izdj.k frljs ^^ yksdekulkrhy ukx...
TRANSCRIPT
517
vuqØef.kdk 3-1 izkLrkfod
3-2 yksdekul Eg.kts dk; \
3-3 vfrekuoh ;ksuh
3-4 O;arj nsork
3-5 Ukkx o ;{k
3-6 fulxZiwtk] o`{kiwtk vkf.k liZiwtk
3-7 liksZiklusph vksG[k
3-8 ukxiwtk % dkgh lanHkZ
3-9 egkjk”VªkP;k o egkjk”VªkckgsjP;k fofo/k tkrhtekrhrhy
ukxiwtk
3-10 ukxiapeh % dkgh lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ
3-11 ukxozr
3-12 liZfo”kgkjh nsork
3-13 liZ vkf.k dky
3-14 fo’opSrU;;qä liZ
3-15 liZ vkf.k fuekZrk
3-16 banz/kuq”; vkf.k liZ
3-17 liZ vkf.k pØorhZ lezkVin
3-18 ukx vkf.k lqQyhdj.k
3-19 liZ vkf.k oS|dh; {ks«k
3-20 ukx vkf.k dqaMfyuh ¼;ksx’kkL=½
3-21 panz vkf.k ukx % egkleUo;
3-22 panz vkf.k lw;Z % dkgh vuqca/k
3-23 o#.k % ukx & tykf/kirh
3-24 fo”.kw vkf.k f’ko % ukxkph ekuoh :is
3-25 ok:G % ;ksuh vkf.k ukx % fyax
518
3-26 dey] y{eh o ukx % vuqca/k
3-27 cyjke % vkfn’ks”kkpk vorkj
3-28 Ldan vkf.k ukx
3-29 Ukkx % ujflag % x.ks’k & ;{kizfrfu/kh
3-30 T;ksfr”k’kkL«kkrhy ukx izfrek
3-31 fnDikykae/;s ukxkps LFkku
3-32 jkgqfo”k;d dYiukca/k
3-33 liZ] iwoZt vkf.k vkRek
3-34 dqy] dqyfpUg vkf.k nsod
3-35 ;krq/kekZrhy ukx izfrek
3-36 Ukkxfo”k;d ladsr vkf.k letqrh
3-37 LoIul`”Vh o liZfo”k;d ‘kdqu& vi’kdqu ladsr
3-38 ik'pkÙ;kaP;k liZfo”k;d letqrh
3-39 fu”d”kZ
519
3-1 izkLrkfod %
^lkrR;* gs ekuoh thoukps fo’ks”k vkgs- ekuoh thou gs
lewgkus ?kMr vlrs- vukfn dkGkiklwu gh izfØ;k v[kafMr Lo:ikr
okgr vkgs- leku tkf.kokarwu yksdekul c) gksr vlrs- fofo/k
izns’kkrhy yksdekul leku izFkk&ijaijkauh ,df=r Lo:ikr fuf’pr
djrk ;srs- ekuoh thou gs vkfne voLFksrwu fodflr >kysys vkgs-
dkGkP;k vks?kkr fof’k”V VII;kaoj ,dlkj[kk la?k”kZ izR;sd ekuoh
lewgkyk djkokp ykxyk vlsy- R;krwup dkgh leku /kkxs&nksjs
loZp ekuoh lewgkr ikgko;kl feGrkr- yksdekul gs lqIr Lo:ikr
xq< o vfrHkkSfrd ‘kähapk vkJ; ?ksr vlrs- /kekZps gs vkjaHkhps :i
vlkos- ;krwup ;krqf+Ø;sus tUe ?ksryk- dks.kR;kgh lektkrhy
yksd:<h] fo/kh&fo/kkus] ijaijk gÓkk /kekZph fØ;kRed cktw vkgsr-
R;k lkekftd ?kVuk vlrkr- yksdekulkps vkokgdRo R;k ØekØekus
iq<s usr vlrkr-
/kekZP;k vkfne voLFksr yksdekulkr vfrekuoh ;ksuhauk
egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gksrs- dkE; bPNkiwrhZP;k iz;kstukus R;kauk vkokgu
dsys tkr vlr- R;krwup fo/khauh tUe ?ksryk- fo’ks”kr% oSfnd
dky[kaM vkf.k iqjk.k dky[kaMkr ;kpk izHkko vf/kd tk.korks-
xazkfFkd iqjkO;ko:u rs lgt ekU;gh gksbZy- laLÑrhps v/;;u
djrkuk fulxZiwtk] o`{kiwtk] pSR;iwtk] vu?kM f’kGkaph iwtk v’kk
fofo/k fØ;kRed cktwapk fopkj djkok ykxrks- ;krwu ^izfrek* fuekZ.k
gksrkr- R;k izfrekapk gsrw ok mís’kgh fuf’pr gksrks-
^ukx* izfrek gh fo/khaphp fØ;kRed] ladsrkRe cktw vkgs-
vkfne dky[kaMkiklwu gh izfrek yksdeukoj izHkko xktfor vkgs-
txHkjkrY;k toGikl loZ laLÑrhae/;s gh izfrek fLFkj LFkkoj
>kysyh vkgs- laiw.kZ txHkjkr liksZikluk izpfyr vkgs- phu] tiku]
520
Fkk;yaM] xzhd] teZuh] vkfÝdk] vesfjdk] bVyh ;k loZ ns’kkr
liZiwtsyk dks.kR;kukdks.kR;k dkj.kkLro ekU;rk fnysyh vkgs-
fdacgquk ekuokpk ewG iq#”k Eg.kwu likZyk ¼ukxkyk½ ekU;rk fnysyh
vkgs- _Xosn] ck;cy] dqjk.kkr ;kps lanHkZ feGrkr- lewgeukP;k
mRØkarhps rs vkys[ku vlkos-
izLrqr izdj.kkr liZfo”k;d Hkzakr dYiukapk ijke”kZ ?ks.;kpk
iz;Ru dsysyk vkgs- jktfpUgkaiklwu dqyfpUgkai;Zar likZyk ekuoh
lewgkr ekU;rk feGkysyh vkgs- fdaacgquk l`”Vhpk fu;ark] tud]
lagkjdrkZ Eg.kwu rks ekU;rkizkIr >kysyk vkgs- txHkjkr] fganw /kekZr
liZiwtsyk lokZf/kd egÙo vlkos- R;k dkj.kkusp likZps ekuoh :i
;sFks ikgko;kl feGrs- ikSjkf.kd lanHkkZrwu vkf.k yksdekulkrwu rs
lgt izR;;kl ;srs- fo’ks”kr% fganw] ckS) vkf.k tSu /kekZrwu fodflr
>kysY;k f’kYidysr o fp=dysr likZyk fo’ks”k egÙo fnys xsysys
vkgs- ea=ksPPkkj.k gs /kekZps tls vax vkgs- rlsp l.k& mRlo& fo/kh
gsgh fØ;kRed vax vkgs- Hkkjrh; tuekulkr ukxiapeh] dkstkfxjh]
ukx”k”Bh] vekoL;k b- frFkh gÓkk liZfo/kh’kh lacaf/kr vkgsr-
laLÑrhP;k fof’k”V VII;koj Ñf”klaLÑrhus tUe ?ksryk- R;kr vkfne
izfrekauk Ñf”klanHkZ ykoys xsys- frFksp liZ gk l`tudrkZ >kyk rj
Hkweh gh ÅoZjk >kyh- izfrekaps lanHkZ dkGkuq:i cnyr tkrkr( iajrq
R;kaph vkfnerk gh ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr liZ fo”k;d
fofo/k fØ;kRed cktw lkafxrysY;k vkgsr- ‘kSo laiznk;] ‘kkä
laiznk; ;kr liZiwtsyk vR;ar egÙo fnysys vkgs- R;krwup vusd
O;arj nsorkaph fufeZrhgh >kysyh vkgs- likZpk laca/k jkgwP;k
ek/;ekrwu iqutZUek’kh tksMyk tkrks- liZ gk dkGkpk izfrfu/kh ekuyk
tkrks- ;krwu /kekZph vfrHkSfrdrkp y{kkr ;srs- liZ gk ty] vXuh]
ok;w] Hkweh] vkdk’k ;k iaprÙokapk iz.ksrk vkgs- likZpk laca/k
vkS”k/khrÙok’khgh tksMyk xsysyk vkgs- ,dw.kp liZ gh cgqvk;keh
521
izfrek vkgs- lglaca/kkrwu vkf.k lkgp;Zlaca/kkrwu yksdekulkr frps
dk; LFkku vkgs] ;kpk ‘kks/k ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru vkgs-
yksdekul gs fofo/k Hkk”kkauh le`) vkgs- Eg.ktsp dks.kR;kgh
lektkr izFker% izfrek Hkkf”kd Lrjkoj tUe ?ksrs- uarj fryk
lkaLÑfrd vFkZ ykHkrks- ;kpk vFkZ fofo/k Hkkf”kd xVkr ,dkp
izfresyk osxGs Hkkf”kd i;kZ; vlw ‘kdrkr- o`=] banz] ugq”k gh likZph
:is ekuyh ikfgtsr- likZpk laca/k L=hP;k jt%L=kok’kh tksMysyk
vkgs- fo’okph uSfrd vkf.k uSlfxZd O;oLFkk yko.;kps dk;Z gÓkk
izfresus dsysys vkgs- oa’k{k;kiklwu oa’ko`)h i;ZarP;k loZ ?kVuk ;k
izfresHkksorh fQjrkuk fnlrkr- /keZ] T;ksfr”k] ;krq/kkj.kk
ekuooa’k’kkL=] ekul’kkL= ;k lokZaP;k vk/kkjs gÓkk izfresps fo’ys”k.k
egÙokps Bjrs- ,deq[kh likZiklwu lgL=eq[kh likZi;Zarps liZ
nSordFkkauh Lohdkjysys vkgs- fganw /kekZrhy cgqrka’k nsork gÓkk
likZP;k lkfé/;kr vkgsr- R;krwu R;kps v{k;i.k fuf’pr gksrs- izLrqr
izdj.kke/;s v’kkp dkgh ?kfVrkaP;k vk/kkjs yksdekulkrhy ^liZ
izfrespk* vH;kl dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk xsyk vkgs-
3-2 yksdekul Eg.kts dk; \ %
l`”Vhrhy xw<Rokfo”k;hph ftKklk o rs mdy.;kdfjrk
dYiusP;k HkjkÚ;k ekj.;kph mehZ ekuoh eukr ewGphp vkgs-
fo’okpk izkjaHk o var gk vuar vlY;kus vKkrkr Mksdko.;kph
ekuoh eukph LQwrhZ mlGh ek:u ;sr vlrsp o vl.kkjp-
osnkaiklwu pkyw ok³~e;ki;Zar fo’okps xw< lksMfo.;kpk iz;Ru
vusdkauh dsyk- osndkyhu ekuokps y{k izFke os/kwu ?ksrys rs
l`”Vhrhy peRdkjkauh- ?kunkV es?kkauh vkdk’kkr lapkj djkok] e/kwup
us=nhid fo|qryrk pedkoh] varh eqlG/kkj ikÅl iMwu Hkj?kksl
/kkU; fidkos o okgR;k lfjrkauh ‘kq) tykpk euqeqjkn iqjoBk djkok
vlk gk l`”Vhpk vfojr dk;ZØe ikgwu R;k Øekekxs dks.kh nsork
522
vlkO;kr ;k dYiuk R;kauk LQq: ykxY;k- R;k LQq: ykxY;koj R;k
nsorkaph izkFkZuk d:u R;kaP;kdMwu vkiY;k vkdka{kk lar`Ir d:u
?;kO;kr- v’kk dYiuk LokHkkfodi.ksp mlGh ek: ykxY;k- ;k
dYiuk lqprkr- R;k n`’;kekxs dks.kh ;kstd vlkok- ;k fopkjkps
cht euksHkwehr isVys xsys o R;krwup R;k ;kstdkfo”k;h vknj o
R;kph fouo.kh d:u thfor lq[ke; dj.;kph efu”kk gGwgGw ewG
/k: ykxyh-1 ;krwup vkfne yksdekulkus tUe ?ksrysyk ikgko;kl
feGrks- R;krwup /kekZph vkfne ladYiukgh izl`r >kyh vlkoh-
ekuoh thoukP;k vkfne voLFksiklwu :<hyk o letqrhyk
egÙokps LFkku vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ;k :<h vkf.k izFkk] fo/kh& /keZ
layfXur vkgsr- /kkfeZd fo/kh ikj ikMY;keqGs ekufld o Hkkofud
lek/kku ykHkrs- Eg.ktsp lektthoukoj ;krqdYiuspk [kwi izHkko
vkgs- vls fnlrs- ;krqdYiusps fu;a=.k loZ :< letqrhaoj vlrs-
^vfHkpkj* ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ea=] tknwVks.kk ¼Magic, Charm½ vlk
vkgs-2 fulxZckgÓk lk/kukaP;k lkgk¸;kus fulxZØe vkiY;k rkC;kr
Bsork ;srks o R;koj fu;a=.k Bso.ks ‘kD; vlrs- ;k letqrhus
dsysY;k Ñrhauk o iz;ksxkauk ^tknwVks.kk* ¼Magic½ vls EgVys tkrs-3
ekuokyk fulxkZoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kph bPNk vlrs o fo’okrhy
vfrekuoh ‘käh fulxZØekoj fu;a=.k Bsorkr- v’kh dYiuk
vlY;keqGs ;k vfrekuoh ‘kähaoj fu;a=.k feGfoys dh i;kZ;kus
fulxkZoj vkiksvki fu;a=.k Bsork ;sbZy- v’kh Hkwfedk tknwVks.;kekxs
x`ghr /kjysyh vlrs-
Vk;yj] eWdfyuu] LisUlj o yWx ;k 19 O;k ‘krdkrhy
fopkjoarkauh /kekZP;k mn;k’kh tknwVks.;kpk izHkko lacaf/kr vkgs dk;\
gs ‘kks/kwu dk<.;koj Hkj fnyk- fulxkZrhy ?kVukaps lnks”k fujh{k.k o
pqdhps rdZ ;keqGs vkfne ekuo va/kJ)kGw dlk cuyk( gs ‘kks/kwu
dk<.;kps iz;Ru ;k fopkjoarkauh dsys- Ýs>j gk fopkjoargh ;kp
523
fn’ksus vH;kl djhr gksrk- Ýs>jP;k ers] /kekZps o foKkukps
lq#okrhps Lo:i Eg.kts tknwVks.kk gks;- tknwVks.;kph vk/kkjrÙos nksu
vkgsr- lekurspk fu;e ¼Law of similarily½ o lalxkZpk fu;e ¼Law of
Contagion½- ekWfyuksLdhP;k ers] ßfof’k”V gsrw lk/; dj.;kdfjrk
tknwVks.;kpk okij gksrks- vls /kekZP;k ckcrhr gksr ukgh- /kekZr T;k
izek.ks vk/;kfRed ‘kähaph iwtk dsyh tkrs- r’kh tknwVks.;kP;k
izdkjkr dsyh tkr ukghÞ-4 lektkr vfrekuoh vxj nSoh ‘kähP;k
vkfLrRokcíy [kksyoj fo’okl :tysyk vkgs-
vk|ru laLÑrhe/;s vlysY;k /kekZps ewG ;krqfØ;kae/;s vkgs]
vls ekuo’kkL=Kkaps er vkgs- vR;ar izkphu ekuokP;k n`”Vhus loZ
fo’okpk O;kikj vkf.k /kkj.kk ekuoh dYiusP;kgh ifydMs vlysY;k
,dk ‘kähP;k ;ksxs gksrs- gh ‘käh Eg.kts ^;krw* gks;- gh ^;krw* fdaok
^vlw* ok<fo.ks gk /kekZpk ik;k vkgs- ghp dYiuk yksddFkkr ^tho*
;k ‘kCnkus O;ä gksrs- ;krqfØ;k vkf.k /keZfo/kh ;kaps Lo:i lafeJ
vkgs- loZ /keZfo/khaP;k eqGk’kh ,dk nSoh ‘kähph fdaok ;krq’kähph
izkIrh d:u ?ks.ks gk mís’k gksrk- ;k ‘kähph ewG dYiuk ;KukVÓkkrwu
n`Xxkspj gksrs- /keZfo/kh vkf.k ;krqfØ;k ;kapk mxe ekuoh laLÑrhpk
ewyL=ksr vlysY;k creation ritual e/;s fdaok ;Kfo/khr vkgs- vls
vlys rjh rh fufeZfrizfØ;k dq.kkykgh Li”V djrk vkyh ukgh-5
:<h] fo/kh] letqrh b- ckch ijLijkae/;s v’kk jhrhus felGwu xsY;k
vkgsr dh] R;kaps Lo:i Li”V dj.;klkBh ,dw.k yksd/kekZpk]
yksdfo’oklkpk vH;kl djkok ykxrks-
/kekZpk mxe dlk >kyk] R;kr ifjorZus d’kh gksr xsyh] gs
ikg.;klkBh yksd thoukr izpfyr vo’ks”kkpsp lkgk¸; ?Ókkos ykxrs-
ek.klkP;k /kkfeZd thoukpk izkjaHk dlk >kyk gs ikg.ks Eg.ktsp
ekuokP;k /keZthoukpk mxe] ewyL=ksr ‘kks/k.ks gk dYiuspk fo”k;
ukgh- rks la’kks/kukpk fo”k; vkgs- lkaLÑfrd ekuo’kkL=Kkauh
524
iqjk.kijaijkapk vH;kl dsyk- yksdkae/;s izpfyr vlysY;k :<h]
ijaijk] fo/kh letqrh] feFl~] b- ps ladyu dsys- R;krwu fujh{k.k’kq)
lk/kkj v’kh vuqekus fl) dsyh- fujfujkGÓkk miiÙkh ekaMY;k- R;kapk
vk/kkj izkeq[;kus yksdlkfgR;kph lkexzh gkp vkgs-
yksdlkfgR; gs tls ijaijkxr pkyr vkysY;k yksdekulkph
vfHkO;äh vlrs- rlsp vkfndkGkiklwu pkyr vkysY;k
yksdthoukphgh vfHkO;äh vlrs- :<h] ijaijk] yksdHkze]
yksdfo’okl] yksdletqrh ;krwu vkfne thoukps dkgh vo’ks”k
‘kks/krk ;srkr- v’kk yksdekulkpk vkfo”dkj gk dsoG ‘kCn
ek/;ekrwup gksrks vls ukgh rj rks :<h] izFkk] fo/kh] yksdHkze]
yksdletqrh] yksdfo’okl b- vusd ekxkZuh gksr vlrks- gÓkk
yksdlkfgR;kP;k fØ;kRed cktw vkgsr- vktgh lektkrhy fofo/k
tkrh tekrhrhy dqVqackae/;s vusd :<h&izFkk ikGY;k tkrkuk
fnlrkr- yksdHkze yksdletqrhpk ixMk yksdeukoj vlysyk
ikgko;kl feGrks- vkfne thoukpk R;kaP;k laLÑrhpk vkf.k R;kaP;k
yksdekulkpk ‘kks/k ?ksrk vls fnlrs dh] vXuh] o#.k] ok;w b-
fulxkZrhy ‘kähauk R;kauh nsoRo fnys gksrs- fulxkZP;k ;k ‘kähr
nsoRo vkgs- gh vkfne dkGkiklwu izpfyr vlysyh letwr vktgh
:< vlY;kps fnlrs-
laLÑrhph tM.k?kM.k yksdekulkrwu gksr vlrs-
yksdlaLÑrhP;k fufeZrhekxs fryk izokfgr Bso.;kr vkf.k
yksdlaLÑrhpk Lohdkj dj.;kr yksdekul egÙokps dk;Z djhr
vlrs- Eg.kwup yksdekulkph vfHkO;äh fdaaok yksdekulkP;k
Ñrh&mäh Eg.kts yksdlaLÑrh vls Eg.krk ;srs- yksdlewgkrhy
,[kk|k O;fäeukr ,[kknk Hkko] ,[kknk fopkj fdaok ,[kkns rÙo
izFke fuekZ.k gksrs- R;kP;k eukrhy gk ?kVd vU; O;fäaiq<s tsOgk ;srks
rsOgk R;k ?kVdkpk Lohdkj fdaok fu”ks/k dsyk tkrks- gh izfØ;k
525
gks.;klkBh yksdlewgkrhy O;fäeukr leku ?kVd vl.ks vko’;d
vlrs- O;fäeukr gs ?kVd fLFkr dj.;kps dk;Z ijaijsdMwu gksr
vlrs- yksdekul gs yksdkfo”dkjkph l`tZu’khy Hkweh vkgs- ijaijk
tru d:u Bso.;kps foy{k.k lkeF;Z yksdekulkr vlrs-6
euq”;krhy lewgizÑrh fdaok la?kizo`Ùkh] l`tu’khyrk]
dYiuk’käh ;kaps eksBs lqjs[k izfrfcac /kkfeZd lewgkP;k ozrkpj.kkrwu
vkf.k l.k mRlokarwu izdV gksrs- lewgkph J)k izdV gksrs- J)k gh
/kkfeZd thouklkBh vko’;d vlrs- ykSfdd /kekZr vusdfo/k
letqrh izpfyr vkgsr- ;k loZ letqrhapk mxe gks.;kl o R;k
oGo.;kl lwpuk] vuqdj.k] vKku] ykSfdd dkeukiwrhZ] cqokckth]
ekuoh eukph detksjh gs ?kVd dkj.khHkwr vlrkr-
lektke/;s T;k :<h izpfyr vlrkr- R;kaph mRiÙkh d’kh
>kyh- ;k laca/kh fuf’pr fl)kar ekaMrk ;sr ukgh- :<h gh oS;fäd
ckc ulrs rj rh ,d lkekftd ?kVuk vkgs- ek.klkP;k okx.;krhy
dkgh lo;h lektkus ekU; dsysY;k vlrkr- lektksi;ksxh
vlY;keqGs lektkus LohdkjysY;k vlrkr- R;kauk lkekftd egÙo
izkIr gksrs- v’kk lo;hrwup iq<s :<h fuekZ.k gksrkr- f=UlcxZP;k ers]
ß:<h gh orZukpk vkn’kZ vlrs- :<hcíy yksdkaP;k euke/;s dkgh
fLFkjHkko fuekZ.k >kysys vlrkr- :<h Hkksorh dkgh letqrh fuekZ.k
gksrkr-Þ7 ;krwup yksdekul ?kMr vlrs-
3-3 vfrekuoh ;ksuh %
ftP;k fBdk.kh fnO; rst vFkok lkeF;Z vlrs- rh nsork
gks;- ;k pjkpjk HkkSfrd l`”VhP;k ifydMs vn`’;] vO;ä o
dYiukjE; v’kh ,d nqljh l`”Vh dfYiysyh vkgs- fryk nSorl`”Vh
Eg.krkr- nSorl`”Vh Eg.kts nsorkapk ilkjk gks;- nSorl`”Vhps mxeLFkku
ikgk;ps rj ekuol`”VhP;k eqGki;Zar tkos ykxsy- ekuokyk R;kP;k
vkfne voLFksrp nsorkapk lk{kkRdkj fdaok izrhrh >kyh- ekuokyk
526
vxnh izkjafHkd voLFksrp nsokph vifjgk;Z v’kh xjt Hkklyh vkf.k
R;kus nso ukokps ,d rÙo ‘kks/kwu dk<ys- ;k nsodYiusP;k eqGk’kh
dks.krh Hkkouk vlw ‘kdsy] ;kpk ‘kks/k ?ksrk ?ksrk cgqrsd la’kks/kd
,dkp fu.kZ;koj vkys vkgsr- rks fu.kZ; gk dh ek.klkyk R;kP;k
HkksorkyP;k iapegkHkwrkaps ts Hk; okVys] R;k Hk;krwup loZizFke nso
ukokps rÙo mxe ikoys-8 fnO; nsork] varfj{k nsork] ikfFkZo nsork]
vewrZnsork] L=hnsork] ;qXensork] nsorkla?k] _Xosnh; nsork]
;tqosZnkrhy nsork] vFkoZosnkrhy nsork] mifu”knkrhy nsork] ikSjkf.kd
nsork] xzke nsork] dqynsork] ‘kwnznsork o vfrekuoh nsork vls
fofo/k izdkj dfYiysys vkgsr-
vfrekuoh nsork Eg.kts ekuo vkf.k nso ;k nksgksaP;k e/;s
,dk nsoln`’; ;ksuhph dYiuk dsysyh vkgs- ;k ;ksuhr vusd
tkfrla?k vkgsr- ukx] fo|k/kj] vIljk] ;{k] jk{kl] xa/koZ] fdéj]
fi’kkp] xqgÓkd] fl) vkf.k Hkwr v’kh R;k la?kkph ukos vkgsr-
nsokais{kk ;kaps lkeF;Z deh( i.k ekuokais{kk eksBs vkf.k vn~Hkqr Eg.kwu
R;kauk vfrekuoh EgVys vkgs- ;k ;ksuhrys ts tkfrla?k nsok ekuokaP;k
e/;s jkgwu nksUgh fBdk.kh vkiyk laca/k Bsorkr- xa/koZ] ;{k] fdéj gs
izFke Js.khrys o LoxkZlaca/kh ekuys tkrkr- ;kr xa/kokZcjkscjp
vIljkgh ;srkr- ukx o jk{kl gs ikrkylaca/kh o nsofojks/kd x.kys
tkrkr- ;kaph Js.kh nqljh] xqgÓkd] fo|k/kj] fl)] ;kaph Js.kh frljh
o fi’kkpkaph pkSFkh-9 vejdks’kke/;s vfrekouh ;ksuhrhy [kkyhy
ukos fnysyh vkgsr-
ßfo|k/kjkIljks ;{k j{kks xU/koZ fdUujk%
fi’kkps xqgÓkd% fl/nh Hkwrks·eh nso;ksu;%Þ10
MkW- nqxkZckbZ Hkkxor ;kauh vfrekuoh ;ksuhaph lkekU; oSf’k”VÓks
lkafxrysyh vkgsr-11 rh v’kh&
1- R;kauk ekf;d fl)h izkIr vlrkr-
527
2- R;kauk vkdk’klapkj lqyHk vkgs-
3- R;kauk vn`’; gksrk ;srs o :i ikyVrk ;srs-
4- R;kauk dyk] laxhr] u`R;kr izkfo.; vlrs-
5- ekuoka'kh laHkksx R;kauk djrk ;srks-
6- R;kaph ekuokiklwu >kysyh viR;s ekuoh vlrkr-
7- i{;kaizek.ks R;kauk mMrkauk ia[k ykxr ukghr xa/koZ
fo|k/kjkauk ekGkaP;k lkeF;kZus mMrk ;srs-
8- fnolkais{kk jkf=lapkj R;kauk vkoMrks-
9- ekuokP;k nSokps izeq[k lkgk¸;d fdaok fo?kkrd Eg.kwu
R;kaps egÙo vkgs-
10- ;kauk vkS”k/kh ouLirhps lw{e Kku vlrs-
11- lkekU;r% f’ko gs ;kaps mikL; nSor vlrs-
12- rs ek;sus cka/kysys vlrkr-
jkek;.k] ekgkHkkjr] tkrddFkk vkf.k tSupw.khZ ;k loZ
dFkkok³~e;kr vfrekuoh ;ksuhps lanHkZ izlaxijRos vkysys vkgsr-
iwoZtUeh dsysY;k lqd`rkeqGs nsoyksdkr L=h&iq#”kkauk xa/koZ] vIljkapk
tUe feGrks- xak/kohZ Eg.kts vIljk- xa/kokZuk xk;u vkoMrs- vIljk
u`R;kfiz; vlrkr- oh.kk] ok|s vkf.k xk;u ;kaP;k Lojkaps fBdk.kh
vklä gksr vlwu /kwikps fBdk.kh vR;ar vklDr vlrs- fryk xka/kohZ
Eg.kkos- th izk;gh Luku dj.kkjh lqxa/k;qDr e|] ekal b- Lor%l fiz;
vlysys inkFkZ Hk{k.k dj.kkjh vkf.k o`{k vkf.k mious ;kaP;k fBdk.kh
vklä vlrs- fryk xka/kohZ Eg.kkos] vlk mYys[k Hkfo”;iqjk.kkr
czkã.kiokZr lkiMrks- vfrekuoh ;ksuhaph loZ oSf’k”VÓks ukxke/;s
ikgko;kl feGrkr-
3-4 O;arj nsork %
O;arj nsork Eg.kts vfrekuoh nsorkapk ,d izdkj- gs loZ
vkfnoklhaps Eg.kts vk;kZP;k iwohZp bFks clysY;k tekrhps nso gksr]
528
vls ,d er vkgs- vk;kZauh ;k nsorkauk xkS.k LFkku fnY;keqGs ;kauk
O;arj nsork EgVys xsys- eq[; nsorkaps lsod fdaok ‘k=w Eg.kwu R;kaph
o.kZus iqjk.kkr vk<Grkr- f’kYikrgh ;k nsorkaps n’kZu v’kkp izdkjs
?kMrs-12 ;kauk yksdnsorkaps LFkku iznku dj.;kr vkysys vkgs-
ea=lkeF;Z] vkS”k/kh] ;krqfØ;k vkfnaP;k lkgk¸;kus ;k {kqnz nsorkaph
ihMk nwj dj.;kpk i)r’khj iz;Rugh dsyk tkrks-
oSfnd vk;kZaps thou ;Kiz/kku gksrs- R;kr fujfujkGÓkk nsorkaP;k
okf”kZd mRlokauk LFkku fnlr ukgh- R;ko:u nsorkaps gs okf”kZd mRlo
vk;sZrjkaps vlkos vls okVrs- fxfjeg] Ldaneg] ukxiwtk] unhiwtk]
;{kiwtk] o`{kiwtk gs i;kZ;kus {kqnzksikluspsp izdkj gksr] vls EgVys
ikfgts- ;{k gs {kqnz nso vlwu egkHkkjrkr cÚ;kp fBdk.kh ;{kksRlokpk
mYys[k vk<Grks- tkrdkrgh u{k=ko:u ;{kkaps mRlo dsys tkr
vlY;kps lanHkZ vkgsr- o`{kkoj vusd nsorkapk fuokl vlrks v’kh
letwr vkgs- R;keqGs >kMkauk =kl fnyk rj R;k nsork :”V gksrhy
vkf.k R;kaph iwtk dsyh rj R;k izlé gksrhy ;k fo’oklkrwup
o`{kiwtsyk izkjaHk >kyk vlkok-13
osndkGkr vk;ZsrjkaP;k yksdnsorkaps mRlo dsys tkr- ;k
mRlokyk yksd eksBÓkk J/nsus ter- yksdnsorkaP;k mRlokps dkgh
mYys[k tSuxazFkkr .kk;k/kEedgk ¼Kkrk/keZdFkk½] [kaneg ¼Ldaneg½]
:ítÙkk ¼#nz;k=k½] f’kotÙkk ¼f’ko;k=k½] ukxtÙkk ¼ukx;k=k½]
tD[ktÙkk ¼;{k;k=k½] HkwrtÙkk ¼Hkwr;k=k½] l[ktÙkk ¼o`{k;k=k½ ;k
izek.ks vk<Grkr- ckS)lfgR;kr ekuox`gÓk lw=kr] Hkxon~xhrsr]
eRL;iqjk.kkr vkf.k laLÑr lkfgR;krgh yksdnsorkaps mYys[k vkysys
vkgsr- R;ko:u vkfnekaP;k nsoladYiuso:u iwftY;k tk.kkÚ;k
iwtk:i izrhdkauk yksdnsorkauk yksdekulkr o yksdthoukr
feGkysY;k J)sP;k LFkkukps Lo:i y{kkr ;srs-14
529
iq”ik f=yksdsdj ;kaP;k ers] ßvk;Z&vuk;kZapk ladj tltlk
ok<r xsyk rlr’kk nsoeaMGkP;kgh d{kk foLrkjr jkfgY;k-
nsoizHkkoGhr R;krhy vusdakuk eq[; Eg.kwu tjh ukgh rjh nq¸;e
nsork Eg.kwu LFkku feGkys- Hkähyk /kekZr tltls cyoÙkj LFkku
feGw ykxys- rlrls O;kid tuikrGhoj vkjk/;nSorkaph xjt ok<r
jkfgyh- R;keqGs ;k O;Urj nsorkapsgh Lora= Hktuiwtufo/kh tls
fuekZ.k >kys- r’khp R;kaph izfrek:isgh :< o n`< gksr xsyh- ;{k]
xa/koZ] fdéj] ukx] vIljk] fl)] lk/kd] fo|k/kj izeFk x.k b- v’kk
vusd nsorkapkgh lekos’k nsoeaMGkr dsyk xsyk- tUekiklwu
ej.;ki;Zar vkf.k ej.kksÙkj Jk)knh fo/khr lkgÓkHkwr Eg.kwu ;k fofo/k
O;Urj nsorkaps lkgÓk vkotwZu ?ksrys tkÅ ykxys- ;kr nsokikBksikB
;{kkauk egÙo gksrs- R;kapk Øe brjkais{kk lokZr eksBk gksrk- Eg.kwu
izkphu f’kYikÑrhr ;{k&;f{k.kh eksBÓkk la[;sus vk<Grkr- R;kauk
fnDikykr LFkku ns.;kr vkys-
;{kkizek.ks ukx gsgh O;Urj nsorkr iwtys tkr gksrs- ;{kkizek.ks
ukxkaukgh Lor%ph [kkl oSf’k”VÓks gksrh- ukoxkokfu’kh R;kaph vksG[k
gksrh- ojpk v/kkZ Hkkx ekuokpk o [kkypk likZpk v’kk Lo:ikr
ukx o ukfx.khaph iwtk gksr vls- R;kaP;k eLrdkoj QMk mHkkjysyk
ukx fpf=r dsyk tkr vls- vktgh HkkjrkP;k [ksMksikMh ukxiwtsph
izFkk :< vkgs- nsolaehyukr ukxkrhy ‘ks”k gk fo”.kwps okgu cuyk-
fo”.kwP;k ekF;koj ukxQ.kk N=klkj[kk mHkkjysY;k izfrek Hkkjrkr
loZnwj c?kk;yk feGrkr- fo”.kw izek.ksp ukxkpk Lohdkj ‘kadjkusgh
dsyk- R;kP;k xGÓkkr rks ef.kgkj cuwwu fejow ykxyk- f’kokP;k fyax
izfresoj Q.kk dk<ysY;k ukxkph fpjarj lkFk vlrs- gh izFkk vuk;kZr
pkyw gksrh-Þ15
530
3-5 Ukkx o ;{k %
;{k vkf.k ukx gs nks?ksgh tykP;k vkJ;kus fuokl djrkr-
;{kke/;sgh foyklfiz;rk] dkeqdrk] xa/koZfdéjkaizek.ksp vlrs- ;{kkaph
eus vf/kd papy vlrkr- egkHkkjrkr vkf.k jkek;.kkr ;{kkaps fofo/k
mYys[k vkysys vkgsr- nqxkZckbZ Hkkxor ;kauh ;{k vkf.k ukx ;kapk
lglaca/k izLFkkfir dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ß;{kkps tls xa/koZ o
jk{klka’kh lkE; rlsp ukxka’kh vkgs- dsoG lkE; uOgs rj ukx o ;{k
,d:ip vkgsr] gh dYiuk tSu lkfgR;kr o tSu f’kYikrgh :<
>kysyh fnlrs- ik’oZukFkkph lsfodk ;f{k.kh iùkorh fgpk o.kZ lksusjh
vlwu jFk likZpk vls o.kZu vk<Grs( i.k iùkorh ghp oklqdhph
jk.kh ifùuh fdaok eulk vlwu frusp ikjx jktkyk fdaok ijhf{krkyk
Ma[k dsyk v’kh gfddr iatkch yksdlkfgR;kr uhynkbZP;k dFksr
lkiMrs- caxkyh ukxiapehP;k dFksr eulkp uk;dkyk pkors] vlk
mYys[k vk<Grks- ikjx o caxkyh ‘ksrdjh nks?ksgh t.k iRuhP;k
ri’p;sZeqGs eulsP;k vkjk/kuseqGs cjs gksrkr- vls nk[koys vkgs-
ukxkafo”k;hps mYys[k rj fdrh vkgsr R;kaph x.krhp ukgh- ukxkaph
ok#Gs o:u nfjnzh fnlyh] rjh ikrkGyksdh vuar jRukaP;k jk’kh
vkf.k lksU;k:I;kps egky R;kaP;k ekydhps vlrkr- izlé >kys rj
dksVdY;k.k djrhy ukgh rj fo”kkus izk.k ?ksrhy v’kh gh tkr
vkgs-Þ16
;{k vkf.k ukx ;k laiznk;kph yksdfiz;rk loZp /kekZaP;k
vuq;k;kae/;s vk<G.kkÚ;k O;fäukekao:u Li”V tk.kors- dkgh iaFkkr
rj ;{k o ukx ;kaps loZlk/kkj.k mYys[k gh vk<Grkr- dkghaP;k ers]
ßxkSreh lkrd.khZ ;kaP;k dkjfdnhZP;k vBjkO;k o”khZP;k ukf’kd dksjho
ys[kkr tks ^vtdykdh;* vlk ‘kCniz;ksx vkyk vkgs rs nku
fnysY;k {ks=kps vtdkyd ;k ;{kkP;k ukoko:u iMysys LFkyuke
vkgs- R;k jktkpk iq= o okjlnkj ofl”Biq= iqGqekoh ;kP;k
531
dkjfdnhZP;k 19 O;k o 22 O;k o”khZP;k ukf’kd dksjho ys[kkr ,dk
[ksMÓkkps lqfnl.kk ¼lqn’kZuk½ vls uko vk<Grs- rs R;kp ukokP;k
;f{k.kho:u iMys vlkos- lkrokgukapk ukx laiznk;k’kh [kkl laca/k
vlkok- gs R;kP;k mRifÙkfo”k;d iqjk.kdFkkao:u Li”V gksrs- ;k
jkt?kjk.;kP;k frlÚ;k oa’ktkph] lkrd.khZph jk.kh gh cgq/kk ukx
tekrhrhy vlwu frps ukxfudk vls uko gksrs- ;kpk vFkZ ukx vkf.k
;{k gs vknjkl o iwtkvpkZl ik= gksrs-Þ17
HkVD;k VksGÓkkaps nso LFkkfud o LFkkf;d ulrkr- vlysp rj
v’kk nsokaP;k ewrhZ izrhdkRed] otukr gyD;k o gyfork
;s.;klkj[;k Eg.kwu vkdkjkus vkVksi’khj vlY;k ikfgtsr- ;{k o
;{kh ;kaP;k vtL= o lqanj ewrhZ dksj.;kph izFkk ekS;Z dkGkr lq:
>kyh- ek= v’kk ewrhZ fo’ks”k fo[;kr v’kkp LFkkuh vk<Gij gs
m?kM HkVD;k VksGÓkk LFkkfud gksÅu ‘ksrh d: ykxY;k Eg.kts
{ks=ikykfn LFkkfud o LFkkf;d nSors fuekZ.k gksrkr- tls yksd rls
R;kaps nso ;k U;k;kus [ksMoGkaps nso vkscM/kkscM vl.kkjp- ex rh
ewrhZ vk;kZP;k lalxkZus mRØkar >kysY;k x.kirhph vlks fdaok
vkfnoklhauk Hk;izn Eg.kwu iwT; okV.kkÚ;k ukxkaph vlks- v’kk
nSorkaP;k f’kGk vktgh [ksMÓkkikMÓkkrwu vk<Grkr-18
Ukkx Eg.kts liZ gsgh ,d ewfrZdysr loZ= vk<G.kkjs izrhd
vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrh;kauh ukxkykgh nsoRo nsÅu R;kyk vkiyk iwtk
fo”k; cuoys vkgs- ukxkae/kys dkgh nsok&ekuokauk vuqdwy o
lkSE;o`Ùkhps gksrs- rj dkgh ukx nsok&ekuokaps dV~VjoSjh gksrs- ukxkaP;k
loZp xks”Vh vn~Hkqr vlrkr- likZP;k nsgkr nsokps fdaok Hkqrkaps
okLrO; vkgs fdaok rks Lo;aeso nso vkgs fdaok rks ,[kk|k nsokps
izrhd vkgs v’kk letqrhauh dkgh ekuodqGkauh liZ gs vkiys nsod
cuoys- rks R;kauk iwT; Bjyk- dkgh liZ ik.;kr fdaok nynyhP;k
tkxh vlrkr- gs ikgwu ek.klkauh R;kaph tyo`”Vhoj vkf.k
532
tyle`)hojgh lÙkk ekuyh- liZ gk ok#Gkr jkgrks vkf.k ok:G gs
Hkwnsorsps izrhd ekuysys vkgs- R;keqGs HkwehP;k mitkÅ ‘käha’kh
R;kpk laca/k tksM.;kr vkyk- ukx fdaok liZ ;kaP;k fBdk.kh nSoh
vkf.k nkuoh ‘käh vlrs- v’kk J)seqGs ekaf=dkauh ea=&ra=]
tknw&Vks.kk] jksxkaojps mipkj b- xks”Vhe/;s likZP;k vkÑrhpk mi;ksx
lq: dsyk-19
Lkkn`’; ikrGhoj ;{k vkf.k ukx ;kae/;s cjsp lk/kE;Z
vlY;kps tk.kors- fdacgquk ukx gk ;{kkaP;kp tkfrla?kkrhy ,d
?kVd ekuyk tkrks- vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-
Hkkjrh; mi[kaMke/;s ukx vkf.k ;{kkaP;k iRuh ukxh vkf.k ;{kh
;k vk;ZiwoZ lqQyhdj.k fo/kh’kh lacaf/kr nsork vkgsr- T;kapk laca/k
gk —“kh’kh fuxfMr vkgs- fganw vkf.k ckS) /kekZae/;s ;k nq¸;e izrhP;k
nsork vkgsr- R;kpizek.ks nso] jk{kl o Hkwr fi’kkp ;kae/;s R;kauk
LFkku vkgs- Fkk;yaM vkf.k czãns’kkr ukx vkf.k ;{k ;kapk laca/k gk
jktfpUgk’kh vkgs] v’kk iqjk.kdFkk vkgsr- nf{k.k vkf.k nf{k.k&iwoZ
vkf’k;krhy ckS)/kekZrhy vusd fo/khae/;s ukxkaps o ;{kkaps ;ksxnku
vkgs- fganw vkf.k ckS) xzaFkke/;s ukx vkf.k ;{k ;kapk laca/k gk
pSR;kP;k cktwyk nk[kfo.;kr vkysyk vkgs- izkphu nsoLFkGkaP;k
fBdk.kh o`{k] vu?kM f’kGk] >jk] vks<k ;k fBdk.kh R;kaps okLrO;
vkgs] vls letys tkrs- R;kpizek.ks e;kZfnr Hkwizns’kkrhy laiÙkhps
j{kd lqQyhdj.kkps drsZ Eg.kwu rs vksG[kys tkrkr- ;kaph fo’ks”k
Lo:ikr iwtkvpZuk dsY;kuarj ;ksX; Lo:ikps vkjksX; feGrs- R;kp
izek.ks Hkwfexr laiÙkhps j{kd Eg.kwu dk;Z djrkr- gÓkk
lqQyhdj.kkP;k nsork vkgsr- R;kpizek.ks R;k vfgrdkjdlq)k vkgssr-
R;k vusd vktkj o jksxgh iznku djrkr- vusd f’kYidykae/kwu
ekuoh Lo:ikrhy ;{kkaP;k mtO;k gkrkr ryokj vkf.k MkO;k gkrkr
lqQyhdj.kkpk nzo inkFkZ vk<Grks- nSordFkkae/;s vkf.k
533
f’kYidyse/;s ukx gs o`{kkP;k eqGk’kh vkf.k ikrkGkr jkgrkuk
fnlrkr- rs ,deq[kh fdaok cgqeq[kh Lo:ikr ekuok’kh laokn lk/krkr-
;{k gs o`{kkP;k Qka|koj fuokl djrkr- R;kpizek.ks ekuoh :i ?ksrkr-
;{khaps yko.; ek= MksGÓkkr Hkj.;ktksxs vkgs- vIljklkj[ks frps
yko.; vlrs- fo’ks”k d:u mjkst o ?kksVho Lru R;keqGs rh
vkdf”kZr fnlrs- Hkkjrke/;s frpk laca/k gk lqQyhdj.kk’kh vkgs-
nf{k.k vkf’k;kr osxosxGÓkk /kkfeZd fo/khae/;s ukx vkf.k ;{k
;kauk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrke/;s jkT;kfHk”ksdklkBh
pSR;kpk okij djhr vlr- T;keqGs ukx vkf.k ;{k ;kapk ojngLr
jktkl feGr vls- vusd tkrddFkkae/kwu ;kps lanHkZ ikgko;kl
feGrkr- vusd jktdqGkapk j{kd Eg.kwu ukx ;srks- tj jktk gk
vkiY;k drZO;kiklwu foUeq[k >kyk rj ;k nsork R;k Hkwizns’kkrhy
lqQyhdj.k ‘käh u”V djrkr-
nf{k.kiwoZ vkf’k;k [kaMke/;s vusd jktdqGkaph dqyfpUgs gh
^ukx* vkgsr- ckS) dFkkae/;s vkf.k fo/khae/;s cq)kP;k izfrespk
lekos’k dsyk tkrks- vusd ckS) dFkkae/kwu xkSre cq) ;kauh ;{k
vkf.k ukx ;k ‘k=wauk ijkLr dsysys vkgs- R;kauk Hkwizns’kkrwu gkdywu
fnysys vkgs- R;kpcjkscj R;kaP;kr ifjorZu ?kMowu vk.kwu R;kauk
nSohin cgky dsysys vkgs- vlkp izdkj ;{kk’kh lacaf/kr lq)k vkgs-
ckS) /kekZP;k vyhdMhy dky[kaMkr osxosxGÓkk Lrwikae/;s cq)kP;k
ewfrZiwtk dsY;k tkr vlr- rsOgk cq)kP;k cktwyk ukx o ;{k ;kaP;k
