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J. J. Kellers
Tractor-TrailerDriver Training
Manual
2nd EditionBased upon the FHWA Model Curriculum
Follows PTDIs curriculum standards
3003 Breezewood LaneP.O. Box 368
Neenah, WI 54957-0368USA
800-327-6868jjkeller.com
(13102)
J. J. Kellers
Tractor-TrailerDriver Training
Manual
2nd EditionBased upon the FHWA Model Curriculum
Follows PTDI's required curriculum for PTDI-certified schools
2012
J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.3003 Breezewood Lane
P.O. Box 368Neenah, Wisconsin 54957-0368
Phone: (800) 327-6868Fax: (800) 727-7516
jjkeller.com
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007940996
ISBN: 978-1-60287-276-9
Canadian Goods and Services Tax (GST) Number: R123-317687
Second edition, December 2012
All rights reserved. Neither the publication nor any part thereof maybe reproduced in any manner without written permission of the Pub-lisher.
Due to the constantly changing nature of government regulations, it isimpossible to guarantee absolute accuracy of the material containedherein. The Publisher and Editors, therefore, cannot assume any re-sponsibility for omissions, errors, misprinting, or ambiguity containedwithin this publication and shall not be held liable in any degree forany loss or injury caused by such omission, error, misprinting or ambi-guity presented in this publication.
This publication is designed to provide reasonably accurate and au-thoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It issold with the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged inrendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal ad-vice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competentprofessional person should be sought.
The Editorial Staff is available to provide information generally asso-ciated with this publication to a normal and reasonable extent, and atthe option of, and as a courtesy of, the Publisher.
Printed in the U.S.A.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of this publication would not have been possiblewithout the contributions of many individuals and organizations.Thanks goes to Eaton Corporation and to Holland Group Incorpo-rated for their images. Our thanks also goes to Eaton Corporationand Dana Corporation for providing the Roadranger images(Roadranger is a marketing partnership between Eaton and DanaCorporations). In addition, thanks goes to Sara M. Dougherty Noeand Badger Federal Services Inc for allowing us the use of theirequipment for various pictures seen throughout the manual.
A special thanks goes to Bob Loughan, Chippewa Valley TechnicalCollege, for his professional input and guidance.
Also, special thanks and appreciation to the following persons whoreviewed portions of the manuscript and provided helpful suggestionsand input:
Montie Dickey, Milan Express Driving Academy
Glen Kilgour, Choctaw Express Inc.
Dave Terry, Southwest Applied Technology
My personal thanks to all.
Timothy L. EvansEditor Transportation ManagementJ. J. Keller & Associates Inc.Neenah, Wisconsin
Acknowledgements
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Chapter 1Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
IntroductionA Regulated IndustryThe Commercial Drivers License (CDL)Driver QualificationsThe Commercial Motor Vehicle An OverviewSummaryOrientation QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 2Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
IntroductionEngine ControlsPrimary Vehicle ControlsSecondary Vehicle ControlsVehicle InstrumentsSummaryControl Systems QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 3Vehicle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
IntroductionFrameSuspension SystemAxlesEngineFuel SystemAir Intake and Exhaust SystemLubrication SystemCooling SystemElectrical SystemDrive TrainBrake SystemWheels and TiresSteering SystemCoupling SystemSummary
Contents
v
Vehicle Systems QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 4Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
IntroductionTypes of InspectionsWhat to Look at When Conducting an InspectionPretrip InspectionThe Seven-Step Pretrip InspectionEn Route InspectionPost-Trip InspectionSpecial RigsSummaryVehicle Inspection QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 5Basic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
IntroductionStarting, Warming Up, and Shutting DownPutting the Vehicle in Motion and StoppingStraight Line BackingTurningSummaryBasic Control QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 6Shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
IntroductionKey Elements of ShiftingShifting PatternsSummaryShifting QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 7Backing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
IntroductionBacking Principles and Rules
Contents
vi
The Basic Backing ManeuversSummaryBacking QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 8Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
IntroductionCoupling Tractor-TrailersUncoupling Tractor-TrailersCoupling Twin TrailersUncoupling Twin TrailersOther CombinationsSummaryCoupling and Uncoupling QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 9Visual Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
IntroductionSeeing Ahead and to the SidesUse of MirrorsSeeing to the RearSummaryVisual Search QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 10Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
IntroductionCommunicating IntentCommunicating PresenceCommunication From OthersSummaryCommunication QuizCDL Combination Vehicle Pre-Test
Chapter 11Speed Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
IntroductionSpeed and Stopping Distance
Contents
vii
Speed and Surface ConditionsSpeed and Road ShapeSpeed and VisibilitySpeed and Traffic FlowObeying the Speed LimitSummarySpeed Management QuizCombination Vehicle CDL Prep-Test
Chapter 12Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
IntroductionYour Cushion of SpaceTurning SpaceSpace When Crossing and Entering TrafficSummarySpace Management QuizCombination Vehicle CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 13Night Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
IntroductionNight Driving FactorsNight Driving ProceduresSummaryNight Driving QuizCombination Vehicle CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 14Extreme Driving Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
IntroductionAdverse WeatherRain and FogHot WeatherMountain DrivingSummaryExtreme Driving Conditions QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Contents
viii
Chapter 15Hazard Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
IntroductionHazard RecognitionRoad HazardsUser HazardsPlan AheadSummaryHazard Perception QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 16Railroad Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
IntroductionActive Vs. Passive CrossingsEngineering ConsiderationsRegulatory ConsiderationsSafety ConsiderationsSummaryRailroad Crossings QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 17Emergency Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
IntroductionThe Role of Emergency ManeuversEvasive SteeringEmergency StoppingOff-Road RecoveryBrake FailureBlowoutsSummaryEmergency Maneuvers QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 18Skid Control & Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
IntroductionSkid DynamicsCauses of Skids
Contents
ix
Tractor-Trailer SkidsSkid RecoverySummarySkid Control and Recovery QuizCDL General Exam Pre-Test
Chapter 19Special Rigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
IntroductionMultiple Articulation VehiclesOversize VehiclesLow-Clearance VehiclesHigh Center-Of-Gravity VehiclesSpecial Cargo VehiclesSummarySpecial Rigs QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 20Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
IntroductionTypes of MaintenanceRegulatory RequirementsPitfalls of Poor Vehicle MaintenanceSummaryPreventative Maintenance QuizGeneral Knowledge CDL Pre-Test
Chapter 21Diagnosing and Reporting Malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
IntroductionDiagnosing and Reporting MalfunctionsTroubleshootingReporting RequirementsSummaryDiagnosing and Reporting Malfunctions QuizCDL General Knowledge Pre-Test
Contents
x
Chapter 22Handling Cargo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
IntroductionThe Importance of Proper Cargo HandlingPrinciples and Methods of Cargo SecurementPrinciples of Weight DistributionSafe Loading ResponsibilitiesLoading/Unloading ToolsSummaryHandling Cargo QuizCDL General Knowledge Pre-Test
Chapter 23Cargo Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
IntroductionBasic DefinitionsBasic DocumentsPickup and Delivery ProceduresSummaryCargo Documentation QuizCDL Air Brake Pre-Test
Chapter 24Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Introduc