual•Medicine and philosophy flourished

Religion•Yeshivas •The celebration of the liberation of ancient Iranian Jews around 536 B.C.E. is celebrated in the festival Purim

Arts/Architecture•Menorah•Drawing and sculpting was against the second amendment•Western Wall in the Old city of Jerusalem, part of the first temple destroyed in 70 C.E. •Jewish temple

Technology•Hebrew writing system•Babylonian Talmud created in 6th century

Economy•Spoke Judeo-Arabic, a mix of Hebrew and local Arabic•Participated in commerce

Society•Were citizens of the second-class

Western Europe(Sephardic)

Political•Had administrative control the affairs of their communities•Had a court system and rabbis served as judges

Intellectual•Contributed to the botany, geography, medicine, mathematics, poetry and philosophy of Spain•Had a secular education

Religion•During Passover, they may eat rice, corn, peanuts and beans•They celebrate the Jewish expulsion from Spain in 1492 with the holiday Tisha B’Av

Arts/Architecture•Menorah•Passover Sedar plate•Synagogue

Technology•Hebrew writing system

Economy•Spoke Ladino, a blend of Hebrew and Spanish•Economic expansion was unequalled

Society•Spoke Ladino, a blend of Hebrew and Spanish•Wore the clothing style of Moorish neighbors except they weren’t allowed to wear fur or silk•Became poorer in 18th century

Eastern Europe(Ashnezic) Political•Had an independent, self-governing body for every city•Had laws made by elected board and judicial courts. Elected board of trustees to look over education, set up taxes and deal with other areas of life•Renaissance and religious wars in late 16th century

Intellectual•Boys older than 13 learned Talmudic and rabbinic texts.•Education was usually oral discussion•In the 10th century, began focusing on biblical and Talmudic studies

Religion•Focused on Jewish sources, ideas and customs instead of following outside influences•During Passover, not allowed to eat peanuts, corn, beans and rice

Arts/Architecture•Menorah•Passover Sedar plate•Jewish “church” is called a shul

Technology•Hebrew writing system

Economy•First pioneers of commerce in 10th and 11th century for Ashnezic Jews because of connections with the Mediterranean and the East•Spoke Yiddish•Were craftsman and artisans. Also owned vineyards and made wine.

Society•Lived in small towns were majority of people were Jewish•Jews were largely middle class

CHANGE OVER TIME As Jews started to become influential, leaders of empires and

empires (Nebuchadnezzar, Ferdinand, Romans) realized that they were gaining too much power and punished them. As time went on, the punishment went from destroying their culture in the area to completely exiling them from the country.

More and more works started to become recognized as important scripture

As time goes on, the founding ideas start to develop even more. It starts with simply believing in one god (monotheism), adds the idea that one day the messiah will come, and then finally adds the rules and regulations that are in place today (such as the laws of keeping kosher).

From the time of the Orthodox movement to the Reform movement, the ideas of Judaism became less strict.

From the time of the Reform movement to the Conservative movement, the ideas became more strict. However, this does not mean that the whole religion changed. It simply meant that new sects were created and people were free to choose which sect represented their beliefs the best.

As time progressed, people became more accepting of the Jews and no longer exiled them

COMPARISONS The Sephardic Jews of western Europe had less segregation

and oppression with non-Jews than the Ashkenazic Jews of eastern Europe did. The Ashkenazic Jews had tension with Christians and they were isolated from their non-Jewish neighbors. There was also a separation with the Jews of Spain from non-Jews.

The Sephardic Jews have different pronunciations of certain consonants and vowels than the Ashkenazic Jews.

The prayers for the Sephardic and the Ashkenazic Jews are slightly different and they also have different melodies for songs in their services.

All Jewish people had a building where everyone came together for religious purposes. For different types of Jews were different names for this building like synagogue, shul or temple.

The Jews lived in separate courters in Spain and in eastern Europe. In Spain , the areas the Jewish lived in were called aljamas while in eastern Europe they were called shetls.

COMPARISONS (CONT.) The Sephardic Jews were greatly influenced by

the Muslims and had Arabic prayers instead of Hebrew or Spanish prayers. They washed their hands and feet before entering a synagogue which is also another custom they borrowed.

World War II affected the Jewish in Europe, though mostly in Eastern Europe near Germany and Poland. There were similar wars in other areas with Jewish people. The Jews were exiled out of Spain and also out of Israel.

One of the main differences between the Sephardic and the Ashkenazic Jews was the food eaten during Passover. The Sephardic Jews were allowed to eat beans, rice, corn and peanuts while the Ashkenazic Jews were not.

USES IN THE WORLD TODAY

Many of the religious holidays are still observed in 2010 including; Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year), Yom Kippur (fasting), Hanukah (Jewish “Christmas”), and Passover.

Traditions such as the veil being placed over a brides head is still in remembrance of the marriage of Rebecca and Isaac.

Bar and Bat mitzvahs are still used as a coming of age ceremony.

Kosher is still used today. Meat and dairy cannot touch and separate dishes must be used if both are being served.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/His

tory/Jerusalem.html http://www.jewfaq.org/toc.htm http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Jud

aism/Ashkenazim.html http://www.jewish-art.org/ancient-jewish-art.h

tml ttp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religio

n/judaism/history.html http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/

judaism/index.htm http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/

Judaism/Sephardim.html

http://www.jewfaq.org/kashrut.htm http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/

Jewish_World_Today/Jews_Around_the_Globe/Mizrahi_Jews.shtml

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Jerusalem.html

WHO DID WHAT

Maddie Zide: Images, and uses in the world today

Abby Flaxer: Chronology, and Change over time

Brittany Kamson: P.I.R.A.T.E.S, Compare