nSohxq.k laié ewrhZgh vlr- Jhyadsrhy vusd /kkfeZd fo/khae/;s ;{k
o ukx ;kapk lekos’k vkgs- cq)kapk tsaOgk jkT;kfHk”ksd >kyk rsOgk
eqpfyan ukx gk R;kaP;k ‘kstkjh gksrk- R;kpizek.ks xkSrecq)kP;k
egkfuokZ.kizlaxh eqpfyan ukxkus Lor%P;k ‘ksiVhus o rksaMkus
gokekukiklwu cq)kaP;k ‘kjhjkps j{k.k dsys gksrs- gk lanHkZ ukx vkf.k
;{k gs ckS)kaps j{kd gksrs ;kps egÙo iVowu nsrkr- rs dsoG laj{kd
534
Eg.kwu ;sr ukgh rj R;kaph ‘käh gh vfruSlfxZd ok vfrekuoh
Lo:ikph vlrs- cq) vkf.k ukx ;kaP;k laca/kkpk fopkj djrk ckS)
/kekZae/;s R;kaps egÙo y{kkr ;srs- cekZ vkf.k Fkk;yaM ;k ns’kke/;s
mixqIrkph lek/kh vkgs( tks ukfxuhP;k iksVh tUekyk vkyk gksrk-
lqQyhdj.kkP;k fo/khe/;s ukxkaps egÙo vf/kd izek.kkr vkgs- R;keqGs
/kkfeZd fo/khe/;s R;kyk Hkko feGrks- R;keqGs cq)kP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj
lektkP;k osxosxGÓkk lkfRod bPNkaph iwrZrkgh rks djrks-20
;{kkaph fufeZrh gh dqcsjkiklwu >kysyh vkgs- R;kaP;kdMs
v/kZnSoh’käh vlrs- dkyhnklkus vkiY;k es?knwr dkO;ke/;s ;{kkaps
o.kZu dsysys vkgs- es?knwrke/;s ;{k vkf.k R;kph iRuh ;kaps dFkkud
;srs- ;{k gk es?kkauk Lor%pk lans’k ?ksÅu R;kP;k iRuhdMs ikBorks-21
3-6 fulxZiwtk] o`{kiwtk vkf.k liZiwtk %
fulxkZrhy fofo/k ‘kähaph iwtk Eg.kts fulxZiwtk gks;- ekuoh
thoukr fulxkZyk vR;ar egÙokps LFkku vkgs- ekuokP;k vkfne
voLFkse/;s R;kus fulxkZph fofo/k Lo:ikr iwtk dsysyh vkgs-
fulxkZr ?kM.kkÚ;k ?kfVr&v?kfVr ?kVukaekxs ewrZ&vewrZ ‘käh vlrkr-
R;krwup fulxZiwtk tUekyk vkyh vkgs- R;kr i'kw] i{kh] oLrw ;kaph
iwtkvpkZ rks d: ykxyk- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k yksddFkk ;kaP;k
ek/;ekrwu ;kps vo’ks”k lkiMrkr-22
fulxZiwtse/;sp o`{kiwtsyk vR;ar egÙokps LFkku ns.;kr vkys-
oM] fiaiG] vkSnqacj b- o`{kkaph iwtk izkphu dkGkiklwu txkr loZ=
lq: vkgs- Hkkjrkrgh o`{kiwtk vR;ar egÙokph ekuyh tkrs-
vkfnekuokyk o`{k iwtuh; okVys vlkos] R;krwup o`{kkph iwtk izkFkZuk
d: ykxys- nso] ;{k] jk{kl] xa/koZ] fdéj b- nSoh o vfrekuoh
;ksuhrhy vn~Hkqr] vykSfdd —R;s dj.kkÚ;k ‘kähapk nkl mPp LFkkuh
o R;krgh izk/kkU;kus o`{kkoj vlY;kph ekuokph dYiuk gksrh vkf.k
R;keqGs nso] ;{k] xa/kokZfn ‘kfaaaäafo”k;h iwT;Hkko O;ä dj.;kpk izR;{k
535
i;kZ; Eg.kwu o`{kiwtk izpfyr >kyh- Ldaniqjk.kkP;k ers] ßfo”.kwps
okLrO; oVo`{kkr] ‘kähps vkezo`{kkr] banzk.kh o vU; nsoiRU;k ;kps
‘krkcsyhe/;s] moZ’;knh vIljkaps ekyrh o`{kkr] Jh—“.kkps v’oRFk]
rqGl] dnac o`{kkr] f’kokps fcYo o v’kksdkr] ‘keh] eankj] nwokZr
x.kirhps fuoklLFkku vlrs- gk ikjaifjd ladsr vkgs-Þ23
lhyoXx tkrdkP;k vk;fprHkÙk tkrdkr oVo`{kkyk cGh
fnY;kpk mYys[k vkgs- R;krwu xkopk ikVhy uolkrwu eqä gksrks-24
iqjkrudkyhu Hkkjrkrhy tekrhapk ‘kks/k ?ks.;kr [;kruke ch-
lh-ykW- ;kauh egkHkkjrkrhy ,d viwoZ iqjkok izdk’kkr vk.kyk vkgs-
egkHkkjrkr ;knokauk ^o`{kk%* EgVys vkgs- ykW- ;kauk ^o`{kk%* gk
fof’k”V tux.klwpd mYys[k vlac) ijaijspk okVrks- Eg.kwu R;kauh
o`{kk% ,soth o`f”.kdk% ikB lqpfoysyk fnlrks( i.k o`{k] ukx ;kaph
mikluk gh iwohZ Hkkjr ns’kh; tukaP;k thoujhrhrhy oSf’k”VÓkp gksrs-
lSa/ko laL—rhrhy fiaiG o`{kiwtkdkj vH;kluh; vkgs- gh o`{kksikluk
fofo/k :ikr vkti;Zar vfLrRokr jkfgyh vkgs- fiaiG gk iq#”ko`{k
fnlrks- rjhgh L=h vkfnekrk mikluk loZizFke gs fufoZokn vkgs-
v’oRFk gk iq#”ko`{k gks;( i.k gs uko Qkj izkphu uOgs- ckydkph
uXurk u fnlkoh Eg.kwu fiaiGiku cka/k.;kph pky vkgs- i.kkZ&vi.kkZ
gk ladsr cksydk vkgs- i.k _Xosnkr iqjh’k; ¼u½ iq#”k ¾ vkfnR;
^o`{kh* :ih vkgs- ;ko:u iq#”k ¼o`{k½ iwtk ;qxkr ;k lafgrsps ladyu
>kys vlkos gs fuf’pr vkgs( i.k ^ou* vkf.k ^o`{k* Lo:ikrhy
mikluk ekxs iMw ykxrs- fookgknh izlaxh dqyo`{kkph lkadsfrd iwtk
vktgh jkfgyh vkgs- ^v’oRFk% vfLe loZ o`{kk.kka* vls xhrsrhy
—“.k lkaxrks- gs y{kkr ?ksrY;kl ;kno ¼—“.k½ oa’kh;kr ^o`{k*
mikluk vlkoh gs fuf’pr tqU;k pkyh fVdfo.kkjh ?kjk.kh ek= ^o`{kk%*
vls lacks/kwu ?ksr vlkohr- Eg.kwu egkHkkjrkr ^o`{kk%* vi:i >kys
vlkos-25
536
eksgatksnMks&gMIiu laL—rhr o`{kiwtk o izkf.kiwtk gh eksBÓkk
izek.kkoj dsyh tkr vls- f’ko&i’kqifrlkscr dkgh fof’k”V o`{k
vlr- R;ko:u LFkyo`{kiwtk ;k laL—rhr izpfyr gksrh vls fnlrs-
iwtuh; o`{kkr oM] fiaiG vf/kd vk<Gwu ;srkr- i'kqiwtsr eq[;Ros
o`”kHk iwtyk tkr vls- ygku ygku f’kaxkps rxMs cSy eqnzkaizek.ksp
HkkaMÓkkojgh fpf=r dj.;kr vkysys vkgsr- ,dk eksBÓkk o`”kHkk—friq<s
ureLrd nksu ek.kls gs rj m?kMm?kM o`”kHkiwtsps |ksrd vkgs-
cSyk[ksjht xsaMs] jsMs] gÙkh] gfj.k gsgh i'kqiwtukr gksrs- ;k i'kqiwtsps
vk.k[kh ,d oSf’k”VÓk Eg.kts i'kw o ekuo ;kaP;k vk—R;kaph
ljfelG d:u ok dYiusus R;krwu uokp izk.kh fuekZ.k d:u R;kph
iwtk dsyh tkr vls- ,dk eqnzsoj euq”;k—rh eLrdkoj f’kax]
jsMÓkkizek.ks ‘ksiwV o ikoykaP;k tkxh [kwj vkgsr- R;kP;k pkjh cktwauk
vusd i'kw vkgsr- nqlÚ;k ,dk eqnzsoj rhu MksD;kaP;k i'kqiq<s ,d
ek.kwl gkr tksMwu mHkk vkgs- R;kps Mksds ckjf’kaxh gj.kkizek.ks rj
ojps ‘kjhj cSykizek.ks vkgs- [kkyps vax o ik; ek.klkizek.ks vkgsr-
,dk eqnzsoj ,dk xksykrwu ,df’kaxh izk.kh ¼;qfudkWuZ½] cSy] gfj.k]
xsaMk] fpÙkk o gÙkh v’kk lgk izk.;kaph eq[ks ckgsj vkysyh fnlrkr-
ukxktoG clwu liZiwtk dj.kkjk ek.kwl vk.k[kh ,dk eqnzsoj ikgk;yk
feGrks- euq”;krwu ckgsj ;s.kkjs o`{k vkf.k o`{kkrwu fu?k.kkjh ek.kls gs
vFkkZrp o`{kiwtsps ekuoh:i vkgs- ekuoh thoukrhy nsoladYiukauk
ykx.kkjk lkaL—frd vk/kkj R;kuhp iqjoyk vkgs] vls rTKkaps er
vkgs- R;kaP;k mikluk izfrek ;k gMIiu laL—rhrhy ladYiukojp
ikslY;k xsY;k vkgsr-26
vusd xzhd feFkdkae/;s o`{kkaP;k eqGk’kh nSoh liZ fuokl djhr
vlrkr] vlk lanHkZ vkgs- bMu xkMZu ;k ckxse/;s vejRo iznku
dj.kkjk vkf.k pkaxys o okbZV lkax.kkjk Kkuo`{k vkgs- cq)kauh T;k
o`{kkP;k Nk;s[kkyh Kku izkIr dsys R;k o`{kkoj eqpfyan ukx jkgr
537
vls- e;ku feFkdkae/;s liZ gk iqutZUekpk ladsr vkgs- ukWlZ
feFkdkae/;s fuvksgkWaxj ukokph MªWxugh ;nz’khy ukokP;k o`{kkph eqGs
[kkrkuk fnlwu ;srs-27
3-7 liksZiklusph vksG[k %
laiw.kZ txHkjkr liksZikluk gh izkphu dkGkiklwu izpfyr vkgs-
;kps vusd lanHkZ ikgko;kl feGrkr- ukx ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ
ljiV.kkjk izk.kh vlk gksrks- ukx gk Kku] vejRo] xw<rk] ;krq’kDrh
vkf.k ifo=rsps izrhd vkgs- l|fLFkrhr vkS”k/k’kkL=ke/;s lathouh
izrhd Eg.kwu R;kyk vksG[kys tkrs- esfDldks] bftIr] cWchyksu ;k
fBdk.kh liZiwtk vkfne dkGkiklwu izpfyr vkgs-28 txHkjkrhy
yksdlkfgR;] feFkd vkf.k f’kYi’kkL=kr fofo/k vFkkZus ukxizfrek
mi;ksxkr vk.kysY;k vkgsr- esfDldkse/;s ukx gk ^uxy* Eg.kwu
vksG[kyk tkrks- phue/;s ^MªWxu* gk lkezkT;drkZ Eg.kwu ekU;rk izkIr
vkgs- MªWxuyk ^LoxkZpk iq=* vls lacks/kys tkrs- frcsVe/;s likZyk
^yw* gk ‘kCniz;ksx :< vkgs- xzhd feFkdkae/;s vFksuk gh ;q/nnsork
vkgs- frP;k ‘kjhjkoj liZN= nk[kfoysys vkgs-29
ukxkaps fofo/k oxZ Hkkjrke/;s dsysys vkgsr- R;kr LoxhZ;] nsoh]
Hkwyksdh vkf.k fi’kkp ;ksuhrhy liZ ekuysys vkgsr- czãns’kkr ukx
izfrek gh MªWxu] liZ vkf.k edj ;kaP;k la;ksxkrwu fp=kafdr dsysyh
vkgs- ukx gs unh&vks<Ókkr fuokl djrkr-30 nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy
dukZVd vkf.k dsjG izkarkr liZiwtk gk egÙoiw.kZ /kkfeZd fo/kh Eg.kwu
ekU;rk izkIr vkgs- Hkxorh] dksjVh] dkyh] Hknzdkyh ;k
fofo/knsorkaph iwtk vuq”kafxd ikrGhoj dsyh tkrs- iqYyokj
tekrhrhy yksd /kkfeZd fo/khr ^liZe~ Fkqyky* ukokps liZu`R;
djrkr- dukZVde/khy iEcMk tekrhrhy HkS|k tkrhrhy yksd
ukxeaMy fdaok ukxkjk/kuk ukokps u`R; djrkr-31 liZ gs eafnjkps
laj{kd vlrkr] v’kh /kkj.kk vkgs- dacksfM;ke/;s cgqeq[kh likZph
538
iwtk dsyh tkrs-32 iqjkru tkxfrd dFkkae/;s ,d egÙoiw.kZ dYiukca/k
vkgs( rks Eg.kts oSf’od likZpk- fganw iqjk.kdFkkae/;s ‘ks”kkus i`Fohyk
eLrdh /kkj.k dsysys vkgs- fo”.kw gk R;k likZP;k ‘kjhjkoj igqMysyk
vkgs- gh ukxkaph izfrek lSrkukph uOgs( iajrq vusdnk liZ gk lSrkuh
‘käh ?ksÅu ;srks- tkxfrd feFkdkauh ek= lSrku gk dYiukca/k
Lohdkjysyk vkgs-33 liZ gs bPNk/kkjh vlY;kdkj.kkus rs v/kZekuoh ok
ekuoh :ikrgh bPNkiwrhZ] oklukiwrhZ djrkr- rs laiÙkhps j{kd
vlrkr-34 Fkk;yaM vkf.k tkok csVkae/;s cgqqeq[kh likZph iwtk dsyh
tkrs- Fkk;yaMe/;s Qk;k ukx] ikuliZ gs ukx yksdfiz; vkgsr- fofo/k
eafnjke/;s nSfoizk.kh Eg.kwu ukxkph iwtk dsyh tkrs- esdkWx unhe/;s
likZapk fuokl vlrks v’kh /kkj.kk vkgs- dkj.k ik.;koj likZapsp
vf/kjkT; vlrs vls rs ekurkr-35
phuh feFkddFkkae/;s vkf.k yksdlkfgR;kr MªWxu gs egÙoiw.kZ
ik= vkgs- phue/khy fofo/k dykae/;s MªWxu gk pkj ik;kapk ljiV.kkjk
izk.kh nk[koysyk vkgs- ;k MªWxudMs ty] tyo”kkZ b-P;k lanHkkZrhy
;krq’käh vkgs- rks tyfu;a=d vkgs- ;ax ¼Yang½ gk iq#”k MªWxu
vkf.k ;hu ¼Yin½ gh L=h MªWxu Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrkr- phue/;s
jk”Vªh; fpUg Eg.kwu MªWxuyk ekU;rk vkgs-36 MªWxups fp= dk<rkauk
?kksMÓkkps eq[k vkf.k likZph ‘ksiVh dk<yh tkrs- vusdnk MªWxuP;k
guqoVhoj ped.kkjk eksrh nk[kfoyk tkrks- tks laiÙkh] izfr”Bk vkf.k
‘kqHk ykHkkps izrhd vkgs- MªWxudMs vfrekuoh ‘käh vlrs- R;keqGs
rks vodk’kkr mMw ‘kdrks vkf.k ik.;kojgh rjaxw ‘kdrks- phu] tiku
vkf.k dksfj;k ;k ns’kkr v’kh letwr vkgs dh] ikrkGkr likZapk
jktk vkf.k likZaps iwoZt fuokl djrkr-37 phue/;s 9 gk vad ‘kqHk
ekuyk tkrks- dkj.k gk vad likZ’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- MªWxuyk uÅ
viR; vkgsr vls ekurkr- phue/khy vud LFkGkauk ^Nine
Dragons* vls lacks/k.;kr ;srs- fOg,rukee/khy esdkWx gs LFkG Cru
539
Long (Nine Dragons) ukokus vksG[kys tkrs- tikue/;s v”Veq[kh
liZ izfrek izpfyr vkgs-38
dacksMhvu nSordFkkae/;sgh likZyk vfr’k; egÙoiw.kZ LFkku
vkgs- dacksfM;ke/;s lIreq[kh likZph vusd eafnjs ikgko;kl feGrkr-
fdacgquk lkr oa’kk’kh R;kapk laca/k tksMyk tkrks- banz/kuq”;krhy
lIrjaxk’khgh R;kapk laca/k vkgs- vad’kkL=h;–“VÓkk fo”kela[;k gh iq#”k
ÅtsZ’kh] vla[;k’kh] dkGk’kh vkf.k vejRok’kh tksMysyh vkgs-
dkj.k loZ fo”kela[;kaph lq#okr gh ,d iklwup gksrs- L=hlfiZ.kh gh
i`FohrÙok’kh lacaf/kr vkgs-39 dkSafM.; gk Hkkjrh; czkã.k
dacksfM;ke/;s vkyk vkf.k R;kus lksek ukokP;k liZdU;s’kh fookg
dsyk v’kh ikSjkf.kd dFkk vkgs- [esj yksd gs R;kapsp oa’kt vkgsr]
vls ekurkr-40
bftIre/;sns[khy likZauk vfr’k; egÙo vkgs- rsFkhy jktkP;k
jkteqdqVkoj liZ fpUgkafdr vlrks-41 frFks likZauk ia[k nk[kfoys
vkgsr- R;ko:u likZapk laca/k gk vkdk’k] i`Foh vkf.k tyk’kh vkgs]
gs fl) gksrs- nSordFksuqlkj vWFksUlpk izFke lezkV gk v/kkZ ek.kwl o
v/kkZ liZ gksrk- izkphu xzhd ns’kkr ekuoh eq[k vl.kkÚ;k likZph iwtk
dsyh tkr vls- xzhde/khy ykfu;k ukokph ckyxzg jk{klh gh v/kZ
ekuoh o v/kZ likZ—rh v’kh vkgs-42 frFks bfpn~uk ¼Echidna½ gh
lfiZ.kh] FkkbikWu ukokP;k likZph cgh.k nk[kfoysyh vkgs- feuhvkWu
ukokph liZnsork gh izk.kh nsork Eg.kwu vksG[k.;kis{kk Kku nsork
Eg.kwu vf/kd izek.kkr vksG[kyh tkrs- vysD>kaMjph vkbZ fgP;k
gkrkr likZus osVksGk ?krysyk fnlwu ;srks-43
gk;Mªk ukokph lfiZ.kh gh xzhde/khy Kkuo`{kkph laj{kd vkgs
rj ;qfjukses ukokpk ukx iq#”k vkgs-44 ewG vesfjdu nSordFkkae/;s
oU; tekrh gÓkk Lor%l likZP;k oa’kt ekurkr- R;kP;k vkfne
u`R;kr liZu`R;kpk lekos’k vlrks- R;kaP;k uWV~ps> ¼Natchez½
540
eafnjkrhy vW>Vsd ¼Aztee½ nsork gh liZnsork Eg.kwu ekU;rk izkIr
>kysyh vkgs-45
vfÝdse/;s nkgkseh ¼Dahomey½ gs liZiwtsps izeq[k dsanz vkgs-
oSnsg ¼Whydah½ ;k fBdk.kh toGikl iékl likZaph eafnjs vkgsr-46
if’pe vfÝdse/;s ^nk* ukokph liZnsork izpfyr vkgs- nf{k.k
vkfÝdse/;s >kslk vkf.k yslksFkks ;k dFkkuqlkj ikyd gs vkiY;k
?kjkrhy cWjye/;s fo”kkjh likZauk Bsorkr- T;keqGs ijhapk e`R;w gksrks-
,dk osxGÓkk dFksuqlkj rs Lor%yk iqyk[kkyh Qsdwu nsrkr- dkj.k
R;kauk likZiklwu nwj tk;ps vlrs- R;k fBdk.kh iaifdu o`{k fuekZ.k
gksrks- R;kuarj dkykarjkus R;k o`{kkiklwu ?kj r;kj dsys tkrs( ijarq
R;kafo”k;h o;LdkaP;k eukr Hkhrh vlrs- R;keqGs R;kps rqdMs dsys
tkrkr-47 dsfu;ke/;s vls lkafxrys tkrs dh] ,dk oS|kl Hkfo”;krhy
lwpd LoIu iMr vlrkr- ,dk jk=h R;kyk vkiys dqVqac =klkr
vkgs vls LoIu iMys- R;kauh brjkauk cksykowu R;kpk vFkZ fopkjyk-
ijes’oj R;kyk nwj ?ksÅu xsyk- R;kosGh ik.;krwu fioGÓkk jaxkpk ia[k
vl.kkjk csMwd ckgsj vkyk- R;kcjkscj ,d liZgh ckgsj vkyk- oS|kus
R;kpk’kh la?k”kZ u dj.;kps yksdkauk lwpfoys( ijarq o;Ld yksdkauh
likZyk Bkj dj.;kps Bjfoys- i.k vki.k Bkj dj.;klkBh ik= ukgh
vls oS|kus lwpfoys] v’kh dFkk ;srs-48 ;kr liksZYys[k vkgs-
vkWLVªsfy;ke/;sgh banz/kuq”;:ih likZph iwtk dsyh tkrs- dkj.k
R;keqGs tykr pSrU; fuekZ.k gskrs-49 eslkseksfjdke/;s likZyk nsorkapk]
vkdk’kkpk fuekZrk ekurkr-50 ukWMhZd nSordFkkae/;s lkeqfnzd likZyk
ekU;rk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] likZus i`Fohyk osVksGk ?kkryk vkgs vkf.k
Lor%ph ‘ksiVh Lor%P;k rksaMkr ?ksryh vkgs-51 ck;cye/khy vkne
vkf.k bZOgP;k dFksuqlkj] likZus bZOgyk Kkuo`{kkps QG [kk.;kpk
lYyk fnyk- R;kph f’k{kk Eg.kwu nsokus likZyk i`Fohoj ikBoys vkf.k
dk;eLo:ih tehuhoj ljiVr jkg’khy vlk ‘kki fnyk- rRiwohZ
541
likZyk ik; gksrs vls vusd nardFkk lkaxrkr-52 phue/khy MªWxuyk
pkj ik; vkgsr- ;ko:u vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] laiw.kZ txHkjkr
liksZikluk gh dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k ek/;ekrwu dsyh tkr vlr-
3-8 ukxiwtk % dkgh lanHkZ %
Hkkjrh; laL—rhr vusd izdkjs ukxkaph iwtk izpfyr vkgs- ukx
Eg.kts Q.kk/kkjh liZ- ;kP;k Q.ksoj iq<P;k cktwus ngkP;k vadklkj[ks
fpUg vlrs- ukxkpk o.kZ fgjoV fdaok fioGk /ked vlrks- R;kP;k
rksaMkr fo”k /kkj.k dj.kkjs nkr vlrkr- ukxkph thHk nqgsjh vlrs-
izkphu Hkkjrh;kauh R;kyk nsoRo nsÅu vkiyk iwtkfo”k; cuoys vkgs-
ukxkae/kys dkgh ukx nsok&ekuokauk vuqdwy o lkSE;o`Ùkhps
gksrs( rj dkgh ukx gs nsok&ekuokps dÍj oSjh gksrs- vuar] oklqdh]
‘ks”k b- ukx gs ifgY;k izdkjps mnkgj.k( rj r{kd] ddksZVd] dkyh;
gs nqlÚ;k izdkjps mnkgj.k gks;( i.k ukxiwtsr ek= lkSE; o Øwj rlsp
vuqdwy o izfrdwy v’kk loZp ukxkapk lekos’k vkgs- Hkkjrh;
laL—rhr ukxkaph iwtk] ukxfo”k;d ozrs o nkus] ukxkalkBh cfynku
b- vusd izdkjs ukxekgkRE; ok<oysys vkgs-53 ukxkaph iwtk gh
vfrizkphu iwtsr x.kyh tkrs vkf.k FksV gMIik&eksgatksnMks
laL—rhiklwu rjh rh fdeku izpfyr gksrh ;kps izR;{k fp=k—rhps
nk[kys vkgsr- R;kaph iwtk Hkkjrkr rhu izdkjs izpfyr gksrh o rh
vktrkxk;r pkyw vkgs- R;kps izrhd:i Eg.kwu ok:Gkps iwtu dsys
tkr vls- rks izR;{k :ikr ok izR;{k :ikP;k izfresr iwtyk tkr
vls- rlsp ojps v/kZ’kjhj ekuoh o [kkyps likZ—rhps v’kk :ikrgh
iwtyk tkr vls- gh iwtk eq[;Ros l`tunsork Eg.kwu dsyh tkr
vlY;keqGs ukx;qXekph iwtkgh izpfyr >kyh- v’kk ekuok—rh ok
eaMy:ih ukxizfrekaph f’kYis HkkjrHkj tkxkstkxh c?kk;yk feGrkr-54
dkSfVyh; vFkZ’kkL=kr liZHk; okVr vlsy rj ioZdkyh ukxiwtk
djkO;kr vlk lanHkZ lkiMrks-55
542
HkkjrkP;k fofo/k Hkwizns’kkae/;s ukxiwtk izpfyr vkgs- lkSjk”Vªkr
?kjkrY;k ek.klkauk xqjk<ksjkauk ukx likZiklwu vik; gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu
Jko.k ‘kq- iapehyk loZ= ukxkaph iwtk dsyh tkrs- lqokfluh
lk;adkGh ‘kqfpHkwZr gksÅu ukxQ.khps fp= js[kkVrkr o R;kph iwtk
d:u R;kiq<s rqikpk fnok Bsorkr o R;kyk frGkP;k fadaok cktjhP;k
Hkkdjhpk uSos| nk[korkr- lkSjk”Vªkr ukxk’kh laca/k vlysyh vusd
xkos o ukos vkgsr- cgqrsd xkokr ukxkph fp=s dksjysyh fnlrkr-
o<ok.ktoG rj ,d ukx;k=kp Hkjrs-56
<kSd gs oztizns’kkrhy ,d yksdfo/kku ,[kk|k O;ähyk liZna’k
>kyk vlY;kl R;kizlaxh gs fo/kku djrkr- teysY;k O;ähaiSdh
,dt.k ,dk ?kMÓkkoj ,d FkkGh Bsowu rhoj dkBhus vk?kkr djrks o
ckdhps yksd ,dk Lojkr ukxnsorsP;k izlérslkBh xhrs xkrkr- ;k
mipkjkus liZfo”k mrjrs] v’kh letwr vkgs-57
jktLFkku vkf.k mÙkjizns’kke/;s vgksbZ v”Veh ozr fo’ks”kRokus
dsys tkrs- dkfrZd —- i{kkrhy v”Veh gh vgksbZ v”Veh Eg.kwu
ekuyh tkrs- vgksbZpk laca/k L;kgw ekrs’kh vkgs- L;kgw Eg.kts lfiZ.kh
gks;- R;klaca/kkus vusd dFkk izpfyr vkgsr- larrhP;k j{k.kklkBh gs
ozr fL=;kadMwu dsys tkrs-58 rSfÙkjh; lafgrsr v’oes/ko.kZuizlaxh
yksfgrknh o ok;l ;k ukxkaps iwtu djkos vls lkafxrys vkgs-
vFkoZosnkr njksMs[kksjkaiklwu j{k.k gks.;klkBh ukxkP;k dkarhps ;a=
okijkos] vls EgVys vkgs- ;tqosZnkr #nzkyk ^vfgalUr%* ¼likZps
lkfu/; vlysyk½ vls EgVys vkgs-59
usikG izkarkr ukxkaph o xk;haph iwtk loZ= dsyh tkrs-60
ckalQksM gh mÙkjizns’kkrhy ,d tkr- ukxkyk rs Qkj eku nsrkr-
xqfj;k uked ,dk l.kkr eqyh fpa/;kaP;k ckgqY;k cuorkr o R;kauk
ukxkps izrhd ekurkr- eqys R;k ukxkauk dkBhus cMorkr o rGÓkkr
Qsdwu nsrkr- vls dsY;kus lkikae/khy nq”Vi.kk fu?kwu tkrks v’kh
543
R;kaph letwr vkgs-61 ukxksfr;k gh e/;izns’kkrhy ,d tekr vkgs-
rh ukxiwtd vkgs-62 vksfMlkrys yksd vuarnso ;k ukokus ukxiwtk
djrkr- vklkee/;s mFksYu ukokpk ,d izpaM liZ ekuyk tkr vlwu
rks ujcyh fnY;kf’kok; r`Ir gksr ukgh] v’kh frFkY;k vkfnoklhaph
/kkj.kk vkgs-63 dukZVdkrhy rqGwoukMw ;k Hkkxkr vktgh o`{kiwtk]
ukxiwtk vkf.k Hkwriwtk izpfyr vkgs-64
lkSjk”Vªkr izR;sd xkokP;k os’khoj ,d liZ eafnj vlrs- /kkax/kzk
laLFkkukr ukxlikZps ,d nsÅG vkgs- rsFks Bjkfod fno’kh jktk iwtsyk
;sbZ o R;kosGh usedk ftoar ukxliZ iwtslkBh gtj jkgh vls
lkaxrkr- mÙkj fganqLFkkukr pack] dkaxMk ;k [kksÚ;kr rlsp
dk’ehje/;sgh dSd fBdk.kh rh nSors vkgsr- R;kaph ukos ‘ks”kukx]
cldukx] r[krukx] izhreukx] ‘kchj ukx] ddksZVd ukx] banzukx]
laruukx v’kh vkgsr- fpukc unh rhjkoj ,ds fBdk.kh oklqdh ukxkps
nsÅG vkgs-65
uÅ ukxjktkaph iwtk izkr%dkGh o lk;adkGh v’kk nksUgh osGk
iq”dG fganw yksd djrkr o R;kph izkFkZuk iq<hyizek.ks vkgs-
ßvuar oklqfd ‘ks”ka in~eukHkap dacye~ ‘ka[kikya /k`rjk”Vaª r{kda
dkfy; rFkk ,rkfu uoukekfu
ukxkukap egkReuk lk;a dkys i<s fuR;a izkr%dkGs fo’ks”kr% rL;
fo”ke;aukfLr loZ= fot; HkosrkÞ
Hkxoku Jh fo”.kw ‘ks”k ukxkojp fojkteku >kys vlwu R;kaph
Lrqrh izR;sd ?kjkr gksr vlrs- R;kr ns[khy ukxlikZps o.kZu vkgs] rs
vls&
ß‘kkUrkdkje~ Hkqtax’k;ue~ in~eukHk lqjs’ke~AÞ
Hkxoku ‘kadjkP;k ukokusgh dkgh laL—r ‘yksd vkgsr- R;krgh
ukxkps o.kZu vkgs rs vls&
ukxsanzdaqMy] ukxsanzgkj] ukxsanzoy;] ukxsanz peZ/kj ¼f’kodope~½
544
ukxsanzgkjk;] f=ykspuk;] HkLekaxjkxk; egs’ojk; ¼f’koiapk{kj½
xGs:aMekG] ruksliZtkya ¼f’kok”Vde½
tVk/kkjh daB Hkqtaxifrgkjh i'kqirh ¼nsohLrkre~½66
3-9 egkjk”VªkP;k o egkjk”VªkckgsjP;k fofo/k tkrhtekrhrhy
ukxiwtk %
egkjk”Vªkrhy fofo/k tkrhtekrhae/;s osxosxGÓkk xzkeh.k Hkkxkrwu
vktgh izpfyr vlysyh ikgko;kl feGrs- ;k ukxiwtsfo”k;h ok
ukxiapehfo”k;h yksdekulkr osxosxGÓkk /kkj.kk vkgsr- ukxiapehP;k
fno’kh /kkjnkj ‘kL=kapk okij VkGyk tkrks- egkjk”Vªkrhy dq.kch
lekt R;k fno’kh tehu ukaxjr ukgh- Hkkthikyk [kqMr ukgh- dkGÓkk
tfeuhiklwu rks vLif’kZr vlrks- lkrkjk ftYgÓkkr ukxiapehP;k
fno’kh UgkO;kph nqdkus can vlrkr- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh rs ekrhps
ukx ?kjks?kjh nsrkr o R;kcÌy R;kyk ilkHkj /kkU; vkf.k l.kkph
iksGh feGrs-67 pkaHkkj tkrhr ukxiapeh l.k ikGrkr- ukxiapehP;k
fno’kh gs ukxkph iwtk djrkr o ?kjkHkksorh ,d js?k dk<rkr- gh js?k
vksykaMwu ukx o lki ?kjkr ;s.kkj ukghr v’kh R;kaph letwr
vlrs-68 dq.kch gh egkjk”Vªkrhy ,d ‘ksrdjh tekr- ukxiapeh gk
dq.kch ck;dkapk eksBk l.k vlrks- R;k fno’kh R;k ok#Gkph iwtk
djrkr o R;kHkksorh Qsj /k:u ukprkr-69 rMoh gh lkriqMÓkkP;k
ik;F;k’kh vlysyh tekr- eqlyeku o fHkYy ;kaP;k ladjkrwu gh
tekr fuekZ.k >kysyh vlkoh] vls ekurkr- ;k tekrhr ukxiapeh
l.k eksBÓkk mRlkgkus lktjk dsyk tkrks-70 xksikG lektkps yksd fganw
/kekZps vlwu fganw /kekZps loZ l.k ikGrkr- brj tkrhrhy
fL=;kaizek.ksp xksikG fL=;k ukxiapehpk l.k lktjk djrkr-71 ckS)
/kekZr ukxiapehP;k fno’kh cq)kyk f[kjhpk uSos| nk[korkr]
‘khyxzg.k djrkr o fHk{kwauk Hkkstu ok<rkr-72
545
lkrokgukaP;k iSB.k ‘kgjkr ukxiapehpk mRlo vkxGÓkk
i)rhus vktgh lktjk dsyk tkrks- ;k fno’kh bfrgklizfl)
ukx?kkVkoj ukxkph iwtk dsyh tkrs- ukxiwtspk efgek ;k ifjljkr
vukfn dkGkiklwu vkgs- ukx nsork iq=nkf;uh vlY;kpk letgh
frrdkp iqjkru vkgs- R;keqGs ;k lekjaHkkl fL=;kaph la[;k eksBÓkk
izek.kkr vlrs- ekxZ’kh”kZ ‘kq) “k”Bhl paik”k”Bh vls Eg.krkr- ;k
lekjaHkkl ^ukxfnos* vls Eg.krkr- ;k fno’kh iSB.k ;sFks ;k=k Hkjrs-
ukxkph iwtk dsyh tkrs-73 ;knokaP;k dkGkrgh ukxiapehpk l.k ok
ozr mRlkgkus lktjs dsys tkr vlr-74
rfeGukMwe/;s v”Vehiklwu Jko.k’kq) iapehi;Zar fr#dY;k.ke~
ukokpk mRlo lktjk dsyk tkrks- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh nqikjh
jkeukFkiqje/khy O;kikÚ;karQsZ ,d czkã.k ikoZrhlkBh eaxGlw= o
js’keh oL=s ?ksÅu gÙkho:u fejor eafnjkr ;srks- uarj eafnjkP;k
iwoZ}kjkyk ykxwu vlysyk yXueaMi Qqykauh lq’kksfHkr djrkr- gksekps
dqaM lkjowu Bsorkr- v’kk eaxy okrkoj.kkr gtkjks HkäkaP;k
mifLFkrhr xksjt eqgwrkZoj f’ko&ikoZrhps yXu ykxrs- R;kuarj
yktkgkseknh fo/kh gksrkr- iq<s pkj fnolkauh f’ko ,d eSy varjkoj
vlysY;k xa/keknu VsdMhoj ikoZrhlg lklqjokMhyk Eg.kwu tkrks
vkf.k frFkyk lRdkj vuqHkowu ijr eafnjkr ;srks-75 dukZVdkr
ukxiapehyk >ksikGs cka/krkr- ekgsjokf’k.khyk ?kjh vk.krkr-
fnokGhis{kk ;k l.kkps egÙo vf/kd vlrs- R;k fno’kh rafcVkps
Eg.kts rkanqGkP;k fiBkps ykMw djrkr- vk;kZapk nf{k.ksr izos’k
?ks.;kiwohZ dukZVdkpk /keZ gk ‘kq) nzfoM /keZ gksrk- nzfoM yksd gs
f’koiwtd gksrs- rlsp ekjh nsorkaP;k :ikr ‘kähykgh Hkt.kkjs gksrs-
ukx] fyax] o`{k] Hkqrs&[ksrs ;kaphgh iwtk dj.ks okf”kZd t=k d:u
okf”kZd —R;kr R;kauk LFkku ns.ks]vls R;k /kekZps <kscG Lo:i gksrs-76
Hkkstiqjh izns’kkr dkfrZd efgU;kr dqaokj eqyh ,d ozr djrkr- R;kr
546
rkanqGkph eqVdqGh fHkarhoj fpdVorkr o R;kaP;k Hkksorh Fkkis ¼vksY;k
jkaxksGhpk izdkj½ mBorkr- ukxiapeh] Jko.kh ikSf.kZek vgksbZ] fnokGh]
dkfrZdh ,dkn’kh b- ozrksRlokrgh Fkkis ekjrkr- R;kr R;k R;k
ozrksRlokaP;k n’kZd v’kk fofo/k vk—rh vlrkr-77
3-10 ukxiapeh % dkgh lkaLd`frd lanHkZ %
es:df.kZdsr jkg.kkjk d’;i vkf.k dnzw ;kapk iq= ukx-
d’;ikps vuar] oklqdh] r{kdknh iq= i`Fohojhy iztsyk foy{k.k
minzo nsÅ ykxys- rsOgk czãnsokus tuest;kP;k l=kr x#MkdMwu
rqepk uk’k gksbZy vlk R;kauk ‘kki fnyk vls iùiqjk.kkr fnys vkgs(
iajrq egkHkkjrkr gk ‘kki ukgh- tuest;kP;k ;Kkrgh vkiY;kyk =kl
gksÅ u;s gÓkklkBh ,d= ;sÅu R;kauh ts Bjfoys rs ukxrhFkZ Eg.kwu
izfl) vlwu R;kaP;k czãnso HksVhpk fnol Eg.kts ukxiapeh gks;-78
ukx o vk;Z ;kaP;kr nh?kZdkyi;Zar y<k pkywu ‘ksoVh R;kaP;kr lesV
>kyk o vk;kZauh R;kaph gR;k d: u;s o ukxkauh vk;kZl dks.kR;kgh
izdkjs vkiY;k fo”kkjh ‘kY;kauh btk iksgkspow u;s vls Bjys- ;k
lesVkps n’kZd ukxiapehpk l.k vlwu vls izfriknu dj.kkjs yksd
vkgsr-79 Hkfo”;iqjk.kkrgh ukxiapehps ozr lkaxrkuk ukxkP;k mRiÙkhph
dFkk lkafxryh vkgs-80 fouksck Hkkos ;kaP;k ers] ßT;kP;k MksD;koj
lkikus Q.kk /k:u lkoyh dsyh rks pØorhZ jktk gksrks v’kh dYiuk
vkgs- ukxiapehpk l.k gk }s”kHkko nwj dj.;klkBh vkgs-Þ81 Jh—“.kkus
dkfy;k ukokP;k ukxkpk ijkt; d:u rks ;equk unhP;k ik=krwu
lqjf{kri.ks oj vkyk- gk fnol Jko.k ‘kq-AA 5 gksrk- ;ko:u ukxiwtk
izpkjkr vkyh] vls fdR;sdkaps er vkgs-82
ukxiapehP;k fno’kh ldkGh ftoar ukxkph fdaok ukx o
ukxiRuh ;kaP;k ekrhP;k izfrekaph iwtk djkoh- x`g}kjk’kh nksUgh cktwl
panukus fdaok [kMwus likZph vk—rh dk<wu iwtk dsY;klgh pkyrs-
uSos|klkBh ngh] nw/k] rwi o ykgÓkk viZ.k djkO;k- gk fnol ;ksX;
547
fjrhus ikGyk vlrk lca/k o”kkZr likZdMwu =kl iksgksp.kkj ukgh-
ßvuar oklqfda ‘kS”ka iùukHkap dacyaA ‘ka[kikya /k`rjk”Vªp r{kda
dkfy;a rFkkAÞ oxSjs Lrks=kps fuR;’k% iB.k d:u ukxkP;k ;k uÅ
tkrhaph vkjk/kuk dsyh vlrk fo”kkph ck/kk u gksrk loZ= ;’k izkIrh
gksrs vls lkafxrys vkgs- ;k fno’kh ekrhP;k] ik”kk.kkP;k fdaok
fiBkP;k ukx izfrekaph iwtk dj.;kr ;srs- ;k fno’kh iMoGklkj[kh
ukxk—rhph Hkkth ns[khy ck;dk fpjhr ukghr- ‘ksrdjh yksd tehu
ukaxjhr ukghr o dks.kh QkoMÓkkus tehu [kf.kr ukgh- pqyhoj
rG.kgh rGr ukgh- egkjk”Vªkr ;k fno’kh fdR;sd fBdk.kh ck;dk
gGnhdqadwokps lekjaHk djrkr- ?kjkrhy ygku Fkksj eaMGh ftoar
ukxkl fdaok ekrhP;k izfresl nw/k] ykgÓkk o nwokZ viZ.k djrkr-83
dukZVdkr ukxkaP;k uSos|kyk xwG&ikiMhps ykMw djrkr- R;kauk
rachV Eg.krkr- xqtjkrsr ukxewrhZiq<s rqikpk fnok ykorkr o ewrhZoj
tykfHk”ksd djrkr- m-izns’kkr ukxiapehP;k fno’kh iq#”k ek.kls nq/kkph
HkkaMh ?ksÅu xkokckgsj vFkok taxykr tkrkr o ukxkaP;k ok#Gkr rh
nqX/kik=s jhrh d:u ijr ;srkr- dk’kh ‘kgjkr rj ;k fno’kh ldkGh
ßukxyks] HkkbZ ukxyks] NksVs xq: dk ukxyks HkkbZ ukxyksÞ vls vksjMr
‘kkGdjh eqykpk fejo.kqdkp fu?krkr- la/;kdkGh ukxdaqok uked
tyk’k;koj vlysY;k ukxewrhZps iwtu gksrs- iafMrkps oknfookn
gksrkr o ‘ksoVh teysys yksd ukxdqaWaaaaaaO;kps ik.kh ukxrhFkZ Eg.kwu izk’ku
d:u vkivkiY;k ?kjh tkrkr- O;kdj.kkoj iratyh gk ‘ks”kkorkj
gksrk o ej.kksÙkj R;kus ;k dqaWaaO;kr okLrO; dsys vkgs- vls lkaxrkr
ukxiapehl ukxiwtu dj.kkÚ;k O;ähyk ukx d/kh Mlr ukgh vkf.k
Mlykp rj R;kps fo”k ck/kr ukgh] v’khp letwr vkgs- lkMsrhu
eqgqrkaZiSdh v/kkZ eqgwrZ Eg.kwugh dkgh izns’kkr ukxiapehyk ekU;rk
vkgs-84
548
Jko.k efgU;kr ukxiapehpk l.k vkxG;k Lo:ikr lktjk
gksrks- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh [ksMsxkokrhy yksdkr ,d osxG;kp
izdkjpk Nan vlrks- R;kykp Bkok Eg.krkr-
Bkok Eg.kts ukxiapehP;k fno’kh ?kksxaMhph pqcaG d:u R;koj
RkkaC;kph pjoh Bsorkr- R;k pjohP;k rksaMkoj ,d iljV HkkaMs mQMs
ekjrkr- R;k HkkaM;kHkksorh yksd xksykdj clrkr- mQM;k HkkaM;koj
,dt.k vkiyk Mkok gkr mQMk ekjrks o mtO;k gkrh dMs ?ksÅu rs
dMs mQM;k HkkaM;kP;k dkBkoj oktowu R;kyk oj mQM;k ekjysY;k
gkrkP;k Fkkisph lkFk feGrs- g;k rkykoj ukxksck fo”k;hP;k xk;ukyk
lq#okr gksrs- R;k xk.;kyk okjh Eg.krkr- gh okjh Eg.k.kkÚ;kauk
^vjcMs* Eg.krkr- T;kauk ukxkps fo”k mrjfo.;kpk ea= ;srks fdaok
tMhcqVhP;k lkg;kus fo”k mrjfork ;srs- v’kk yksdkauk vjcMs
Eg.krkr-85
ukx gk {ks=ikG ekuyk tkrks- ukxiapehl dsyh tk.kkjh
ukxiwtk lqqqQyhdj.k fo/khpkp ,d Hkkx vkgs- ukxiapehph dFkk
‘ksrh’kh fuxfMr vkgs- ukxiapeh gk fL=;akpk l.k vkgs- ukxiapehyk
nqlÚ;k fno’kh ejkBokM;kr pkSjLR;koj Hkqyksck ekaMyk tkrks- iq.ks
Hkkxkr R;kyk f’kjkG’ksB Eg.krkr- fp[kykoj pdR;k ,dkoj ,d
Bsowu fyxakdkj :i nsÅu R;kph iwtk dsyh tkrs- R;k fno’kh vusd
fBdk.kh t=k Hkjyh tkrs- r#.k lqokfluh vkf.k dqekfjdakpk gk mRlo
vlrks-86 ukx gh larkunsork vlwu T;kauk ewyckG ukgh- v’kk fL=;k
ukxiwtk djrkr- ukx gk {ks=j{kd rj ok:G gs ltZusfUnz;kps izrhd
ekuysys vkgs- ;kaP;k la;ksxkrwu o`)h gksr vlrs] vls ekurkr- js.kw
Eg.kts lw{e d.k ;kaiklwu L=hfyaxh js.kqdk ‘kCn cuyk vkgs- ok:G gs
lw{e Ek`fÙkdsP;k js.kwusp cuysys vlrs- R;ko:up js.kqdk vkf.k i`Foh
;akpk vHks| lac/k vk<Grks- /kkfeZd d`R;klkBh T;k ikp ifo=
e`fÙkdk lkafxrY;k vkgsr- R;krhy ,d ok#Gkph ekrh vkgs-87
549
ok#Gkfo”k;hP;k vusd nardFkk Hkkjrkr] egkjk”Vªkr iljysY;k vkgsr-
R;krhy ,d v’kh % ßEgkrkj nsokps LFkku iwohZ f’kjkiwj ;k xkokP;k
gíhr gksrs- ?kkVf’kjl gs xko f’kjiqjk[kkyps- rh ,d okMh gksrh- ;k
xkoph xqjs ;k nsoky;kr pj.;kl tkr vlr- ,dnk xqjk[;kauk ;k
fBdk.kh ,d xk; fnlyh- rh dks.kkph xk; Eg.kwu xqjk[;kauh frpk
iq”dG rikl dsyk( ijarq R;kpk ‘kks/k ykxyk ukgh- gh xk; unhdkBh
,d ok:G gksrs] R;kP;k toG ;sÅu clr vls- njjkst gh xk;
xqjk[kh ;k fBdk.kh ikgr vlr( ijarq frpk rikl ykxsuk- R;kauh gh
xks”V xkokr lkafxryh- njE;ku xkokrhy ,dk Hkkfod x`gLFkkl –“Vkar
>kyk o R;kl nsokus LoIukr ;sÅu lkafxrys dh] eh ;k fBdk.kh
xqIr:ikus jkgrks- R;ko:u xkodjh rsFks vkys- R;kauh nsokP;k
xqIrLFkkukpk rikl pkyfoyk( ijarq rikl ykxsuk- Eg.kwu rs ;k
xkbZik’kh vkys o fryk mBfoys- gh xk; ;k ok#Gkik’kh dk clrs
v’kh R;kauk lkgftdp ‘kadk ;sÅu R;kauh rs ok:G QksM.;kl
lq#okr dsyh- R;koj dqnG Vkdrkp R;krwu nq/kkph /kkj fu?kkyh- ex
xkodÚ;kauh gsp nsokps xq#LFkku vkgs gs vksG[kwu rs ok:G eksdGs
dsys- rs nxMkps gksrs- R;kP;k ekF;koj xksiùkP;k vkdkjkpk ,d
[kGxk vlwu rsFkwu gh /kkj fu?kr vls] vls R;kP;k –“Vhl iMys-Þ88
xkbZpk laca/k gk jlkrGk’kh vkgs vkf.k ukx gs ikrkGkrp jkgrkr
vlk lglaca/k vlkok-
^xksj{kfl) fl)kUri)fr* ;k xzaFkkr ‘kfäpØkps o.kZu nsrkuk
dqaMfyuhlg ‘kfä&iapd lkafxrys vkgs o R;kauk /kkj.k dj.kkjk rks
ijef’ko vls f’ko Lo:i n’kZfoys vkgs- ‘kähauk ukxh.k gsp uko
vlY;kus R;k ukfx.kh T;k Lo:ikr okLrO; djrkr- R;k ijef’kokl
^ok:G* Eg.k.ks ;qä gksbZy- ;k –“Vhus ikfgY;kl ok:G gs uko gh
ukFkiaFkh ‘kCndwV Bjrs o rsp uko izFke xksLokehus fnys gksrs-
efPNanzukFkkauh rs cnywu Egkrkjnso gs uko :< dsys-89
550
ukxiapehP;k vusd yksddFkk egkjk”Vªkr izpfyr vkgsr-
R;krhy cÚ;kp dFkk gÓkk —“kh’kh] ‘ksrh’kh lacaf/kr vkgsr- R;kr
dkSVqafcd fpÙkFkjkjd ?kVuk vkgsr- ‘ksrdÚ;kdMwu tehu ukaxjyh tkrs]
lfiZ.khph fiYys ejrkr] izfr’kks/k Eg.kwu lihZ.k ‘ksrdÚ;kP;k dqVqackyk
na’k djrs- R;kph ,d eqyxh okprs- rh ukfx.khph iwtk djrs- ukxh.k
frP;koj izlé gksrs- rks fnol ukxiapeh Eg.kwu loZekU; gksrks- nqlÚ;k
,dk dFksr ‘ks”k gk czkã.kos’k /kkj.k d:u ,dk czkã.kkP;k /kkdVÓkk
lqusl Jko.kkl ekgsjh ?ksÅu tkrks- frFks czkã.k lqusP;k gkrwu fnok
[kkyh iMrks vkf.k uqdrhp tUeysyh fiya Hkktyh tkrkr- R;klkBh
rh miks”k.k d:u ijes’ojkdMs R;kaph lq[k:irk ekxrs- R;krwu rks
fnol ukxiapehpk fnol ekuyk tkrks- egkjk”Vªkr ukx o lok”.k L=h
;kapk laca/k cgh.k&Hkkokpk vkgs gs lgt /;kukr ;sbZy- v’kk fofo/k
dFkk ukxiapehP;k lanHkkZr loZ egkjk”VªHkj izpfyr vkgsr-90
Hkkjrkrhy brj izkarkP;k izek.ksp egkjk”Vªkrgh ukxiwtk Qkj
egÙokph ekurkr- egkjk”Vªkr lkse;kps djats vkf.k cÙkhl f’kjkGs gh
egÙokph fBdk.ks- lkseukFk gk vxnh ygku tkrhpk ukx fo’ks”k
izdkjpk vlwu R;kP;k eLrdkoj dks.khrjh dqÚgkM ekjY;kps fpUg
nk[kforkr- lkse;k gkrkr ?ksrk vkyk rj rs HkkX;lwpd ekuys tkrs-
cÙkhl f’kjkGk ;k fBdk.kh rj ukxiapeh fno’kh ;k=kp Hkjrs-
vktwcktwP;k [ksMÓkkrhy yksd ‘ksdMks ukx eMD;krwu vk.krkr- frFka
R;kph iwtk gksrs] [ksG gksrkr- R;k fno’kh ukxnso dq.kkyk pkor
ukghr vls Eg.krkr- ;k xkokyk cÙkhl f’kjkGs gs uko dls iMys
;klaca/kh ,d vk[;kf;dk lkaxrkr] rh v’kh&
ß,dnk lar xksj[kukFk ;k xkoh fHk{ksyk vkyk- ,dk ckbZP;k
?kjh rks fHk{kk ekxk;yk xsyk vlrkuk fryk fHk{kk ok<k;yk m’khj
>kyk- R;kus ckbZyk fopkjys] ^ckbZ! m’khj dk >kyk\* ckbZus lkafxrys
dh] ^vkt ukxiapeh vlY;keqGs eh ekrhP;k ukxkph iwtk djhr
551
gksrs-* rs ,sdwu xksj[kukFkkus yxsp ,d ftoar ukx idMwu vk.kyk
vkf.k fryk R;kph iwtk djk;yk lkafxrys- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh bFks
dks.kkyk ukx pko.kkj ukgh vlk vk’khokZngh fnyk- xksj[kukFkkus
ukxkpk gk peRdkj nk[kfoY;koj cÙkhl xkops yksd R;kps f’k”;
>kys]Eg.kwu rsaOgkiklwu ;k xkokyk cÙkhl f’kjkGs vls Eg.kw ykxys-Þ91
Jko.k efgU;kr vusd egÙokph ozrs vlrkr- Jko.k ‘kq/n
iapehP;k fno’kh djko;kps ukxiapeh gs R;kaP;kiSdh ,d ozr vkgs-
dks.kh xzaFkdkj v{k;r`rh;sP;k ,soth ukxiapeh gk o”kkZrhy lkMsrhu
eqgqrkZiSdh v/kkZ eqgwrZ vlY;kps izfriknu djrkr- ukxiapehP;k
ozrklaca/kh foospu Hkfo”;iqjk.k ¼czãioZ v/;k- 32 & 1 rs 39½
gÓkkr dsys vkgs- R;kr EgVys vkgs dh] Jko.k ‘kq) iapehP;k fno’kh
oklqdh] r{kd] dkfy;k] ef.kHknz] ,sjkor izHk`fr ukxkauk nq/kkus Luku
?kkrY;kl rs fo”kck/ksiklwu vHk; nsrkr- gÓkk ukxkaP;k lqo.kkZP;k]
pkanhP;k vFkok ekrhP;k izfrek djkO;k] R;kaph iwtk djkoh] czkã.kkauk
Hkkstu ?kkykos- Hkfo”;ksÙkj iqjk.k ¼v-36½ gÓkkr nqljk ,d izdkj o.kZu
dsyk vkgs- R;kr vls lkafxrys vkgs dh] Jko.k ‘kq) iapehP;k
fno’kh yksdkauh vkiY;k ?kjkP;k nkjkP;k nksUgh cktwyk ‘ks.kkus likZP;k
vk—R;k dk<kO;k vkf.k R;kaph ngh] nwokZ b- uh iwtk djkoh- vékph
ok;us viZ.k djkoh] vls dsY;kus liZHk; mRié gksr ukgh- lkSjk”Vªkr
Jko.k —“.ki{kkr ukxiapeh ikGrkr-
caxkye/;s vkf.k ¼egkjk”VªkO;frfjä½ n- Hkkjrke/;s Jko.k —“.k
iapehyk eulknsohph iwtk vkiY;k vax.kkr Luqgh osyhP;k [kkanhoj
dj.;kr ;srs- okeu futY;kuarj lw;Z feFkqu vFkok ddZ jk’khr
vlrkuk th —“.ki{kkrhy iapeh ;sbZy R;k fno’kh eulkpk mn;
gksrks vls jktekrZaM gÓkk xzaFkkr lkafxrys vkgs- fgph iwtk liZ
na’kkiklwu eqärk feG.;kdfjrk djko;kph vlrs- gÓkk fo/khr
vuarizHk`rh ukxkaph iwtk dj.;kr ;srs- fuckaph ikus ?kjkr Bso.;kr
552
;srkr- iwtk dj.kkjk rh ikus Hk{k.k djrks vkf.k czkã.kkaukgh [kko;kl
nsrks- egkjk”Vªkr Jko.k ‘kq) iapehyk ykdMh ikVkoj xa/kkus likZph
fp=s dk<rkr vFkok fioGk jax fnysyh ekrhph fp=s fodr ?ksÅu
R;kaph iwtk djrkr- R;kauk nw/k viZ.k djrkr-92
egkjk”Vªkr larrh izkIrhlkBh ukxiapehps ozr dsys tkrs- ejkBh
efgU;krhy ‘kqDy i{kkrhy iapehyk gÓkk ozrkpk fo/kh djk;pk
vlrks- gs ozr ,d o”kZHkj djkos ykxrs- Jko.k efgU;krhy ‘kqDy
ukxiapeh loksZÙke ekuyh tkrs- gs ozr dks.kR;kgh efgU;krhy ‘kqDy
iapehiklwu lq: djrk ;srs- izR;sd efgU;krhy ‘kqDy iapehyk
pkanhpk ok fiBkpk ikpeq[kh liZ cuowu R;kph iwtk djkoh-
iapeh ukxiwtk;ka] dk;kZ “k”Bh lefUorkA
rL;k rq rf”kZrk ukxk brjk”kq prqfFkZdkAA & ¼peRdkj fparke.kh½
rsu ukxiwtk nks pSjo ¼fu.kZ; fla/kq iz-i- 63½
ifgY;k efgU;kr vuar] nqlÚ;k efgU;kr oklqdh] frlÚ;k
efgU;kr ‘ks”k] pkSF;k efgU;kr iùukHk] ikpO;k efgU;kr dacyd]
lgkO;k efgU;kr ddksZVd] lkrO;k efgU;kr v’orj] vkBO;k
efgU;kr /k`rjk”Vª] uoO;k efgU;kr ‘ka[kiky] ngkO;k efgU;kr
dkfy;k] vdjkO;k efgU;kr r{kd vkf.k ckjkO;k efgU;kr dfiy
gÓkkizek.ks ukos ?ksÅu iwtk djkoh- ;k fno’kh irh&iRuhauh nks?kkauh
miokl djkok- gÓkkizek.ks o”kZHkj izR;sd iapehyk ozr d:u
ukjk;.kcfyiwoZd ukxcyhpk fo/kh djkok- pkanhpk ok rkaC;kpk ok
lksU;kpk lki czkã.kkl nku |kok o ozrkps m|kiu djkos- gÓkk
ozrkP;k izHkkokus ukxo/k ok liZ&’kki gÓkkpk nks”k nwj gksÅu larrh
izkIr gksrs-93
Jko.kh o Jko.kkrY;k Jo.k u{k=koj djk;pk ,d oSfnd
fo/kh- Jko.kh Eg.kts eksBk vu/;k; laiowu iqu’p v/;;u]
v/;kiukyk izkjaHk dj.;kpk fo/kh gks;- R;kyk mikdeZ] mikdj.k b-
553
vk.k[khgh dkgh ukos vkgsr- Jko.kkrys Jo.k u{k= cgq/kk Jko.k
ikSf.kZesl ;srs- ;k fno’kh fdaok ukxiapehyk gLr u{k=kojgh _Xosnh
yksdkauh Jko.kh djkoh] vls lkafxrys vkgs- ;tqosZ|kauk Jko.k ikSf.kZek
gk eq[; dky vkgs- Hkknzinkrys gLr u{k= gk lkeos|kaP;k Jko.khpk
vkf.k Jko.k fdaok Hkknzin ikSf.kZek gk vFkoZos|kaP;k Jko.khpk dky
vkgs-94
^ukxfnos* ;k ukokpk l.k ?kjks?kjh lktjk dj.;kr ;srks- gk l.k
fnokGhuarj ;srks- fonHkkZr o ejkBokMÓkkr ;k l.kkyk Qkj egÙo
vkgs- ?kjke/;s eqyxk o eqyxh tUeY;kuarj T;kizek.ks R;kaph ukos
Bso.;kr ;srkr- R;kpizek.ks eqys&eqyh tUerkp vkbZ&oMhy ;k
eqykeqyhpk ^fnok* ns[khy Bjohr vlrkr- gk fnok Eg.kts R;k
eqykeqyhP;k okVÓkkps ,d iDoké- jke] y{e.k] jek gh ukos
BsoY;kuarj jkekpk fnok ftychpk] y{e.kkpk fnok cklqanhpk rj
jekpk fnok Jh[kaMkpk vls vkbZ oMhy Bjowu Vkdrkr vkf.k
fnokGhuarj ;k ^ukxfnO;ka* P;k l.kkr gh loZ iDokés r;kj dsyh
tkrkr- gÓkk fno’kh iDokékaph v{kj’k% paxG vlrs- eqys&eqyh
vkikiY;k fnO;kps ¼Eg.kts okV.khl vkysY;k iDokékaps½ jlHkfjr
o.kZu djhr vlrkr o brjkaP;k fnO;kais{kk rks fnok dlk ljl vkgs
gs ,desdkal jlkGi.ks lkaxr vlrkr-
fonHkkZr ukxkph osxosxGÓkk izdkjs iwtk cka/kyh tkrs- dkgh
dqVqackr rj ukxkps Jk) djrkr- czkã.k tsow ?kkyrkr- ;k fno’kh
^[kkaMos* ukokps iDoké djrkr- xOgkph lksth f’kÚ;klkj[kh Hkktk;ph
o R;kl f’ktowu lk[kjsP;k ikdkr ?kkywu gs [kkaMos r;kj djk;ps-
ukxkpk gk dqykpkj loZ= ikGrkr- QMukx gk ,d egÙokpk dqykpkj
vkgs- njoktkleksj xksojh isVowu Bsoko;kph- uarj R;k tGysY;k
xksojhus njoktkiklwu ?kjki;Zar ^ukx* dk<k;pk o R;k QjdaMsph iwtk
djk;ph- gk QjdaM Eg.ktsp ukxjktkps vkiY;k ?kjkr vkxeu >kys
554
vlk let vkgs- dkgh fBdk.kh eS|kP;k ygkueksBÓkk yksGÓkk r;kj
d:u rh ukxkph fiys letwu R;kph iwtk djrkr- ^ukxiapeh* gk
l.k rj [ksMÓkkikMÓkkr vfr’k; mRlkgkus lktjk dsyk tkrks- izkFkfed
‘kkGsrhy eqys vkiY;k ikVÓkkaoj ukxkps fp= dk<rkr o R;kaP;k
‘kkGsr lkewfgdfjR;k R;k ukxkph iwtkvpkZ dj.;kr ;srs- dkjkxhj]
lksukj ?kjks?kjh tkÅu ukxkpk Nki vlysys rkaC;kps ygku rqdMs izeq[k
njoktkP;k pkSdVhoj tMforkr fdaok jaxkus ukxkph fp=s dk<rkr-
ukxiapehP;k l.kke/;s foGh okijko;kph ulrs] ukrkok vxj rsyrok
okijrk ;srks- dki.ks] rG.ks] dqV.ks ;k loZ lkikyk fo?kkrd fØ;k
vlY;keqGs R;k iw.kZi.ks ;k l.kkyk oT;Z vlrkr- ;k l.kkyk ^fnaM*
ukokps iDokUu r;kj djrkr- liVs djk;ps o rs vdGko;kps ;kl
^fnaM* vls Eg.krkr- ukxiapehps l.kkyk [ksMÓkkikMÓkkrwu >kMkyk
ikG.ks cka/kwu >ksds ?ksrkr] mRlkgkus fnol ?kkyforkr-
ukxiapehP;k nqlÚ;k fno’kh [ksMÓkkikMÓkkr ^ldjksck* ukokpk
l.k vlrks- ;k fno’kh dqaHkkjkdMwu ,d egky cuowu vk.krkr o
uarj rks egky vksyk vlrkuk R;kyk ltforkr- R;kr gÙkh] ?kksMs]
iky[kh] yoktek cuowu Bsoysyk vlrks- ;k egkykl fgjoh ikus o
xqatk ykowu e<foysys vlrs- dkgh xkokar cgqtulektkP;k efgykp
vlk egky Lor% r;kj djrkr- R;kHkksorh fiaxk ?kkywu vusd
izdkjph yksdxhrs xkbyh tkrkr- ;k egkyke/;s egknsokph ekrhph
fiaM cloysyh vlrs- gk laiw.kZ nsOgkjk] Qqykikukapk vlk ns[khy]
fdR;sd [ksMÓkkae/;s efgykp r;kj djrkr- ;kl ^f’kjkG* vxj
^Jh;kG* vls Eg.krkr-
egknsokyk vxj ukxkyk nSor ekuwu fonHkkZr vusd fBdk.kh
fofo/k izdkjps dqykpkj lktjs dsys tkrkr-95
555
3-11 ukxozr %
ukxkP;k laca/kkus fofo/k ozrs egkjk”Vªkr izpfyr vkgsr- R;k
izR;sd ozrkpk gsrw ok mÌs’k osxosxGk vlw ‘kdrks- vuar prqnZ’khps
ozr gs ukxlaca/kkusp ;srs- vuar Eg.kts var ulysyk ukxjkt gks;-
x.kirhP;k xGÓkkr js’keh xksQ ?kkryk tkrks- ukxkps izrhd Eg.kwu tks
js’keh xksQ vlrks] R;kyk ukxkpk vkdkj fnY;keqGs R;kyk vuar
Eg.krkr- nqljk /kkdVk xksQ vlrks- R;kyk ukxkph iRuh letrkr-
R;kyk vuUrh Eg.krkr-96 Hkknzin ‘kqDy prqnZ’khyk vuarozr djrkr-
;kdfjrk lw;ksZn;O;kfiuh v’kh lgk ?kfVdk fdaok pkj ?kfVdk prqnZ’kh
vlsy rh ?;koh- pkjgh ?kfVdk ulyh rj iwoZ fnolkph ?;koh- nksu
fno’kh lw;ksZn;O;kIrh vlsy rj iwoZfno’khph ?;koh- iwokZ.gdkG gk
;k ozrkpk eq[; dky- rks u feGsy rj e/;kUgdky ?;kok-97 vls
/keZ’kkL=kr uewn dsys vkgs- gs ,d dkE;ozr vlwu ;kpk vo/kh pkSnk
o”kkZpk vkgs- xroSHko ijr feGkos ;k gsrwus eq[;r% gs ozr lkafxrys
vkgs- gs ozr lkoZf=d ukgh- Js.kh minsf’kY;kl fdaok vuarkpk nksjk
lgti.ks lkiMY;kl gs ozr ?ksrkr o ex rs R;k dqGkr pkyw jkgrs-
vuar vFkkZr fo”.kw gh ;kph eq[; nsork vlwu ‘ks”k o ;equk ;k xkS.k
nsork vkgsr- iwtspk fo/kh iq<hyizek.ks &
ßldkGh unhoj Luku d:u lq’kksfHkr v’kh ekaMoh r;kj
djrkr- frP;k [kkyh loksZrksHknz eaMy dk<wu R;koj rkaC;kps fdaok
:I;kps iw.kZik= Bsowu R;kar v”VnG dk<rkr- R;koj lkr Q.kkapk
nHkkZadqjkauh cufoysyk ‘ks”k ukx Bsowu R;kP;kiq<s pkSnk xkBhpk js’keh
nksjk Bsorkr- dqaHkkyk oL=;qXekps os”Vu djrkr- dqaHkkrY;k tykyk
;equk Eg.krkr- izFke ;equk o ‘ks”k ;kaps iwtu >kY;koj ex R;kp
iw.kZik=kr vXUR;qÙkkj.k d:u clfoysY;k vuarewrhZps iq<hy ea=kus
/;ku djrkr-
556
uoklziYyokHkkla fi³~eH:’eJqykspue~A
ihrkEcj/kj iù’ka³[kpØxnk/kje~AA
vy³—ri;ksjkf’ak fo’o:ia fofpUr;sA
uwru vkeziYyokizek.ks T;kph dkarh vkgs] T;kP;k Hkqo;k]
fe’kk o MksGs fiaxV vkgsr] tks firkacj uslysyk o ‘ka[k&pØ&xnk
/kkj.k dj.kkjk vkgs o T;kus lkxjkyk Hkw”kfoys vkgs v’kk fo’o:ikps
¼fo”.kwps½ eh /;ku djrks-
uarj “kksMikspkjkus iwtk djrkr- ;k iwtsps vaxiwtk] vkoj.kiwtk]
v”VksÙkj’krukiwtk v’kk vk.k[kh vaxHkwriwtk vlrkr- iq”iaktyh
>kY;koj v?;Z nsrkr- ex nksjdkph izkFkZuk d:u rks pkSnk xkBhapk
nksjk gkrkr fdaok xG;kr cka/krkr vkf.k tqU;k nksÚ;kps foltZu
djrkr- cM;k ?kkjX;kps ok;u nsÅu ozrnsorkaps foltZu djrkr-
lkaxrslkBh nairhHkkstu ?kkyrkr- pkSnk o”ksZ iw.kZ >kY;koj ozrkps
m|ki.k djrkr-Þ98 vaurozr ‘ks”kkizhR;FkZ vlwu n- fganqLFkkukr
oS”.koerkuq;k;h yksdkr R;kpk fo’ks”k izlkj vkgs- caxkY;krgh gs ozr
vkpj.kkjs yksd vkgsr( iajrq rs d`”.kkizhR;FkZ ikGys tkr vlwu ;k
fno’kh vusd izdkjph QGs o feBkbZ Jhd`”.kkl viZ.k djrkr-99
T;s”B eklkrhy ‘kqDy prqFkhZl ‘ks”kkRet x.ks’ktUe ikrkG
prqFkhZ ekuyh tkrs-100 ukx ¼panzk lkiZjkKh½ l`tu djrs ¼rkss½- vkf.k
ej.kgh vks<owu ?ksrs ¼rks½ egkpel ik=koj ¼Hkksxik=½ vkguL;
o/kZ;Urhus ¼fyax½ vk?kkr dsys tkrkr A ^guke ,uk* vls Eg.kr- ;k
^pel* nso&iku ik=koj ?kko ?kkrys tkrkr- gs _Xosnkrhy mYys[k
;k ik=kps prq/kkZ foHkkx dk gksrkr- ;kps Li”Vhdj.k ns.;kl leFkZ
vkgsr- pkanzz laiznk;kryk ^lad”Vh prqFkhZ* lwpd vkdMk ,d pel
ik=kP;k fBdk.kh pkj ik= gks.;kpk gk tknw&peRdkj ;k pkjhpk vFkZ
dk; vlsy\ folkO;k ‘krdkrhy dqaVqcfu;kstukr lqQyhdj.kkr rhu
cjl ;kr ekrslg gk vkdMk pkjhpk gks.;krhy gh ;kstukc)rk
557
vk’p;Zdkjd vkgs- QqV.ks vkf.k ok<.ks Eg.kts e`R;w gk thounkrk ;k
ukxliaznk;h J)sekxhy thoukuqHkwrhgh ;sFks v’kh vkgs-101
vk”kk< oAA5 ehl caxky o mÙkj fganqLFkkukr ukxnsork eulk
fgph iwtk djrkr- fgyk eulk iapeh vls uko vkgs- vk”kk< oAA
10 eh iklwu 13’kh Ik;Zar Hkwekrk foVkG’kh vlrs vls ekuwu R;k
eqnrhr tehu ukaxj.ks] ch isj.ks] izokl dj.ks oxSjs oT;Z vkgs vls
caxkY;kr ekurkr- ;k dkykl vacqokph gs uko vkgs- pkSF;k fno’kh
nxMkl Luku ?kkywu QqyakP;k ekGk okgrkr o Hkwekrk iquhr >kyh
vls letrkr- iq<s yodjp o”kkZdkykl izakjHk gksrks o rh xHkZorh
gksÅu /kkU; nsrs vls leto.;kr ;srs- ;ko:u gk l.k ikolkGk
izkajHk gks.;kP;k iwohZpk vkgs vls fnlrs- vekoL;sl nhiiwtk
dj.;kph pky vkgs-102
ukxiapeh ozr gs ,d L=hozr vkgs- ;kr Jko.k ‘kq) prqFkhZyk
fL=;k ,dHkqDr djrkr- iapehP;k fno’kh ldkGh vHkaX; Luku d:u
panukus ikp Q.;akP;k ukxkps fp= dk<rkr- ukxkalkscr ukxiRU;kgh
fprkjrkr- ?kjkP;k fHkarh xkse;kus lkjowu R;kojgh ukxkd`rh js[krkr-
uarj ladYi d:u ukxkph iwtk djrkr- fnolHkj miokl o
la/;kdkGh ukxkyk nw/k ykg;kapk uSos| nk[kowu czkã.kklg f[kjhps
Hkkstu djrkr- m|kiukP;k osGh iqjksfgrkl xk; o lqo.kkZph ukx
izfrek nku nsrkr- R;krwu lkSHkkX; /ku&/kkU; o larrh ;akph QyizkIrh
gksrs- gs ozr o”kZHkj djkos- vls dkgh fBdk.kh lkafxrys vlwu
izfreklh Øekus vaur] oklqdh] ‘ks”k b- }kn’k ukxkaps iwtu
czkã.kHkkstu o o”kkZUrh ozrks|kiu djkos vlsgh lkafxrys vkgs-
lkSjk”Vªkr gs ozr Jko.k o| iapehyk djrkr( rj vU;= Hkknzin ‘kq)
iapehyk djrkr-103
On”Vks)j.kiapeh gs ,d ozr vkgs- T;kpk ,[kknk vkIrLodh;
liZna’kkus e`r >kyk vlsy R;kus gs ozr djk;ps vlrs- Hkknzin ‘kq)
558
iapeh gh ;k ozrkph vkjaHk frFkh gks;- ozrko/kh ,d o”kZ- ;k ozrkr
lksus pkanh ykdwM fdaok fpd.kekrh ;kaph iapQ.kk;qä ukxizfrek
r;kj d:u frph iwtk djrkr- izR;sd efg.;kyk ukxakP;k ckjk
ukokaiSdh ,dsdk ukokus gh iwtk djk;ph vlrs- ;keqGs liZna’kkus e`r
>kysY;k euq”;kpk m)kj gksrks-104
mÙkjsdMs j{kkca/ku ukokpk fo/kh dsyk tkrks- Eg.kwup ;k
ikSf.kZesyk jk[kh ikSf.kZek vls rsFkhy yksd Eg.krkr- jtiwr yksdkargh
j{kkca/kukph pky vkgs- iwoZdkyh ;k fno’kh Jko.kh ukxkpk ukxizhR;FkZ
ikd;K dsyk tkr vls- ukxkiklwu btk iksgkspw u;s Eg.kwup gk ;K
djhr vlr- R;kpsp :ikarj gksÅu j{kkca/kukpk fo/kh izpkjkr vkyk
vlkok- dkj.k fo’ks”kr% ukxklkj[;k fo”kkjh izk.;kP;k na’kkiklwu
vie`R;w izkIr gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu j{kkca/ku djhr vlrkr o cgh.k cgq/kk
HkkokP;k gkrkr j{kk ckaf/kr vlrs- ‘k=wP;k daiwr fcufnDdr tkÅu
;k fno’kh jtiwr fL=;k vkiY;k irh’kh ;q) dj.kkÚ;k ‘k=wP;k gkrkr
j{kk cka/khr vlr- R;keqGs }s”kHkko foj?kGwu tkÅu mHk; i{kkr
lyks[kk gksr vls] vls lkaxrkr- T;kizek.ks ijLij izse o eS=h
ok<fo.;klkBh rhGxwG okV.;kpk laiznk; :< vkgs] R;kpizek.ks gk
j{kkca/kukpk fo/kh lektkrhy ,sD; o izseHkko ok<fo.;klkBh ;q)
dq’ky v’kk jtiwr yksdkr :< >kyk vlkok-105
,[kk|kyk liZna’kkus e`R;w vkyk vlrk R;kP;k vkIrkauh R;kP;k
e`R;wuarj thoukP;k lq[kkogrslkBh djk;kps ,d ozr Eg.kts liZna’kozr
gks;- ozrdR;kZus dks.kR;kgh efgU;kP;k ‘kqDy iapehP;k fno’kh miokl
d:u fiBkP;k iapQ.kk;qä ukxizfresph iwtk djkoh- ik;lkékps
czkã.kHkkstu ?kkykos- ?k`rkP;k vkgqrh nsÅu gkse djkok- ex lqo.kkZph
ukxizfrek czkã.kkyk nku nsÅu ozrlekIrh djkoh-106
559
dks.kR;kgh ‘kq) iapehyk liZiapeh gs ozr djrkr- dR;kZus R;k
fno’kh i;ksozr ikGkos o lqo.kkZpk liZ czkã.kkyk nku |kok- R;keqGs
likZiklwu vHk; izkIr gksrs-107
liZlaLdkjfo/kh gk ,d laLdkj vkgs- gk panzn’kZu;qä
vekoL;sl] ikSf.kZesl fdaok iapehl djkok] vls lkafxrys vkgs- T;kus
;k fdaok iwoZtUeh liZo/k dsyk vlsy] R;kus rks yksdkl fuosnu
d:u rRizhR;FkZ pkSnk —PNªkaps izk;f’pr djkos- izk;f’pÙkknk[ky
czkã.kkyk yksgnaM vxj yksgnaMkps ewY; |kos- ex jkGs] ozhgh] xgw
vFkok rhG ;kaP;k fiBkph liZizfrek cuowu lqikr Bsokoh- izkFkZuksÙkj
R;k liZizfresph iwtk djkoh- ex izk.kk;ke d:u laLdkjkpk ladYi
djkok- laLdkj dekZuarj ykSfddkXuhph izfr”Bk d:u R;kr lfe/kk
VkdkO;k- vXuhP;k vkXu;hyk mndkps izks{k.k d:u fprh djkoh- ex
vkXus;h fn’ksl vxz d:u nHkZ iljkos- uarj vXuhps ifjlewgu]
ifjLrj.k] i;Zq{k.k d:u iwtu djkos- uarj b/ek/kku] vk/kkjgkse o
pk{kq”khgkse d:u liZ fprhoj Bsokok- likZP;k eq[kkr leLr O;kgrhus
vkT;gkse djkok- L;qO;kus ‘ks”k vkT; likZoj ?kkykos- pelik=krhy
mndkus vH;q{k.k d:u ^vXus j{kk .kks* ;k ea=kus vXuh |kok-
R;kosGh ^ueks vLrq liksZH;ks* ;k ea=kus miL;ku djkos- uarj izkFkZuk
djkoh-108
ekxZ’kh”kZ ‘kq) iapehyk ukxfnokGh vls Eg.krkr- ;k fno’kh
ukxizfresph iwtk dj.;kph o ?kjkr tso<s iq#”k vlrhy- R;krhy
izR;sdkP;k ukokps ,dsd iDoké d:u R;koj fnok yko.;kph izFkk
egkjk”Vªkr vkgs- fnok gs nh?kkZ;q”;kps izrhd vkf.k ukx gs dqGkP;k
ewG iq#”kkps izrhd ekurkr- ;k ewG iq#”kkP;k —isus ?kjkrY;k g;kr
iq#”kkauk nh?kkZ;q”; ykHkkos vlk ;kr mÌs’k vlrks-109 ekxZ’kh”kZ ‘kqDy
iapehyk ukxiwtk djrkr- ;kdfjrk iwoZ fno’kh lgk ?kfVdkagwu deh
v’kh prqFkhZ vlwu nqlÚ;k fno’kh lgk ?kfVdkagwu deh iapeh vlsy
560
rj nqlÚ;k fno’kh ¼iapehP;k fno’khp½ ukxiwtk djkoh- iapeh
lw;ksZn;kiklwu lgk ?kfVdkais{kk vf/kd vlY;kl R;kp fno’kh ukxiwtk
gksbZy-110
‘kkafriapeh gs ,d dkE;ozr vkgs- vkf’ou ‘kq) iapehyk gs
uko vkgs- ckjk ukx gs ;k ozrkph nsork gksr- ;k fno’kh nwokZps ckjk
ukx o R;kaP;k ‘kstkjh banzk.khph ewrhZ ekaMwu R;kaph iwtk djkoh vkf.k
nw/k o rhG ;kaps gou djkos] vls lkafxrys vkgs- v’kh ckjk efgus
ckjk ukxkaph iwtk ‘kq) iapehP;k fno’kh d:u m|kukP;k osGh
lqo.kkZps ukx d:u R;kaps nku djkos- ;k ozrkeqGs ukxkaps Hk; u”V
gksÅu ‘kkarh ykHkrs- okjkgiqjk.kkr ;k ozrkpk osxGk i;kZ; lkafxryk
vkgs- rks vlk & dkfrZd ‘kq) iapehyk ozrkjaHk djkok- R;k fno’kh
ik.kh fiÅ u;s- jk=h ‘ks”k’kk;h o v”Vukx ;kaph iwtk djkoh-111
thoRiqf=dkozr gs ,d L=hozr vkgs- vkf’ou ‘kq- v”Vehl mÙkj
izns’kkrhy iq=orh fL=;k gs ozr djrkr- ;k fno’kh miokl d:u nku
nsrkr- gs ozr dsY;kus iq=’kksd gksr ukgh] vls lkafxrys vkgs-112
ukxozr gs ,d dkE;ozr vkgs- ;kps iq<hy nksu i;kZ; vkgsr-
dkfrZd ‘kq) r`rh;sl ozr/kkjh O;ähus miokl djk;pk vlrks vkf.k
‘ks”k] ‘ka[kiky o brj ukx ;akph iwtk d:u R;kauk ldkGh o nqikjh
nw/k iktk;ps vlrs- R;keqGs liZHk;kpk ifjgkj gksrks- dkfrZd ‘kq)
iapehyk deGkP;k ikukoj ukxkph ewrhZ Bsowu R;kyk iapke`rkpk
vfHk”ksd dj.ks o uarj gksegou dj.ks] vlk ;kpk fo/kh vkgs- ;keqGs
fo”kck/ksiklwu eqärk vkf.k Hkk;kZ]larrh o ,s’o;Z ;kaph izkIrh gksrs-113
‘kkafrozr] dkfrZd ‘kq) iapehyk ;k ozrkyk izkjaHk djkok- ,d
o”kZHkj vkacV inkFkZ oT;Z djkos- jk=h ‘ks”kkoj funzk dj.kkÚ;k vkf.k
y{ehP;k ekaMhoj ik; BsoysY;k fo”.kwP;k ewrhZph iwtk djkoh-
ik;kiklwu eLrdki;Zar izR;sd vo;o vkB ukxkaiSdh ,dsdkps izrhd
ekuwu R;kph iwtk djkoh- ukxewrhZuk nw/kkus Luku ?kkykos- m|kiukP;k
561
osGh lksU;kpk ukx] ,d xk; o lksus nku |kos- R;keqGs liZfo”kkP;k
ladVkiklwu eqärk gksrs-114 Jh okjkg egkiqjk.kkr ‘kkafrozrkpk mYys[k
vkgs- v/;k; 58 e/;s ‘kkafrozrkpk fo/kh fnysyk vkgs-115
Ikkacu rqG~Gy dsjGkrhy ,d ukxiwtkfo/kh vkgs- ukxnsokyk
izlé BsoY;keqGs eqys gksrkr o R;kauk mnaM vk;qjkjksX; izkIr gksrs]
v’kh dsjGkrhy fL=;kaph letwr vkgs- R;klkBh R;k iq<hy fo/kku
djrkr- ,[kk|k lqeqgqrkZoj iqYyqou uked iqjksfgrkyk cksykorkr- rks
lekjaHkLFkGh ;srks vkf.k jkaxksGÓkk ?kkywu o iwtklkfgR; r;kj d:u
?ksÅu clrks- ex ;k fo/kkukr Hkkx ?ks.kkÚ;k uk;j eqyh lqLukr gksÅu
,dk jkaxsus iqjksfgrkleksj clrkr- uraj dksMe uked ok|kP;k
lkFkhoj ukxLrks=s xkf;yh tkrkr- ;kosGh dkgh eqyhaP;k vaxkr
ukxnsokpk lapkj gksÅu rks R;k eqyhaP;k iSdh ,dhP;k }kjs vU;
eqyhauk euksjFk iw.kZ gks.;kpk vk’khokZn nsrks- ikacu rqG~Gy ;k
‘kCnkpk vFkZ liZu`R; vlk vkgs-116
Ukkxqypforh gk vka/kzizns’kkrhy ,d l.k- ;kpk vFkZ ukxprqFkhZ
vlk gksrks- ;k fno’kh ck;dk nw/k ?ksÅu ukxkP;k ok#Gk’kh tkrkr o
ukxkyk nw/k ?kkyrkr- ?kjkrhy ek.kls o xqjs ;kauk o”kZHkj lkikpk
minzo gksÅ u;s] gk ;k l.kkpk mÌs’k vlrks-117
3-12 liZfo”kgkjh nsork %
fganw /kekZr T;k fofo/k O;arj nsorkaph fufeZrh >kyh- R;kr
{ks=ikG nsorkapkgh lekos’k vkgs- liZfo”kgkjh nsork ;k O;arj
nsorkaP;k :ikr iwtY;k tkrkr- liZfo”kkiklwu gks.kkjh th ck/kk vlrs-
R;kpk ifjgkj ;k nsorkaP;k miklusrwu gksrks- ukjk;.kLokeh gk n-
Hkkjrkrhy ,d nso vkgs- gk liZfo”kkph ck/kk nwj djrks] v’kh letwr
vkgs- ;kP;k fo”k;hph ,d dFkk izpfyr vkgs] rh iq<hyizek.ks &
ß,d eqyxk ,dnk fe=kalg jkukr ykdMs vk.kk;yk xsyk gksrk- frFks
,d ok:G gksrs- rs ikgwu R;kP;k vaxkr dks.kR;k rjh nSoh izsj.kspk
562
lapkj >kyk vkf.k rks R;k ok#Gkr f’kjyk- cjkscj vl.kkÚ;k fe=kauh
?kjh ;sÅu gh gfddr R;kP;k vkbZckikyk lkafxryh- rh nks?ks
ok#GktoG ;sÅu R;kyk gkdk ekjhr rhu fnol frFks /kj.ks /k:u
clyh- ex rks eqyxk ok#Gkrwu ckgsj vkyk rsOgk R;kP;k gkrkuk
likZps foG[ks gksrs- ex rks vkyk- yksdakuk R;kus lkafxrys dh]
dks.kkyk lki pkoyk rj R;kus nxM MksD;koj ?ksÅu ok#GktoG tkos
vkf.k ^ukjk;.kLokeh* v’kh gkd ekjkoh Eg.kts fo”k mrjsy- ,o<s
lkaxwu iqUgk rks ok#Gkr vn`’; >kyk- dkgh fnol xsY;koj rks
xkokrY;k eqykaP;k vaxkr ;sÅu R;kuk =kl nsÅ ykxyk- ex yksdkauh
R;kps nsÅG cka/kys vkf.k R;kph iwtk lq: dsyh-Þ118
tkgjihj gk eqlyekukaP;k ikp ihjkaiSdh eq[; ohj- ;kyk xqXxk
vlsgh uko vkgs- gk pkSgku jtiwr dqGkr tUekyk vlwugh eqlyeku
yksd ;kyk ihj Eg.kwu Hktrkr- liZfo”k u”V dj.;kps lkeF;Z ;kP;k
vaxh gksrs- Eg.kwu ;kyk tkgjihj gs uko feGkys vlkos vls fnlrs-
ozteaMykr tkxj.k fdaok vU; /kkfeZd iazlxh ;kP;k ukokph vusd
xhrs xk;yh tkrkr- ekjokM o iatkc ;k izns’kkr tkgjihjkph iwtk
dj.kkjs yksd iq”dG vkgsr- frFks ukxiapehyk xqXxkiapeh Eg.krkr o
R;kfno’kh tkgjihjkph iwtk djrkr- dkgh yksd R;kP;k nxMh ewrhZyk
iwtrkr-119 yksdleqnk;kpk ,d nso ;kyk xqxk fdaok xksxk vlsgh
Eg.krkr- iatkc o m- izns’k ;k Hkkxkr ;kph izfl)h vkgs- xqXxkpk
tUe iatkce/;s >kyk vls lkaxrkr- R;kyk tkfgjihj vlsgh uko
vkgs( i.k Jh gfjfd’ku dkSy ;kaP;k ers] R;kps [kjs uko tgfj;kihj
vls vkgs- ikG.;kr [ksGrkuk R;kus ,dk lkikps Mksds pks[kys gksrs-
R;kP;k fo”k;hP;k ,dk vk[;f;dsr R;kps uko eaMyhd gksrs- vls
lkafxrys vkgs- rh v[;f;dk v’kh&
ßo`ankouktoG x<naMjs ;sFks nsohpan pkSgku ukokpk jktk jkT;
djhr gksrk- R;kyk cjsp fnol iq=larku uOgrs- iq<s xksj[kukFkkP;k
563
d`isus R;kyk ,d iq= >kyk- R;kps uko R;kus eaMyhd Bsoys- rks lkr
o”kkZpk >kyk- rsOgk jktkus R;kyk xknhoj cloys- iq<s xkSMcaxkyP;k
lqftZyk uked jktdU;s’kh R;kps yXu Bjfoys( i.k oklqdh ukxkyk
R;k jktdU;sph vfHkyk”kk gksrh- Eg.kwu R;kus R;k yXukr fo?u
vk.kys- iq<s eaMyhdkps oklqdh ukxk’kh ;q) >kys- R;kr oklqdhpk
ijkHko >kyk- ex eaMyhdkus lqftZyk’kh yXu dsys- R;kuarj eaMyhd
ckjk o”ksZ lklqjokMhykp jkfgyk- xqXxk ej.k ikoyk gh xks”V yksdkr
izfl) >kyh( rjh R;kph iRuh lqftZyk fgyk rh ekU; gksbZuk- rh
Eg.ks] ek>k irh eyk jkst jk=h ;sÅu HksVrks( i.k xqxsjhyk rh xks”V
iVsuk- frus ,dk jk=h ikGr Bsoyh- e/;jk=h fryk [kjks[kjp xqXxk
fnlyk- rks ?kksM;ko:u [kkyh mrjY;koj rh ?kksMÓkkP;k xGÓkkyk
/k:u clyh- xqXxk lqftZykdMwu ijr vkyk vkf.k ?kksMÓkkoj Lokj
>kyk- FkksMÓkk osGkus R;kyk dGys dh vkiyh cgh.k ?kksMÓkkP;k
xG;kyk fcyxwu jkfgyh vkgs- rsOgk XkqXxkus fryk EgaVys]^ vkt rw
eyk ikfgysl ;kiq<s eh ijr ;s.kkj ukgh*-Þ
‘keh o`{kkP;k [kkyh xksxkthus ygkuls LFkku vlk;psp- gk
jktLFkkukrhy ikp ohjkaiSdh ,d gks;- liZnsorsP;k :ikr ;kph iwtk
dsoG jktLFkkukrp uOgs rj m-izns’k] fgekpy izns’k] iatkc b-
izns’kkrgh dsyh tkrs-
njo"khZ Hkknzin eklkr ;k fBdk.kh xksxkthP;k ukokus ,d ;k=k
ters- tks ek.kwl gh ;k=k djrks- R;kyk liZna’kkph Hkhrh mjr ukgh-
v’kh yksd/kkj.kk vkgs- jktLFkkukrhy nnjsok gh R;kph tUeHkweh gks;-
jktLFkkukr Hkknzin o| uoehyk xksxk uoeh Eg.krkr- R;k
fno’kh xksxkpk loZ= mRlo gksrks- R;k mRloklkBh dqaHkkj yksd xksxkph
,d ekrhph ewrhZ r;kj djrkr o oktrxktr frph fejo.kwd
czkã.kkP;k ?kjh usrkr- frFks R;k ewrhZph iwtk djfoY;koj fryk
564
?kksMÓkkoj clowu frph fejo.kwd dk<rkr- frFkys yksd ;k ewrhZyk
tkuoh o ?kkjxs gs inkFkZ viZ.k djrkr-120
tkaxqyh ,d ckS) nsork- gh ckjk /kkfj.khiSadh lgkoh nsork
vkgs- liZfo”kkph ck/kk nwj dj.kkjh Eg.kwu fgph izfl)h vkgs- fgP;k
ukokps vusd ea=gh vkgsr- faganwP;k fo”kgjh fdaok eulk nsoh’kh fgps
lk/kE;Z vkgs-
lk/kuekyk ;k xzaFkkr tkaxqyh nsohph nksu izdkjph /;kus
of.kZysyh vkgsr] rh v’kh 1½ ,deq[k] prqHkqZt] tVkeqdqV/kkjh]
‘kqHkzo.kZ] ‘kqHkz jRukyadkj o ‘kqHkz liZ ;kauh foHkwf”kr] i'kwaoj vk:<
>kysyh nksu gkrkauh oh.kkoknu dj.kkjh] MkO;k gkrkr ‘kqHkz liZ
/kj.kkjh o mtO;k gkrkus vHk;eqnzk n’kZfo.kkjh- 2½ f=eq[k] uhy] ihr]
‘kqHkzo.kkZph] “kMHkqt] mtO;k rhu gkrkr [kM~x] otz o ck.k vkf.k
MkO;k rhu gkrkr ik’k] uhydey o /kuq”; /kkj.k dj.kkjh]
ukxQ.khoj vk:<] fnO; oL=kyadkjkauh foHkwf”kr] dkSek;Z y{k.kkauh
eafMr vkf.k eLrdh v{kksH;kph izfrek /kkj.k dj.kkjh- ;k nsohps
,deq[kh] f}Hkqt o xkSjo.kZ vlsgh :i vk<Grs- fgps ,d usikGh fp=
miyC/k vkgs- gh nsoh cq)kP;k dkGkrhy vlwu] cq)kus Lor% vkuan
;k f’k”;kyk frps jgL; o frP;k iwtspk ea= dFku dsyk gksrk] vls
Eg.krkr- iq”dG ckS) yksd fgyk Hktrkr-121
egkek;wjh ,d ckS) nsork vkgs- fgph iapj{kkeaMykr x.kuk
gksrs- gh /;kuhcq) veks?kfl)h ;kP;kiklwu mRié >kY;kps ekurkr-
Eg.kwup fgP;k eqdqVkoj veks?kfl)hph izfrek dksjysyh vlrs- gh
gfjr o.kkZph vlwu f=eq[k o “kM~Hkqt vlrs- fgps mtohdMhy eq[k
fuGs vkf.k MkohdMhy eq[k xkSj vlrs- gh ,dk gkrkr eksjfilkjk
/kkj.k djrs vkf.k fgpk ,d gkr ojn eqnzsr vlrks- vU; gkrkr
/kuq”;ck.k] jru o deaMyw ;k oLrw vlrkr- fgP;k xGÓkkr lqanj
vyadkj vlwu] gh ‘k`axkjHkko n’kZfors- gh v/kZi;Zdklu fLFkrhr
565
vlrs- gh liZfo”k mrjfo.kkjh nsork vkgs] vls ekuys tkrs- fgyk
fo|knsohgh ekurkr-122
caxkye/;s liZfo”kgkjh nsork Eg.kwu eulsph iwtk dsyh tkrs-
frpk mRlo rs eksBÓkk FkkVkekVkr djrkr- vk”kk<] Jko.k] Hkknzin o
vkf’ou ;k pkj efgU;kr fryk cksdMkpk cGh nsrkr o Hkkr] feBkbZ]
QGs b- inkFkkZapk uSos| nk[korkr- ukxiapehP;k fno’kh frph prqHkqZt
ewrhZ cuowu frph fejo.kwd dk<rkr o uarj ,[kk|k tyk’k;kr frps
foltZu djrkr- ikolkGÓkkr liZna’kkph Hkhrh vlrs- rks gksÅ u;s
Eg.kwu ckxMh eulsyk Hktrkr-123
fo”kgkjh ,d xzkensork vkgs- gh liZna’kkps fo”k gj.k djrs]
Eg.kwu fryk gs uko feGkys vlkos- e/; izns’kkrhy o mÙkj
izns’kkrhy dkaph tekrhps yksd fgps mikld vkgsr- mÙkj izns’kkr
fgph vusd eafnjs vk<Grkr- ;k izns’kkrhy yksd ‘khrGk nsohykp
fo”kgkjh vFkok /kj.khekrk vls Eg.krkr- fgyk eulk vlsgh ,d uko
vkgs-124
dslfj;k dqWaaoj gk jktLFkkukryk ,d nso- gk xksxkth pkSgku
;kpk iq= fdaok lacaf/kr vlkok] vls ekurkr- xksxkth gk ns[khy ,d
nsop gksrk- jktLFkkuh fL=;k Hkknzin —“.k v”VehP;k fno’kh R;kph
iwtk djrkr- dslfj;k gk ukxizfresP;k :ikr vk<Grks- ;kyk [khj o
pqjek ;kapk uSos| nk[kforkr- jks[kkoVhP;k cgqrsd loZ dlC;kr
dslfj;kP;k iwtspk iz?kkr vkgs- ^iùk ukx.kdk tk;k* vls Eg.kwu
fL=;k ;kyk oanu djrkr-125
HkSjo gk f’koifjokjkrhy vlwu {ks=ikynsork Eg.kwu ejkBh
yksdthoukyk toGph vkgs- {ks=ikynsork xkokps j{k.k djrkr v’kh
J)k yksdekulkr :tysyh vlY;keqGs yksdnso Eg.kwugh
yksdthoukr HkSjokyk LFkku vkgs- vktgh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr xkokoj
ladV vkys vlsy] nq”dkG iMyk vlsy vkf.k jksxjkbZ iljyh
566
vlsy rj xkokpk j{k.kdrkZ Eg.kwu HkSjokyk lkdMs ?kky.;kph izFkk
dkgh Hkkxkr vk<Grs-
HkSjo f’koifjokjkrhy vlY;keqGs f’koifjokjkrhy Hkwrfi’kkPp
ukx ;kapk xkokrhy yksdkauk minzo >kY;kl HkSjokph izkFkZuk d:u
R;kph —ik laiknu dj.;kph izFkk dkgh Hkkxkr ikgko;kl feGrs-
,[kk|k O;ähl liZna’k >kyk rj R;kykgh HkSjokP;k eafnjkr Bsowu
HkSjokph mikluk dsyh tkrs- R;keqGs liZna’kkps fo”k mrjrs vlk
yksdkapk fo’okl vkgs-126
3-13 liZ vkf.k dky %
likZpk laca/k gk dkGk’kh tksMysyk vkgs- ukxca/kkpk vFkZ
dkykrhrrk vlk ykoyk tkrks- ikSjkf.kd lanHkkZr x#Mkpk i{k ?ksÅu
vfnrhlkBh x.ks’kkus ukxka’kh ;q) d:u R;kauk ftadys vlk mYys[k
vkgs- x.ks’kkus ukxkpk es[kysizek.ks vkf.k ;Kksiohr Eg.kwugh mi;ksx
dsysyk vk<Grks-127 ra=ekxhZ; x.ks’kmikluse/;s x.ks’kewrhZyk nksu
,soth rhu MksGs nk[kfoysys vkgsr- nksu MksGs ckfjd xksy] rj frljk
dikGkoj frjdl] v:an] ykacV] T;ksrhP;k vkdkjkpk vlrks-
dikGkoj panzdksj fdaok d/khd/kh vkMO;k xa/kkP;k rhu js?kk vlrkr-
rFkkfi dikGkojhy panzdksj fdaok d/khd/kh vkMO;k xa/kkP;k rhu js?kk
vlrkr- rFkkfi dikGkojhy panzdksj o frljk MksGk ulysY;kp
ra=ekxhZ; ewrhZ vf/kd izpfyr vkgsr- ;k ewrhZpk izrhdkRed vFkZ
vlk fnyk vkgs- f’kjksHkkxh Eg.kts dky:i xfr’kfä;qDr L=”Vk]
‘kCnczã] iapeq[kliZ Eg.kts iaprÙokuqlkj dk;Z dj.kkjk dky-
eLrdkojhy panzdksj gh lksejlL=kod /kuhHkwrh ve`rrÙo- lksaM
v/kZek=sizek.ks ukn o R;kleosr eksnd gk fcanw- gkrkrhy f=’kwy
f=xq.kkRed f=’käh- ij’kw gk vfo|spk gUrk- ,dk gkrkrhy ykMw gk
l`”Vhpk ladsrfcanw- mafnj gk ;sFks /kekZps izrhd ekuysyk vkgs-128
567
ugqvk dforse/;s dkgh fo/khRed fn’kkaps lanHkZ ;srkr-
dforse/;s dkgh izrhdkRed Hkkx ;srks- iwosZdMhy fn’kk gh ohtsph
|ksrd vkgs- ok?k] x#M] liZ] manhj o ykaMxk gs iwosZdMhy fioGÓkk
jaxkP;k lanHkkZr ;srkr- if’pedsMhy fn’kk gh uofufeZrh’kh o
iqufufeZrh’kh fuxfMr vkgs- iqutZUek’kh fuxfMr vkgs- R;keqGs
L=htxrk’kh ;k fn’kspk egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ vkgs- tsOgk lw;kZLr gksrks rsOgk
chps :ikarj jksiVÓkke/;s gksrs- fioGk jax gk QGk’kh fuxfMr vkgs-
lqQyhdj.kk’kh fuxfMr vkgs-
nsokus fuekZ.k dsysY;k txrke/;s lq#okrhyk LoxZ o i`Foh vlk
dks.krkgh izdkj uOgrk- dkykarjkus rs osxosxGs >kys vkf.k R;kauh
Lor%ps nsoRo fl) dsys vkf.k Lor%ps vejRogh fl/n dsys- R;kuarj
i`Fohoj R;kauh xor] ioZr f’k[kjs tUekyk ?kkryh vkf.k R;k fBdk.kh
iqu% tUe ?ksryk- R;k fBdk.kh rs LoxkZrwu vorjys-129
3-14 fo’opSrU;;qDr liZ %
likZps ‘ksiwV R;kP;kp eq[kkr vl.ks] vls fuekZ.k >kysys orqZG
gs iw.kZRokdMwu iw.kZRokdMps izrhd vkgs- ;krwu oSf’od vuarrk]
fo’opSrU; b- xq.koSf’k”VÓks lkeksjs ;srkr- vusdnk likZpk laca/k gk
vkdk’kxaxs’kh tksMyk tkrks- ukWlZ feFkdke/;s fo’olikZus Lor%P;kp
‘ksiVhpk pkok ?ksrysyk nk[kfoysyk vkgs- fganw feFkddFkkae/;s fo”.kw
gk oSf’od tykP;k ‘ks”k likZoj folkoysyk vkgs- ‘ks”k gk vusdnk
^vuar* ;k ukokus lacks/kyk tkrks- vuar Eg.kts T;kyk var ukgh
vlk tks] Eg.ktsp ‘ks”k- e/; vesfjdsP;k vusd tekrhae/;s fo’oliZ
gk es?kkaP;k Lo:ikr iwtyk tkrks- es?kkapk laca/k gk vkdk’kxaxs’kh
tksMysyk vkgs-130 fganw T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr es?kkauk ukx lacks/kys vkgs-
xzhd feFkdkauqlkj vkdk’k vkf.k u{k= ;kapk izHkko i`Fohoj
lrr gksr vlrks- xzhd feFkdke/;s gsjkfDyl ¼gD;qZyl½ ;kus gk;Mªk
568
likZpk o/k dsysyk vkgs- v’kk izdkjP;k feFkdkae/kwu liZ gk fulxkZps
ÅtkZL=ksr Eg.kwu ekU;rk izkIr >kysyk vkgs-131
i`Fohojhy izR;sd jk”Vªkae/;s osxosxGÓkk ekuoh lewgkr
liZfo”k;d fofo/k dYiuk vkgsr- R;k xw<] Hkhfrnk;d o vejRokP;k
vkgsr- dkj.k ,dw.kp ekuoh lewgkyk gh ckc Hk;kud Lo:ikph
vkgs- dkj.k R;kpk cny.kkjk jax o cny.kkjh Ropk ghp R;kyk
vejRo iznku djrs- likZP;k eq[kke/;s R;kphp ‘ksiVh vlrs- R;keqGs
rks orqZGkdkj gksrks- Eg.kwu R;kph lq#okr o ‘ksoV letwu ;sr ukgh-
osxosxGÓkk dykdqljhe/;s gs n’kZfo.;kr ;srs- izR;sd liZ n’kZfork
;sbZyp vls ukgh- Hkqtax ek= vfo”k/kkjh liZ vkgs-
QkWu ;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj tsOgk i`Fohph fufeZrh >kyh rsOgk
likZus vkiY;k osVksGÓkke/;s i`Fohyk /kjys gksrs vkf.k ekuotkrhyk
i`Fohoj jkg.;kl tkxk fnyh- R;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj likZps 3]500
osVksGs gs i`FohP;k oj vkf.k 3]500 osVksGs gs i`FohP;k [kkyh
vk/kkjklkBh vkgsr- v'kkp izdkjP;k nqlÚ;k dFkse/;s ] pkj LraHkkP;k
Lo:ikr likZus LoxkZyk vk/kkj fnysyk vkgs- R;kiSdh rhu LraHk gs
dkGÓkk] ika<Ú;k o yky jaxkps vkgsr- T;kP;k vFkZ jk=] fnol o
la/khizdk’k vlk gksrks- gs jax Eg.ktsp LraHk gks;-
ik.;krhy pSrU;kps izrhd Eg.kts liZ gks;- ;kapk laca/k gk
i`Foh[kkyhy ik.;k’kh ;srks- rs leqnzkr jkgrkr vkf.k u ikfgysY;k
loksZPp ‘kähps rs okgd vlrkr- likZps osVksGs gs fnlr ukghr(
ijarq rs i`FohHkksorh vkgs vkf.k LoxkZyk vk/kkj nsrkr- liZ gs okgrh
unh] leqnz ;ke/;s fuokl djrkr- ohtspk izdk’k tsOgk ik.;koj
iMrks] tsOgk ik.;koj rjax mBrkr vkf.k rks vkokt nwjoj iljrks-
vxnh lq#okrhyk i`Fohoj loZ= ik.kh gksrs] R;kosGh liZp jkgr gksrs-
R;krwup osxosxGÓkk u|kaps izokg fuekZ.k >kys vkf.k thol`”Vh
569
mn;kyk vkyh- tsOgk likZauh fuekZR;kph Hkwfedk ?ksryh rsOgk
osxosxGÓkk ioZrkaph fufeZrh dsyh-
;k dFksP;k osxosxGÓkk yksdko`Ùkhe/;s likZus Lor% tUe ?ksryk-
R;kuarj R;kP;k eq[kkrwu fuekZR;kyk tUe fnyk vkf.k orZeku i`Fohph
fufeZrh dsyh- izR;sd jk=h tsOgk ioZr vpy gksrkr- rsOgk liZ tkxs
gksrkr vkf.k tsOgk ekuo IkoZr [kksnrkr rsOgk R;kph pkgwy ykxrs-
tsOgk fuekZR;kuh R;kph fuehZrh Fkkacoyh rsOgk R;kus osxosxGs ioZr]
o`{k vkf.k egkdk; izk.kh ikfgys rsOgk i`Fohyk tye; gks.;kiklwu
dls Fkkacokos gk iz’u R;kP;kiq<s fuekZ.k >kyk- rsOgk rks likZyk
Eg.kkyk dh] LoRk%Pkh ‘ksiVh rksaMkr /k:u ;k i`Fohyk vk/kkj ns- rsOgk
rks liZ orqZGkdkj >kyk- tsOgk likZyk dks.kR;kgh izdkjph m”.krk
feGr uOgrh rsOgk fuekZR;kus dkgh yky ekdMkauk ts lewgkr jkgr
gksrs R;kauk vé f’kto.;klkBh yks[akMh LraHk vk.k.;kl lkafxrys
tsOgk rks Hkwdsyk gksrk rsOgk likZus Lor%pk vkdkj o fLFkrh cnyyh
rsOgk Hkwdai >kyk- ekdM gs yks[kaMh LraHk vk.k.;kl v;’kLoh >kys
Eg.kwu likZus Lor%P;k eq[kkr LoRk%ph ‘ksiVh idMwu Bsoyh gksrh- gs
loZ i`Fohcjkscj ?kMys tsOgk i`Fohoj ncko iMsy rsOgk rh iqu%
leqnze; gksbZy vkf.k rks txkpk var vlsy-132 vejRo iznku
>kysyk liZ gk Lor%P;k rkasMkr Lor%ps ‘ksiwV /kjysyk vkgs- R;keqGs
rks orqZGkdkj >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs R;kph lq#okr o ‘ksoV d/khgh
letwu ;sr ukgh- vkfÝdse/;s gs izrhd loZlkekU;i.ks Lohdkjys
tkrs-133
uk;tsjh;krhy Fkks#ck iWuye/;s liZ vkf.k dklo ;kaph iwtk
dsyh tkrs- nkgksehP;k nSordFkkae/;s liZ gk i`Fohyk 3]500
osVksGÓkkauh oj vkf.k [kkywu vk/kkj nsrks- R;kpizek.ks pkj LraHkkP;k
ek/;ekrwu rks vkdk’kkyk vk/kkjgh nsrks- mÙkj uk;tsfj;kr gkÅlk
izns’kkrhy dSyoh’k tekrhr eafnjkP;k HkwHkkxkps nksu lekarj Hkkx
570
dj.;kr vkys- R;kyk LoxZ vkf.k i`Foh v’kh ukos ns.;kr vkyh-
eafnjkpk ojpk Hkkx gk vkdk’k let.;kr vkyk rj [kkypk Hkkx gk
i`Foh let.;kr vkyk-
xqfu;k tekrhrhy ckxk yksdkr likZyk oSf’k”VÓkiw.kZ i)rhus
lktjs dsys tkr- lgk QwV maphP;k ykdMkyk likZlkj[ks dksjys tkrs
vkf.k jaxoys tkrs- ,dk nSordFksuqlkj i`Fohojhy ty v|kigh
likZeqGs osxosxGÓkk u|ke/;s izokghr vkgs- R;keqGs fo’okyk thou
iznku gksrs-134
liZ gs vej thoukps izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu ;srkr- vusd
ijhdFkkae/kwu vkf.k xzhd egkdkO;krwu ;kps lanHkZ feGrkr- likZus
e`R;woj fot; feGfoysyk vkgs- feykukfl;u vkf.k nf{k.k vesfjdu
ijaijsuqlkj likZus ekuokyk d`”khps Kku fnysys vkgs- izkphu bftIr
e/;s jsuuV gh liZ nsork d`”kh lqQyhdj.kk’kh fuxfMr vkgs-
R;kpizek.ks ty vkf.k QGka’kh ns[khy fuxfMr vkgs- nf{k.k if’pe
vkf’k;k vkf.k phue/;s liZ gh tynsork Eg.kwu izfl) vkgs-
vWfj>ksu izns’kkrhy gksih bafM;Ul tekrhr vkWxLV efgU;ke/;s liZ
mRlo lktjk dsyk tkrks- iwoZ Hkkjrke/;s ns[khy likZpk laca/k gk
lqQyhdj.kk’kh vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy vusd xzkeh.k Hkkxkrwu eqykaP;k
tUekuarj liZiwtk dsyh tkrs- vesfjdu laLd`rhe/;s Qkywl ;k nqgsjh
likZph izrhd Eg.kwu iwtk dsyh tkrs- izkphu eWfDldksrhy dksMsDl
cksftZ;k ;k tekrhr likZP;k ek/;ekrwu fyax ¼oh;Z½ fu;a=.k dsys
tkrs- izkphu xzhd xqgkae/;s MhesVj gh nsork liZ nsork Eg.kwu iwftyh
tkrs- liZ gk i`Fohoj vktgh ‘kfäo/kZd nsork Eg.kwu fojkteku vkgs-
vusd tekrhapk vlk fo’okl vkgs dh] likZyk iznh?kZ dkGkps thou
ykHkysys vkgs- R;k izek.ks R;kP;k RopsP;k cnyR;k jaxkeqGs rks vej
>kyk vkgs- jkseu laLd`rhe/;s liZ gk oS|d’kkL=kpk izfrfu/kh
¼thouo`{k½ Eg.kwu ;srks-135
571
3-15 liZ vkf.k fuekZrk %
vusd yksdlewgkrhy iqjk.k dFkake/;s liZ gk txrkph tuuh
Eg.kwu ;srks- fuekZrk Eg.kwu ;srks- Mª;qbM~l tekrhrhy izkphu
ijaijsuqlkj txrkph fufeZrh gh vaMÓkkrwu >kysyh vkgs- gs vaMs
likZP;k eq[kkrwu ckgsj iMysys vkgs- izkphu bftIr e/;s v’kk izdkjs
liZ nsorsps iwtu gksrs-
izkphu eWfDldks dFksuqlkj] vfodflr dky[kaMkr tyke/;s
,d lqanj L=h jkgr gksrh- Dosr>kdksVh o >dSV fyiksdk ;kauh
Lor%yk likZe/;s :ikrafjr dsys- R;kiSdh ,d i`Foh >kyk o nqljk
LoxZ >kyk- mÙkjif’pe vesfjdsrhy vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s vlk
let vkgs dh] fgokGÓkkr tsOgk frFks lw;Zizdk’k iMrks rsOgk frFks rks
va/kkjkps o ik.;koj vf/kjkT; xktorks- gs flflÅy ;k liZ nsorsP;k
ek/;ekrwu izdkf’kr dsys tkrs- jksly csVkaoj v’kh letwr vkgs dh]
oksuktks] th liZnsork vkgs] frusp csV o rkjkax.k ¼tehu o vkdk’k½
;kaph fufeZrh dsyh vkgs- mÙkj if’peh vkWLVsªfy;krhy muxkjhfu;u
;k tekrhr lq)k i`Fohph fufeZrh gh likZusp dsyh v’kh letwr
vkgs- i`Foh:ih vaMÓkkrwu ekuokpk loZ izFke iwoZt okaMftuk gk
tUekyk vkyk-136
Hkkjrkrhy fganw /kekZr lq)k ikSjkf.kd ok³~e;kr l`”Vhph fufeZrh
gh c`gr~ vaMÓkkrhy pSrU;kiklwu >kyh vls lkafxrys vkgs-
egkHkkjrkrhy vkfniokZr ¼vuqØef.kdkioZ½ c`gr~ vaMÓkkrhy
pSrU;kiklwu iq<s nsokfnd psrul`”Vh mn; ikoyh] v’kh uksan vkgs-
eq[; nso rsgsrhl vkgsr- vkB olw] vdjk #nz] ckjk vkfnR;] banz o
iztkirh gs rs gksr-137
ijes’oj vkf.k txr ;kph fufeZrh ,dnkp >kysyh vkgs-
R;kpk laca/k ik.kh vkf.k fgjO;k jaxklkj[kk vkgs- R;kpk ojpk v/kkZ
Hkkx gk ekuoklkj[kk vkgs rj [kkypk v/kkZ Hkkx gk likZlkj[kk vkgs-
572
R;kyk yky MksGs o csMdkpk vkokt gksrk- R;kyk v[kaM gkr gksrs
vkf.k R;kaP;k ‘kjhjkoj fgjos dsl gksrs- R;kP;koj ik.;kph ped
gksrh- R;kus vkB eqykauk tUe fnyk gksrk- R;k pSrU;kauk uqeks vls
lacks/k.;kr ;srs vkf.k rs LoxkZr ijes’ojkdMwu dkgh lwpuk
feGfo.;klkBh xsys gksrs- frFks R;kauk iwoZt fnlys- T;kaP;k va’kkiklwu
R;kaph fufeZrh >kyh gksrh- R;kusp txrke/;s pSrU; fuekZ.k dsys gksrs-
ts pSrU; Eg.kts ty gks;- uqeks gh tynsork >kyh- frP;k iklwup
izdk’kkph fufeZrh >kyh-138
3-16 banz/kuq”; vkf.k liZ %
banz/kuq”;kph izfrek gh i`Foh vkf.k vkdk’k ;krhy leUo;d
Eg.kwu ;srs- R;kpcjkscj likZph izfrek Eg.kwu ns[khy banz/kuq”; ;srks-
izkphu ijf’k;u feFkdke/;s] vkWLVªsfy;u dFkkae/;s mÙkj vkf.k nf{k.k
vesfjdu dFkkae/;s gh feFk BGdi.ks fnlwu ;srs- vkWLVªsfy;ke/;s
banz/kuw liZ gh egÙoiw.kZ nsork Eg.kwu lacks/kyh tkrs- fo’ks”k
Eg.kwu laL—rhph fuekZrh vkf.k lqQyhdj.k fo/khph tuuh Eg.kwu gh
nsork ;srs-
if’pe vkWfÝdse/;s ^nk* fdaok ^nku* ukokph liZ nsork vkgs-
fo’ks”k Eg.kts fgph vk—rh gh Lor%ps ‘ksiwV Lor%P;k rksaMke/;s
vl.kkjh vkgs- fo’ks”kr% nSohxq.k Eg.kwu banz/kuw vkf.k ik.kliZ gh
lqQyhdj.kkps izrhd Eg.kwu ;srs- ^nk* ;k nsorsiklwup nackyk gh
nsork tUekyk vkysyh vkgs- gh LoxZ vkf.k i`Foh ;kaP;krhy
leUo;d vkgs-
nf{k.k vesfjdsrhy vjkod feFkdke/;s banz/kuq”; gs ik.klikZps
izrhd Eg.kwu ;srs- n- dWfyQksfuZ;k e/;s lGlG.kkjk liZ gk
vkdk’kkps pSrU; Eg.kwu ;srks- okrkoj.kkrhy] gokekukrhy ;krqe;
cny gs ;k likZeqGsp ?kMrkr v’kh R;kaph /kkj.kk vkgs-139
573
ywb;k ;kP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj] ijes’ojkus ikÅl fuekZ.k dsyk o
loZ ik.kh i`Fohoj ;sÅ ykxys- iM.kkÚ;k ikolkyk Fkkacfo.;kph
ijes’ojkyk xjt okVyh ukgh- rsOgk nksu banz/kuq”; fuekZ.k dsys- v:an
banz/kuq”; gk iq#”k gksrk rj :an banz/kuq”;kph L=h gksrh- iq#”k banz/kuq”;
ikÅl Fkkacow ‘kdr uOgrk( ijarq rks ifgyk –‘;eku >kyk- rks L=h
banz/kuq”;kph ekxs ykxyk rsOgk ikÅl Fkkacyk-
Msgkseh e/khy QkWu nSordFkkae/;s] nqgsjh banz/kuq”;kph ladYiuk
vkgs- gs likZps izrhd vkgs- R;krhy yky jax gk iq#”k likZps izrhd
vkgs rj fuGk jax gk L=h likZps ¼ukfxuh½ ps izrhd vkgs- nqgsjh
likZph gh izfrek dykdqlj vkf.k dFkkae/kwu i`Fohyk vk/kkj ns.kkjh
vkgs- R;kpk fo’okl vkgs dh] ,d liZ gk i`Foh Hkksorh vkgs rj
nqljk liZ gk vkdk’kkHkksorh vkgs- banz/kuq”;kpk ‘ksoV gh yksdkalkBh
vk’p;kZph ckc vkgs- T;k fBdk.kh ioZr vkgsr] R;k fBdk.kh likZpk
fuokl vlrks] v’kh /kkj.kk vkgs-
nf{k.k vkfÝdse/;s vls lkafxrys tkrs dh] ekuokus banz/kuq”;
lairks rh tkxk ‘kks/kysyh vkgs- rks ‘kD; frrD;k tksjkr R;kyk
ekj.;kpk iz;Ru djrks-
>kafc;k ns’kkrhy by tekrhrhy yksdkauh banz/kuq”;kpk ‘ksoV
‘kks/kysyk vkgs- R;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj T;k fBdk.kh banz/kuq”;kpk ‘ksoV
vkgs R;kfBdk.kh vXuh izToyhr gksrks-140
mÙkj vkWLVªsfy;ke/;s ns[khy banz/kuq”;kyk liZ Eg.kwup vksG[kys
tkrs- dkj.k R;k banz/kuq”;krwup o”kkZ gksr vlrs vkf.k o”kkZ ok ik.kh
gsp thoukoj fu;a=.k Bsor vlrs- gk banz/kuq”; tykph lkBo.kwd
djrks- vusd LoIudFkkae/;s liZ gk txrkpk fuekZrk Eg.kwu ;srks-
likZaP;k vusd dFkkae/kwu i;kZoj.kkP;k lanHkkZr tkx`drk fnlwu ;srs-
vusd vkfnoklh tekrhae/;s lw;Z vkf.k liZ ;kapk laca/k tksM.;kpk
iz;Ru dsyk vkgs- ;k banz/kuq”;k’kh lacaf/kr likZP;k feFkdkapk laca/k gk
574
tehu] ty] thou] lkekftd laca/k o lqQyhdj.k b-‘kh lacaf/kr
vkgs- vkWLVªsfy;ke/;s banz/kuq”; likZpk laca/k gk vuar ‘ks”kk’kh
¼a Large Snake½ tksMysyk vkgs-141
3-17 liZ vkf.k pØorhZ lezkVin %
phue/khy yksdlewgkr v’kh letwr vkgs dh] liZ gk
pØorhZin feGowu nsrks- rks LoxZizkIrh feGowu nsrks- phupk ifgyk
lezkV gqvkax nh gk MªWxupk oa’kt gksrk vls ekuys tkrs- R;keqGs
R;kus vkiY;k /otkoj MªWxups fpUg Lohdkjys gksrs- dkj.k MªWxu gk
vf}rh; ‘kähps izrhd vkgs- phue/;s liZ gk fioGlj fdaok lksusjh
jaxkr iapeq[kh nk[kfoyk tkrks- phu e/khy fofo/k dqGkae/;s rks
lkezkT;kps izrhd Eg.kwu ekuyk tkrks- ,o<sp uOgs rj phuP;k
jk”Vª/otkoj ns[khy MªWxups izrhd fpUgkafdr dsysys vkgs- phue/khy
vusd egÙokP;k LFkkukaoj vkf.k FkMX;kaoj MªWxufpUg dksjysys vkgs-
phue/;s v’kh letwr vkgs dh] tsOgk ,[kknk lkezkT;drkZ tUekyk
;srks- rsOgk R;kP;k ‘kjhjkoj MªWxups fpUg tUer%p lk{kkafdr >kysys
vlrs-142
3-18 ukx vkf.k lqQyhdj.k %
ukxkP;k vkdkjekukeqGs vkf.k iqutZUekeqGs ukx gs tuuasfnz;kps
izrhd vkgs- lqQyhdj.kklkBh ikS#”kRokph vko’;drk vlrs- vusd
ukxkaP;k izfrek gÓkk ?kjke/;s o eafnjke/;s iwftY;k tkrkr- vls
lkafxrys tkrs dh] ,dnk jktkus liZiwtsoj canh vk.kyh gksrh] rsOgk
R;kP;k jkT;kyk nq”dkGkyk lkeksjs tkos ykxys- tsOgk jktkus
oklqdhph izkFkZuk dsyh rsOgk R;k jkT;kr tyo”kkZ >kyh-143
tuusafnz;kpk laca/k gk ikolk’kh tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs- ikÅl gk
likZlkj[kk tehu lqQyhr djrks-144 if’pe vkfÝdsP;k
v’kkarhe/khy ,nhQsnks ¼Aidophedo½ gk liZ nso vkgs- R;kus
Lor%P;kp ‘ksiVhpk pkok ?ksrysyk vkgs- if’pe vkfÝdsP;k
575
csuhue/khy nkgkseh ¼Dahomey½ feFkdkuqlkj liZ gk vkiY;k
osVksGÓkkaP;k lkgk¸;kus izR;sd ?kVdkyk vk/kkj nsrks- R;kuk nku ¼Dan½
vls Eg.krkr- osMks ¼Weddo½ gh nku ;k likZph iRuh vkgs- gkbMªk gs
u{k= vodk’kke/;s vfojr dk;Zjr vkgs- rs ‘kreq[kh liZ vkgs-145
gD;Zqyl ;k ;ks)Ókkus gkbMªkpk ijkHko dsysyk vkgs- phue/;s liZ gk
izkeq[;kus tykP;k lkgk¸;kus jkgrks v’kh yksdfiz; letwr vkgs-
fadacgquk tykoj R;kpsp vf/kjkT; vlrs vls EgVys tkrs- /kc/kck]
>jk] unh ok leqnz ;k loZ fBdk.kh R;kps okLrO; vlrs- phue/;s
pkj izeq[k likZaps jkts ekuysys vkgsr- iwoZ phupk leqnz] nf{k.k
phupk leqnz] fganw egklkxj] mÙkj leqnz ;k pkjgh leqnzkae/;s gs jkts
okLrO; o vf/kjkT; xktorkr- ik.;kpk laca/k gk i;kZoj.kk’kh vkgs-
rsOgk liZ vkf.k i;kZoj.k vlk ?kfu”V laca/kgh tksMyk tkrks- phu
e/khy vusd xzkeh.k Hkkxkae/;s liZnsorsph eafnjs vkgsr-146 phuP;k
lkaL—frd ijaijkae/;s uohu o”kkZph lq#okr gh liZnsorkaP;k iwtsus
dsyh tkrs- ty vkf.k i;kZoj.k ;krhy ;ksX; larqyu Bso.;kps dk;Z
liZnsork djhr vlrs- ;k mRlokae/;s phuh yksd likZph os’kHkw”kk
ifj/kku djrkr-147 phue/khy MªWxufo”k;h fuf’pr vls er ukgh-
dkgh la’kks/kdkaP;k erkuqlkj] dqyfpUg@ lewgfpUg gs liZ] eklk]
exj ;kaP;k vkdkjekuko:u fuekZ.k >kysys vkgs- MªWxupk laca/k
vusdnk lk/kE;kZeqGs exjh’kh tksMyk tkrks- dkj.k vkfne
dky[kaMke/;s exj gh MªWxuphp fofo/krk gksrh- phuP;k lkaL—frd
oSHkokr MªWxu fdaok osVksGs/kkjh liZ gk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ctkorks-
phupk laLFkkid] lkezkT;drkZ gqvkax Mh ;kP;k dksVkP;k cktwaoj
liZfp= js[kkVysys gksrs- R;keqGsp rks izfrLi/;kZauk ijkHkwr djhr
vls-148
;qjksih;u feFkdkae/;s MªWxu gh liZnsork vkgs- rh vusd
izk.;akps lafeJ.k vkgs- izkphu bftIre/;s frpk lac/k exjh’kh
576
tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrke/;s o phu e/;s ,ysQaV MªWxu
o phue/;s LVWx MªWxu Eg.kwu frph vksG[k vkgs-
MªWxupk laca/k gk izk.kh] leqnz] u|k] vks<k] Mcdh ok <xka’kh
tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs- ik.;kpk vkf.k MªWxupk ikSjkf.kd ¼fefFkdy½
lac/k vkgs- ;qjksih;u feFkdke/;s liZnsork lac/k MªWxu’kh tksM.;kr
vkysyk vkgs-149
vkf'k;k [akMkrhy Hkkjr] usikG ;k fganq/kehZ; izns’kke/;s laekrj
ikrGhoj lakLd`frd iajijkae/;s vkf.k nSordFkake/;s ukxkpk egÙoiw.kZ
lgHkkx vkgs- ;k /kekZe/;s ukxkapk laca/k gk fulxZ pSrU;k’kh
yko.;kr vkysyk vkgs- >jk] foghjh] u|k b- pk rks laj{kd vkgs-
rks ikÅl ikMrks vkf.k tfeuhyk moZjkoLFkk iznku djrks- u|k]
fofgjh] leqnz gs R;kps fuoklLFkku vlrs-150 chj ;kaP;k erkuqlkj]
lkfgR;kr vkf.k f’kYi’kkL=kr ukx vkf.k fparke.kh ¼fyax½ ;kapk
,df=r laca/k n’kZfoysyk vkgs-
nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy vusd HkwHkkxkr ukxeafaaaanjs vk<Gwu ;srkr- R;k
eafnjkae/;s ukxeaMyklkj[ks vusd fo/kh ikj ikMys tkrkr- mÙkj
Hkkjrke/;s vusd ukxoa’kh tekrh g;k ukxkl Lor%ps iwoZt ekurkr-
o#.k gh oSfnd nsork ukxkph izeq[k nsork vkgs- o#.k gk ukxkpk
jktk vkgs- ukx gs ikrkGkr jkgrkr- thou vkf.k vejRo ns.;kps
dk;Z ukx djr vlrks- vkfniokZr ;kpk lac/k ;srks- lqi.kZ gk
ve`rdaqHk ?ksÅu iz;k.k djhr vlrkuk ve`rkps dkgh Fksac xorkoj
iMys- R;kp{k.kh ukxkauh vkiY;k ftHksus rs ve`rkps Fksac pkVys- rsOgk
R;akph ftHk foHkkxyh- R;k {k.kkiklwu rs f}ftOgk/kkjd >kys- fo”.kw gh
nsork vusdnk ‘ks”kkP;k N=k[kkyh igqMysyh nk[kfoyh tkrs- f’kokP;k
XkG;kHkksorh liZ vlrks- x.ks’kkP;k nksanw Hkksorh likZps osVksGs
vlrs-151
577
dkf’ejh Hkk”kse/;s ^>jk* fdaok ^>j.kk* ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ukx
vlk gksrks- uhyeriqjk.kke/;s 527 ukxkaph iwtk dk’ehje/;s dsyh
tkrs] vls EgVys vkgs- vdcjkP;k dky[kaMkrhy izfl) bfrgkldkj
vcqy Q>y ;kus dk’ehje/;s lkr’ks liZeafnjs cf?krY;kph uksan vkgs-
ukxkaph cgqrka’kh loZ eafnjs gh >jk] unh] vks<k b- P;k cktwyk
cka/kysyh vkgsr- R;k fBdk.kh nSuafnu liZiwtk dsyh tkrs- /kkfeZd
fo/khaps egÙoiw.kZ LFkku Eg.kwu ;k eafnjkadMs cf?krys tkrs- dYg.kP;k
^jktrjafx.kh* xzaFkke/;s lqJok vkf.k iùukx ;k liZnsorkaph eafnjs cqyj
>Ú;kP;k cktwyk vlY;kph uksn vkgs- dk’ehje/;s pkj fnDiky
Eg.kwu pkj ukxkauk ekU;rk fnysyh vkgs- fcanqljk gk iwosZpk] Jhendk
gk nf{k.kspk] ,yki= gk if’pespk vkf.k mÙkjeulk gk mÙkjspk
fnDiky vkgs- vuarukx ftYgÓkke/;s vf/kd o”kkZizkIrhlkBh oklqdh
ukxklkBh tyR;kx dsyk tkrks- rsFkhy yksdkaph v’kh J)k vkgs dh]
tyR;kx dsY;kuarj oklqdh ukx gk vf/kd o”kkZ nsrks fdaok
vf/kdkf/kd o”ksZyk Fkkacorks- T;k O;ähyk Ropkfodkj gksrks] vlk
O;äh rks cjk gks.;klkBh vuarukx ;sFkhy xa/kdukx ;k >Ú;krhy
ik.;kus Luku djrks- R;keqGs R;kpk fodkj Rofjr cjk gksrks-
dk’ehj e/khy vusd l.k&mRlo gs liZiwts’kh lacaf/kr vkgsr-
o”kkZP;k lq#okrhyk fgokG;kr iM.kkjk cQZ fuyk ;k liZnsors’kh
fuxfMr vkgs- ,fizy efgU;krhy bjkeaftjh iwtk bFkiklwu rs
tqyS&vkWxLVe/khy o#.k iapeh iwtsi;Zar gs mRlo pkyysys vlrkr-
ts”BkP;k d`”.k i{kkr r{kd;k=k ukokpk eksBk mRlo vk;ksftr dsyk
tkrks-152 d’;ikuarjp dk’ehj gs uko R;k Hkw{ks=kl izkIr >kys
vlkos- dk’ehje/;s >js gsp [kÚ;k vFkkZus tyL=ksr vkgsr-
dk’ehje/khy yksdfiz; unh forLrk ¼>sye½ fgus osjhukx ;k
>Ú;kiklwu tUe ?ksrysyk vkgs- uhyer iqjk.kke/;s ;k unhps /kkfeZd
egÙo fo’kn dsysys vkgs- ,s’o;kZps izrhd ekuyh tk.kkjh y{eh gh
578
fganw nsork dk’ehje/khy fo’kksdk ;k unhr fuokl djrs] vls ekuys
tkrs- izR;sd ukxoa’kh;kph ,d laj{kd nsork Eg.kwu liZ ;srs- fganw
yksd gs lw;kZyk vkf.k iwoZtkauk ty viZ.k djrkr- vejukFk ;sFkhy
fgefyaxkps n’kZu ?ks.;kiwohZ ‘ks”kukxkps n’kZu ?;kos ykxrs-
eqLyhe lektnss[khy fofo/k i)rhus ukxkph vkjk/kuk djrks- gs
vusd mRlokae/;s LoPN ok fu”dyadi.ks lekfo”V gksrkr- mnk- bZn-
rs ;k fnolkr likZlkBh ekls Vkdr ukghr- vuarukx ftYgÓkke/;s
ikÅl iM.;klkBh rsFkhy eqlyeku gs J)sus /kkfeZd fo/khr lgHkkxh
gksrkr- R;kaP;k /keZfo/khe/;s vusd tyR;kx ok véR;kx dsyk tkrks-
ukxkauk ¼oklqdhyk½ viZ.k dsyk tkrks-153
3-19 liZ vkf.k oS|dh; {ks= %
vk/kqfud oS|dh; {ks=ke/;s liZfpUgkpk okjaokj mi;ksx gksrkuk
fnlrks- oS|dh; {ks=kP;k ;k izrhdkRed cks/kfpUgkl xzhd lkaLd`frd
ik’oZHkweh vkgs- nksu lkikaps osVksGÓkkryk f’kjksHkkxh nksu ia[k vlysyk
gk ^naM* ¼NMh½ ^dWMlhv~l* Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- viksyks ;k
xzhdkaP;k lw;Znsorsus rks geZl nsorsP;k gkrkr fnY;kph /kkj.kk vkgs-
xzhdkaph geZl~ nsork Eg.ktsp jkseukaph eD;qZjh nsork gks;- izkphu
xzhle/khy MkWDVjkaph O;kolkf;d Js.kh ^vWLDysik;Msl* ;k vkS”k/kkP;k
nsorsP;k ukokus dk;Zjr gksrh- viksykspk gk iq= ekrk dksjksfulP;k
xHkkZr vlrkukp frpk xjksnji.kkr e`R;w >kyk- vafre laLdkjklkBh
fryk fprsoj Bsoys vlrkuk fiR;kyk xHkkZrY;k ftoar vHkZdkfo”k;h
vuqdaik okVY;kus R;kus frps iksV dkiwu ckGkyk lq[k:i ckgsj
dk<ys- ^vWLDysik;Msl* pk ‘kCn’k% vFkZ ^dkiwu m?kM.ks* vlk gksrks-
R;kp ukokus vkS”k/kkph nsork vksG[kyh xsyh- rkjdkfo’okr liZ/kkjh
u{k=kP;k :ikr ;k nsorsps v<G vfLrRo vkgs- vWLDysik;MlP;k
gkrkrY;k naMkoj ,dkp lkikps osVksGs vlrs rj dWMlh;kloj nksu
lkikaps ,o<kp Qjd- dWMlh;l ladYiusr ifjiw.kZrk vkgs- xzhdkps
579
dWMfl;l Eg.kts fganw /kekZrhy dqaMfyuh- naM lq”kqEuk] nksu lik&bMk]
ihaxyk] naMkps [kkyps Vksd&ewyk/kkj pØ] lkikaP;k osVksG;kps Nsnfcanw
vuqØes Lok/kh”Bku] ef.kiwj] vukgr] fo’kq) pØ rj nksu ia[kke/;s
vkKk vkf.k naMkpk f’kjksHkkx lgL=koj pØ] dqaMfyuh izk.kk;ke
jänkc] nek] ekufld rk.k&r.kkokoj ifj.kkedkjd vlyk rjh
R;kekxpk ewG mís’k vkiY;k ekufld tkf.kok mapko.ks gk vkgs-
dWMlh;l vkf.k dqafMfyuh e/;s rs lw;Znsork vkf.k likZauk egÙokps
LFkku vkgs- likZP;k ckcrhr lqihdrsps] ‘kgk.ki.kkps izrhd] j{kd]
e`R;qnkrk] vk/;kfRed {ks=krhy lgpj ;k vusd vaxkauh vki.k
lkÚ;kadMs ikgrks-154
dWMlhvl izek.ksp lqesfj;u laLd`rhe/;s fuaxh>hnk
¼Ningizzidaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa½ gh liZ nsork ekuyh tkrs- gh laj{kd nsork Eg.kwu
ekU; vkgs- ‘The Golden wand of medicine’ ;k xazFkkr Walter. J.
Frieadlander ;kauh dWMlhvl fo”k;h Lor%ps er izfriknhr dsys
vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] “A History of the caduceus symbol in medicine
collected hundreds of examples of the caduceus and the rod of
Asclepius and found that professional associations were just
somewhat more likely to use the staff of A sclepius, which
commercial organizations in the medical field were more likely to
use the caduceus.’” 155
o`{kkP;k tfeuhr T;k eqGÓkk [kksyoj iljysY;k vlrkr- R;kr
,d izdkjps vkS”k/khrÙo vlrs- vlk fulxZfu;e vkgs- R;k eqGÓkk
Eg.kts liZ v’kh n- vkfÝdse/;s letwr vkgs- dkj.k R;k eqGÓkkae/;s
,d izdkjps vk;qosZfnd rÙo vlrs- gs rÙo nSoh Lo:ikps vkgs- gs
rÙo vejRokps vlrs- R;kp izek.ks R;kpk okij fo”k mrjfo.;kBh
lq)k gksrks- cs’kq) O;ähyk ‘kq)hoj vk.k.;klkBh vusd vkfne
tekrh g;k o`{kkaP;k eqGÓkkapkp okij djrkr- gs /;kukr ?;kos ykxrs-
580
R;keqGs likZyk thounk=h nsork fdaok e`R;qnsork (Titan) Eg.kwu
lacks/kys tkr vlr-156
liZ vkf.k izfr’kks/k gs t.kw lw=p vkgs- likZauk nh?kZ}s”kh Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkrs- vkiyk izfr’kks/k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh rs fdrhgh dkG
okV ikgrkr- R;kp izek.ks O;ähP;k vusd fi<Ókkapk {k; djrkr-;kps
mÙke mnk- Eg.kts ^r{kd* liZ gks;- v’olsukP;k e`R;wpk izfr’kks/k
Eg.kwu ijhf{krkyk naM ns.ks xjtssps- R;klkBh R;kus ijhf{krkyk pkok
?ksryk vkf.k R;kl nsgeqDr dsys( ijarq gs loZ liZ lfo”k/kkjh liZ
vlrkr- fufoZ”k/kkjh liZ gs izfr’kks/k ?ksr ukghr- vWMxj vWyu iks P;k
‘The cask of Amontillado’ ;k dFksr liZ gk nh?kZ}s”kh Eg.kwu vkysyk
vkgs- tkxfrd feFkdkae/;s gk dYiukca/k loZ= vk<Grks-157
ukWlZ vkf.k V;wVksfud feFkdkae/;s i`Fohyk o`{k lacks/kys xsys
vkgs vkf.k R;k o`{kkP;k eqGÓkk g;k likZyk vksG[kys xsys vkgs- T;k
eqG;k ok liZ i`Fohyk LFkS;Z iznku djrkr- gs ,d vkfne izrhd
vkgs-158
3-20 ukx vkf.k dqaMfyuh ¼;ksx’kkL=½ %
;ksx’kkL=ke/;s dqaMfyuhyk vaR;r egÙokps LFkku vkgs-
‘kjhjkrhy lgk pØakiSdh ef.kiwj ukokP;k pØktoG vl.kkjh ukMh-
fgpk vkdkj lkiklkj[kk vkgs vls letrkr-159 daqMfyuh gh ,d
‘käh vkgs- dqaMy Eg.kts osVksGs d:u jkg.ks- Eg.kwu fgyk dqaMfyuh
vls Eg.krkr- rhu iw.kZ o ,d v/ksZ v’kh frph lkMsrhu osVksGh
vlrkr- dqaMfyuh ‘kCnkpk vusd O;k[;k dsysY;k vk<Grkr- 1-
izk.k’kDrh 2-‘ks”k&vaur czãkaMkph jpuk d:u f’kYyd mjysyh-
txkyk vk/kkj:i 3-ekufld ‘käh 4- izKkikjferk 5-fnO;
vkfn’kähps O;ä :i 6-fo’oO;kih fo|qr ‘käh 7-fp=’käh
czã’käh fdaok thokRE;kph izk.kLo:i vkfn’käh 8-vk/;kfRed ‘käh
9-‘kjhjkarxZr lqIr psruk ‘käh-160
581
Kkus’oajkuh vkiY;k Kkus’ojhr dqaMfyuhyk lfiZ.khP;k :ikr
lkdkj dsys vkgs rs Eg.krkr]
ßukxkps fiyas A daqdqes ukgyasA
oG.ks ?ksÅu vkysA lsts tSlsAA
rS’kh rs dqaMfyuh A eksjdh vkSVoG.kh
v/kkseq[k lfiZ.khA futSyh tSlhA
rs dqaMfyuh txnaCkk A ts pSrU;pØoRkhZph ‘kksHkkA
ft;k fo’oohtf;pk dksaHkkA lkMyh dsYkk A
ts ‘kqU; fyxakph fiaMhA ts ijekRe;k f’kokph djaMhA
ts izk.;kph m?kMhA tUehHkwehAAÞ
Kk-v-6ok vksoh 222]223]224
dqaMfyuh ‘käh gh Hkqtaxkizek.ks vlwu rh lkMsrhu osVksGs ?kkywu
eqy/kkjdpØkr LoLFk funzk ?ksr vlrs- ;k lkMsrhu osVksG;kaP;k lac/k
dks.kh vksadkjkP;k lkMsrhu ek=ka’kh ykorkr] rj dks.kh frps lkMsrhu
os<s rq;sZ’kh lacf/kr v’kk voLFkk=;kps |ksrd ekurkr-
;ksx’kkL=kizek.ks ewyk/kkj pØke/;s ikBhP;k d.;kP;k
izkajHkLFkkuh dqaMfyuh vlrs- dqaMfyuhP;k mRFkkiukeqGs ekuokyk
czãKku izkIr gksrs- Eg.kts thokReSD; gksrs- vlk fl)akr vkgs-
ekuokl euq”;Ro ;k dqaMfyuhusp izkIr gksrs- ekuokph oSKkfud iw.kZrk
;k dqaMfyuhP;k Kkukusp gksrs- ‘kkL=kr ;k dqaMfyuhyk liZ gh laKk
vkgs- Eg.kwu dqaMfyuh vFkok liZ ;k nksUgh voLFkk ,dp vkgsr-
ekuokph mRiÙkh dqaMfyuhiklwu >kyh Eg.kwu dqaMfyuh o liZ gs ,dp
vkgsr- gh xks”V y{kkr ?ksÅup ‘kkL=dkjkauh likZph fØ;k dj.;kps
fo/kku Bsoys vkgs-
oklqdh likZps MksD;koj i`Foh vkgs- vls iqjk.ks lkaxrkr-
oSKkfud vFkkZus lki Eg.kts oklqdh Eg.ktsp dqaMfyuh gks;-
dqaMfyuhP;k MksD;koj i`Foh Eg.kts tM Lo:i ulwu izFke rÙo
582
vagdkj Eg.kts eh i.kkph vktho:i i`Foh ghp vkgs- rks thokRek
liZ gksrks- R;kP;k loZ Hkkouk HkkSfrdp vlrkr- HkkSfrd oklukaph
rhozrk >kY;koj rks ewyLo:i dqaMfyuh Eg.kts liZ;ksuhr tkrks-161
fganw vkf.k ckS) ;ksx i/nrhr dqaMfyuh tkx`rhe/;s liZ vkf.k dey
;kapk laca/k n’kZfoysyk vkgs- izR;sd O;ährhy nSoh’kähph fufeZrh
dj.;klkBh dqaMfyuh tkx`rh dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ;klkBh izk.k ok
‘okl fdaok fpÙkkps ,dhdj.k vko’;d vlrs- gh dqaMfyuhph eR;Z
voLFkk ^futysyk liZ* v’kh n’kZfoyh tkrs- likZP;k osVksGÓkkoj gh
‘käh fojkteku vlrs- fpÙkkP;k ek/;ekrwu rh mRlftZr dsyh tkrs-
frykp pSrU;’käh vls Eg.krkr- gh ‘käh lgk deynykoj
fojkteku vlrs- ;ksx lk/kusP;k ek/;ekrwu loksZPp deynykrwu rh
tkx`r gksrs- rsOgk ;ksxh gk f’konsors’kh ,d:i gksrs-162 eaMy ;k
‘kCnkpk vFkZ orqZG vlk gksrks- fganw vkf.k ckS)kaP;k vusd /kkfeZd
fo/khae/;s gh vk—rh okijyh tkrs- gs izpfyr vl.kkjs fo/khRed
izrhd vkgs- nsorkauk izsfjr dj.;klkBh gs eaMy mi;ksxkr vk.kys
tkrs- fganw laL—rhe/;s v’kk izdkjP;k eaMyke/;s likZP;k osVksGÓkkoj
fo”.kw fojkteku vlY;kps n’kZfoys tkrs- R;kaP;k Hkksorkyh vusd
nsork fojkteku vlrkr- ckS)kae/;s ek= v’kk izdkjP;k eaMykP;k
e/;orhZ olqa/kjk gh vlrs-163 ukFkiaFkkr T;k fBdk.kh ukx fuokl
djrks R;kl ^ok:G* gs uko ;FkkFkZi.ks Lohdkjys vkgs-
^xksj{kfl/n&fl/nkUri/nfr* ;k xzaFkkr ‘kfäpØkps o.kZu nsrkuk
dqaMfyuhlg ‘kfäiapd lkafxrys vkgs o R;kauk /kkj.k dj.kkjk rks
ijef’ko vls f’koLo:i n’kZfoys vkgs- ‘kähauk ukxh.k gsp uko
vlY;kus R;k ukfx.kh T;k Lo:ikr okLrO; djrkr R;k ijef’kokl
^ok:G* Eg.k.ks ;qä gksbZy- ;k–“Vhus ikfgY;kl ok:G gs uko gh
ukFkiaFkh ’kCndwV Bjrs o rsp uko izFke xksLokehus fnys gksrs-
efPNanzukFkkauh rs cnywu Egkrkjnso gs uko :< dsys-164
583
ejkBhr vktgh izpfyr vl.kkjk ^?kV&liZ* gk ?kV ¼¾ik=¾½
nsg gk nsg:ih liZ rj [kjkp- f’kok; ;k ?kVkrhy izk.k ¾ egkn~HkqrL;
fo’okflrkapk va’k gk lq)k liZp vkgs- fo’oLFk LFky o dky rÙo
gs fuR; feFkqu ;ksxkrhy ?kVlizor~ vkgs- LFky ¼nsg½ o dky ¼’olu
¾ izk.k½ gk uj ¾ ukjd ¾ ukjd gk izk.kfyax liZp vkgs- [kspjh
eqnzsrhy ^[k* Eg.kts iksdGh vkf.k pj Eg.kts f’kj.kkjk Eg.kts
ukxp gks;- gk ;ksfxd vFkZ vkgs-165
3-21 panz vkf.k ukx % egkleUo; %
txkrhy vusd ekuohlewgkr likZpk vkf.k jt%L=kokpk laca/k
dfYiysyk vk<Grks- jt%L=kok’kh tlk panzkpk laca/k dfYiysyk
vk<Grks- R;kizek.ks liZ gk jt%L=kokyk dkj.khHkwr vlY;kph
letwrgh vusd lektkr fnlwu ;srs- iWiqvu yksdkaP;k letqrhuqlkj]
L=hP;k tuusafnz;kyk likZus na’k dsY;keqGsp jtL=ko gksrks-
caxkye/khy ^vacqokph* mRlokrhy ,dk ;kRokRed fØ;sr jt%L=ko
vkf.k liZ ;akpk laca/k vxnh osxGÓkk Lo:ikr izrhr gksrks-
caxkye/khy yksd vacqokphP;k dkGkr ¼vk”kk< ‘kqDy lIreh rs
n’keh½ nq/kkr vkacjl feGwu rs is; firkr- gs is; I;k;Y;keqGs o”kZHkj
liZna’kkps Hk; mjr ukgh- vlk rsFkhy yksdkapk fo’okl vkgs- ukx]
liZ gs iq#”ksafnz;kps Eg.ktsp iq#”krÙokps izrhd vkgs- L=h
jtLoykoLFksr vlrkuk vFkok rh xfHkZ.kh vlrkuk frP;k’kh iq#”kkpk
laca/k fuf”k/n ekuyk xsyk vkgs- xfHkZ.kh L=h vkf.k ukx ;kaph uqlrh
–“Vk–“V >kyh rjh fu”ks/kHkaxkP;k vijk/kkeqGs ukxkph –“Vh tkrs vkf.k
rh L=h izlwr >kY;kuarj frP;k Ugk.khrY;k ik.;kP;k Li’kkZus R;kyk
iqu% –“Vh izkIr gksrs- gk dYiukca/k ;kRokRed Lo:ikpk vkgs-166
panzkP;k dyk vkf.k fL=;kaps pkanzeklkoj vf/kf”Br >kysys jtksn’kZu
ikgwu izkphu txUekrakpk laca/k panzk’kh tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs-
txUekrsps dke ckGari.k lq[k:i ikj ikM.;kps vlrs- v’khgh
584
letwr vkgs- xzhd nsork vfVZfel panzlyXu /kkU;nsorsps mR—“V
izrhd vkgs- Hkkjrkr “k”Bhekrsps egÙo vlsp vkgs-167 _Xosnkr
x`Rlenkus jpysY;k lwDrkr panz gk xHkkZP;k f’ko.kh f’korks vlk
mYys[k vkgs- L=hps ekfld jtksn’kZu pkanzeklkus fu;fer >kysys
vlrs- _Xosnkr jkdk Eg.kts ikSf.kZek iq#”kkP;k bafnz;kph f’ko.k
f’ko.kkjh nsoh vkgs vls EgVys vkgs- fgeky;krhy ysipk yksdkr
panz gk L=hP;k xHkkZ’k;kpk vf/k”Bkrk nso vls letys tkrs-168
ejkBhr jtLoyk L=hyk ^dkoGk f’koyk* vls Eg.k.;kpk iz?kkr
vkgs- panz ;k mRiÙkhP;k dk;kZr eksBk Hkkx ?ks.kkjk nso- panz eqyh r;kj
djrks- >kMkoj clwu rks okafPNr ekrk toG vkyh dh frP;k vksVhr
rs ewy ?kkyrks- dkoGk ;k dkeh R;kpk lkgk¸;d vlrks- eqyhyk
jtksn’kZu nsÅu fryk rk#.; izkIr d:u ns.;kps dke dkoGÓkkps
Eg.kts Wahn ukokP;k vkfndkdkps- ;kosGh nbZu tekrhP;k dqekfjdk
dkoGÓkklkj[kk ‘kCn dk<rkr- Eg.kts L=hP;k ‘kjhjO;kikjkoj
tUekiklwu e`R;qi;Zar rkck panznsokpkp vlrks- vkiY;kdMs pkanzekl o
jtksn’kZu ;kaP;k fudV laca/kko:u panz xHkkZP;k f’ko.kh f’korks vlk
mYys[k _Xosnkrgh vk<Grks- panzkyk ekek egkjk”Vªkr o dukZVdkr
Eg.krkrp- panzkyk HkkÅ Eg.kwu vksokG.;kph izFkkgh egkjk”Vªkr
vkgsp- dkj.k gk panz y{ehpk HkkÅ- panzklaca/khph gh letwr o
ukxcyhcÌyph Hkkjrh;kaph ukx iq= nsrks] gh nqljh letwr /;kukr
?ksryh rj vkWLVªsfy;u o Hkkjrh; J)kr eksBklk Qjd okVr ukgh-169
‘kjn ikSf.kZesP;k jk=h dkstkfxjhph etk yqVk;yk] vax.k ?kqeok;yk
vla[; xk.kh r;kj gksÅu vlrkr- y{eh jk=Hkj loZ= fQjrs- frph
lxGhdMs iwtk gksrs- ^dks tkxfrZ* vlk loky fopkjyk tkrks- tks
tkxk vlrks R;kyk y{eh izkIr gksbZy vls letrkr- vkf’ouh
ikSf.kZek Eg.kts le`)hph ikSf.kZek- dkgh tekrhr yksd gksGh iquosyk
585
dkBÓkk ?ksÅu nsokP;k ;k=syk ?kqer tkrkr- rsOgk iq<hy xhr
Eg.krkr&
ßrkyk Hkjyk jkts dacaykauh] ,sdd dacky
Hkksyw ckbZP;k iwt ,dsd dacky
Hkksyw ckbZua ;koa okta=h rqÚ;kauh
,dsd fiykVk
iqjoVk nsokok
rkyk Hkjyk &&&&&Þ 170
;k xhrkrwu L=h vkf.k panzksRlo ;kaP;krhy izklafxd vuqca/k
y{kkr ;srks- fdacgquk ikSf.kZek] —“.k v”Veh] nqxkZ”Veh] lad”Vh prqFkhZ
b- frFkhauk] mRlokauk fL=;kadMwu panzkphp iwtk dsyh tkrs- Jh okjkg
ekgiqjk.kkr] v/;k; 33 e/;s ^panzkph mRiÙkh&ikSf.kZek frFkh ekgkRE;*
of.kZys vkgs- R;kr panz o n{kdU;kaph dFkk ;srs- R;kr n{kkdMwu panz
‘kkfir gksrks- R;kuarj rks o`{kkP;k eqGkr jkgrks- dkykarjkus fo”.kwP;k
m%’kkikus leqnzeaFkukP;k izlaxh leqnzkrwu y{ehuarj rks iqUgk tUe ?ksrks-
R;keqGsp panz o y{eh ;kaps ukrs ca/kq&Hkfxuhps vkgs-171 R;krwup
fL=;k panzkph ca/kw Eg.kwu iwtk djrkr( ijarq gk ,d ikSjkf.kd dFkkRe
lanHkZ vkgs gs /;kukr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- leqnzeaFkukrwu panzkus iqutZUe
?ksrY;keqGs R;kpk laca/k tyk’kh dk;e jkfgysyk vkgs-
_Xosnke/;s o`=klqjkyk vgh ¾ liZ vls lacks/kys xsys vkgs- liZ
gk va/kkjkpk izrhd ekuyk tkrks- R;kpizek.ks ik.;k’khgh R;kpk
fudVpk laca/k vkgs- va/kkj vkf.k ik.kh gh loZ O;kid o l`tukRed
‘käh vkgs- o`=klqjkykp panzgh EgVys tkrs- o`=klqjkyk Bkj
ekjY;kuarj banz gk o`=klqjkph tkxk ?ksrks- uarjp rks banz lacks/kyk
tkrks- o`=klqj ¾ panz rj banz gk vfnrhiq= lw;Z- Eg.kts lw;Z gk panzkph
tkxk ?ksrks- dkj.k banz gk Hkksxh vkgs- Eg.kts tuu{ke vkgs- ts likZps
ewyHkwr oSf’k”VÓk vkgs- banz rsp oSf’k”VÓk Lohdkjrks o o`=e; gksrks- banz
586
gk Lor% tynsork gksrks- ,sjkor gk ukx R;kP;ktoG dk;epk vkgs-
egkHkkjrkrhy ^xkso/kZu vk[;ku* ;kr banzkus dsysyh vfro`”Vh ;kpk
egÙoiw.kZ lanHkZ gks;- Eg.ktsp panz gk lqQyhdj.k nso gks;- rks |kS
¼vkdk’k½] ikÅl] <x b- pk izfrfu/kh vkgs- ;kr ,d ;kRokRed
ladsr nMysyk lgti.ks fnlwu ;srks- es?kkauk ukx lacks/k.ks vkf.k
ukxkoj banzkus vk:< gks.ks Eg.ktsp Lor% o`=klqj gks.ks gkp rks ladsr
gks;- lw;kZyk panz tUe nsrks] rks vlk- panz gk vkfniq#”k vkgs- rks
vkfne ukx vkgs] fu’kkpj vkgs- R;kph iwtk Eg.kts e`R;wph iwtk
gks;- i;kZ;kus iqutZUekpk ladsr gks;- R;kph iwtk Eg.kts dkeklähph
iwtk gks;- dqekjh dU;syk panz gkp _rqizkIrh d:u nsrks- rh dU;k
lqtyke~ gksrs- fp=ko’kkL=haP;k Eg.k.;kizek.ks Ro”ê gk czã.kLirh
gksrk- czãu o`= Ro”êpk eqyxk gksrk- czãupk vFkZ panz vlkgh
gksrks-172 Eg.ktsp o`= ¾ liZ ¾ panz ;k frUghapk vFkZ ,dp gksrks- [kjs
rj T;ksfr”k’kkL=ke/;s eukpk dkjd xzg panzp lkafxrysyk vkgs- R;kps
dkj.k gs ,d vlkos- veoL;sP;k fno’kh panz{k; gksrks- R;kp fno’kh
R;kP;k iqutZUekphgh lq#okr gksrs- R;keqGs veoL;syk baxzthr ¼New
Moon½ vls EgVys tkr vlkos- nsoh fu_Zrh o czãu] lkse vkf.k
uarj jk”Vªh okd~ o czãu Ro”ê ;kaP;krys vk| nsofookg T;s”Bh
vekoL;syk gksr- R;k fno’kh i`Foh o vkdk’k ;k nksu oxkZP;k
laxekps vuqdj.k dj.;klkBh L=hlÙkkd —“kd x.kkps L=hiq#”k LoSj
laHkksx djhr vkf.k Hkwekrk o panznso ;kaP;k nsofookgkps vuqdj.k
dj.;klkBh ;k nSorkaps ekuoh izfrfu/kh x.kekrk o czãu nsofookgkpk
la;ksx djhr- fookgkP;k nksu fojks/kh i/nrhps] lkewfgd o O;fäxr gs
vk| ,sD; gksrs-173
o#.kkyk ns[khy izPNé panz vls lacks/kys tkrs- o#.k gk
if’pe fn’kspk] egyksZdkpk vkf.k ukxyksdkpk vf/kirhgh vkgs-
R;keqGs o#.k gk ukxkf/kirh Bjrks- o#.klHksr vusd ukx mifLFkr
587
vlr] vls ikSjkf.kd lanHkZ feGrkr- o#.k gk tykf/kirh vkgs- ik.kh
Eg.kts vki] dkGks[k] e`R;w gks;- fo”.kw gk ukx’k;u vkgs- ;krgh
lkadsfrdrk vkgs- ;krwup o#.k o panz ;kaP;krhy lkgp;Zlaca/k
izLFkkfir djrk ;srks- ukx vkfn’ks”k ukx%ukj v;u gkp loZ izFke
nso- rks panz] o#.k vkf.k ukxp gks;- ukxkpsp ekuoh :i Eg.kts
fo”.kw o f’ko gks;- dky%e`R;w%ukx%panz ,dp vkgsr- dkykrhy ekl
gk ?kVd panzko:u :< >kysyk vkgs-
panzeklkojp ckjkekl dfYiys vkgsr- ikSf.kZek vkf.k
vekoL;soj tykph Hkjrh vkf.k vksgksVh voyacwu vlrs- panzkyk
LoHkkZuw vlsgh EgVys tkrs- tks Hkkuw ¼lw;Z½ yk xzklrks rks LoHkkZuw
Eg.kts panz- dkj.k LoHkkZuw Eg.kts jkgw gk izR;{k xzg ulwu Nk;kxzg
vkgs- jkgw gkp panz gks; panz gk ,dk{k vkgs] ukjk;.k vkgs- rks
l`tukpk dkjd vkgs-174
L=hlÙkkd ¼gynocracy½ x.klektkr L=hpk i{k gksrk Hkweh o
iq#”kkpk vkdk’k ok panz- panznsokdMwu ok vkdk’kkrwu itZU;:ih
oh;Zo`”Vhrwu Hkwekrk xHkkZj gksrs o ouLirhl`”Vhyk izlors] vlk izkphu
ekuolektkpk let gksrk- Eg.kwu Hkwekrsyk vd`”Vipk ¼‘ksrh u djrk
/kkU; ns.kkjh½ bjkorh ¼/kkU;nsork½ ok véiw.kkZ ok ‘kkdaHkjh EgVys
tkrs- L=hlÙkkd lektkr lw;Z iq#”knsork ulwu L=hnsork gksrk-
lw;kZlkfo=h gs Hkwehpsp uko vkgs- lw;kZpk fookg panzk’kh iq#”kk’kh
gksrks-175 ;ko:u panz] o#.k o ukx ;krhy lkE; ikgko;kl feGrs-
ra=laiznk;kr vlqj vkf.k d`”.kNVk ;kaP;kr cjsp lkE; vkgs-
fnolkyk xzklrs rh jk=- ;krwu vlqjkyk Titan vls lacks/kys xsys
vkgs- vosLrk xzaFkkr panzkyk ¼Demon½ vlqj EgVys xsys vkgs- gk
jk=le;kpkj laiznk;krhy ladsr vlkok- d`”.kdkG lIkkZpk
osVksG;krhy izfrek] mxz mHkh :ikrhy ;qjksikrhy feFkz laiznk;krhy
lac) ewrhZ Nkiysyh ikgko;kl feGrs- vosLrk xzaFkkr vgqjeÖn gk
588
liZ:ih] panz:ih nsork Bjrks- _Xosnkr o#.k o v;Zeu gs
larrhnk;d nsork Bjrkr- ;ko:u panz gk vlqj Bjrks- rjhgh rks
larfrnk;h vkgs- vlsp Eg.kkos ykxrs-176 rkaf=dkaps loZ fo/kh gs
jk=hp gksrkr gs gh y{kkr Bsokos ykxrs-
xzhd feFkdkae/;s feMh;k ¼Medea½ gs panznsork Eg.kwu
ekU;rkizkIr vkgs- bfrgkliwoZ dkGkiklwu ikÅl] ik.kh] laiÙkh b-ph
fu;a=d liZnsork vkgs- vesZfu;kr f[kz’puiwoZ dkGkr fo’ki&dj
¼Vishap-kar½ gh liZnsork f’kGsP;k Lo:ikr iwtyh tkr- izR;sd
ikSf.Zkesyk] veoL;syk R;k f’kGsph iwtk gksr vls- phue/;s
d`”.klikZps ¼MªWxups½ iWxksMk ok ifo= LFkGkph fufeZrh dsysyh vkgs-
frcsVe/;s ukxiwtslkBh ^yw* eafnjkph fufeZrh dsysyh vkgs- phue/;s
MªWxu gh vk/;kfRed izk.kh Eg.kwu lJ) vkgs- MªWxups eq[koVsgh mRlo
l.kkr lekfo”V dsys tkrkr- phue/;s MªWxups pkj izdkj ekuys
tkrkr- R;kr tien lung (velestial guardians), shen lung (weather
makers), ti lung (earth-dragon), fu ts’ ling lung (treasure keepers) gs
pkj izdkj vkgsr-177
likZpk laca/k gk dsoG ty vkf.k i`Foh ;kaP;k’kh ulwu
LoxkZ’kh lq)k vkgs- feykuslh;u] fQuhd vkf.k vLVsd feFkdkae/;s
liZ gk fotspk izfrfu/kh vkgs- cWcksyh;u] Hkkjr vkf.k izkphu
eWDlhdks dFkkae/;s likZpk laca/k gk vkdk’kxaxs’kh tksMyk tkrks-
vkfÝdk vkf.k vksdsfu;k ;k ns’kkr likZpk lac/k gk banz/kuq”;k’kh
tksMyk tkrks- if’pe vkfÝdse/;s ukseks ;k tynsorspk izfrfu/kh
Eg.kwu banz/kuq”; gk liZ Eg.kwu ;srks- vkLVsªfy;u HkVD;k tekrhe/;s
pqywuxqy ;k ukokus banz/kuq”; liZ izpfyr vkgs- rks nSoh fuekZrk vkf.k
LakL—rhpk laokgd Eg.kwu- fejdk byh;M ;kaP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj]
T;kizek.ks panz gk eR;Z gksÅu iqu% tUe ?ksrks- R;kpizek.ks liZ ns[khy
iqu%iqUgk ftoar gksrks- e/;orhZ dkaxks izns’kkrhy ukXyk tekrhe/;s
589
v’kh letwr vkgs dh] d/kh dkGh panz gk i`Fohoj HkqtaxkP;k :ikr
jkgwu xsysyk vkgs- is: e/khy izh dksyach;u uk>dk laL—rhe/;s gh
ijaijk izpfyr vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy DokWdhvqrh tekrhe/;s ,dkp
rksaMkP;k nqgsjh likZph izfrek izpfyr vkgs- gh izfrek lw;Z vkf.k
panzk’kh fuxfMr vkgs- DosV>ksydksVh ;k tekrhr liZ gk vkPNkfnr
vkdk’k vkgs- vW>Vsd ;k tekrhr dslkG liZ gk lw;Z nsors’kh
fuxfMr vkdk’kkr fLFkj vkgs-178
3-22 panz vkf.k lw;Z % dkgh vuqca/k %
lkaL—frd lR;kUos”k.kkr vk/kqfud ‘kkL=h; Lo:ikph
vFkZxzg.ki/nrh Lohdkj.;kpk iz;Ru dsysyk vlrks- lelkekf;d
‘kCnizfrekapk ekxksok ?ksrkuk ,sfrgkfld Lo:ikP;k rkSyfud –“Vhph
t:jh vkgs- eÚgkVh laL—rhP;k lanHkkZr egkuqHkkodkGh Jh pØ/kj
vkfnR;kP;k nsoGkrwu olrh djhr vls dGrs- yhGkpfj=krhy
^lfork ukxukFkk oLrh* gh yhGk loZifjfpr vkgs- ;k yhGsr lw;Z
¼lfor½ vkf.k ukxukFk ¼panz½ gs ,d= vkysys fnlwu ;srkr- panz gk
lw;kZyk tUe ns.kkjk vkf.k lw;kZyk vLrkl us.kkjk xzg ekuyk tkrks-
panz gk vkfniq#”k ekuyk tkrks- panziwtd laiznk; [kafMr >kY;kus
lw;kZykp ukxlaiznk;kus izLFkkfir dsysys vkgs- R;krwup fo”.kw gk
vfnfriq= gksrks- fo”.kw gk ukx’k;u vkgs- rks ukxk;.k] ukjk;.k vkgs(
ijarq dkykarjkus rks vkfnR;okjh iwtyk tkÅ ykxyk- Eg.ktsp rks
lw;Zizfrfu/kh >kyk- —“.k gk ns[khy vkfnR;kpk i;kZ; ekuyk tkrks(
ijarq eqGkr —“.k Eg.kts panzp rj vtqZu Eg.kts banziq=- panz gk
lw;kZyk xhrsr mins’k djrkuk fnlrks-
panz ¾ ukx] fyax’kDrhgh lkSj eaMykrhy loZ nsorkauk vkiY;k
ikrGhoj vks<wu ?ksrs- vodk’kkrhy loZ ‘kDrhapk fu;a=d panz gkp
vkgs- R;keqGsp f’kokP;k HkkGh panzkP;k f}rh;sph dksj vlkoh- gk
vkfnR; pkanz laiznk;hp vlkok- izk.k gh ladYiuk L=hfyaxh o
590
iqfYyaxh v’kk nksUgh Lo:ikr vkgs- panzkph mikluk Eg.kts izk.kkph
mikluk gks;- panz gk iqfYyaxh rj panzk gh L=hfyaxh] ;Yyeknsoh-
ia<jiwj gs panzHkkxkrhjh dk vkgs\ vkf.k foðy gk dkGk dk vkgs\
;kps mÙkj ;krwu lgt feGrs- panz gk fu’kkpj- jk=hP;k izgjh
fgaM.kkjk- R;keqGs foðy —“.ko.khZ vkgs- ;k fulxZrÙokauk tsOgk
i’kq:i izkIr >kys rsOgk rs egh”k o efg”khP;k :ikr >kys- L=hiz/kku
laL—rhe/;s efg”kkpk cGh fnyk tkr vls- panz gk veoL;syk yqIr
gksrks o izfrinsyk iqUgk tUe ikorks- R;keqGs panz gk egh”k >kyk rj
panzk gh efg”kh >kyh- efg”kklqjefnZuh >kyh- frus f’ko:ih efg”kkpk
lagkj dsyk- foðy gk gh mHk;fyaxh izk.krÙo Eg.kwu ,dVkp panz:i
Lo:ikr ia<jiwjkr fLFkj vkgs- nf{k.ksrhy mMih —“.k gk joh eaFku
lk/ku /k:u mHkk vkgs- xksih] xkSG.kh ;k xksih oYyHkkP;k iapØks’khr
vk<Gr ukghr- ;k {ks=kps mMq&ih gs uko pkanziaFkh; vkgs-
^mM~M&jkt* rkjdkapk jktk panz gks;- panz gkp —“.k:i gksÅu mHkk
vkgs- T;ksfr”k’kkL=krhy yXudqaMyhr v”VeLFkku gs e`R;wps LFkku
vkgs- —“.kkpk tUe gk v”Vehpk vkgs- Eg.ktsp rks e`R;qnwrp vkgs-
panzkph jk’kh ddZ] jk’khpØkr pkSF;k Øekadkoj ;srs- prqFkhZyk vki.k
lad”Vh /kjrks- R;kr panziwtk dsyh tkrs- pkSFkhP;k nqiVhusp v”Veh
;srs- panz’kDrh ghp e`R;q’kDrhgh vkgs vkf.k iqutZUekph ‘kDrhgh
vkgs- f’ko] fo”.kw ok Jhx.ks’k ;klkj[;k nsorkauh panzkps izrhd Eg.kwu
ukx gk lnSo vkiY;k cjkscj ckGxysyk vkgs-179
;nqrqoZlw panzoa’kh; vls lkax.;kr iqjkf.kdakpk dkghrjh gsrw
vlkok vls fnlrs- dkj.k panzkph iwtk ;k tukrhy vktP;k
fi<hi;Zargh pkyr vkyh vkgs- loZ efgU;kaP;k ikSf.kZek ;k
l.kklkj[;k egÙokP;k vkgsr- ^f’ku* ‘kCn fluhokyh’kh lacaf/kr
vlsy rj gh panziwtk Hkkjrh;kadMwu ckgsjP;k ns’kkr xsysyh vkgs]
vls ijns’kkr panzk’kh lacf/kr vlysY;k #<h&iz?kkrkauk ikgwu Eg.kkols
591
okVrs- dks.krh fof’k”V frFkh panziwtsph ekukoh ;kcíy ¼ikSf.kZek]
prqnZ’kh] izfrink½ okn vlyk rjh panzkpk lac/k gk sabbath ‘kh
vkgs] vls rK lkaxrkr- sabbath pk ewG vFkZ efgU;kps nksu Hkkx
vkf.k R;kdkGpk ozrksiokl vlk vlY;kus rKakps er vkgs- Eg.kts
o| prqnZ’khP;k panzkph iwtk vkf.k miokl ;kr /ofur gksrkr- fganwr
izR;sd efgU;kP;k o| prqnZ’khykp f’kojk= Eg.k.;kph i/nr vkgs-
ek?k efgU;krhy o| prqnZ’khyk egkf’kojk= Eg.krkr- prqnZ’kh Eg.kts
flfuokyh vFkkZr fluhokyhpk lac/k f’kok’kh vkyk- f’ku vkf.k f’ko
,dp- f’ku] psu] dsu ;k ‘kCnkaP;k ijLij lac/kkdMs y{k ns.ks t#jhps
vkgs- ^loZ eaxyekaxY;s f’kos lok/kZ lk/kds* vls Jhps dsysys o.kZu
;ksX;p vkgs- loZeaxy Eg.kts pkaxys ¼pkax&Nku] psu&rkacwl½ vls
vFkZ y{kkr ?;kos- Eg.kts f’ko ‘kCnkpk vFkZcks/k gksbZy- Eg.ktsp
f’komikluk i;kZ;kus panzksikluk izkphudkGkiklwu ;k ns’kkr vlysyh
tk.kors-180 ikSf.kZekiwtk] nsohps mRlo vktgh egkjk”Vª&d.kkZV tukaps
oSf’k”Vfun’kZd vkgsr- panz gk ‘kCn eqGkr laL—r ukgh- baMksteZfud
Hkk”kkarwu ;k’kh lacf/kr ¼congnates½ nqljs ‘kCn feGr ukghr-
_Xosnkr panz ;k vFkhZ gk ‘kCn mi;ksftyk ukgh- rkacwl fdaok lksusjh
rakcwli.kk v’kk o.kZukRed fo’ks”k.kkP;k :ikus gk ‘kCn vkysyk vkgs-
fo-dk jktokMs ;kaP;k ers] panz ;k ‘kCnkpk mPpkj _XosndkGh
vktP;kgwu cjkp fujkGk gksrk- vfXuÜpanz] olqÜpanz b- ‘kCnkarwu
vk<G.kkÚ;k panz ‘kCnkrhy ^pk* dkjkpk mPPkkj ^p* vkf.k ^‘k*
;kaP;ke/khy dkgh fo’ks”k mPpkj vlkok vlk R;kapk rdZ vkgs vkf.k
rks vxnh ;ksX; vkgs] vls okVrs- lqesj] bftIr] xzhl ;k Hkkxkrhy
ns’khp oxZ panzksikldakpk gksrk gs fu%lafnX/k jhrhus fl/n >kys vkgs-181
;ekyk e`rakpk jkt”khZ ok /keZjkt EgVys tkrs- firjkapk fuokl
panzkoj vkgs- fir`;ku vls ekuys tkrs- Eg.kwu e`rkapk vf/kirh gk
panznsokps ,d :i vkgs- rSfrjh; lafgrsuqlkj ¼3-3-8-3½ ;eh gh
592
Hkwekrk vlY;kus R;ko:ugh /kekps panzRo fl/n gksrs- 10-10 ;k
_Xosnh; lwDrkr ;eh ;ekph m?kMi.ks iz.k;;kpuk djrs vkf.k tjh
rks vOgsj djrks rjh R;kpk vFkZ ,o<kp gksrks dh] lfiaMfookg
dkyckgÓk >kysyk vlY;kus rks nqjkpkjkr tek >kysyk vkgs-182
txHkjkP;k lukru letqrhaizek.ks izkphu Hkkjrh;kaPkk vlk
fo’okl gksrk dh] panz gk o`”Vhpk tud vkgs- ,srjs; czkã.kkr
¼8&28½ ;k yksdfo’oklkpk izfr/ouh meVysyk vkgs- o`”Vh
panzkiklwu tUers- lkse gk panznso vlY;kus _pk 1-164-35 R;kP;k
oh;ZlaiUursph rqyuk cyoku ?kksMÓkkP;k jsrk’kh djrs- v’oes/kkr
x.kekrk ¼vack ok efg”kh½ cGh fnysY;k ?kksMÓkkyk ^jsrks&/kk* Eg.kwu
gkd ekjrs vkf.k R;kps oh;Z frP;k ;ksuhr vksrk;ps R;kyk vkokgu
djrs- es/; i’kw ?kksMk panznso lksekpk izfrfu/kh gksrk rj x.kekrk gh
Hkwekrsps izfrfuf/kRo djhr gksrh- jsrks/kkpk vFkZ & ^o”kkaZdkj* vlkgh
gksrks- ;k o”kkZdkj panzkyk c`gnkj.;d mifu”kn~ ¼3-1-6½ ^czãu* vls
lacks/krs-183
rfeG ns’kkr jkg.kkÚ;k foYyqokj o feuoj ;k vkfnoklhauk
izFke ftad.kkjs ukx gs Hk;adj nsoh dkyhph iwtk djhr vkf.k frP;k
nsoGkae/;s vusd gsY;kauk ¼efg”kkauk½ cGh nsr- dkyhph ewrhZ vR;ar
Hkhfrnk;d i/nrhus ltoysyh vlrs- frps tfVy dsl MksD;koj
r#.k ukxkP;k pednkj dkrhus eqdqVkizek.ks cka/kysys vlr-
jkuMqdjkpk okdMk lqGk panzkP;k dksjhlkj[kk fnlsy v’kk i/nrhus
dslkae/;s vMdoysyk vls- xGÓkkr ok?kkP;k nkrkaph ekG vls-
ok?kkps iÍsnkj dkrMs ,[kk|k oL=klkj[ks frP;k dacjsHkksorh xqaMkGysys
vls- izR;apk ykoysys o ‘kjla/kkukyk r;kj vlysys /kuq”; frP;k
gkrkr fnysys vls- QkVsjh f’kaxkP;k ,dk map dkGohVkoj rh vk:<
>kysyh vls- frP;k ewrhZiq<hy <ksy&fiaxk.;kP;k xtjkr mxz ukx
frP;k osnhoj gsY;kapk cGh nsr- cGhps jDr okgr vlrkukp dkyh
593
vaxkr vkY;kus mUeÙk gksÅu mBysyh iqtkjh.k dkir o csHkk.ki.ks
ukpr vksjMs( vkeP;k vktwcktwP;k [ksMÓkkae/kys xksBs xkbZ&cSykauh
Hkjysys vkgsr( i.k ,f;ukjkaP;k >ksiMÓkkaps okMxs lqus vkgsr- T;kauh
pksjh o yqVhoj txkos rs ,fu;kj ‘kkafrfiz; [ksMqrkalkj[ks eokG cuys
vkgsr- dkGohVkoj cl.kkÚ;k nsohyk tj rqEgh Bjysyk cGh fnyk
ukgh rj rh rqeP;k /kuq”;kauk ;’k ns.kkj ukgh! dkyh L=hnSor
vlY;keqGs frP;k mikfldk fryk ?kaVÓkk] ckgqY;k] iksiV] jkudksacMÓkk
o rfeG fL=;kaps dje.kqdhps lk/ku vlysys eksj viZ.k djhr- Ån]
xa/k] dqadw] panu vkx:] mdMysys ckyokl.ks o /kkU;s vkf.k jDr o
ekalfefJr Hkkrkps uSos| frP;k nsoGkae/;s Bsoys tkr- dkyhyk
rfeGe/;s ,s;bZ vlsgh Eg.kr vkf.k rh lkr cfg.khryh lxGÓkkr
ygku vlY;kps ekuys tkbZ--- ;k Øwj nsohyk yksd ,o<s Hkhr dh]
,dnk tsOgk enqjsrY;k frP;k eafnjkph can >kysyh nkjs m?kMsukr] rsOgk
rs frP;k dksikps y{k.k ekuwu ikaMÓk jktk frP;k eafnjkleksj n;k
Hkkdr lk”Vkax iMyk vkf.k frpk Øks/k ‘kkar dj.;kdjrk frP;k
iwtsP;k [kpkZlkBh R;kus nksu lqihd [ksMÓkkapk eglwy nku Eg.kwu
fnyk-184
foghj ok unhph egkjk”VªkrY;k uoizlwr fL=;k vkljk ok
vIljk Eg.kwu iwtk djrkr- dsjGkr ukxiwtsps lokZr tkLr pyu vkgs
Eg.kwup uk;jkaP;k FkjokM x`gHkwehP;k uS_ZR; dksiÚ;kr ukxokMh vls-
yksdijaijsuqlkj nSoh liZ foghjh]rGh o u|kr jkgrkr- xaxsr vka?kksG
dj.kkÚ;k vtqZukyk ikgwu eksghr >kY;kus ukxdU;k mywih R;kyk
[kkyh [kspwu ukxyksdkr ?ksÅu xsyh vls EkgkHkkjr lkaxrs- dks.krsgh
FkjokMx`g Lor%P;k rGÓkkokpwu uls- izR;sd [ksM;kps Lor%ps eafnjrGs
vlrs vkf.k T;kP;koj xzkelektkpk cfg”dkj Vkdyk tkbZ- R;kyk ;k
u|kr Luku djk;ph eukbZ vls-185 ;ko:u panz] ukx vkf.k lw;Z] panz
;akpk vuqca/k lgti.ks y{kkr ;srks-
594
3-23 o#.k %ukx& tykf/kirh %
o#.k gh ,d loZJs”B oSfnd nsork vkgs- o`&os<.ks] vkPNkn.ks
;k /kkrwiklwu o#.k ‘kCn lk;.kkpk;kZuh O;qRikfnyk vkgs- ikih
yksdkauk ca/kuke/;s ifjosf”Vr djrks fdaok R;kauk va/kkjkizek.ks
vkPNkfnr djrks rks o#.k gks;- _Xosnke/;s banzkP;k lqDrkais{kk
o#.kkph lqDrs Qkj deh vlyh rjh R;kps egÙo ek= deh gksr
ukgh- o#.k tykps fu;=a.k djrks- rks tykps oL= vaxkkoj ?ksrks- rks
lkxjtykrwu ekxZØe.k djrks- u|k lrr leqnzkyk feGr vlwugh
leqnz iw.kZ Hkjr ukgh- gs o#.kkP;kp xq< ‘kDrhps lkeF;Z gks;-
o#.kkps ik’k izfl/n vkgsr- vlR; Hkk”k.k dj.kkÚ;kP;k Hkksorh rs
lkr fdaok rhu QsÚ;kauh os<hys tkrkr- _XOksnkr iq”dGnk fe=ko#.k gs
tksMhus vk<Grkr- fe= gh vkfnR;nsork vkgs- R;ko:u izkajHkh o#.k
gh vkdk’kkph nsork ekuyh tkr vlkoh- fe= Eg.kts lw;Z ;kP;kis{kk
vkdk’k Qkj eksBs vkgs- R;ko:u o#.kkps O;kidi.k dGwu ;srs-
o#.k gk jk=hpk Lokeh vls eku.;kph izo`Rrh rSfRrjh; lafgrsr fnlwu
;srs- banz o#.k la?k”kkZe/;s osnksRrj dkGkr dsoG lkxjkojph lRrk
rso<hp R;kP;k okV;kyk mjyh-
_Xosnkr o#.kkpk okjaokj vkf.k vfr’k; izkeq[;kus vlqj ;k
‘kCnkus mYys[k dsyk xsysyk vkgs- _rkps] oSf’od /kekZps j{k.k
dj.kkjk rks vkgs- rks /k`rozr vlwu R;kus vf[ky fo’okP;k ;ksX;
izorZuklkBh ?kkywu fnysys fu;e vck/; vkgsr- o#.k gk loZ
mndlewgakpk ‘kkLrk vkgs- fdcagquk l`”Vhrhy loZ ?kVukps izorZu
vkf.k fu;eu R;kP;kdMwu gksr vlrs- vlw gh ,d ;kRokRed ‘kDrh
vkgs o rh jle; vkgs- nso] ekuo] i’kw vkf.k fo’okrhy brj
oLrw ;k lokaZe/;s gk ;kRokRed jl vlrks vkf.k R;keqGsp ;k
lokZaps /kkj.k o O;kikj ‘kD; gksrkr- ghp ;kRokRed jl’kDrh
o#.kkph ek;k gks;- gh ek;k Eg.kts ;kstukiz/kku] fuokZ.kkRed]
595
?kVukRed] fojpukRed v’kh o#.kkph ‘kDrh vkgs- izkphu vk;kZaP;k
erkuqlkj vlqj o#.kkps loZ fo’okoj vf/kjkT; gksrs- banzklg loZ
nsokae/;s o#.kp Js”B letyk tkr gksrk- egkHkkjrkr o#.kkyk pkSFkk
yksdiky] d’;i o vfnrh ;akpk iq=] tykpk Lokeh o tykrp
fuokl dj.kkjk vls ekuys vkgs- rks ckjk vkfnR;kaiSdh ,d vkgs-
nsoiwtsr dy’kLFkkiuk d:u o#.kkps vkokgu o iwtu dj.;kph izFkk
vkgs- iqjk.kkuqlkj o#.k gk if’pe fn’kspk o ukx yksdakpk Lokeh
vkgs- R;kph izfrek fOnHkqt o edjk:< vkgs-186
vfnrhP;k ckjk iq=kae/;s banz] fooLoku] Ro”Vk] fo”.kw] fe= b-
izek.ksp o#.kkykgh loksZPp LFkku gksrs- ;ko:u o#.k gk vfnrhiq=
vkfnR; Bjrks- osnkae/;s dqBsgh fnrhpk mYys[k ukgh- fnrh] dnzw b-
ik=s gh ikSjk.khd xzaFkkrhy vkgs( oSfnd xzaFkkrhy ukghr- osnkae/;s
ikSjkf.kd ik=s gh vfnrh o vkfnR; laiznk;kr lekfo”V >kysys
vkgsr- R;keqGs o#.k gk vlqj vlwulq/nk vfnrhiq= Bjrks- o#.kkpk
fookg gk fgj.;df’kiwph eqyxh fnO;k’kh laiUu >kyk gksrk- o#.kkps
lkezkT; gs leqnzf}iakoj gksrs- o#.kkP;k lHksr ukx xa/koZ vIljk b-
yksd gtsjh ykor vlr-187
o#.kkyk osnakuh fnysyh egÙokph fo’ks”k.ks Eg.kts ^/k`rozr*]
^_rL; xksik*] ^ve`rL; xksik* gh gksr- nqlÚ;k ‘kCnkr lkaxk;ps rj
rh ozrs Eg.kts uhfrfo”k;d dk;ns- gs dk;ns fLFkj o vckf/kr
vlrkr- ekuokph xks”V lksMkp( i.k nsogh R;kps mYya?ku d: ‘kdr
ukghr- dks.kh rs eksMk;pk iz;Ru dsyk rj o#.k jkxkorks vkf.k R;kyk
dBksj ‘kklu djrks- ;k ‘kklukpk ,d izdkj Eg.kts ozrHkax dj.kkÚ;k
O;Drhyk tyksnj gks.ks- ;kps ,srjs; czkã.kkrys BGd mnkgj.k Eg.kts
gfj’panzkps- R;kyk ‘kaHkj ck;dk gksR;k( i.k ,dhykgh viR; >kys
ukgh- R;kosGh ukjnkP;k lkax.;ko:u gfj’panzkus o#.kkph izkFkZuk
dsyh- ^nsok] o#.kk eyk iq= gksÅ ns- eh R;kp iq=kus rq>k ;K djhu!
596
gfj’panzkyk eqyxk >kyk- R;kus R;kps uko jksfgr Bsoys( i.k iq<s rks
cksyysyk uol foljyk- o#.kkus vusdokj ;sÅu R;kyk tk.kho
fnyh( i.k izR;sd osGh gfj’panz dkgh rjh c;knh lkaxw ykxyk-
‘ksoBh o#.k Øq/n >kyk vkf.k R;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts gfj’panzkyk
tyksnjkph O;k/kh tMyh-188
_Xosnkps eq[; nSor banz ekuys tkr vlys rjh jktk fdaok
lezkV vls of.kZyk tk.kkjk o#.k gk ,dVkp vkgs- ,dsdkGh banzkis{kk
o#.kkykp vxzLFkku gksrs] vls la’kks/kdkps er vkgs-189 ukaxjV
dj.kkjk ‘ksrdjh {ks=irhl itZU;klkBh vkokgu djrkuk vk<Grks-
o#.kiwtd vlqjkaP;k n`”Vhus {ks=irh gk itZU;fufeZrhps dk;Z dj.kkjh
nsork gksrk- o#.k gk vk| ;{k vkgs o Eg.kwup {ks=irh gh laKkgh
;{k&Hkwr&ukx laL—rhps egÙoiw.kZ izrhd vkgs- vktgh ejkBh Hkk”ksr
Hkqrs[ksrs vlk ‘kCn okijyk tkrks- Hkqr[ksrs e/khy [ksrs gk ‘kCn Hkqrkaps
uk;d vl.kkÚ;k {ks=ikykusp izfrfuf/kRo djrks] gs Li”V vkgs-
HkqrUk`R;kPkk ukxlaL—rh’kh lac/k gksrk- {ks=irh gk ukx:ih vlrks-190
gfjoa’kxzaFkke/;s itZU;kf/kirh gk banz nk[kfo.;kr vkysyk vkgs-
gk iqjk.k dky[kaM vlkok- banzkus ikÅl ikMwu l`”Vhps iqu#Riknu
djkos Eg.kwu o”kkZ_rwps pkj efgus vk”kk< rs dkfrZd jktf”kZlRrkd
nklizFkklektke/;s banzksRlo dsyk tkÅ ykxyk- jkek;.k lkaxrs dh]
o”kkZ_rwP;k vkjaHkh mHkkjysyk banz/ot o”kkZ_rwP;k ‘ksoVh mrjoyk
tkrks- —“.kkP;k izsj.ksus oztoklh;kauh banzksRlok,soth deZdkaMfoghu
fxjh;K dsyk- ifj.kkeh banz fo#/n —“.k ;kaP;kr >kysY;k la?k”kkZr banz
ijkHkwr >kyk vkf.k fxjh;Kkyk izkjaHk >kyk- ;ko:u iqjk.kdkGkr
o:.kkdMwu banzkdMs vf/kifrRo] tykf/kifrRo xsys- —“.kkus iqUgk rs
feGfoys-191
jkek;.kkrhy fdf”da/kkdk.Mkrhy 42 O;k lxkZr lqxzho
lhrk’kq/;FkZ okujkauk if’pe fn’ksl ikBforks- rsOgk okujkauk
597
es:ioZrkoj o#.kkps fuoklLFkku fnlrs-192 if’pe fn’kk gh lkxjkph
fn’kk- ukxyksd if’pe fn’ksl jkgr- R;keqGs ty o ukxyksdkapk rks
vf/kirh gksrk- ^leqfnz;k v.kkZafl unhuka izkl`tr~* vls o#.kkyk EgVys
tkrs-193 nsokauh o#.kkyk tyfiR;kpk vfHk”ksd d:u lkxjh lÙkk
R;kP;k gkrh lksifoyh vkgs- R;kiwohZ R;kph uxjh eulksÙkj ioZrkP;k
ekxs gksrh vkf.k frps uko ^fuEykspuh* vls gksrs- T;kyk tyksnjkph
O;k/kh tMyh vlsy] R;kus O;kf/keqDr gks.;klkBh o#.kkizhR;FkZ
—“.ko.kZ vti’kwpk ;kx djkok vls rSrjh; lafgrsr lkafxrys vkgs-
rs o#.kkps tykf/kiR; y{kkr ?ksÅup gks;-194 l`f”VfufeZrhe/;s ts
fofo/k yksd ukjk;.kkus fuekZ.k dsys] R;kr egyksZdkpkgh mYys[k vkgs-
Hkwyksd] HkqoyksZd] LoyksZd] egyksZd] tuyksd b- ph fufeZrh
iz.kokiklwu >kyh- egyksZdkr ludknh _f”k&equh okLro djhr
vlr- gs egyksZd o#.kkps gksrs- ;kyk fojkV iq#”kkps eq[k EgVys vkgs-
#nz] o#.k] o`=] ojkg gs ukaxjkps izfrfuf/kRo djrkr] gs fuf’pr
gks;- o#.k gk ukaxj:ih vlqj uk;d gksrk- R;kP;k ;k ukaxj:ikeqGs
rks lqQyrspk nso gksrk- _Xosnkrhy ,d o#.klwDr o#.kkps lqQyrspk
itZU;nk;d es?k:ih jktk gs Lo:i Li”V djrs- o#.kkpk —“kd
vl.kkÚ;k ;{k&vlqj&laL—rh’kh laca/k Li”V gksrks- ;k laL—rhyk
ukx laL—rhgh EgVys tkbZ- o#.kkpk ns[khy vFkkZrp R;keqGs ukxka’kh
laca/k gksrk- R;kpk ik’k ukx:ih vls- o#.kkP;k _rfu;a=d ;k
Lo:ikrwu fnlwu ;srs- o#.k gk es?k:ih tynso vkgs- _r gh oSf’od
fu;euk’kh lacaf/kr laKk vkgs- _rpk ,d vFkZ ik.kh vkgs- o#.kkpk
;k laKs’kh ?kfu”B laca/k vkgs- rks _r j{kd vkgs-
lr~ ¼lR;½ ;k ‘kCnkpk ^mnd* vlkgh vFkZ gksrks- ^vk;* ;k
dUuM ‘kCnkps lR; o fooj vls nksu vFkZ vkgsr- vk| dkGkr
^lr~* ‘kCn —f”kek;sps izfrfu/khRo djr gksrk- ty ;k ladYiusps lkr
598
o lR; ;k laKk’kh ,d:iRo gksrs- vk; ;k dUuM ‘kCnkps lR; o
rGs vls nksUgh vFkZ vkgsr- v¸; Eg.kts ukxgh vFkZ gksrks-195
banzfot;kiwohZ o#.kp tynsork gksrk o e#r R;kpsp ty
vuq;k;h vlkosr- banz&e#r laca/k gk osndR;kZ tsR;kapk laca/k
vlY;kus rks laca/k BGdi.ks ;srks- ek= o#.k&e#r gk ewG laca/kgh
yir ukghp- vFkoZosnkrhy ,d lwDr gk laca/k nk[kfors- ohjkaP;k
lkgk¸;kus o#.k itZU;fufeZrh djrks] vls ,d lwDr Eg.krs- ohj gh
ladYiuk e#r o #nzk’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- e#rkapk firk #nz o o#.k
;kapsgh ewG ,dp vlkos- gh ckcgh ;sFks e#r&o#.k ukrs riklrkauk
mi;ksxh iMrs- dkj.k ^m:* gk o#.kokpd ‘kCn vkgs o #nzkpk
mYys[k ^moZ;Z* Eg.kwu dsyk vkgs-196
MkW- l-jk- xkMxhGkaP;k ers] ^lektkP;k izkFkfed voLFksr
vktP;k vFkkZph ^nso* dYiuk v|kih mn;kyk vkysyh ulkoh- nso
gs R;k R;k ekuolewgkrp jkg.kkjs R;kaps lkaL—frd usrs vlr- mÙkj
dkGkr R;kauk nsoRo izkIr >kys- loZ’kfDreku bZ’oj fo’okpk fuekZrk]
fu;ark v|kih izkFkfed ekuokP;k eu%l`”Vhr mn;kyk vkysyk
ulY;kus R;kyk izlUu dj.;klkBh izkFkZuk dj.;kph dYiuk vKkrp
gksrh- lkewfgd ea=iB.kke/;sp dkeukiwrhZph ;kRokRed ‘kDrh
¼Magical Potence½ vkgs- v’kh izkFkfed J/nk vlrs- fof’k”V
ea=ra=kRed deZdkaMkP;k lkgk¸;kus fulxkZoj lÙkk izLFkkfir d:u
‘k=wpk fouk’k] VksGhps j{k.k] itZU;o`”Vh] Hkwehps vkf.k L=hps
lqQyhdj.k ;k xks”Vh lk/; d:u ?ks.;kpk R;kpk iz;Ru vlrks- ^/keZ*
dYiuk mn;kyk ;s.;kiwohZph gh voLFkk vkgs- lkewfgdrk vkf.k
HkkoukRed vkosx ;kauk ea=iB.kke/;s vR;ar egÙo vkgs- ;keqGsp
ea=kps lkeF;Z ykHkrs vkf.k lk/;k dekZauk ^fo/kh*ps egÙo izkIr
gksrs-197 o#.k gk vk| nso Bjrks- ^_rk*pk fu;a=d Bjrks-
599
^_r* ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ ty] fo’ofu;eu] fo’ofu;a=.k Bjrks-
foaVjfoV~>] dhFk] eWdMksuy ;kalkj[;k osnkH;kldkauh ^_r* ‘kCnkpk
lkekU;i.ks fo’okrhy uSlfxZd vkf.k uSfrd O;oLFkk vlk vFkZ fnyk
vkgs- thouke/;s izR;;kyk ;s.kkÚ;k loZ uSlfxZd] HkkSfrd vkf.k
lkekftd&uSfrd ?kVukae/;s _”khauk _rkpsp vfLrRo tk.kor gksrs-
R;kaP;k –“Vhus _r gh fo’oO;kid ?kVuk vkgs- panz] lw;Z] itZU;
;kaph fu;ec/nrk uSlfxZd vkgs- vUu] i’kw] lw;Zizdk’k] vXuh]
tyfu/kh ;k lokZaph fuf’prh _rkeqGsp gksrs vls _”khauk okVrs-
HkkSfrd thoukrhy laiUurk vkf.k lqO;oLFkk ;kaP;k eqGk’kh _rkpsp
lkeF;Z vkgs vls _”khauk Eg.kko;kps vkgs-198 MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs ;kaP;k
ers] _rkP;k ;ksxkus ik.kh foiqy gksrs- _r;qDr izKk ikikaps fuokj.k
djrs- _r;qDr ‘yksd veaxykps n’kZu ?kMw nsr ukghr- _rkph
lkdkj:is vkYgkndkjd vkgsr- _rkP;k ;ksxkus foiqy /kkU; feGkos
v’kh LrksR;kaph bPNk vlrs- lw;Zfdj.kkapk ik.;kr izos’k gksrks rks
_rkeqGsp- _rkus _rnsokph Lrqrh dj.kkÚ;k ;tekukl _rkph izkIrh
gksrs- cyizkIrh _rkusp gksrs- ;ko:u _r gh v’kh ‘kDrh vkgs dh]
ftP;keqGs fo’okpk fodkl gksrks-199
o#.k gk _rkpk ikyudrkZ nso ekuyk tkrks- R;kP;k lkeF;kZps
oSfnd _”khauh vR;ar HkO; vls o.kZu dsys vkgs- o#.k loZlk{kh
vkgs- vkdk’kkr mM.kkÚ;k i{;kapk] rlsp leqnzkr izokl dj.kkÚ;k
ukSdkapk rks ekxZ tk.krks- fo’o lapkjh ok;wpk ekxZ rks tk.krks-
l`”Vhrhy loZ fLFkj pj ?kVukaps Hkwr&Hkfo”; rks tk.krks- o#.kkf’kok;
MksGÓkkps ikrsgh yo.kkj ukgh- o#.kkps gs lkeF;Z Eg.kts ijes’ojh
lkeF;Z vlk vilet gks.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs( ijarq oSfnd ok³~e;kr
;kyk vk/kkj ukgh- brdsp uOgs rj vusd mYys[k ;k dYiusyk
fojks/kh vkgsr- o#.kkps gs loZ lkeF;Z Lo;aHkw ulwu _riz.khr vkgsr-
gs /;kukr Bsoko;kl gos- _rkpk ikyudrkZ ;k ukR;kusp o#.kkyk gs
600
lkeF;Z ykHkys gksrs- l`”VhØe nsokaP;k bPNsus pkyr ulwu oSfnd nsop
¼o#.kklg½ _rkps vuqlj.k ikyu dj.kkjs vkgsr-200
#nz&f’ko vktgh ^xaxk/kj* ;k Lo:ikr txkiq<s mHkk vkgsp-
oSfnd la’kks/ku eaMGkus ¼iq.ks½ izfl/n dsysY;k _XosnkP;k izrhr
^tyk”k%* ;kps lk;.k Hkk”;kps ikBkarj ^xaxk/kj%* vls fnysys vk<Grs-
iqjk.kdFkkarhy xaxk/kjRokyk osnkrhy tyk”k%pk vk/kkj vlY;kps ;sFks
O;Dr gksr vkgs- vkrk ^xaxk/kj* ;k ladsrkpk Li”V vFkZ dk;\ xaxk
gs tykps izrhd] xaxsyk /kkj.k dj.kkjk] tyL=ksrkyk vkJ; ns.kkjk
dks.k] egku ¼nso½ lkxjp uOgs dk;\ Eg.kwu vkfnukFk] ^izFkeks fHk”kd*
vlk gk #nzf’ko ^vkfn% vki%* jlkph izfrekp gks; vls Eg.k.ks
vifjgk;Z Bjr ukgh dk;\ v’kk izdkjs #nz&f’kokps vkfn:i
fujfujkGÓkk ekxkZauh vtekowu ikg.;kr vkys- iRuh&iq=kdMwu
vkjk/kuk i/nrhrwu #nzf’kokP;k o`”kHkRo] tyk”kRo o fHk”kxRo ;krwu
;k nSorkP;k vki% jl Lo:ikphp [kk=h iVrs-201
Hkkjrh; izkphu ijaijsizek.ks [kjk ^vkiksoRl%* vikauokr~ Eg.kts
panzp gks;- leqnzeaFkudFkk vkBokoh- panzkyk jlkf/kirh vls uko
vkgs- fo’okrhy vki% jlkpk Lokeh gk panz vkgs- v’kh J/nk
tkxfrd ikrGhoj izpfyr vkgs- _Xosnkr ofl”B eaMykrp jktu~
o#.kkyk lfyy% vuki% jlkapk irh EgVys vkgs- gk jktu~ panz ^vkfn
iq#”k* ukx%ukj&v;u ¼ukjk;.k½Lo:ikr nSordFkkarwu okojrks- o`&oj~
;k ‘kCnewykiklwu lkf/kr o#.k ;k ‘kCnkr lokZojd nSor’kDrh vlk
vFkZ vkgs- ^o`=* ladsrk’kh rks rqyuh; vkgs- ^o`=* ;k ladsrkyk ik.kh]
jk= vkf.k liZ vls vFkZ vfHkizsr vlY;kps osnkrhy iqjkO;ko:up
fl/n vkgs- o`= o o#.k ;k nksUgh nSorizfrekf’kYikrhy lkE;
_XosnkarxZr vk’k; tk.k.;kP;k –“Vhus ekSfyd egÙokps Bjr vkgs-
lokZojd loZO;kih ¼vki½ rÙo gs i;kZ;kus va/kkj jk= fuekZ.k dj.kkjs
gksrs- va/kkj%vkirÙo e`R;wps lkadsfrd :igh gks;- ty gs thou o
601
ej.k ;k mHk; Lo:ikps vkgs- ^ve`r pSo e`R;q%p* ’kDrhp lokZodj
‘kDrh gks;- ;ko:u o#.k gk panz vlY;kps tk.kors- _Xosnkrhy
_r% lR;kP;k ewG /kkj.ksrhy fLFkR;arjkyk R;kdkGh pkanzlaiznk;kpk
¼Eg.kts ;k osnkrhy o#.k] o`=] vfnrh ;k nSorizfrekiwtdkapk½ izHkko
ok<w ykxyk gsp izeq[k dkj.k vlkos-202
_rkpk lokZr vf/kd laca/k o#.kk’kh vkgs- gs /;kukr Bsfoys
Eg.kts o#.k;qxkpk vLr vkf.k _rkpk yksi ;kekxhy jgL;
vf/kdkf/kd myxMw ykxrs- _rdYiuk baMks&bjkf.k;u dkGkrhy vkgs
gs dhFkus lizek.k nk[kowu fnys vkgs- ,o<sp uOgs rj vgqjeÖn vkf.k
vlqj o#.k ;k nksu nsork osxosxGÓkk dfYi.ks v’kD; vkgs-
mÙkjdkGkr vizfr”Bk ikoysys vlqj gsp fc:n ;k nksugh nsork /kkj.k
djrkr- ;k dkGkr ^vlqj* gk ‘kCn vR;ar xkSjokLin vk’k;kpk
letyk tkbZ- iq<s ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ usedk myVk >kyk vkgs-nsokaps
‘k=w gs vlqj! vgqjeÖn vkf.k vlqj o#.k gs nks?ksgh _rkps /kkrs
vkgsr- o#.k T;kizek.ks ^fe=k’kh* layXu vkgs- R;kizek.ks vgqjeÖn
^feFkzk* ‘kh layXu vkgs- ;k nksugh nsorkaps lokZr egÙokps leku
oSf’k”VÓk Eg.kts R;kapk oSf’od uSfrdrs’kh vlysyk laca/k gs gks;-
izkphu oSfnd ok³~e;krhy o#.kkpk bfrgkl Eg.kts uSfrd ewY;kapk
mRd”kZ! ijarq oSfnd vk;Z Hkkjrkr vkY;kuarj ;k uSfrd ewY;kapk
o#.kklg yksi >kysyk Li”V fnlrks-203 ia- egknso’kkL=h ;kaP;k
erkuqlkj] nSorsfrgklkr o#.k gk vkfnnso vkgs- cMk nso vkgs- rks
banzkgwu uOgs rj vusd nsorkagwu izkphu vkgs- rks vk;Zoa’kkpk ewy nso
vkgs- vk;kZaP;k ewGkr nksu ‘kk[kk >kY;k- ‘kaHkj ;k la[;syk ^’kre~*
Eg.k.kkjh ,d vkf.k ^dsUre~* ¼cent½ Eg.k.kkjh nqljh- bjk.kh vkf.k
Hkkjrh; vk;Z gs ^’kre~* okys vkf.k Lyko oxSjs ;qjksih; vk;Z gs
^dsUre~* okys gksr- ikj’kh yksdkapk loZJs”B nso vgqjeÖn Eg.kts
Hkkjrh; vk;kZapk o#.kp gks;- nqlÚ;k ‘kk[ksps yksd f[kzLrh gks.;kiwohZ
602
^i:u* ukokP;k ,dk nsokyk Hktr gksrs- rks ^i:u* Eg.kts
o#.kf’kok; nqljk dks.kh uOgs- o#.kkpk vf/kdkj iqjkrudkGh Qkj
eksBk gksrk- rks fo’okpk laLFkkid vkf.k lkoZHkkSe gksrk- uhfr/kkjd
vkf.k loZO;kid gksrk- vk;Z ekuo R;kyk lknj var%dj.kkus izkFkhZr-
vkiY;k gkrwu dkgh iki vkf.k –“—R; ?kMys( rj o#.kkyk rs fnlsy
vkf.k rks vkiY;kyk f’k{kk dsY;kokpwu jkg.kkj ukgh] v’kh
R;kP;kcn~ny yksdkaP;k eukr lnSo Hkhrh olr vls-204
osnkr vkf.k iqjk.kkr o#.kkpk laca/k gk ÅoZ’kh’kh tksMysyk
vkgs- mj Eg.kts ân; o m: Eg.kts ekaMÓkk gks;- moZ’kh Eg.kts
ukjk;.kkP;k ekaMhrwu mRiUu >kysyh moZ’kh- moZjk Eg.kts lqfid tehu
gks;-205 moZjk Eg.kts ukaxjysyh tehu gks;-206 vi~&ljk moZ’kh gh
ukjk;.kkP;k ekaMhrwu tUeyh- gh ladYiuk vuSlfxZd fopkjewrZ
dj.;kps ¼illegitimate abstraction½ ,d mRre mnk- Eg.krk ;sbZy-
^ukj* yk vki% tyokpd vFkZ vkgs- ukj ¼¾ukx½ dU;k Eg.kts vi~
ljk ¾ ukxdU;k! gs ljG u lkaxrk ;sFks okijysys ra= laeksgd vkgs-
i.k fdrhgh vuSlfxZd loZ ra= Lora= EgVys rjh ekuoh;
thoukuqHkokrhy va’k] v’kk ladYiusrwugh fnlrksp- ofl”B]
,srjs;knhaph gh feJ larrh vkgs] gs lqpokos i.k yiokos ;k izsj.kk
}a}kps Qfyr gh ladYiuk gks;-207
moZ’kh gh vR;ar yko.;laiUu vIljk- _Xosnkr fgpk mYys[k
vusdnk vk<Grks- lw;kZP;k vkjk/kusl tkr vlrk fgus fe= ;k
vkfnR;k’kh lekxekpk ladsr dsyk gksrk- uarj o#.kkus lekxekph
fouarh dsyh vlrk fe=k’kh ladsr dsyk vlY;kps lkaxwu fgus udkj
fnyk- rsOgk o#.kkus vkiys oh;Z ,dk dqaHkkr folftZr dsys-
ladsrkuqlkj ;s.;kl foyac dsY;kus vkf.k o#.kkdMs xsY;kus larIr
gksÅu fe=kus fryk ‘kki fnyk o vkiys oh;Z R;kp dqaHkkr Vkdys-
R;k oh;kZiklwu vxLR; vkf.k ofl”B tUekyk vkys- fe=kP;k
603
‘kkikeqGs fryk ekuo:i izkIr >kys- fof’k”V vVhaoj gh iq:jO;kph
iRuh >kyh( ijarq R;kP;kdMwu vVhaps mYya?ku gksrkp frus R;kpk
R;kx dsyk- ÅoZ’khyk fe=kiklwu vxLrh >kyk rj o#.kkiklwu ofl”B
>kyk-208
ofl”B gk eR;Z O;Drh uOgs- fo’okfe=kizek.ks lkoZdkfyd
lukru oSpkfjd vk—rhph gh ,d lkadsfrd izfrek gks;- gs [kjs
vlsy rj ;k ofl”B ladsrke/khy lukru ¼Perennial½ vFkZ% fopkj
dks.krk\ fo’okfe= gk ^lfor`* /kh izpksnd izdk’krÙokpk ladsr rj
;kpk izfrLi/khZ ofl”B gk pkanz% jk=rÙokpk mikldp vlkok- ofl”B
ijaijk iq<s pkyfo.kkjk O;kl panzoa’kkph dFkk egkHkkjrkr fuosnu
djrks- O;kl gk panzksikld rj O;klkpk iwoZt Eg.kwu x.kysyk
ofl”Bgh panzksikldp vl.kkj- ofl”B&’kDrh&ijk’kj & O;kl gh
ijaijk ekU; vkgs- ofl”B gk vkfnR;:ih o#.kiq= gks;- osnkrhy
izek.kko:u gh xks”V fuf’pr vkgs- i.k gk vkfnR;:ih o#.k ;k
osnkr jk=hpk nso >kyk vkgs- gk izPNUu panz vlY;kus vksYMsucxZ
izHk`fr la’kks/kdkauh leizek.k fl/n dsys vkgs- xhrspk Hkxoku vki.k
vkfnR; vkgs- o#.kgh vkgs] vls lkaxrks vkf.k vki.k ^v’oRFk%
loZo`{kk.kk* vkgksr vls lkaxrks- gk iq#”k ¼fyax½ :ih o`{k gks;- moZ’kh
uk;d ^ukj* viL=ok ;k ofl”Bkyk tUe nsrs vkf.k gh ^ukj*]
^ukjk;.k* ¼ukj v;u½ nsokP;k ekaMhrwu tUeyh Eg.kwu lkadsfrd dFkk
vkgs- gk [kjks[kj ukx ¾ v’oRFk o`{k ¾ ukjk;.k vkgs- gs lehdj.k
f’k”VekU; vkgs- ukx ¾ panz gh lkadsfrd izfrek cksydh vkgs- ukx ¾
ukjk;.k ¾ panz vkf.k ofl”Bkyk tUe ns.kkjh gh moZ’kh ¾ yksdeksfguh
^panzk* vkgs- ;k panz&panzk fdaok panzk··fnR; feFkquspk iq= ofl”B ! gs
[kjs vlsy rj ofl”B nf{k.k dinkZps mikluk nSor% ^czãu* gs
^panzk··fnR;* :ih fuR;feF;k feFkqu;ksxkrhy vkfnl`td’kDrh
Bjrs-209
604
fo”.kq/keksZRrjiqjk.kkr R;kps ewfrZ/;ku lkafxrys vkgs] rs vls &
o#.k yacksnj prqHkZt lkr galkP;k jFkkr clysyk vlk djkok-
R;kP;k mtO;k nksu gkrkr deG o ik’k vlkos- MkO;k nksu gkrkr
‘ka[k o jRudjMad vlkos- XkkSjh gh iRuh R;kP;k MkO;k ekaMhoj
clokoh- xaxk o ;equk ;k R;kP;k nksgh vaxh nk[kokO;k- i.k v’kk
o.kZukP;k o#.kizfrek cgqnk vk<Gr ukghr- vk<Grkr R;k f}Hkqt o
edjk:< vkgsr- Hkqous’oj ;sFks jktjk.khP;k eafnjkr o#.kkph ,d
lqjs[k ewRkhZ vkgs- R;k f’kYikr o#.kkph mHks jkg.;kph <c MkSynkj
vkgs- R;kP;k mtO;k gkrh ik’k vlwu MkO;k gkrh ojneqnzk vkgs-
R;kP;k ‘kjhjkojps jRu[kphr eqdqV] daBk] dejcan eksR;kps i’kksiohr]
d.kZHkw”k.ks b-loZ vaydkj laqnji.ks dksjysys vkgsr-210
o#.kkP;k okguke/;s edjkpk ¼lqljhpk½ mYys[k ;srks- edj ;k
laLd`r ‘kCnkpk ejkBhrhy vFkZ ¼exj½ vlk gksrks- edjhpk fuokl
fnO;tykr vlrks- edjhpk lac/k gk xtsnzka’kh] gRrha’kh vkgs- xtsanz]
ukx gs tyo”kZ.k djrkr- rs y{ehP;k lgoklkr vlrkr-
T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr edjkpk lacaa/k gk ik.k?kksMÓkk’kh yko.;kr vkysyk
vkgs- fganw /kekZr ikS”k eklkpk ‘ksoV edj laØkarhus gksrks- uoo”kkZph
lq#okr Eg.kwu edjlaØkarhps ioZ lktjs dsys tkrs- dsjGe/khy
‘kcjheykbZP;k eafnjkr edjlaØkarhP;k fno’kh eafnjkrhy ifo=
T;ksrhyk ^edj T;ksrh* vls EgVys tkrs- xaxk gh o#.kkph izfrfu/kh
vkgs- edj gh xaxsph lkadsfrd izfrfu/kh vkgs- y{eh gh leqnzeaFkukrwu
tUekyk vkysyh vkgs- R;keqGs edj gh y{ehphgh izfrfu/kh Bjrs-
o#.k gk tykpk ¼_rkpk½ fuekZrk vkgs- edjlaØkar gs ioZ rel;qxkpk
uk’k vkf.k mÙkjk;.kkpk izkjaHk Bjrs- fganw nSordFkkae/;s edj gs dkekps
izrhdgh vkgs- rlsp ;ksxkoLFkspsgh izrhd vkgs- ^iùkdj* ;k
‘kCnke/;s iù vkf.k edj ;k nksu ‘kCnkapk varHkkZo vkgs- xaxk]
y{eh] iù] edj gs loZ ‘kCn _r ladYius’kh] tyk’kh lacaf/kr
605
vkgsr- ,dkp ladYius’kh loZ cka/khy vkgsr- loZ ekuho izrhds
vkgsr-211
o#.kkpk laca/k edjh’kh dlk ;srks gs ojhy foospuko:u lgt
y{kkr ;sbZy- edjlaØkarhpk laca/k gk y{eh’kh tlk vkgs] rlkp rks
o#.kk’khgh vkgs- R;k fnolkuarj _rqekuke/;s gks.kkjs uSlfxZd cny gs
iwohZis{kk osxGs Bjrkr- R;keqGs o#.k&y{eh gkgh lglaca/k fnlwu
;srks- o#.k gk _rkpk vf/kirh [kÚ;k vFkkZus Bjrks- if’pe fn’kspk
vf/kirh vlY;kus rks ukxyksdkapkgh vf/kirh Bjrks- R;ko:u ukx gh
o#.kkph oSf’od pSrU;’kDrh Bjrs-
3-24 fo”.kw vkf.k f’ko % ukxkph ekuoh :is %
fo”.kw vkf.k f’ko gh nksUgh fganw /kehZ; nSors gh vkirÙokph
ekuoh :is vkgsr- xaxsph fufeZrh gh fo”.kwP;k pj.kkrwu >kysyh vkgs-
R;keqGs fryk fo”.kqinh vls EgVys tkrs- rj f’kokus fryk tVsr /kkj.k
dsY;keqGs R;kyk xaxk/kj vls lacka/kys tkrs- ;kpk vFkZ gh nksUgh
vkfne nSors gh vkirÙokrwu tUekyk vkysyh vkgs- vki rÙokpk
vFkZ ik.kh gksrks] ik.;kpk lewg gksrks- ukjk;.k ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ
ik.;kP;k vk/kkjkus igqMysyk-212 ik.;kyk uhj Eg.krkr vkf.k FkaM
ik.;kyk r..khj fdaok rf..k vls lacks/kys tkrs-213 Hkxoku Lo;aHkw
;kus lw{eHkwrkaph vgadjkfn l`”Vh fuekZ.k dsY;koj ukuk rÚgsph LFkwy
izkf.kl`”Vh fuekZ.k dj.;kpk ladYi d:u izFke mnd fuekZ.k dsys o
R;k mndkps fBdk.kh vkiys oh;Z lksMys- vki Eg.kts mnd ;kykp
^ukjk* v’kh laKk vkgs- ;kps dkj.k uj Eg.kts bZ’oj ;kiklwu rs >kys
o bZ’ojkykp ukjk;.k vls Eg.krkr- ;kps dkj.k ukjk Eg.kts mnd
gsp R;kus v;u Eg.kts vkJ;LFkku gks;- bZ’ojkus mndkr oh;Z
lksMY;koj dkgh dkykus rs lksU;kP;k o.kkZps ,d vaMs >kys- R;k
vaMÓkkrwu czãnso vki.k gksÅup mRiUu >kyk o Eg.kwup R;kyk
Lo;aHkw Eg.krkr-214 Hkxoku ukjk;.k vfpaR; vkgsr- rs vukfn
606
iwoZtkaps czãLo:i o lokZapk fuekZrk vkgs- ukjk;.kkfo”k;h ,d ‘yksd
vlk &
ßvkiks ukjk bfr izksDrk vkiks oS ujlwuo%A
v;u rL; rk% iwoZ rrks ukjk;.k% Le`r%AAÞ 215
ukj ¼mnd½ vkf.k ukjk;.k ;kpk ,dRo laca/k ;k ‘yksdkrwu
vuqHkork ;srks- l`”VhP;k izy;dkGh tsOgk loZ= jk= iljrs rsOgk
laiw.kZ l`”Vh tye; gksrs- Eg.ktsp l`”VhP;k vkfn&varh QDr
tyrÙop iljysys vkgs- gk ukjk;.k vkfn ‘ks”k&l`f”VdrkZ vkgs-
;keqGs gs ^ukj* l`tuty&jsr ‘kqØ gks;- gk ukjk;.k ukx ¾ ‘ks”k ¾
panz gks;- panzkyk ,dk{k vlsgh lacks/kys tkrs- ukx gk ns[khy ,dk{k
Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- iqjkru J/nsizek.ks gk iq#”k ukjk;.k vkgs- ty
gs izk.krÙo vkgs- gk uj&ukjk;.k iaFk izk.kfyax ikrGhojhy
panzksikldkpk vkgs- R;keqGs ukjk;.k gk loZO;kih vkfn’ks”kkps ekuoh
:i Bjrks-216 MkW- Mh-Mh- dkslachaP;k ers] osnkae/;s fo”.kw vkgs- i.k
ukjk;.k ukgh- ukjk;.kkph O;qRiÙkh tks okgR;k ik.;koj ¼ukjk½ futrks
rks v’kh vlkoh vkf.k gh ukjk;.kkph vpy fLFkrh eku.;kr ;srs-217
ikSjkf.kd lanHkkZpk fopkj djrk gs lgti.ks y{kkr ;srs dh] ukjk;.k
gk tykpk vf/kirh vkgs- rks panzksikld vkgs- panzkph ukx gh
i’kqizfrek vkgs- R;keqGs panz % ukx% ukjk;.k gh laL—rhus fodflr
dsysyh :is vkgsr-
fo”.kwP;k lgL= ukekoyhrhy dkgh ukes gh ojhy erkaph iq”Vh
nsrkr- vuark ¼ns’k] dky o oLrw ;kaP;k e;kZnsiyhdMs vl.kkjk½]
vuark[; ¼’ks”kk½] ijLokfeu~ ¼czãnsokpkgh Lokeh½] iùs’k;
¼czãkaM’kkfLFkr½] vuar ¼vuark½] vukns¼mÙifrjfgrk½] leqnzkf/kokl ;k
ukokr fo”.kwpk ‘ks”kk’kh vkf.k tyk’kh laca/k izLFkkfir >kysyk fnlwu
;srks-218 v/;k; 339 e/;s vki Eg.kts mnd gs ‘kjhjkpk okpd
‘kCn lkafxrysyk vkgs- ‘kjhjkph mÙiÙkh ^uj* Eg.kts thokus
607
vfo|kdfYir dsyh vlY;kus vki fdaok ‘kjhj ;kyk ^ukjk* vls
EgVys tkrs vkf.k loZ izk.;kaph ‘kjhjs gsp ek>s v;u Eg.kts
olfrLFkku vlY;keqGs ukjk;.k vls EgVys tkrs-219 vuq’kklu
iokZe/;s egkiq#”kizLrko lkafxrysyk vkgs- R;kr fo”.kqukekoyhP;k
/kkj.kk lkafxrysY;k vkgsr- vuar ¼’ks”k½ b- P;k :ikauh loZ fo’okyk
rksp /kkj.k djrks o iksf”krks Eg.kwu R;kl /kkrk ¼/kk&iks”k.k dj.ks½
Eg.krkr- txrkps dkj.k ts iù rs R;k HkxoarkP;kp ukHkhP;k Bk;h
mRiUu >kys- Eg.kwu R;kl iùukHk Eg.krkr- R;kyk vky Eg.kts ca/ku
ukgh] Eg.kwu R;kl O;ky Eg.krkr- HkqtaxksÙke ‘ks”k gs R;k Hkxoarkpsp
:i gks; Eg.kwu R;kl HkqtaxksÙke Eg.krkr- iùkizek.ks R;kph ukHkh
xjxjhr okVksGh vkgs fdaok ân;:i iùkP;k ukHkhr rks lnSo izdkf’kr
vlrks Eg.kwu R;kl iùukHk Eg.krkr- tykpk fu/kh Eg.kts lkxj gs
R;kpsp :i gks;- Eg.kwu R;kl vikfu/kh Eg.krkr- R;kP;k gkrkr iù
vkgs o R;kP;k lkfUu/; fuR; iùk ¼y{eh½ vkgs- Eg.kwu R;kl iùh
Eg.krkr- R;kps us= iùklkj[ks rst%iqat vkgsr- Eg.kwu R;kl
iùfu{ks{k.k Eg.krkr- czãkaM:i iù R;kP;k ukHkhP;k Bk;h vkgs fdaok
yksdkaP;k mRinkP;k ukfHkizns’kh R;kps lnSo okLrO; vkgs- Eg.kwu
R;kl iùukHk Eg.krkr- vuankfndkaP;k :ikus i`Fohoj Hkkj rksp /kkj.k
djrks Eg.kwu R;kl HkkjHk`r Eg.krkr-220 ojhy loZ ukos gh ‘ks”kokpd]
tyokpd Lo:ikph vkgsr- ‘ka-ck- tks’khaP;k ers] ßek/ko gs uko
e/kqokpd vkgs- ds’ko lq/nk ;kp oxkZrys vlkos- ds’ko ;krgh
tyokpd vFkZ vfHkizsr ulrk rj] ^ds’koa ifrra –“V~ok ikaMok%
g”kZfuHkZjk%* gs fojks/kkHkklkRed lqHkkf”kr izfl/nhl >kysp ulrs-
ukjk;.k vkf.k ek/ko ;k ukokizek.ks ds’ko ;k ukokrgh jl ¼ty½
okpd vFkZ ?ks.;krp vkSfpR; jkg.kkj vkgs- dkj.k fo”.kqLej.kkcjkscj
fdafpr ik.kh ?ksÅu jl:ih fo”.kwps gs izrhd varjaxh lkBoko;kP;k
iz;Ru’khy gh ,d —rh vkgs- Eg.kwu vkpeukrhy ikfgys ds’ko gs
608
ukogh tyokpd vlys ikfgts vls okVrs-Þ221 ;ko:u fo”.kw]
ukjk;.k ;k tyokpd nsork vkgsr- fdacgquk fo”.kwps izR;sd uko gs
pkanzlaiznk;h uko vkgs- pØorhZ uko vkgs vlsp Eg.kkos ykxrs-
egkHkkjrkP;k ^‘kkafriokZ*rhy ^Hkh”eLrojktk*r Hkh”ekus fo”.kwps
Lrou dsysys vkgs- ^vkfn vkf.k var ulysyk T;k ijczãkps Kku
nsokauk vFkok _”khauk ulwu] T;kyk dsoG ,d Hkxoku txnqRiknd
tyk’kk;h Jhfo”.kwp tk.krks o R;kP;kiklwu T;k vrhafnz;] vfouk’kh
ijekRE;kps Kku _f”kleqnk;] fl/n] egkliZ] nso vkf.k nso”khZ ;kauk
>kys vkgs o nso] nSR;] xa/koZ] ;{k] jk{kl vkf.k liZ ;kaukgh tks
Hkxoku dks.k o dksBs okLrO; djrks gs dGr ukgh- T;k vk|ar’kwU;]
Lo;aHkw o lukru v’kk nsorsps vkjk/ku nso] nSR;] xa/koZ] fl/n] _”kh
vkf.k egkliZ gs ‘kqfpHkwZr gksÅu izR;gh djrkr- –“Vhl o Kku’kDrhl
vxkspj vlysY;k T;k lagkj’kDrhlaiUu izHkw ukjk;.kkyk laiw.kZ
txrkpk drkZ ijczã Eg.krkr-222 fo”.kw vFkok ukjk;.k Lor%yk
vkfn’ks”k ekurkr- Hkxonxhrsr Hkx&oku Lor%p tkghj djrks dh]
^likZuke vga oklqfd]* ^ukxkuke~ vuar%p vfLe* brdsp uOgs rj
^jlks·ge~ vIlq* ^vkfnR;kuke~ vga fo”.kq%* ;k mDrhr gk vki%
jl:ih vkfnR; Eg.kts panzp gks;] gs fl/n gksrs- vkfnR;kr lw;Z o
panz nks?ksgh vfHkizsr vkgsr-223 _Xosnke/;s fnrh ok dnzwpk dqBsgh
mYys[k ukgh- rsOgk ^vfnrh* gh ladYiuk O;kIr gksÅu fnrh o dnzwpk
R;krp lekos’k gksrks- R;keqGs ^vkfnR;* ;k ladYiusr ¼izfresr½ lq/nk
panzgh lekfo”V gksrks- Hkkjrh; lukru J/nsizek.ks vkfn&’ks”k
¼%ukx¾ukjk;.k½ gk l`f”VdrkZ gks;( i.k iqjk.kkarjh ukjk;.kkP;k ukHkhrwu
czã ¼%vaM½ l`f”VdrkZ laHkoyk vls lqpo.;kr ;srs- ukx
¼%ukj&^v;u*½ gk l`td ek/;e vkgs- Eg.kwu ^ukx&ukjk;.k* gk
vkfn&iq#”k Eg.kforks- ;kpk _Xosnkr ;k vkfniq#”kkps gh HkO; lwDr
vkgs vkf.k ;k vkfniq#”kkpk L=ksrdkj ukjk;.k gs lkadsfrd uke:i
609
/kkj.k djrks-224 ukjk;.k gk ^ve`r pSo e`R;q%p] lr~ vlr~ p -----*
v’kk mHk;fo/k Lo:ikpk vkgs- ukx%liZ izfres}kjk ukjk;.kkpsp n’kZu
?kMrs- ;k lkadsfrd ikrGhojhy vfHktkr izfresyk ukukFkZ laHkorkr-
thou vkf.k e`R;w gh ukx% ukjk;.k :isp ekukoh ykxrkr- Hkkf”kd
izfrek ladsrkrhy vFkZlkeF;kZeqGs Dramatic Irony P;k Lo:ikr v’kk
rÚgspk yiaMko m?kMdhl ;srks-225 fo”.kwP;k oh;Z’kfDreqGsp fo’o
fuekZ.k gksrs- Eg.kwu fo’okyk vk/kkjHkwr gksÅu LraHkor~ rks mHkk jkgrks-
fo”.kwP;k ewfrZfp=.kkr ojhy lkaiznkf;d J/nsyk iq”Vh ns.kkjh lkadsfrd
izrhds vk<Grkr- fo”.kwP;k gkrkrhy ‘ka[k o iù gh d’kkph izrhds\
^Roa iqjk lkxjksRiUu%] fo”.kquk fo/k`r% djs* vls ‘ka[kkps o.kZu dsys
tkrs- iù Eg.kts deG- gs ik.;kps ,d izrhd vkgs- ^iùs ‘k;* vls
fo”.kwps o.kZu egkHkkjr o gfjoa’kkr ;srs- ;k fBdk.kh iù Eg.kts
ik.kh gk vFkZ ?;kok ykxrks- dkj.k fo”.kw lkxjkr ‘k;u dj.kkjk vls
lkax.;kr ;srs( i.k deGkoj futysyk vls nk[kfo.kkjs fp= fdaok
dFkk feGr ukgh- laL—re/;s deG ;k ‘kCnkpk ik.kh vlkgh ,d
vFkZ vk<Grks- fo”.kwyk iùukHk vlsgh uko vkgs- ukHkh Eg.kts dsanz-
dsanz ;k vFkhZ ukHkhpk mi;ksx mifu”kn dkGkiklwu vk<Grks- ik.;kps
dsanz Eg.kts dk;\ lkxjp uk\ ;k o:u fo”.kw gk ukx% ukjk;.k
Bjrks- gs /;kukr ?;kos ykxrs-226 osnkae/;s banz gk o`=gu~ vkgs]
dkGks[kkpk & vHkkokpk uk’k dj.kkjk vkgs- rks izdk’k:i vkgs-
lfor` & rstksHkkLdjkpk i;kZ; vkgs- o`= gk va/kkj] vFkkZr vHkko-
;ke/khy fojks/k uSlfxZd vkgs- izdk’k gk Hkko&vfLrRo vkf.k va/kkj
gk R;k Hkkokapk vfLrRokpk udkj Eg.ktsp v&Hkko] e`R;w! gh oSfnd
ijaijk gks;- i.k ;k banziwtd ijaijsP;k fo#/n ukx&vfg&o`=iwtdkaph
th ukxiwtd ijaijk osnkrgh Mksdkors fryk Eg.kts va/kkjok|kauk
izdk’k udks vkgs-227 gk ^ukjk;.k* ukx&liZ vkgs- rs ijaijkxr izfrek
fp=ko:u fuf’pr vkgs- HkkSrl`”Vhl ¾ l`tukl dkj.k:i gk ^ukx*
610
,d v{k Lo:i vkgs vkf.k gk ¼lgL=½ ^v{k* :ih ^iq#”k* ukjk;.k
vkgs- gk ^ukx* ¾ vfg% o`= panz vkgs- panz gk ,dk{k vkgs- ekuho
:ikr rks lgL=k{k cuysyk vkgs-228 ;ko:u fo”.kw ok ukjk;.k gh
nsork ukxkps ekuoh ok ekuho :i ekukos ykxrs-
Hkxoku f’ko ns[khy ukxkps ekuoh :i ekurk ;srs- ukx gk
{ks=irh vkgs- f’ko ns[khy {ks=irh Bjrks- Hkxoku ‘kCnkrhy Hkx gÓkk
‘kCnkpk vFkZ L=h tuusafnz; vlk gksrks-229 Hkxoku ;k ‘kCnkpk vFkZ
{ks=irh vlk Bjrks- ;ko:u f’ko o ukx ;krhy lk/kE;Z BGdi.ks
tk.krs- egkHkkjrkrhy ^vuq’kkluiokZ*P;k ^egknso ekgkRE;dFkuk*r
f’koLrqrh vkysyh vkgs- R;kr] ^rks Hkxoku ‘kadjp ‘ks”k:ikus Hkwehyk
mpywu /kfjrks- liZ gsp R;kps dfVca/k gksr- likZph osVksGh ghp R;kph
dqaMys gksr- liZ gsp R;kps ;Kksiohr vkf.k gfLrpeZ gsp R;kps
mÙkjh; vkgs-* vlk mYys[k ;srks-230 f’kokP;k vusd ukekae/;s
^LFkk.kw* gs uko yksdfiz; vkgs- LFkk.kw Eg.kts mpywu /kj.kkjk- f’ko
gkp vkfn’ks”kkpk ekuoh vorkj gksrks- egkHkkjrkP;k ^lkSfIrdiokZ*r
v’oRFkkE;kyk #nzn’kZu ?kMysys vkgs- R;kr ^rks f/kIikM vlwu
panzlw;kZizek.ks R;kps rst gksrs- R;kaps vaxkoj O;k?kzpeZ gksrs- R;kus
—“.kkftu ika?kjys gksrs- ukxkaps ;Kksiohr R;kus /kkj.k dsys gksrs- R;kps
gkr fdrhrjh ykacypd vkf.k yð vlwu ukukizdkjph ‘kL=kL=s ?ksÅu
izgkj dj.;klkBh r;kj vls gksrs-*231 ;k foospukr ns[khy f’kokus
ukxkps ;Kksiohr /kkj.k dsysys vkgs- MkW- Mh-Mh- dkslach ;kaP;k ers]
ßuanh ;k cSykps ikBhoj cl.;klkBh f’kokpk ‘kks/k yko.;kiwohZiklwu
v’e;qxhu yksd R;kph iwtk djhr vlr- ukx gk nwjoj izpkjkr
vlysyk iaFk] ‘kadjkps xGÓkkHksorh liZ nk[kowu lq’kksfHkr dsyk
vkgs-Þ232 f’kokyk ukxHkw”k.k] O;kydYi] ukxgjkfnzd] ukxjktk]
ukxsanzk] ukxs’k] udqyk] O;kyhu b- ukokus lacks/kys tkrs-233 f’ko
vkf.k ikoZrh gsp txrkps ekrk firk vkgsr- f’ko gkp HkkSfrd
611
l`”Vhpk fuekZrk o lagkjdrkZ vkgs- _Xosnkr #nzkyk vlqj ekuys vkgs-
;keqGs v&lqj] #nziq=] #fnz; gh v&nso nSR;p gksrkr- vfg&Hkkuwaph
ekrk vfnrh gh ^ukx* dqykph ekrk Bjrs- vfnrhps lkE; dnzw’kh
vkgs- dnzw gs ikSjkf.kd ik= vkgs- _Xosnke/;s vfnrh ghp nSR;kaph]
ukxkaph o vkfnR;kaph ekrk Bjrs-
fo".kw o`”k&.kh rj #nz o`”k&o”kZd% o`”kHkA Eg.kts gs nks?ksgh
o”kZ.k’khy Eg.kwu tylspd nso gksr- ;k ty flapukP;k lanHkkZrp ;k
nSorkauk ukj vk;u ¾ ukjk;.k gs ukekfHk/kku lkFkZ ‘kksHkrs- gs Li”V
fnlrs- vfnrhpk lkaxkrh fo”.kw gk ukx&liZ rj ;kp dkj.kkdfjrk
#nzgh liZ Bjrks- rjhgh nks?kkr folaxrh fnlrs- #nz gk fo”.kqis{kk
fujkGk vkgs vkf.k ;k Hk;kog ¼Fierce½- #nzkr ¼Non Aryan
Element½ vk;sZarj va’k vkgs- gk lqQyhdj.k nSork’kh ¼Ferility
deity½ lac/n vkgs rj fo”.kw gk ijksidkjd vkgs] vfgald vkgs-
iz—rhP;k lkfÙod xq.kkapk ewfrZear vkfo”dkj vkgs-234 gs oS/kE;Zgh
/;kukr ?;kos ykxrs-
3-25 ok#G%;ksuh vkf.k ukx%fyax %
lektkP;k fofo/k Lrjkr leku vl.kkÚ;k /keZJ/nkarwu] :<h
ijaijkrwu vkfne dYiuk fLFkjLFkkoj >kysY;k vlrkr- ekr`iwtd
laiznk;kph fufeZrh vkf.k R;kP;k’kh l[; vl.kkjh izrhds gh
izkxSfrgkfld dkGkiklwu ewG /k:u vlysyh fnlrkr- l`”Vh vkf.k
L=h] iq#”k vkf.k fyax gh vkfnrÙos izrhdkaP;k ek/;ekrwu tksiklysyh
ikgko;kl feGrkr-
ok:G gs vlsp l`”Vh;ksuhps vkfne uSlfxZd izrhd vkgs-
^okGohus fuekZ.k dsysys ekrhP;k d.kkaps map o f’k[kj;qDr ?kj-
;kykp Hkwnsohps ¼/kfj=h½ izrhd ekuys xsys vkgs- iqjkru L=hus
/kfj=hP;k fBdk.kh vkReRokph dYiuk dsyh- L=hP;k mnjkr chtfu”ksd
gksrks- rh rs cht uoekl /kkj.k djrs vkf.k ex ,d fnol l`”Vhryk
612
,d uok ekuokadqj mxowu ckgsj ;srks- rksp vadqj ok<rks] eksBk gksrks
vkf.k rksgh Lor%iq<s vusd chts /kkj.k djrks- R;keqGs v’kk izdkjps
fuekZ.k lkeF;Z vlysyh Hkweh gh nso Lo:i vkgs] vls L=hyk okVys-
Qqy.kkjh] QG.kkjh] izlo.kkjh v’kh gh L=h:fi.kh nsork vkgs- vlk
fryk izR;; vkyk- R;krwup oSf’od ;ksuhph ladYiuk :< >kyh-
R;kps izrhd Eg.kwu ok:G ekuysys vkgs- ok:G Eg.kts fcu[kMÓkkP;k
‘kq/n ekrhpk mapoVk- ok:GkP;k ekrhyk dqekjh ekrh ekuys xsys
vkgs- frpk mi;ksx izlo.;klkBh dsyk tkrks- ok:Gkrhy liZ ok ukx
gk frpk {ks=irh vlrks- rks frpk vkfne lkFkhnkj vlrks-*235
ok:G vkf.k js.kqdk ;kapk vk.k[kh ,d etsnkj laca/k R;k
‘kCnkrwu lwfpr gksrks- js.kw Eg.kts lw{e d.k ;kiklwu L=hfyaxh js.kqdk
gk ‘kCn cuyk vkgs- ok:G gs lw{e e`fÙkdsps Eg.kts js.kwpsp cuysys
vlrs- R;ko:u js.kqdk vkf.k i`Foh ;kpk vHksnlaca/k tqGrks- MkW- jk-
fpa- <sjs ;kaP;k ers] ßxw<kdkj vkf.k e`nqeqyk;e js.kwauh cuysys ok:G
gh Hkwehph ;ksuh vkgs vkf.k R;kr fuokl dj.kkjk ukx gk iq#”krÙokpk
izfrfu/kh vkgs- js.kqdk gs nsohukep eqGh Hkwfeokpd ¼js.kq $ dk ¾
js.kqe;h ¾ i`Foh½ vkgs- R;keqGsp fryk ^dksjh Hkwfe&dk* EgVys vkgs-
xksekardkr lkarsjh gh ^Hkwfedk* ;kp i;kZ;ukekus iz[;kr vkgs- {ks=
nsork v’kk izdkjs ok:G izrhdkr iwftyh tkr vlY;keqGs vxnh
LokHkkfodi.ks eq#xu] lqczã.;] [kaMksck] tksfrck] joGukFk] HkSjo gs
{ks=irh vFkok {ks=ikG ukx:i ekuys xsys vkgsr-
lqczã.;kph iwtk rj vktgh ok:GL; ukxkP;kp :ikr dsyh
tkrs- fo’ks”k Eg.kts cYykjh ;sFkhy ^e.eSykj* ¼ek..kq eSykj ¾
e`fÙkdspk eSykj½ vkf.k tstqjh ;sFkhy dÚgsdkBh vlysyk ^vkfneSykj*
gs vlsp ok:GLFk ukx vkgsr-236 oklqnso ‘kj.k vxzoky ;kauh
vkiY;k ^bafM;k vWt uksu Vw ifk.kuh* ;k xzaFkkr HkwekrsP;k izkphu
mfRFkr e`fÙkdkewrhZps ¼relief½ Nk;kfp= fnys vkgs- frps gkr likZauh
613
os<ysys vkgsr vkf.k frP;k MksD;koj ouLirh moxysY;k vkgsr-
i`Fohyk liZjkKh Eg.kr- dnzw ok i`Foh gh ukxkaph ekrk gksrh- Eg.kwu
ikrkGkyk ukxyksd vlsgh EgVys vkgs- rsOgk ekr`nsork gh Hkwekrspsp
izrhdkRed :i ekuys xsys vlY;keqGs ukxkaP;k laL—rhr ekr`nsorsps
LFkku loZJs”B letys tkrs-Þ237 ,dw.kp moZjk voLFkseqGs i`Foh o
L=h gh oSf’od ;ksuh Bjrs- chÝkWP;k ers] ^The rites immemorially
associated with the multiplication of the tribe’s food were, when
that food came to be derived chiefly the cultivation of the soil
instead of from hunting, naturally extended to the promotion of the
earth’s fertility by ritual magic. The belief that the sexual act assists
the production of an abundant harvet of the earth’s fruits, and is
indeed indispensable to secure. Its, is universal in the lower phases
of culture.*238
liZ gs iq#”ksafnz;kps izrhd vkgs- jtLoyk voLFksr iq#”k lekxe
djhr ukghr- ukx Lor% iq#”kkps izrhd vlY;keqGs rks jtksnzO;
fi.kkÚ;kauk Li’kZ dj.kkjk ukgh- v’kh /kkj.kk vkgs- egkjk”Vªkr
ukxiapehyk dqekjh eqyh o uofookfgr fL=;k tfeuhoj ik; Bsor
ukghr- R;k >ksD;koj clrkr- dkj.k R;k dkGh l`”Vh jtLoykoLFksr
vlrs- i`Fohgh jtLoyk >kY;kf’kok; lqQfyr gksr ukgh v’kh /kkj.kk
Hkkjrh; laL—rhus vkfne dkGkiklwu tksiklysyh vkgs- T;k dkGkr
i`Foh jtLoyk gksrs- R;k dkGkr iq#”k lekxe fuf”k/n ekuyk tkrks-
rn~or Hkwehpk ykaxyk’kh Eg.kts ukaxjk’kh laca/k ;srk dkek u;s- rlsp
R;k dkGkr chtoiu d: u;s vlsgh lkafxrys vkgs-239 vlk
dYiukca/k vkgs-
tksosZ laL—rhP;k mR[kuukr f’kjklg vl.kkÚ;k vusd
ekr`nsorkaP;k izfrek lkiMysY;k vkgsr- R;k b-iw- P;k nqlÚ;k
lgL=dkr ?kMysY;k vlkO;kr- bukexkoke/khy mR[kuukrgh v’kk
614
izfrek feGkysY;k vkgs- ;k izfrek lqQyukP;k ladYius’kh ukrs
lkax.kkÚ;k vkgsr- ?kjkP;k ,dk dksiÚ;kr R;k f’kjksfofgu nsork
iqjysY;k vlr- R;kP;k mjksHkkxkeqGs R;k ekr`Ron’kZd vlY;k
ikfgtsr- egkHkkjrkr fof’kjk ukokP;k nsohps o.kZu vkysys vkgs-
‘kkdaHkjh gh ouLirhaP;k lqQyukph vf/k”Bk=h nsork vkgs- fu%larku
fL=;k viR; izkIrhlkBh frps iwtu djrkr- Bk.ks ftYgÓkkrhy okjyh
yksd ^iky?kV* ukokP;k nsohph iwtk djrkr- laL—r ^?kV&iYyok’kh*
ukrs lkax.kkjk ‘kCn vkgs- iky?kV Eg.kts ekaMh ?kkrysyh fLFkrh- rh
nsoh lqQyukph vf/k”Bk=h nsoh vkgs- ;k nsohps fo/kh QDr fL=;kp
djrkr- ;ko:u izkphu dkGkrhy f’kjksfoghu nsohizfrek gh
lqQyukP;k ladYius’kh fuxfMr gksR;k gs Li”V fnlwu ;srs-240 ekgwj gs
xko ns[khy ekr`iwj ok i`fFkohiwj ;k ekr`iwtd laiznk;k’khp fuxfMr
vkgs- xzkensorkaps iqtkjh gs L=h iqtkjh vlr- vktgh dqBs dqBs
iwtslkBh Hkxr iwtsiqjrs yqxMsp vkMos ykor vlrks-
ewfrZiwtsP;k vk/kh ok R;kcjkscjhusp vkfne ekuo dkgh izrhdkaps
iwtu djhr vls- R;kr liZ gs izrhd oa’ko`/nhlkBhp okijys tkr
vls- rs m?kMm?kM l`tukps izrhd gksrs- liZ tfeuhr ok#Gs d:u
tehu HkqlHkq’khr d:u lksMrkr- T;kosGh ukaxjkpkgh ‘kks/k ykxysyk
uOgrk- rsOgk likZauh v’kh r;kj dsysyh tehu ‘ksrhlkBh vR;ar
ykHknk;d Bjk;ph- liZ vkf.k R;kps ok:G gs L=h iq#”k ehyukpsgh
izrhd vkgs-241
izkFkfed ekuokP;k ‘ksrhP;k lqQyhdj.kfo”k;d dYiuk L=hiq#”k
lekxek’kh d’kk layXu >kysY;k vkgsr gs nk[kfo.kkjk ,d
Hkk”kk’kkL=h; iqjkok Jh- ih-lh- ckxph ;kauh fnyk vkgs- ukaxj ‘kCnkpk
laL—r izfr’kCn ^yk³~xye~* vlk vkgs- egkHkkjr vkf.k lw=ok³~e;
;kae/;s ;k ‘kCnkps ^yk³~xwy* vls :i vk<Grs vkf.k ;kpkgh vFkZ
ojhy izdkjsp gksrks- fyax gk ‘kCngh ;kp ‘kCnkiklwu vkyk vlkok-
615
larkGkP;k Hkk”ksr ^yk* ¾ mdj.ks] Hkksd ikM.ks v’kk vFkkZpk ‘kCn
vkgs- rsOgk ;k ewG /kkrwiklwu r;kj >kysY;k ^yk³~xye~*] ^yk³~xwy*
bR;knh ‘kCnkauk nqgsjh vFkZ ;kok gs ;k nksUgh fØ;kadMs ikg.;kP;k –
f“Vdksukps |ksrd vkgs- ukaxj.;kph fØ;k vkf.k eSFkqufØ;k ;ke/khy
lk/kE;kZoj vf/kf”Br v’kk dYiuk oSfnd ok³~e;krgh iq”dG
lkiMrkr- oSfnd vk;kZaph laL—rh iq#”kiz/kku gksrh- gs y{kkr ?ksrk gh
rqyuk vxnh LokHkkfod vkgs] gs Li”V gksrs- eqGkr ^ukaxj* ‘kCnkr
vfHkizsr vlysyh dYiuk vktP;k ukaxjkgwu fHkUu gksrh- tehu mdj.ks
o ch isj.ks ;k nksUghgh fØ;k dj.kkjh ,d Vksdnkj iksdG dkBh
¼ckacwizek.ks½ vlsp ewGP;k ukaxjkps Lo:i gksrs- ukaxjkph gh ewG
dYiuk ikfgyh Eg.kts ukaxj.ks vkf.k ch isj.ks ;k fØ;s’kh eSFkqu fØ;sps
vlysys lk/kE;Z rkRdkG tk.kors- Hkkjrkrhy vfrizkphu dkGps
vkfnoklh ‘ksrhps gsp votkj okijr vlkosr vkf.k R;kaP;kdMwup gs
‘kCn lqlaL—r Hkk”ksr vkys vlkosr- oSfnd ok³~e;kr ‘ksrhfo”k;d
fØ;k eSFkqukP;k ifjHkk”ksr ekaMysY;k vk<Grkr- R;kpizek.ks eSFkqufØ;k
‘ksrhP;k ifjHkk”ksr ekaMysyh vk<Grs-242
ukxtekrhaps ekr`lÙkkd :i] ukxkps {ks=ikydRo] ukxkps larku
nkf;Ro] ukxkps ÅtkZ o rstkps izrhd:i ;karwu ukx ;k dYiukca/kkps
:i ekr`lÙkkd thou O;oLFksdMwu iq#”klÙkkd O;oLFksdMs tkrkuk dls
cnyr xsys ;kpk va/kqd vkys[k vkiY;kyk tk.korks- ekr`lRrkd
dqVqackr izeq[kRo L=hdMs vls- iq#”kkpk laca/k dsoG oa’k
lkrR;kiqjrkp vls- ;k voLFksiwohZ tfeuhps foHkktu gksÅ u;s ;k
Hkwfedsrwu cgh.k&Hkkokauh larrh mRiUu dj.;kph izFkk vlkoh- ;e
;ehP;k dFksrwu R;kpk ladsr vkiY;kyk feGrks- iq#”klRrkd thou
i/nrhrwu L=hiq#”k ukR;kaph fuf’prh >kyh vlkoh- iq#”klRrkd
vk;kZaP;k laidkZrwu FkjokMe/;s Hkkokps egÙo ok<ys vlkos- nf{k.ksr
ekek Hkkphpk fookg vktgh lektekU; vkgs- l[[;k HkkokdMwu oa’k
616
fufeZrh dj.;kyk fuf”k/n ekuwu vkbZP;k] ekrsP;k Hkkok’kh] ekek’kh
fookg d:u oa’klkrR; fVdfo.;kl lekt ekU;rk feGkoh- ;k
izoklkrwu iq#”kkps dqVqackrhy izeq[kRo fLFkj >kys vlkos- ;k lkaL—
frd ifjorZukP;k izoklkr ukx egkjk”Vªkrhy —f”kdU;kapk ca/kw >kyk
vlkok-243
egkjk”Vªkr tksfrck] HkSjo vkf.k joGukFk gÓkk ukx:i nsork
vkgsr- tksfrckyk ^‘ks”kLFk* vkf.k ^iUuxokgu* vlsgh Eg.krkr-
tksfrckph ;ekbZ gh lgpkfj.kh vkgs- r’khp lkarsjh gh [kGukFkkph
lgpkfj.kh vkgs- HkSjokpk lac/k gk tksxs’ojhph tksMyk tkrks-
tksxs’ojh gh t’kh ‘ks”kdU;k vkgs- r’khp rh ‘ks”kiRuhgh vkgs- ;k
nsork larkunk;h nsork vkgsr- MkW-jk-fp-<sjs ;kaP;k ers] ßizFke ekuoh
:ikr iwftys tk.kkjs nso iq<s ekuoh :i cuY;kuarj ewGps R;kps
vekuoh :i okguakph tkxk ?ksrs- ojhy frUgh :is gh ukxkaphp ekuoh
:is ekukoh ykxrkr- l`”VhP;k l`tuke/;s gh :is egÙokph Hkwfedk
ikj ikMrkr- nf{k.ksrhy vusd tkrhtekrhr fookgkizalxh fookfgr
fL=;k ok:Gkph iwtk d:u R;kph ekrh izlkn Eg.kwu ?kjh vk.krkr-
larkuizkIrhph vis{kk dj.kkÚ;k fL=;k ukxkP;k vFkok ukx;qxqykP;k
ewrhaZph iwtk djrkr vkf.k uolQsMhlkBh uO;k ukxewrhZ r;kj d:u
eafnjkP;k vkokjkr vFkok >kMkP;k ik;F;k’kh izfrf”Br djrkr-244
ukx gs i`FohP;k mnjkr fuokl djrkr- R;keqGs R;kaPkk laca/k
lqQyhdj.kk’kh ;srks- eslksiksVksfe;k lqesfj;u vkf.k cWcksfy;u nsork
;k liZnsork Eg.kwu vksG[kY;k tkrkr- xzhde/;s ns[khy HkwxHkZ nsork
fdaok pSrU; nsork Eg.kwu R;kph vksG[k vkgs- fQth;u liZ nsork gh
xqgse/;s jkgrs- tsOgk rh pkyrs] ljiVrs rsOgk Hkwdai gksrks- v’kh
letwr vkgs-245
Hkkjrh; iqjk.kdFkkae/;s ukxkps fp=.k gs d`”.k fo#) ‘osr v’kk
NVkae/;s dsysys vkgs- vkdk’k fo#) i`Foh vls vkgs- gs fp=.k
617
izfrekaP;k Lo:ikr ;srs- LoxZ vkf.k ikrkG ;krhy leUo;kpk nqok
Eg.kwu ukx ;srks- rks e`r O;ähpk vkRek Eg.kwu nksUghdMs lapkj djhr
vlrks- vlk dYiukca/k vkgs- jkseu laLd`rhrhy vDLysfivl gh
nsork vkS”k/k’kkL=kph tud Eg.kwu lacks/kyh tkrs- rh nsork viksyksph
iq= vkgs- frps izrhd Eg.kwu liZ vkgs- vktgh vkS”k/k’kkL=kr rs
izrhd Eg.kwu Lohdkjrkr- dkj.k ukx ok liZ gs vej vkgs- Lor%ps
‘kjhj R;kxwu nqljs ‘kjhj rs /kkj.k djrkr-246
Ekk;k ;k i`Fohnsorspk izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu gk liZ ;srks- liZ gk
;ksuhpk izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu ;srks- esfDldksP;k izkphu ;qxkr lektkauh
likZpk fofo/k izrhdkaP;k Lo:ikr Lohdkj dsyk vkgs- fo’ks”k Eg.kts
Kku] ‘kähps rs izrhd vkgs- R;kp izek.ks dkG vkf.k i`Fohps izfrfu/kh
Eg.kwu ;srks- rs>dkYVhiksdk vkf.k Dosr>kydksVh ;k lektkr liZ gk
i`Foh vkf.k LoxZ ;k nksgksae/;s txrkps foHkktu dj.kkjk vkgs- nqgsjh
rksaaMkpk liZ gk tynsork Eg.kwu ;srks-247
3-26 dey] y{eh o ukx % vuqca/k %
fganw iqjk.kkae/;s ts fofo/k dYiukca/k izl`r >kysys vkgsr- R;kr
dey vkf.k ukx ;kapk vuqca/k xq< o yksdfiz; vkgs- y{eh gh fganw
nsork leqnzeaFkukrwu tUekyk vkysyh vkgs- frus fo”.kw’kh fookg dsyk
v’kh ikSjkf.kd dFkk vkgs- y{eh gh deykfLFkr vkgs- R;keqGs frpk
laca/k deyk’kh o tyk’kh ;srks- ukxkpk laca/kgh tyk’kh vkgs-
O;qRiÙkh ‘kkL=kr ukxkyk es?k vlsgh lacks/kys xsys vkgs- l`”Vhph
fufeZrh gh L=h vkf.k iq#”k ;k ;qXekrwu >kysyh vkgs- gs ;qXe fofo/k
izrhdkarwu izl`r >kysys vkgs- R;krp dey] y{eh] vfnrh] ukx]
o`”kHk] v’o b- pk lekos’k gksrks- l`tukph izfØ;k gh fuR; vlrs-
rh izrhdkRed Lo:ikr nk[ko.ks iqjk.kdkjkauk ØeizkIr okVys-
R;krwup Hkwekrsps izrhd Eg.kwu ok#Gkyk ekU;rk fnyh rj ikS#”kkps
izrhd Eg.kwu ukxkyk ekU;rk fnyh- n- Hkkjrkr ;ksfuewrhaaZph iwtk gh
618
vkfne rÙokaph iwtk Eg.kwu loZekU; Bjyh vkgs- R;krwup xty{eh
gs ewfrZf’kYi lkdkjysys vkgs- y{ehyk iùk] iùtk] iùgLrk v’kh
fofo/k ukos vkgsr- ;kpk vFkZ rh vki laiznk;h] ukj laiznk;h nsork
vkgs- frP;k nksUgh cktwl nksu gÙkh vkgsr- gs es?kkaps izfrfu/kh vkgsr-
gÙkhaukp ukxgh Eg.krkr- gs gÙkh ,sjkor dqyksRié vkgsr- bjk&ik.kh
;k ‘kCnkiklwu ,sjkor gs dqy tUekyk vkys vlkos- Eg.ktsp y{eh
gh Hkweh rj ukx gs ty ;k ;qXekrwup l`tukpk vkfo”dkj lkdkj gksr
vlrks-248 vfnrh Eg.kts ^ve`rL; ukfHk% vkgs- vfnrh% uks tkfu=e~*
;k mYys[kkizek.ks fo’okrhy izkf.kek=kaps tUeLFkku l`tu dsanz Eg.ktsp
vfnrh gks;- tykrwu mRié gks.kkjh nsoh vkfnekrk o frpk lkaxkrh
liZ ¼ty L=o.kkjk½ v’kk nSoriwtdkapk gk vki laiznk; vkgs- vfnrh
gh ty Lo:ih vlY;kps loZekU; vkgs- fyaxiqjk.kkr ;ksuh ‘kCnkpk
mgkiksg dsyk vlwu ^;ksuh* Eg.kts chtkps ikyu dj.;kps LFkku vls
lkafxrys vkgs- gh xks”V loZekU; v’kh vkgs- rsFks nso;ksuhiklwu
fi’kkp ;ksuhi;ZarP;k loZ ;ksuhauk i’kq;ksuh EgVys vkgs- ;ko:u ;ksuh
Eg.kts iztksRiÙkhph Hkweh] LFkku] L=h vlk vFkZ fuf’pr gksrks-249
;ksuhpk laca/kp fo’odeyk’kh o dqaHkk’kh tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs-
MkW- Mh-Mh- dkslach ;kauh ;klkBh vk.k[kh dkgh iqjkos fnysys vkgsr-
ßvadksjoV ;sFkhy f’kYikr dEcksfM;u vIljk] urZD;k ,dk gkrkr
deyiq”i vkf.k nqlÚ;k gkrkr deGkph ch vlysys QG ?ksÅu mH;k
vlY;kps nk[kfoys vkgs- R;kiSdh ifgys iq”djkps fpUg vlwu nqljs
fpUg m?kMi.ks lqQyrkn’kZd vkgs- gh ijaijk fdrh izkphu vkgs-
R;kph dYiuk I;qdsyk vksfVlP;k Hkkjrh; xzhd uk.;kao:u ;sbZy- ;k
uk.;koj iq”djkorh uxjhph deykapk eqxqV vlysyh vfo% ekr`nsork
;k ukokph nsork vxnh ;kp i)rhus nk[kfoyh vkgs- ‘kriFk czkã.k
7-4-1-11 ;sFks deykps iku ¼iq”dji.kZ½ Eg.kts ;ksuh gks; vls
lkafxrys vkgs vkf.k 13 O;k ‘yksdkr iq”dj Eg.ktsp deGkps iku
619
vls EgVys vkgs- Hkjiwj ik.kh vlysY;k izns’kkrgh iq”dj gk izR;sd
fganw nsoGkapk ,d vko’;d vlk Hkkx vlrks- eslksiksVsfe;krhy lw{e
[kksndkekr bvk fdaok R;kpk lsod ;kaP;k gkrkrhy dqaHkkrwu nksu u|k
okgrkauk nk[kfoY;k vkgsr- okgrk dqaHk gk lqQyrspk fun’kZd vkgs-
b’rjP;k ejh iqrGÓkkr frus gkrh dqaHk /kjysyk vkgs vkf.k fczfV’k
E;qf>;ee/khy 89762 ;k eqnzsr frP;k [kka|kiklwu fu?k.kkÚ;k nksu
u|k nk[kfoY;k vkgsr- R;ko:u fir`nsokauh frps mPpkVu dj.;kiwohZ
dqaHk gs frps [kkl lqQyrkn’kZd fpUg Eg.ktsp xHkkZ’k;kps fun’kZd
vlkos vlk vankt dj.ks ;ksX;p Bjsy- fo/kqj&iafMr tkrdkr
lq;’kklkBh ik.;kus HkjysY;k dqaHkkyk usgeh HkfäHkkokus nksUgh gkr
tksMwu ueLdkj dsyk ikfgts vlk ,d viwoZ fu;e fnysyk vkgs-250
gk dqaHk Eg.ktsp vfnrh ok y{eh vkgs- Hkweh vkf.k L=h ;k nks?khgh
vkiY;k ys[kh ,d:i vkgsr( y{eh vkgsr( R;kaph izfrek L=h:ikr
iwtrks vkf.k R;kaps izrhd dey:ikr A Eg.kts Hkweh] L=h vu~ dey
gh ,dkRe vkgsr- i`Fohyk ^pjkpjL; yksdL; ;ksfu%* EgVys vkgs-
vFkkZrp i`Foh gh dey:ikr ¼iq”djkdkj½ ekuyh xsyh vlY;keqGs
dey gs gh ^pjkpjkph ;ksuh* ¼fo’okps mRifÙkLFkku½ Bjys vkgs- fganw
ok³~e;kr :< vlysY;k ;ksfudey ;k izrhd laKsps jgL; deykP;k
;k i`Foh:irsr vkgs- R;kP;k fo’oltZd lkeF;kZr vkgs] gs Li”Vi.ks
y{kkr ;sbZy- dey gs tGkrwu tUeysys iq”i vkgs- R;keqGs R;kyk
tyt] okfjt] vCt b- tylac) ukos ykHkysyh vkgsr- fdacgquk
oSfnd izrhdfo|sr tG vkf.k deG ;kauk ,d:igh ekuysys vkgs-
tG gs l`”Vhps vkfndkj.k vkgs vkf.k tGdeGkP;k ,dRokeqGs
deG gs ldG ltZukps ekgsj vkgs] vls oSfndkauh o iqjk.kdkjkauh
lkafxrysys vkgs-251 Jh lwäkr y{ehpk deGk’kh laca/k vlysyh
vusd ukos ;srkr- iùlaHkok] iùky;k] iùfiz;k] iùgLrk] iùksl]
iùkuuk] iùnyk;rk{kh] ifùuh v’kh i;kZ;h ukos vkgsr- Jh lwäkr
620
y{ehyk vknzkZ vls nksu osGk EgVysys vkgs vkf.k ^vki% l`tarq
fLuX/kkfu* v’kh frph izkFkZuk dsysyh vkgs-252
dqaHkkP;k izrhdkrwup dey;a=kpk tUe >kysyk vkgs- fL=;kauk
v[kaM lkSHkkX;kph izkIrh] oa/;syk xHkZ/kkj.kk o e`roRlsyk iq=ykHk ;k
mís’kkalkBh dey uked ;a= /kkj.k djkos] vls lkafxrys vkgs-
HkwtZi=koj xksjkspu o ds’kj ;kaP;k feJ.kkus gs ;a= fyfgrkr o R;kph
rhu fnol iwtk djrkr- ,dk nkaiR;kyk Hkkstu ?kkyrkr- uarj R;k
;a=kyk rarwus os”Vwu f=yksgkP;k ¼lksus] :is o rkacs½ ,d iksdG e.;kr
rs Hkjrkr o rks e.kh gkjkr xqaQwu xGÓkkr /kkj.k djrkr-253
nsohizlkn pVksik/;k; ;kauh ^yksdk;r* ;k xzaFkkr v’kkp
izdkjP;k loZrksHknz eaMykpk mYys[k dsyk vkgs- R;k eaMykfo”k;h
foospu djrkauk rs fyfgrkr]^The flattened square-shaped clay, on
which the vessel is placed, has a diagram drawn on it, called the
sarvatobhadra mandalm. It is one of those well known diagram of
Tantrism, known as the yantras. Its centre is occupied by the
picture of a lotus with eight petals astadala padma. As we have
already observed, in Tantrism this padma or lotus is invariably a
symbolic representation of the female genital organ. We may now
easily see the significance of the purna ghata being placed on the
servatobhadra mandalam. Plants and fruits are brought into contact
621
with the female reproductive organ. The same idea is repeated in
the purna ghata itself….’254
ra= laiznk;ke/;s ns[khy dqaHkkpk laaca/k deyiq”ik’kh tksMysyk
vkgs- L=hP;k l`tudsanzk’kh tksMysyk vkgs- vki laiznk; o rkaf=dkapk
laiznk; ;ke/;s vkfnerÙokaP;k lanHkkZr dkgh lkE; vlY;kps ;ko:u
tk.kors- ;ke/;s fuf’prp dkghrjh ;kRokRed] ;krqe; laca/k
vlkok- tks tUe] e`R;w o iqutZUe ;k vkfne lR;kyk tksMrks-
l`”VhP;k izkjaHkh tsOgk ltZukph psruk tkx`r >kyh- R;kosGh
R;k izy;dkyhu tykoj ,d deG meywu oj vkys- rs lw;kZlkj[ks
izdk’keku gksrs- R;kph ukG fo”.kwP;k ukHkhrwu mRié >kyh vkf.k
R;kP;k fodflr voLFskrwu prqeqZ[k czã~;kpk tUe >kyk- Hkweh
iq”iorh >kyh- ;k ladsrkpk vk/kkj Eg.kts gs dey gks;- deykP;k
fBdk.kh ekr`Ro fdaok tuu’kähps vejRo vkgs- fo”.kwP;k vk;q/kkr
dey vo’;eso vlrs- lw;kZP;k ewfrZdj.kkrgh dey vifjgk;Z Bjys
vkgs- xkSre cq) gk deyklu vkgs] vls vusd nso fodflr iùkoj
clysys nk[korkr- lkaph vkf.k Hkjgwr gh Qkj izkphu dyk dsanzs
vkgsr- lkaphP;k }kjkaoj vkf.k Nrkaoj iùfiz;k nsoh vafdr vkgs-
Hkjgwr ;sFkhy 15 os f’kYi xty{ehps vkgs- frFks y{ehps dksey
pj.k deykoj folkoys vkgsr- mHk;Hkkxh nksu gÙkh deykaojp mHks
vkgsr- ckS) ewfrZdysr ftFks ftFks nsoh vk<Grs] frFks frFks rh
deyokfluh vlrs- ckS)kapk iùik.kh ukokpk ,d izeq[k cksf/klÙo
622
vkgs- rks vftaBÓkkP;k fp=dkjhr vk<Grks- dey ghp R;kyk
vksG[k.;kph [kw.k vkgs- voyksfdrs’ojkph ihfBdkgh deGkphp
vlrs- izKkikjferk gh ckS)kaph ewy’käh vlwu frph ihfBdkgh
deykphp vkgs- ‘ks”k’kk;h fo”.kwP;k ik;kauk vk/kkj vkMO;k
deGkpkp vlrks- vtaBÓkkP;k lkÚ;k fp=dysP;k ekxs ,d deGou
Mksyr vlY;kpk Hkkl gksrks- vls okVrs dh bFkY;k loZ fp=kd`rh
fdaok ewrhZ t.kw ^uodatykspu dateq[kdj] datindatk:.ke~a* dey
dksey vkgsr-255 os:G ;sFkhy dSykl ys.;kr izos’k djrkp
xty{ehph ,d HkO; vkf.k euksgj f’kYikd`rh n`”Vhl iMrs- R;k
f’kYikr y{ehP;k deykluk[kkyh vk/kkjHkwr vls nksu ukx vkgsr-256
vgenuxj ftYgÓkkr isMxko¼rk- JhxkSj½ ;sFks ,d gsekMiaFkh cka/k.khps
e/;;qxhu HkSjo eafnj vkgs- {ks=ikGkP;k ;k eafnjkr ,dk LraHkkoj gh
nsoh dksjysyh vlwu] frP;k ;ksuhrwu fu?kkysys fdaok ;ksuhr izfo”V
>kysys nksu ukx nqlÚ;k cktwauh frus nksUgh gkrkr /kjysys vkgsr- gh
nsoh lkax ¼f’kjks;qä½ vkgs- liZ fdaok ukx gk iq#”krÙokpk izfrfu/kh
vkgs- vkfniq#”k vkgs- gs xty{eh f’kYikr o”kZ.k’khy nksu xtkaps ts
LFkku vkgs- rsp ;k f’kYikr ;ksfuizfo”V nksu ukxkaps vkgs- nksu xt]
nksu ukx ;karhy nksu la[;spk ladsr iq#”kkaP;k vusdrs’kh lca) vkgs-
izd`rh ,d vkgs- iq#”k vusd vkgsr- {ks=ikGkP;k vFkok {ks=irhP;k
eafnjkr {ks=kps f’kYi gs {ks=ifrla;qä vlkos- gs ewG J)kladsrkyk
/k:up vkgs-257
yqfjLrku ¼if’pe bjk.k½ ;sFkhy mR[kuukr ,d orqZGkdkj
mBkokps f’kYi miyC/k >kys vkgs- rs f’kYi b-l-iw- 1200 rs 1000
;k dkGkrys vkgs- ;k f’kYikr gfLreq[kh nso gk r#.k ;ks/nÓkkP;k
:ikr vafdr dsysyk vlwu R;kP;k ,dk gkrkr nq/kkjh [kMx~ vkf.k
nqlÚ;k gkrkr ukx vkgs- ‘ks”kukx R;kP;k ik;k’kh nk[kfoysyk vkgs-
MkW- jk-fpa-<sjs ;kaP;k ers] ße/kkse/k ts dsoG eLrd nk[kfoys vkgs- rs
623
iq#”kkps ulwu L=hps vkgs- ;k L=heq[kkP;k nksUgh cktwauk nksu xteq[kh
iq#”k mHks vkgsr- R;kaP;k mtO;k MkO;k gkrkr nq/kkjh ryokj ulwu
vusd’kk[kh i.kZ vFkok uO;k /kkU;kph rqjeh vkgs- vkiyk gk
Mkok&mtok gkr R;k xteq[kh iq#”kkauh mapkowu L=heq[kkP;k ojP;k
Hkkxh /kjysyk vkgs- ;k mapkoysY;k nksUgh gkrkaP;k e/kY;k Hkkxkr
L=heLrdkaP;k oj] ,dk[kkyh ,d v’kh nksu deGs vkgsr- xteq[kh
iq#”kkP;k mtO;k&MkO;k gkrkr ‘ksiVhdMwu liZ /kjysys vkgsr vkf.k
R;k likZP;k eLrdkdMhy Hkkx nsohP;k ¼dfYir½ v/kksHkkxkdMs
clysyk vkgs- vLi”V v’kh nksu ikoys fnlr vkgsr- gs xty{eh
oxkZrys f’kYi vkgs-Þ iq<s foospu djrkauk rs fyfgrkr] ßiSdh ukx
vkf.k xt nks?ks ,d:i vkgsr- nks?ksgh iq#”krÙokps Eg.kts |kSps
izfrfu/kh vkgsr- fdacgquk ukx gh laKk x.kokpdgh vkgs- ,o<s ukx
vkf.k xt ;kaps le/kfeZRo vkgs- xteq[kh iq#”kkaP;k gkrkrhy /kkU;kph
rqjeh gh m?kM m?kM l`”Vh vkf.k le`)h ;kaps |ksrd vkgs- rh
y{ehP;k izd`rh’kh iw.kZr% laoknh vkgs- xt dk; fdaok xteq[kh iq#”k
dk;] R;kaP;k nksu ;k la[;srwu iq#”krÙokps vusdRo lwfpr gksr
vkgs-Þ258
fo”.kw vkf.k y{eh ;kaP;ke/;s tlk vykSfdd dYiukca/k vkgs-
rlkp f’ko&ikoZrh¼mek½ ;kaP;ke/;sgh gkp dYiukca/k ekU;rkizkIr
>kysyk vkgs- ‘The Abstract in osian Iconography’ ;k ys[kkr Mh-
Mh- dkSf’kd ;kauh iqjkrRoh; iqjkO;kP;k vk/kkjs rks Li”V dsyk vkgs-
ßOsian is a little villege 65 k.m. north-east of Jodhpur, in
Rajasthan. It has probably the largest group of eighth to twelth
century Pratihara temples at a single place in India. In these
temples one finds editices which cannot be deciferred without
entering the realm of abstract representation ‘The aspect of Love to
be depicted by the Uma-Mahesalingana has been very powerfully
624
highlighted symbolically by a snake coiling round the lotus flower
held by parvati.”259 ;ko:u vls fnlwu ;srs dh deynykHkksorh
os”Vhr vlysyk liZ gk izd`rh o iq#”kkps feyu n’kZforks-
fo”.kww&y{eh fdaok f’ko&ikoZrh gs Hkweh o ukx ;kaP;k feyukps
ekuho:i vkgsr- tyrÙo gsp l`”Vhps l`turÙo vkgs- dey o ukx
gs nksUgh ;k rÙokps vkfne i’kw vkf.k o`{k ¼Qwy½ gh :is vkgsr
vkf.k nsod Eg.kwu rh iwtyh tkrkr-
3-27 cyjke% vkfn’ks”kkpk vorkj %
iqjk.k ok³~e;ke/;s vusd ukxnsork gÓkk cgqeq[kh n’kZfoysY;k
vkgsr- R;kr vkfn’ks”kkpkgh lekos’k vkgs- vkfn’ks”kkykp vuar ;k
ukxkus vksG[kys tkrs- HkxorxhrsP;k n’ke v/;;kr Jh—“.k Lor%yk
^vuark fLe ukxkuke~* vls lacks/krks- ;ko:u vuarkph oSf’k”VÓks lgt
tk.korkr- l`”VhP;k dYikarkuarjgh tks ‘ks”k ¼f’kYyd½ jkgrks] R;kl
vuar vls EgVys tkrs-260 ‘ks”kkyk /kj.kh/kj vlsgh Eg.krkr-
egkHkkjrkP;k ^vuq’kkluiokZ*r lkr /kj.kh/kj lkafxrysys vkgsr- /keZ]
dky] dke] olw] oklqdh] vuar o dfiy vls rs gksr-261 ;kr
‘ks”kkpk vuar Eg.kwu lekos’k dsysyk vkgs- egkHkkjrkr cyjke gk
‘ks”kkpk vorkj nk[kfoysyk vkgs- Jh—“.kkpk lko= o lqHknzspk lgksnj
T;s”B ca/kw Eg.kwu rks ;srks- ikapjk= erkr lad”kZ.k ;k ukokus
HkxoarkP;k prqO;wZgkr R;kph x.kuk dsysyh vlwu] R;kyk thokps
izrhd ekuys vkgs- ;kph cynso] cyHknz] gyk;q/k] lad”kZ.k b- vU;
ukos vkgsr-262 pkj Hkxon~:ikapk O;wg Eg.kts prqO;wZg gks;- oklqnso]
lad”kZ.k] vfu:) o iz|qEu vls Hkxoarkps pkj O;wg egklu
dqekjlafgrsr lkafxrys vkgsr- oklqnso Eg.kts Jh—“.k- R;kP;k eukrwu
‘kqDyo.kZ ‘kkarhlg lad”kZ.kkph mRiÙkh >kyh- lad”kZ.k Eg.kts thokRek-
iapHkwrkaP;k la?kkrkiklwu ts ‘kjhj curs R;k ‘kjhjkyk pkyuk ns.kkjk
tho lad”kZ.k ;k ukokus vksG[kyk tkrks- lad”kZ.k O;f”V:i thokapk
625
lk{kh o R;kauk iz—rhiklwu i`Fkd dj.kkjk vkgs-263 ejkBh
O;qRifÙkdks’kkr ‘ks”kkyk ukxkaph nsork ok jktk letys xsys vkgs-264
‘ks”kkyk uoukxkae/;s egÙokps LFkku vkgs- va’k:ikus rks Jhfo”.kwps
‘k;ugh gksrks- Hkxoarkps ‘ks”k’kk;h:i ;kP;keqGsp fuekZ.k >kys vkgs-
R;kyk lgL= eLrds vkgsr- R;keqGsp rks i`Fohpk Hkkj okg.;kl leFkZ
gksrks- ;kP;k xGÓkkr ‘kqHkz jRuekyk vlwu gkrkr ukaxjkpk QkG o
dks;rk vkgs- xaxsus ;kph Hkäh d:u R;kP;kdMwu T;ksfr”k o [kxksy
;k ‘kkL=kaps Kku feGoys- bPNsyk ;sbZy R;kizek.ks :i /kkj.k
dj.;kph fo|k ;kyk BkÅd gksrh- R;keqGsp R;kps vusd vorkj
fdaok dyk fuekZ.k >kY;k- olqnso uotkr —“.kkyk ?ksÅu xksdqGkr
fu?kkyk vlrk /kks /kks ikÅl iMw ykxyk- R;k ikolkiklwu —“.kkps
j{k.k dj.;klkBh ;kus vkiys Q.kkN= R;kP;koj /kjys- jkeca/kw
y{e.k] —“.kca/kw cyjke o egkHkk”;dkj iratyh gs ‘ks”kkps vorkj
letys tkrkr- ‘ks”k gk dkykps izrhd ekuyk tkrks- rks vla[;
:ikauh l`”VhP;k ladksp&fodklkr lgHkkxh gksrks- loZ txkyk ‘ks”k:ih
dkykus yisVys vkgs- dky vkf.k fnd~ ;k nksgksaP;k [kspk[ksphr
l`”VhP;k mRiÙkh&fLFkrh&y;kph izfØ;k pkyrs- tsOgk loZ l`”Vhpk
fouk’k gksrks rsOgk dky ‘ks”k mjrks- Eg.kwu dky o ‘ks”k gs nks?ks ,dkp
rÙokps i;kZ; Bjrkr- izy;dkyh ‘ks”k fo”k;qDr vfXurÙokyk ckgsj
Qsdrks v’kh dYiuk vkgs-265
fo”.kq/keksZÙkjiqjk.kkr prqHkZqt] vusd Q.;k] e/kY;k Q.ksoj
i`Fohnsorsph ewrhZ] mtO;k nksu gkrkr deG o eqlG] MkO;k nksu
gkrh QkG o ‘ka[k vls R;kps o.kZu vkysys vkgs- izkphu f’kYi—rhr
ukxjkt cgq/kk v/kZliZ o v/kZekuo ;k Lo:ikr fnlrks- i.k rksp
tsOgk fo”.kwps vklu vFkok ‘k;u vlrks rsOgk rks laiw.kZi.ks liZ:ikr
nk[kforkr- frFksp lqjklkxj o rkyo`{kgh fpf=r djrkr-266
626
gfjoa’kkP;k fo”.kqiokZr cynsokps ekgkRE; o.kZu dsysys vkgs-
R;kr cyjke gk vR;ar rstLoh o nqtZ; egkRek gksrk- vkfnnso]
tus’oj] ukx o vuar b- ukokauh R;kl vksG[krkr- iqjk.kkarjh
ukxjkt] /kj.kh/kj] ‘ks”k] rstksfu/kh] Jheku] vda”;] iq#”kksÙke]
;ksxkpk;Z] egkoh;Z] nsora=eq[k] cyh b- vusd ‘kCnkauh mYys[k vkgs-
rks n’klgL= ukxcyh vlk gksrk- R;kus gyk;q/kkus leqnzkdMs okgr
pkyysY;k vkf.k ‘kh?kzxrhus meV.kkÚ;k tyrjaxkP;k ekysus ;qä
vlysY;k ;eHkfxuh o egkunh ;equspk vks?k fQjowu fryk eFkqjsdMs
ogko;kl Hkkx ikMys-267 ;ksx’kkL=kps iz.ksr`Ro ‘ks”k ukxjktkdMs vkgs-
ikraty lw=kaojhy Hkk”;kps vkjaHkh Hkxoku Hkk”;dkj O;klequh ;kauh
iq<hyizek.ks eaxykpj.k dsys vkgs&
ßFkLR;DRok:iek|a izHkofrtxrks·us d/kk·uqxzgk;A
iz{kh.kDys’kkjkf’kfoZ”kekfo”k/kjks·usdoD=% lqHkksxhA loZ
KkuizlwfrHkZqtifjdj% izhr;s ;L; fuR;A nsoks·gh’k%
Loks·O;kfRlrfoeyruq ;ksxanks;ksx;qä AA1AAÞ 268
;k eaxypj.kkrwu ‘ks”k gk ;ksxrÙokpk iqjLdrkZ fnlwu ;srks-
gfjoa’kkP;k fo”.kqiokZr —“.kkus cyjkekps o.kZu dsysys vkgs- ^vkiY;k
iklwu mRié gksÅu ijkØe dj.kkÚ;k iqjkru nsokaph] czãnsokph o
tykph vk|l`”Vh d’kh >kyh ;kph vkBo.k dj- vkdk’k gs rq>s
eLrd vkgs- ty gh rq>h ewrhZ vkgs- i`Foh gh rqÖ;k {kersP;k
fBdk.kh vkgs- rqyk vuar vls Eg.krkr- ‘ks”k :ikus rq>k vk/kkj vkgs
Eg.kwup gs ‘kk’or txr pkyys vkgs o loZ izk.;kaps mRifÙkLFkku
v’kh gh vpyi`Foh ;k vf[ky fo’okyk lkaHkkGwu /kjhr vkgs-*269
vls o.kZu ;srs-
jkek;.kkrhy banzftr gk ‘ks”k ukxkpk tkobZ Eg.kwu ikjaifjd
dFkk vkgs vkf.k y{e.k gk ‘ks”kkpk vorkj Eg.kwu [;krh vkgs- fo”.kw
gkp ‘ks”k’kk;h % vkfn’ks”k % vuar ukx EgVY;koj cynso o y{e.k
627
gh ‘ks”k ukxp vl.kkj( i.k izR;{k —“.k fdaok jkekyk ukx dj.;kps
;kstukiwoZd VkGysys fnlrs- cynsokP;k izfrekladsrkrhy ukaxj gk
¼ukx&ukx] ykaxy&yaxk&fyax½ lwpd ladsr gks;- f’kok; ;kpk rky
¼rkM½ /ot gksrk- ‘ks”k%ukx Eg.kfo.kkÚ;k y{e.kkP;k izfrek fuekZ.kkr
gh lkadsfrd mdy ukgh- rjh v/;kRe jkek;.kkizek.ks ;k y{e.kkus
leqnz ‘kks”kwu VkdY;kps o.kZu ;srsp! gk leqnz’kks”kd nso Eg.kts okMo
vXuh] liZp gks;! y{e.kkdMwu banzftr ¼Eg.kts ‘ks”kkpk tkobZ½ ekjyk
tkrks! y{e.k gkp ‘ks”k vlY;kus tko;kyk ekjY;kP;k ikikps fujlu
gks.;kdjrk] y{e.k fgeky;kr rikpj.k djrks! R;k lqizfl) LFkkukph
Le`rh] vkt y{e.k&>qyk ;k LFkwyukekus rxfoyh vkgs! banzftr
‘ks”kkpk tkobZ banzkyk ftadrks- ;k ik=fufeZrhekxhy [kksp] foMacu
y{kkr ;s.;kl _Xosnkrhy vfgftr o vfg:ih o`=kpk uk’k dj.kkjk
¼o`=gu½ Eg.kwu [;krh vl.kkÚ;k banz nSorkph Le`rh pkGo.ks t:j
vkgs vkf.k gh fnO;dFkk ¼myth½ fuekZ.k dj.kkjk dks.k\ rj ok:Gkrwu
vkysyk v’kk vFkkZpk ukeladsr /kkj.k dj.kkjk egkdoh okYehdh!270
cyjkekpk ‘ksoV lkaxrkuk iqjk.kdkjkauh cyjke gk izk;ksios’ku
d:u ukxx.kkr foyhu >kyk vls lkafxrys vkgs-271 izHkklh {ks=h
;knokauh ijLijkapk lagkj dsY;kuarj cyjke leqnzrhjkoj fpÙk ,dkxz
d:u clyk vkf.k ;ksxcykus R;kus vkiyk nsg Bsoyk- R;k izlaxh
cyjkekP;k eq[kkrwu ,d ukx ckgsj iMwu leqnzkr f’kjyk v’kh dFkk
vkgs-272
Hkkjrh; f’kYidysr lad”kZ.kkP;k ewrhZ fofo/k Lo:ikr tiysY;k
vkgsr- dk’ehjkr e/;;qxkrhy prqO;wZg fdaok fo”.kwP;k prqeqZ[k ewrhZ
vk<Grkr- R;kps ,d eq[k ekuoh eq[k] ,d flagkps eq[k] frljs
ojkgeq[k vlrs- pkSFks eq[k ekxs vlY;keqGs fnlr ukgh( i.k rs
nSR;eq[k vlkos- fo”.kq/keksZaÙkj iqjk.kkr v’kk prqeqZ[k ewrhZyk oSdqaB
EgVys vkgs- R;k ewrhZps flageq[k lad”kZ.kkps vlwu rs Kkun’kZd ekuys
628
tkrs- eFkqjstoG lkiMysyh ewrhZ luiwoZ ifgY;k fdaok nqlÚ;k
‘krdkrhy vlkoh- rhr cyjke ¼lad”kZ.k½ ukxQ.khP;k N=k[kkyh
mHkk vlwu R;kP;k gkrkr gy o eqly gh vk;q/ks vkgsr- R;kus
vk[kwM /kksrj uslys vlwu] MksD;kyk eksBs ikxksVs cka/kysys vkgs-273
dkgh ewrhZ f}Hkqt vlwu ukxQ.kkauh vya—r vkgsr- f}Hkqt ewrhZr
R;kpk mtok gkr vHk;eqnzsr vlrks o cgq/kk R;kP;kekxs liZ vlrks-
bFks R;kpk likZ’kh laca/k Li”V gksrks- dq’kk.kdkGkP;k e/;koj O;wgewrhZ
o vorkjewrhZ gk Hksn toGtoG u”V >kyk vkf.k ukxQ.khlg
gy&eqlG;qä v’kk R;kP;k ewrhZ cuw ykxY;k- ukaxjkyk flageLrd
tksMys xsys o dqaMys gh flagf’k”kkZ—rh >kyh- rks d/kh usehukFk
rhFkZaadjkcjkscj Dofpr jsorh Hkk;sZlg fnlw ykxyk-274
lad"kZ.k cyjkekpk ukxk’kh laca/k vlyk rjh cyjkekP;k
dq”kk.kdkyhu ewrhZe/;s cyjkekP;k gkrkr flagkfdr ukaxj
¼flag&ykaxy½ vls- ojkg ukaxj:ih ekuyk tkbZ- ek= cyjkekP;k
gkrkrhy flag&ykaxykpk mYys[k egkHkkjrkrgh vk<Grks- ,dk dq”kk.k
f’kYike/;s cyjkekP;k ,dwyR;k ,d dq.Myke/;s flagkph vk—rh
[kqchus okijyh vkgs- iq<hy dkGkr feG.kkÚ;k oSdqaBewrhZe/;s lad”kZ.k
cyjkekps izfrfuf/kRo flageq[kkusp >kysys vkgs- cyjke gk ;knokaP;k
o`“.kh dqGkr tUeyk gksrk- o`“.kh jktUFkx.kkP;k ,dk uk.;koj ,d
[kkac n’kZfoyk vkgs- R;kP;k ojP;k Vksdkoj flag o gÙkh ;kaph fefJr
vk—rh fnlrs- o`“.kh jktUFk x.kkP;k] flag jkt/otkojhy flag/ot
cyjkekpk rj xt/ot —“.kkpk vkgs gs m?kM vkgs- —“kh laL—rhps
ukaxj gs izrhd ;sÅup cyjke fgaMr vls- cyjkekpk flagvaxy
flagdqyfpUg/kkjh yksd gs —“kd gksrs] gsp Li”V djrks-
flagdqyfpUg/kkjh jk”VªdqVjkts ;{k laL—rhps okjlnkj gksrs- ujflagkpk
ukxlaL—rh’kh o xtlaL—rh’kh ?kfu”B laca/k vkgs- x.kirh gk ns[khy
xteq[kh ;{k vkgs- rj ujflag gk flageq[kh ;{k vkgs- ujflag gk
629
mxzohj vkgs- ujflag gk ,d Hkwr&ukx&;{k laL—rhpkp egÙokpk
/kkxk gks;-275
ojhy foospuko:u cyjke gk ukxkpkp vorkj ekukok
ykxrks-
3-28 Ldan vkf.k ukx %
Ldan gk f’koiq= vkgs- dqekj] lqczã.;e~] dkfrZds;] Ldan]
eq:xu] “kMkuu v’kk fofo/k ukokauh rks osxosxGÓkk Hkwizns’kkr ifjfpr
vkgs- Ldankpk laca/k ukxk’kh tksM.;kr vkysyk vkgs- Ldaniwtk o
ukxiwtk ;kaph laxrhgh [kwi izkphu vkgs- Ldankpk tUe T;k ioZrkoj
>kyk R;k ioZrkps j{kd ukx gksrs- R;kyk tsOgk vfHk”ksd >kyk rsOgk
ukxjkt oklqdhus R;kyk t; o egkt; ukokps nksu ukx HksV Eg.kwu
fnys- ukxekrk dnzw gh Ldankph ,d izfl) ckyxzgh gksrh- nf{k.ksdMs
Ldaniwtk gh ukx:ikrp dsyh tkrs-276 egkHkkjrkrhy ‘kY;iokZP;k
xnk;q)iokZr LdankfHk”ksd vkysyk vkgs- LdankfHk”ksdkr ukxjkt
oklqdh] v#.k] x#M] o`{k] vkf.k Hkxoku ;e/keZ gs loZt.k ,d=
gksÅu rsFks vkys gksrs o dky] ;e] e`R;w o ;ekps vuqpjgh rsFks gtj
gksrs- jktk gs o cgqRokeqGs u lkafxrysys nqljs ukukizdkjps nsorkx.k
vkivkiY;k fBdk.kkgwu dqekjkP;k vfHk”ksdklkBh teys- iéxs’oj
oklqdhus t; o egkt; ;k nks?kk ukxkl LdankP;k lsosr gtj
jkg.;kl vkKk dsyh- rkjdkpk o/k dj.;klkBh Ldankyk o#.kkus ,d
cyoh;Z lefUor ukx viZ.k dsyk] v’kh o.kZus ;srkr-277
MkW- jk- fapa- <sjs ;kaP;k ^yksdnSorkaps fo’o* vkf.k ^yTtkxkSjh*
;k nksUgh xzaFkke/;s Ldan vkf.k ukx ;kpk vuqca/k yko.;kpk iz;Ru
dsysyk vkgs- ßLdan gk nf{k.ksryk lkokZf/kd yksdfiz; nso Eg.kwu
ukx:ikr okojrks- ukx:ikr Hkäkauk n’kZu nsrks v’kh lkoZf=d letwr
vkgs- fdacgquk ok:G :ikrgh R;kph iwtk gksrs- dqekj{ks= ;kfBdk.kh
eq[; LFkkukf’kok; vkfnlqczge.; Eg.kwu ,d LFkku vkgs- rsFks eafnjkr
630
ok:G vlwu R;kphp iwtk djrkr- nsokps eafnj Qkj eksBs vkgs- eq[;
xkHkkÚ;kr lqczge.; nsokps n’kZu yksdkauh ?ks.;kfo”k;h ,d e;kZnkLFkku
dfYiys vkgs- rsFkwu ikfgys Eg.kts Qä lksU;kus e<foysY;k nsOgkÚ;kr
,d lksU;kpk ukx o e;wjkoj clysyh lgk eq[kkph v’kh
lqczge.;kph ewrhZ fnlrs] ;k[ksjht dkghp fnlr ukgh-Þ278
lqczã.; ;k ukokph fu#Drh lq czã.; v’kh QksM d:u fnyh
tkrs- ek;sP;k vrhr vlysys ek;kiVy nwj dj.kkjs ‘kq) rstks:i czã
Eg.kts lqczã.; gks;- vlk lqczã.;kP;k mikldkapk fo’okl vkgs-
miklusP;k leqér :ikr gkp fo’okl n`<ko.;kph vko’;drk
vlrs- R;klkBh R;kP;k ewG :ikrhy vkf.k R;kP;k miklusP;k
izkFkfed voLFksrhy LFkwy /kksj.kkapk folj gsrqr% ikMkok ykxrks-279
lqczã.;kP;k eafnjkr vkf.k eafnjkP;k ifjljkr ukxkauk
vlysY;k izk/kkU;kps Li”Vhdj.k ns.kkjh ,d dFkk izpfyr vkgs- ßQkj
Qkj iwohZ oklqdhps o x#Mkps ?ku?kksj ;q) >kys- R;k ;q)kr eeZLFkkuh
vk?kkr gksÅu oklqdh ukx ?kk;kG gksÅu vkiY;kyk dks.khrjh
okpokos Eg.kwu vkØks’k d: ykxyk- rks vkØks’k ,sdwu ukjnequh rsFks
vkys- R;kauh x#Mkph letwr ?kkryh- HkkokHkkokr vlk la?k”kZ gks.ks
mfpr uOgs] vls R;kauh x#Mkl lkafxrys- x#Mkus R;k{k.kh ukjnequhps
Eg.k.ks tjh ,sdys] rjh R;kus tkrk tkrk oklqdhyk v’kh /kedh
fnyh dh] vkrk tjh rqyk eh lksMys vlys rjh iqu% d/kh eh rq>k
o/k djhu- /kkLrkoysY;k oklqdhus ukjnkaph iqu% izkFkZuk dsyh dh] eyk
vkrk lqjf{kr tkxk lkaxk- ukjnkauh R;kyk dqekjknzh toGP;k xqgsr
tkÅu f’kokyk izlé dj.;kl lkafxrys- oklqdhus R;k xqgsr tkÅu
ri dsys vkf.k f’kokyk izlUu dsys- oklqdhus R;kP;ktoG vki.kkl
x#Mkiklwu vHk; ekfxrys- f’kokus oklqdhyk vls lkafxrys]
^rkjdko/kkuarj dkfrZds; ;k fBdk.kh foJkarh ?ksbZy- R;kosGh rw R;kyk
‘kj.k tk] Eg.kts rks rq>s lnSo j{k.k djhy-* R;kuarj dkfrZds;
631
rkjdklqjkpk o/k d:u tsOgk dqekjioZrkoj vkyk] rsOgk oklqdhus
R;kyk loZ o`Ùkkar lkaxwu vHk;kps ojnku ekfxrys- dkfrZds;kus
oklqdhyk iw.kZ vHk; fnys- R;k {k.kkiklwu lqczã.; {ks=kkr ukx vkf.k
liZ x#MkP;k Hk;kiklwu eqä gksÅu ukanw ykxys-Þ280
jk-c-eaMfydkauh ^lqczã.;* gs Ldanuke Eg.kts ^lqCcje.kh* ;k
ef.kizoky’kSyhrhy rfeG ‘kCnkps /ofulkE;kus lk/kysys —f=e
laL—rhdj.k vlwu R;k ‘kCnkpk ewykFkZ ^ukxe.kh* Eg.kts ukxjkt
vFkok ukxJs”B vlk vkgs- lqCcjkt] lqCcjko] lqCcy{eh ¼’kqHkjk;]
‘kqHky{eh½ b- nf{k.kh ukokrhy ^lqCc* gk va’k ukxkFkZd vkgs- ;kr
la’k; ukgh- lqczã.;e izek.ksp nf{k.ksr ukxjktu~ ;k ukokps fo’ks”k
izpyu vkgs- gs ;k lanHkkZr eqÌke /;kuh ?;kos-281 T;k lqczã.;{ks=h
ok#GkP;k lkfé/;kr ukx:ikr iwtk gksrs- rsFksgh J/nkoar
larkuizkIrhlkBh uol djrkr- fo’ks”k Eg.kts ;k {ks=h Ldan”k”BhP;k
mRlokr eq[; iqtkjh gkrkoj pkeMÓkkph fi’koh p<owu ok#Gkr gkr
?kkyrks vkf.k vkrwu rhu eqBh ekrh ckgsj dk<rks- ;k ekrhyk
^ewye`fÙkdk* v’kh laKk fnyh tkrs- gh ok#Gkrhy ^ewye`fÙkdk* iqtkjh
teysY;k Hkkfodkauk izlkn Eg.kwu okVrks- gk izlkn larkunk;h ekuyk
tkrks- egkiq#”kkaP;k leFkZ chtnzO;kus Hkkjysyh gh ewye`fÙkdk
larkunk;h letyh tkoh] ;kyk ok:G vkf.k ukx ;kaP;k
izrhdkRedrsP;k lanHkkZr vuU;lk/kkj.k egÙo vkgs] gs lgt /;kuh
;srs-282
3-29 ukx%ujflag%x.ks’k % ;{k izfrfu/kh %
iqjk.kkr ;{k laL—rhps vusd mYys[k lkiMrkr- vfrekuoh
;ksuhps loZ fo’ks”k ;{klaL—rhus vkikiY;kijhus nardFkk] nSordFkk]
tkrddFksrwu tiysys vkgsr- Jko.kkr ukx&ujlksckpk fo/kh ,d=
Lo:ikr dsyk tkrks- egkHkkjrkrhy cyjkekP;k dkukr ujflag dqaMys
vkgsr- f’kok; R;kps ykaPNugh flagkpsp vkgs- cyjke gk vkfn’ks”kkpk
632
vorkj ekuyk tkrks- ujflag gk ckoéohjkae/;s x.kyk tkrks-
fgj.;f’kiwpk o/k fo”.kw vorkjkP;k ujflag:ikus dsysyk vkgs-
;{kkP;k lkn`’; :ikae/;s x.ks’k] ujflag] ukx] ukxh b- pk lekos’k
gksrks- jk-fpa- <sjs ;kauh ujflagkpk lekos’k mxzohjkae/;s dsysyk vkgs- rks
flageq[kh ;{k vkgs- egkuqHkkoh; pØ/kjLokeh vkf.k xksfoanizHkw gs
ujflageBkr olr vlr] vls mYys[k feGrkr- R;kauk jkteB vlsgh
Eg.kr- ;{k gs o`{k:ikus jkgr vlr] iqtys tkr vlr- ujflag gk
dk”B[kkackrwu fuekZ.k >kyk] v’kh nSordFkk lkaxrs- gfjoa’kke/;s
;s.kkÚ;k —“.kyhyk] gÓkkr —“.kkus uydwcj vkf.k ef.kxzho ;k ;{kkauk
o`{k:ikrwu eqäh fnY;kpk lanHkZ lkiMrks- o`{kkauk izkphu ok³~e;kr
pSR;o`{k EgVysys vkgs- ukx ujlksckP;k fo/khr ;{kiwtspk vo’ks”k
lkekoysyk vkgs- ujflag gs vusd ?kjk.;kps dqynSor vkgs ujflagkP;k
ewrhZ vkf.k ‘ksanjh rkanGs gh vusd fBdk.kh vk<Grkr-283 ;{k
fo’ks”kkrwup ukx&ujlksck Jko.kkr ,d= ukanrkr-
v’edkps lokZr izfl) jkts Eg.kts izfr”Bkups lkrokgu-
R;kaP;k vk/kh izfr”Bkuyk ujflag ukokpk jktk gksrk vlk mYys[k
lkseLokehP;k dFkklfjrlkxjkr lkiMrks- R;k dFkscíy Jh- O;a
dsrdjkauh izkphu egkjk”VªkP;k bfrgklkr fygysys vkgs- Jh jsìh g;kauh
dkgh o”kkZiwohZ Eastern Anthropologist ;k ekfldkr psapw yksdkaP;k
dFkk o yksdxhrs ;kcíy fyfgys vkgs- R;kr vlk mYYks[k vkgs dh]
ßpsapw yksdkaP;k jktkyk eksBs ri d:u psafp;k ukokph eqyxh >kyh
o frps yXu ujflagk’kh >kys- gk ujflag jkukoukr HkVdr gksrk-
R;kyk psapw yksdkauh cka/kwu ekj.;kpk csr dsyk gksrk( i.k ,dk
czkã.kkus R;kyk okpoys- iq<s R;kus ;qähus psapwr nqQGh fuekZ.k
dsyh- fujfujkG;k VksGÓkkauk fujfujkGs izns’k jkg.;klkBh fnys o
,dkyk liZ:i nsÅu yksd rq>h iwtk djrhy vls lkafxrys-Þ gh
dFkk cjhp ykac vlwu R;kr ujflag gk Jhd`”.kp vls ‘ksoVh
633
lkafxrys vkgs- R;kpizek.ks psapw yksdkapk ukxka’kh laca/k tksMyk vkgs-
ujflagkph nsoGs nf{k.ksr vkgsr- ujflag ujl¸;k oxSjs ukosgh iq”dG
lkiMrkr- lkrokgukiwohZ ujflag Eg.kwu dks.kh jktk gksÅu xsyk
vlkok o R;kpk vEey rsyax.k o egkjk”Vªkoj vlkok vls fnlrs-
vkiY;kdMs ukx&ujlksck gh tksMh ,sdw ;srs- tqU;k ys.;karwu jke o
—“.k gÓkkaP;k ewrhZ fnlr ukghr( i.k ojkg o ujflag gh :is ek=
fnlrkr- ujflagiwtk tquh vlwu iq<s n’kkorkjkr —“.k iwtsP;kgh vk/kh
R;kyk LFkku feGkys vls fnlrs- tqU;k ujflagkpk ijkHko d:u
lkrokgukauh jkT; LFkkfiys dh dk; v’kh ‘kadk ;srs-284 vls vlsy
rjh nSordFkkauh ujflagkyk ;{kkr lekfo”V dsysys vkgs-
ikoZrhiq= x.ks’k gk gh ;{k vkgs- rks xteq[k ¼ukxeq[k½vkgs-
vk;kZaP;k laL—rhoj vuk;kZapk izHkko iMyk- fo}kukaP;k fojks/kkyk u
tqekurk [kkyP;k oxkZrY;k vk;kZauh uO;k nsonsorkapk vaxhdkj dsyk-
vlaL—r taxyh yksdkr v’kk nsokaph iwtk gksrs- ;k nsokaP;k vk—rh
i'kqi{;kaP;k vlrkr- vFkok R;kauk izsrfi’kkPpklkj[ks rksaM o nkr
vlrkr- vktgh v’kk xzkensorkaP;k ekrhP;k vFkok ykdMkP;k ewrhZ
cÚ;kp xkokr vk<Gwu ;srkr- vkiY;k vuk;Z ‘kstkÚ;kiklwu vk;kZauh
ukx] xnZHkkoj vk:< gks.kkjh ‘khryk] dq«;koj cl.kkjk HkSjo
;kaP;kcjkscjp mafnjk:< gÙkheq[k fouk;dkpkgh Lohdkj dsyk- fouk;d
gk xzkenso gksrk- f’kokpk ik”kZn gksrk- vuk;Z nsorkae/;s rks O;Urj
nsork gksrk- fo?ugrkZ gksrk( ijarq gGwgGw rks fo?ugrkZ >kyk- #nzkuqpj
>kyk- dkykarjkus xk.kiR; laiznk;krhy x.kirh izeq[k nsork cuyh-
rh nsork ;{k vkf.k ukx ;k yksdnsorka’kh ekSfydi.ks lacaf/kr
vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- Jh x.ks’kkph cky] r#.k] Hkä] ohj] ‘käh]
/ot] fl)h] mfPN”V] f{kiz] gsjac] y{eh] egku~] fo?u] fot;]
dYigLr vkf.k m/oZ gs lksGk /;ku lkafxrys vkgsr- R;kr osrkG]
‘käh] /kuq”;ck.k] peZ] [kM~x] [kV~okax] eqn~xj] xnk] vadq’k] ukxik’k]
634
‘kwy] ij’kw o /ot /kkj.k dj.kkÚ;k ohj ukokP;k v#.k x.ks’kkps
Lej.k djrks] vls Lrks= vkgs- ;kr x.ks’k vkf.k ukx ;kapk lglaca/k
n’kZfoyk vkgs- tkuos fdaok liZ] rlsp iksVkHkksorh likZpk os<k v’kk
Lo:ikr fBdfBdk.kP;k Jhx.ks’kkP;k ewrhZ vk<Grkr- vusdnk
Jhx.ks’kkP;k nksanwHkksorh liZ vlysYkk ewfrZ’kkL=kr nk[kfoyk vkgs-285
Jhx.ks’k] Jhujflag ;ke/;s ;{kkps loZ xq.kfo’ks”k lkekoysys
vkgsr- eq[k] ‘kjhj;”Vh] vk;q/ks] vkHkw”k.ks] izfrek] okgus] pØorhZin
;k lokZaP;k ek/;ekrwu rs ;{kkpsp fodflr :i vkgsr gs fl) gksrs-
3-30 T;ksfr”k’kkL=krhy ukx izfrek %
T;ksfr”k’kkL= gs xf.krh; ‘kkL= vlys rjh] R;krhy cÚ;kp
ckch xq< Lo:ikP;k vkgsr- jk’kh] u{k= ;kafo”k;h Hkxksyh; ekfgrh
miyC/k vlyh rjh R;kaP;k fufeZrhfo”k;h fofo/k dFkk izpfyr vkgsr-
;k lokZae/;s ukx izfrek deh vf/kd izek.kkr vkysyh vkgs-
itZU;kpk laca/k ns[khy ukxk’kh ¼es?kka’kh½ vkgs-
ejkBh O;qRiÙkh dks’kke/;s es?kklkBh esgqMk] <x gs ‘kCn fnysys
vkgsr- esgw Eg.kts itZU; gks;-286 itZU; gh _Xosnkrhy xkS.k nsork
vkgs- _Xosnkrhy dkgh lwDrkr itZU;kph iz’kalk dsysyh vkgs- o`”Vh
dj.ks gs R;kps eq[; dke vkgs- egkjk”Vªkr vkf’ou eklkrhy nsohP;k
uojk=ke/;s eqyh Qsj /k:u HkksaMY;kph xk.kh Eg.krkr- gs ,d
itZU;ozrp vkgs- R;kyk gknxk vls Eg.krkr- gknxk Eg.kts lw;Z gLr
u{k=kr vlrkuk [ksGk;pk [ksG gks;- gLr u{k=kpk ikÅl iMkok
vkf.k R;kus ns’kkr /kkU; le`)h Ogkoh] gk R;k [ksGkekxpk mÌs’k
vlrks- itZU; izkIrhlkBh vkf.k vfro`”Vh Fkkac.;klkBh o#.k izfresph
mndkr iwtk djkoh-287 vFkoZosnkr o`=kpk laca/k es?kk’kh tksMysyk
vkgs-288
egkHkkjrkr vkf.k gfjoa’kkr fofo/k es?kkaps lanHkZ vkysys vkgsr-
^‘kkafriokZ*P;k ^eks{k/keZiokZ*rhy ^maNo`Ù;qik[;kuk*r ‘kqØ ukokP;k
635
vkdk’kkrhy uhyo.khZ; es?kkpk lanHkZ vkysyk vkgs- rks ;k
lw;kZpkp ,d va’k vlwu rksp o”kkZdkGh ik.kh ikMhr vlrks-289
^gfjoa’kk*rhy ^Hkh”eiokZ*r lw;Zpanzkfn /kkj.kkaps Qy ¼v-28 ok½
fnysys vkgs- R;kr ijkØeh fo”.kw ;ksxcykus ‘kr’kjhj gksÅu es?kkpk
HksndRkkZ ,sjkor gÙkh gksrks- ex izk.;kP;k fgrkLro vkiY;k rstkus
izR;sd nsgkr f’kjysyk] vr,o nsgkr% fLFkr% fnO; Kku;qDr o loZ
inkFkZ [kkÅ.k Vkd.kkjk v’kk tkBj vXuhyk rks ,sjkor ukx
lq[knk;d o ‘khry v’kk vé ik.;kus vfHkf”kä o ‘kkar djrks- nSR;
vkf.k vXuhP;k ;q/nkr ,sjkor gÙkhus foizkP;k larrhl eku nsÅu
tyo”kkZo dsysyk lanHkZ feGrks-290 gfjoa’kkP;k xkso/kZu vk[;kukr
banzkus lkaorZd es?klewgkyk vkKk nsÅu rqQkuh ikÅl ikMyk gksrk-
R;krhy cjsp es?k ukxkP;k vkdkjkaps gksrs- eksBeksBÓkk Q.kkaps o
eLrdkoj LofLrd fpUg /kkj.k dj.kkjs ukx [koGwu tkÅu vkikiY;k
foojkrwu ckgsj iMys vkf.k brLrr fQ: ykxys- vls o.kZu ;srs-291
;k lokaZrwu itZU; vkf.k ukx ;akpk lglaca/k lgti.ks y{kkr ;srks-
T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr fofo/k es?k lkafxrysys vkgs- es?kkaph ukos
vuqØes vkoRkZ] laroZ] iq”dj vkf.k nzks.k- ikolkG;kP;k pkj efgU;kr
gs es?k ØekØekus ;srkr- ifgyk es?k dks.krk\ gs dk<.;kph xf.krh;
i)r vkgs- g;k o”khZ 1928$ 3 ¾ 1931 4 ¾ 482 ckdh 3
Eg.kwu vk”kk< efgU;kr iq”dj] Jko.kkr nzks.k] Hkknzinkr vkorZ]
vk’ohu efgU;kr laoRkZ es?k vkgsr- Eg.kwu vk”kk<kr ean o`”Vh
Jko.kkr Hkjiwj ikÅl] Hkknzinkr dksBs ikÅl dksBs vo`”Vh g;k
efgU;kr Hkjiwj ikÅl iM.kkj ukgh- [akM o`”Vhps ;ksx-
gÓkkp izdkjkus T;s”B d`”.ki{k rs vkf’ou d`”.k AA30AA Ik;aZr
9 i{k ¼15 fnolakpk i{k½ gksrkr- g;k izR;sd i{kkr ikÅl dlk
iMsy- R;k fo”k;h uoukx okij.;kph i)rh lkafxrysyh vkgs- 1928
636
& 1512 ¾ 416 9 ¾ 46 ckdh 2 Eg.kwu laorZ ukokpk es?k
T;s”B d`”.ki{kkr vkgs-
iapkx i)rhr 3 jh i)r }kn’k ukx ¼es?k½ g;kr nj 10
fnolkr iM.kkÚ;k ikolkpk vankt ?ksrk ;srks- g;kph lq#okr vk”kk<
‘kqAA 1AA iklwu gksrs- ¼laoRlj Qy ukjnksLr i`”B 9&10½
1927 $ 2 ¾ 1929 12 ¾ 16 ckdh 9 mjys Eg.kwu
v’urjk es?k vk”kk< ‘kqAA izfrinsiklwu 10 fnol vkgs
R;k ckjk es?kkaph ukos % lqcq)] uCnlkjh] ddksZVd] i`Fk`Jok]
oklqdh] r{kd] /kSoa] dEcy] v’orj] gseekyh] ujsanz] oxzna”Vª] b-
Ckkjk ukxkaph ukos % v’orjk] gseekyh] ujsanz] otzn.Vª] o`”k]
lqcq/n] uanlkjh] ddksZVd] iqFkqJok] oklqdh] r{kd] dEcy-
ikjaifjd iapkax i)rhlg xzaFkksä xzgxf.krk/kkjs es?k i)rh o
ukx i)rhpk voyac d:u gs itZU;eku dk<ys tkrs-292
vusd :ikauh vkdk’kkr izdk’keku gks.kkjh u{k=s izR;sd {k.kkyk
xrheku gksÅu iq<s ljdrkr- gh loZ u{k=s fo?ufoukf’kuh vkf.k
vkRedY;k.kkph] cq)hph [kk.k vkgsr- vFkZoosnkr vk’ys”kk u{k= gs
likZps u{k= lkafxrysys vkgs- ;kapk u{k=kf/kirh dsrw gk xzg vkgs-293
mÙkjk”kk<k gh fo’onsokps u{k= vkgsr- mÙkjk”kk<k gh likZoj cl.kkjh
xksjh lqanj ukxnksjhus tVktwV cka/k.kkjh] lqo.kkZph dqaMys ?kky.kkjh vkf.k
mtO;k gkrh Qkls o ukx rlsp MkO;k gkrh iqLrd o lqaM /kkj.k
dj.kkjh vkgs-294
iapkaxkps ikpos vax Eg.kts dj.k- dj.k Eg.kts frFkhpk v/kkZ
Hkkx- lw;Z&panzke/;s 12 va’k fdaok 12 ph iV varj Eg.kts vyx
vyx frFkh T;kizek.ks fuekZ.k gksrs] R;kizek.ks Li”V lw;Z&panzke/;s 6
va’k fdaok 6 ph iV varj iMys Eg.kts vyx vyx dj.ks fuekZ.k
gksrkr- dj.ks ,danj 11 vkgsr- R;kiSdh 7 dj.ks gh pj Eg.kts
vkorZukus ;s.kkjh vkgsr vkf.k ckdhph 4 gh fLFkj fdaok vpy
637
vkgsr- vekoL;sP;k iwokZ/kkZP;k dj.kkps uko prq”ikn] vekoL;sP;k
mÙkjk/khZ ukx vkf.k ‘kqDy izfrinsP;k iwokZ/khZ fdaLrq?u vls dj.k
vkgs-295 ukx dj.kkoj gks.kkjh —R;s gh LFkkoj o nk:.k —R;s
gksrkr- ;k dj.kkpk Lokeh liZ vkgs- rstLoh] Jhear] cyoku o
okpkG O;äh ;k dj.kkoj tUers-296
T;ksfr”k’kkL=krhy vodgMk pØkr 27 u{k=kaP;k 27 ;ksuh
lkafxrysY;k vkgsr- R;krhy e`x’kh”kZ] jksfg.kh u{k=kaph ;ksuh liZ ;ksuh
lkafxrysyh vkgs] rj vk’ys”kk u{k=kph nsork liZ nk[kfoysyh vkgs-
,o<sp uOgs rj ckjk eklkaf’kok; ;s.kkÚ;k vf/kd eklkl ^laliZ ekl*
vlsgh lacks/kys tkrs-297
ekxZ’kh”kZ eklkrhy paik”k”Bhyk ukxfnos yko.;kph izFkk vkgs-
ekrZaM eYgkjh [kaMksckpk lgk jk=hapk mRlo izfrink rs paik”k”Bhi;Zar
vlrks- ukxiwtukP;k fno’kh ukxkph iwtk d:u vusd izdkjP;k
iDokaékoj fnos ykowu [kaMksckl o eqykauk vksokGkos- Jh ‘kadjkauh
[kaMksckpk vorkj ?ksÅu e.kh o eYy ;k jk{klkauk ek:u yksdkauk
lq[kh dsys- Eg.kwu paik”k”Bhyk eksBk mRlo gksrks-298
v’kk izdkjs T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr ukx ladYiuspk foLr`r fopkj dsyk
vkgs-
3-31 fnDikykae/;s ukxkps LFkku %
fganw] ckS) o tSu /kekZae/;s fnDiky gh ladYiuk :< vkgs-
izR;sd fn’ksyk ,d Lora= Lokeh vlrks vls ekuys xsysys vkgs- Jh
okjkg egkiqjk.kke/;s fn’kkaph mÙiÙkh lkafxrysyh vkgs- R;kr JhgfjP;k
dkukrwu fn’kk mRié >kY;k vkgsr vls v’kh dFkk ;srs- rj czãnsokus
R;k fn’kkapk fookg yksdikyka’kh ykoysyk vkgs- fn’kkauk dU;k ekuys
xsys vkgs- iwokZ ukokP;k dU;spk banzk’kh] vkXus;kpk vfXunsok’kh]
nf{k.kspk ;ek’kh] uS_Z”khpk uS_Zrh’kh] if’pespk o#.kk’kh] ok;O;hpk
ok;w’kh] mÙkjspk dqcsjk’kh o bZ’kkuhpk Hkxoku ‘kadjk’kh fookg >kyk-
638
m/oZ fn’kspk Lokeh czãnso Lor% >kys- v/kksyksdkps LokfeRo
‘ks”kukxkdMs vkys-299 ,srjs; mifu”knkr vkRE;kus yksd o yksdiky
nsork fuekZ.k dsY;k vls lkafxrys vkgs-300 yksdiky o fnDiky
,dp vkgsr- fnDiky Eg.kts fn’kkaps laj{kd nso-
fganw /keZxzaFkke/;s v”VfnDiky gh ladYiuk ekU; vkgs- R;kr
if’pefn’kspk vf/kirh o#.k lkafxrysyk vkgs- o#.kkus ukxik’k /kkj.k
dsysyk vkgs- ckS)kae/;s if’pe fn’kspk vf/kirh iùkard nk[kfoyk
vkgs- ‘osrkacj tSukauh ek= n’k fnDiky ekuwu o#.k gk if’pespk] rj
oklqdh gk ikrkGkpk vf/kirh Lohdkjysyk vkgs- fnDikfydkae/;s lqaHkk
gh fuGÓkk o.kkZph] ,deq[kh] f}Hkqtk vkf.k mtO;k gkrh ukxik’k
/kkj.k dj.kkjh v/kj fn’ksph fnDikfydk vkgs-301
vFkoZosnkP;k frlÚ;k dk.Mkrhy 27 O;k lwDrkr likZapk
fnDiky Eg.kwu mYys[k vkysy vks- rks vlk& ßiwoZ fn’kspk Lokeh
banz vlwu vkeP;k lalkjkps j{k.k dj.kkjs liZ] /kkrk] v;Zek] vfnrhps
iq= o vXuh ;kauk ueLdkj vlks- nf{k.k fn’kk dY;k.ke;h vks- ;k
fn’kspk Lokeh ;e fn’kkj{kd liZ] nq”Vlagkjd ck.k o fir`nso ;kauk
dsysY;k ueLdkjkauh rs izlé gksoksr- if’pe fn’kspk Lokeh o#.k
vkgs- j{kd liZ] ;okfn /kkU;kauk vkeps ueLdkj vlrks- mÙkj fn’kspk
Lokeh lkse] j{kd Lotuked vkf.k nq”Vkauk ‘kklu dj.kkjk nso ;kauk
dsysY;k ueLdkjkauh ;k nsork vkuafnr gksoksr- v/kj fn’kspk Lokeh
Hkxoku fo”.kw] j{kd dY;k.kxzh; uked liZ vkf.k loZ vkS”k/kh ;k
loZ vkeP;k ueLdkjkus izlé gksoksr- m/oZ fn’kspk Lokeh c`gLirh]
‘osrliZ vkf.k vo”kZ.k nwj dj.kkjh o`”Vh vkeP;k ueLdkjkauh izlé
gksoksr-Þ302 v’kk Lo:ikps o.kZu ;srs- rj }kn’k dkGkrhy frlÚ;k
lwDrkr nf{k.k fn’kspk Lokeh frjf’puked liZ] if’pe fn’kspk
Lotuked liZ] iwoZ fn’kspk dYek”k uked liZ rj m/oZ fn’kspk
f’o=liZ vls LokehRo vl.kkÚ;k likZaps mYys[k ;srkr-303
639
egkHkkjrkrhy ^m|ksxiokZ*P;k ^Hkxo|kuiokZ*r osxosxGÓkk
fn’kkaph o.kZus vkysyh vkgsr- ;kr iwoZ fn’ksus ikrkGkr izos’k d:u
o#.kkus laiÙkh feGfoyh vlk lanHkZ ;srks- nf{k.k fn’ksyk iqyRL; o
jko.k ;kaps fuoklLFkku vkgs- oklqdh] ,sjkor o r{kd ;k ukxkauh
jf{kr v’kh Hkksxorh uked ukxjkt/kkuh ;kp fn’ksyk vkgs- if’pe
fn’kk o#.kkph vkgs- rks tykpk j{kd o typjkapk jktk vkgs-
reksgark panz ;k fBdk.kh o#.kkp s loZgh “kMªlkps iku xzg.k d:u
‘kqDyi{kkps vkjaHkh iqu% r#.k gksrks- ;k fBdk.khp xHkZorh fnfrnsoh
fufnzr vlrk banzkus frps mnjkr f’k:u ,ds xHkkZps 49 rqdMs d:u
rks xHkZ fo—r dsyk- R;kiklwup gs e:nx.k mRié >kys- eg”khZ
d’;i vkf.k ekjhp gÓkkaphgh LFkkus ;sFksp vkgsr] v’kk Lo:ikps
o.kZu ;srs-304
ukxkaP;k uarj fnDikykaph tkxk gÙkhauh ?ksryh- vusdnk ukxkauk
^gfLru* EgVY;kps mYys[k ;srkr-305 fn’kkapk Hkkj okg.kkjs gÙkh]
fnXxt gks;- vkB fn’kkauk vkB gÙkh vkiY;k eLrdkaoj i`Fohpk Hkkj
okgr vkgsr] v’kh ikSjkf.kd dYiuk vkgs- i`Fohps LFkS;Z ;kaP;koj
voyacwu vlY;keqGs nso] nkuo] jk{kl] fi’kkp] i{kh] ukx oxSjs loZ
;kaph iwtk djhr vlr] vls jkek;.kkr EgVys vkgs- vktps gÙkh ;k
v”V fnXxtkapsp oa’kt letys tkrkr- dks.kR;k izdkjps gÙkh dks.kR;k
fnXxtkiklwu >kys] ;klaca/khP;k vusd letqrh mÙkj Hkkjrkr :<
vkgsr-306 v”V fouk;d gh ladYiuk R;krwup mn~Hkoysyh vlsy-
nlÚ;kP;k fno’kh ‘kqHk dk;kZr vkf.k jkT;kfHk”ksdkP;k osGh gh gÙkhph
iwtk dsyh tkrs- izkphu dkGh jkT;kfHk”ksdkps mnd gÙkh vkiY;k
lksaMsus jktkP;k eLrdkoj lksMr vls- ckS) yksdkrgh gÙkhyk xkSre
cq)kps izrhd Eg.kwu iwT; ekurkr- dkj.k cq)kpk tUe gks.;kiwohZ
R;kph ekrk ek;knsoh fufnzLr vlrk ,dk ‘kqHkz gÙkhus frP;k xHkkZr
izos’k dsyk gksrk] vls ckS) xzaFkkr fygysys vkgs- rks gÙkh LoxkZrwu
640
vorjyk gkssrk vkf.k rksp cq)kP;k :ikus tUe ikoyk vlk ckS)
yksdkapk fo’okl vkgs-307
phue/;s ns[khy likZapk laca/k fn’kka’kh tksMysyk vkgs- The
four directional Dragon Kings from a distinctive type of Chinese
dragon. In paintings the red one is a associated with the west,
black is for the north, yellow for the Eastern one and green for the
Southern one. When a central one is depicted it is usually white but
may be blue.308 ckS) /kekZP;k izHkkokrwu phue/;s fnDiky gh
ladYiuk :< >kyh vlkoh-
3-32 jkgqfo”k;d dYiukca/k %
Hkkjrh; T;ksrh”k’kkL=kr uoxzg ekuys xsysys vkgsr- R;kr jkgw
vkf.k dsrwpk Nk;kxzg Eg.kwu lekos’k dsysyk vkgs- jkgqfo”k;d vusd
dFkkReca/k izpfyr vkgsr- LoHkkZuw gs jkgwps osndkyhu uko- dkghaP;k
ers] gk d’;i o nuw ;kapk eqyxk rj ikSjkf.kd dkGkr d’;i o
flafgdspk eqyxk Bjrks- ;kph dU;k izHkk fdaok lqizHkk ;kus ueqph
fdaok ugq”kkyk fnyh gksrh- iqjk.kkr leqnzeaFkukph dFkk ;srs- R;kr
ve`r izkIrhlkBh jkgw o dsrw gs nso:i /kkj.k d:u nsoiaähyk
clrkr- ve`riku djrkuk gs lw;Z&panzkyk letys- rs R;kauh fo”.kwyk
lkafxrys- fo”.kwus R;kapk f’kjPNsn dsyk- rsOgk iklwu jkgw gk lw;kZyk
xzklrks- R;keqGs R;kl LoHkkZuw vls Eg.krkr-309 gk xzg o.kkZus ‘kwnz]
ikixzg] Hk;adj Lo:ikpk vkgs- jkgwph vk—rh vk/khZp vkgs- R;kP;k
eLrdh map tVkHkkjs vlwu] R;kps nkr fopdysys vkf.k MksGs oj
vkysys vkgsr- jkgw fo”k;hpk oSfnd ea=
ßd;k ukbZp= vk Hkqonwrh lnko`/k% l[kkA
d;k ‘kfp”B;k o`rkAAÞ
vlk vkgs-310 jkgwlkBh xksesn jRu ifj/kku djrkr- fp-fo-
oS|kaP;k ers]ß egkHkkjrkr dkgh fBdk.kh jkgwyk uqlrkp xzg gk ‘kCn
641
ykoysyk vkgs- jkgwph iwohZph dYiuk Eg.kts rks ,d lw;Z&panzkoj
gYyk dj.kkjk jk{kl vkgs- gh dYiukgh egkHkkjrkr ckdh vkgs-
dkj.k jkgwps dca/kLo:i ,ds fBdk.kh of.kZysys vkgs- jkgw Eg.kts ,d
dkGks[kkpk yksV vlk izR;{k vuqHko lw;Z [kxzkl xzg.kkps osGh
vkY;ko:u R;kyk f’kjjfgr jk{kl dYiwu rks leqnzke/;s jkgrks vls
ekuysys vkgs-
ßv=e/;s leqnzL; dca/k% izfr–‘;rsA
LoHkkZuks lw;ZdYiL; lkselw;ksZ fta?kklr%AAÞ
;kr gs jkgwps /kM if’pe leqnzke/;s mHks vlysys o.kZu dsys
vkgs- if’pe leqnzke/;s jkgwph dYiuk dk dsyh xsysyh vkgs gs
letr ukgh- panzxzg.kkph o lw;Zxzg.kkph ;ksX; dYiuk egkHkkjrdkGh
>kysyh gksrh] vls ek= fu’p;kus Eg.krk ;srs- dkj.k gk jkgw jk{kl
ulwu rh uqlrh Nk;k vkgs vkf.k rh vkdk’kkr fnlr ulwu lw;Z
panzkoj ek= fnlrs vls ‘kkafriokZr vkRE;kps Lo:i o.kZu djrkuk
Qkj [kqchnkj jhrhus o.kZu dsysys vkgs- rÙoKkukP;k fopkjkr ‘kkafrioZ
v/;k; 203 ;kar gk fo”k; vkysyk vkgs-Þ311
‘ka-ck- tks’kh ;kaP;k ers] ^lw;Zxzg.kkl jkgw* gk dkj.k vkgs]
vls ekuys tkrs( i.k gh panz&lw;Z ;qrh vlY;kps vkt loZ ekU;
vkgs- lw;kZyk xzkl.kkjh nq”V ‘käh Eg.kwu ;k xzgkfo”k;h frjLdkj
vl.kkjk laiznk; f’k”VekU;] izfrf”Br vlY;kus panzkyk yksdfuansiklwu
nwj Bso.;kP;k mÌs’kkus jkgw vls fujkGs uko izpfyr >kys vl.ks
‘kD; vkgs fdaok pkanz lkaiznk;kph gh —rh vlkoh- panzkph izfr”Bk
ok<o.;kpk mÌs’kgh ;k ekxs vlkok- jkgwP;k fBdk.kh LoHkkZuw ladsr
okijysyk fnlrks- gk LoHkkZuw ^vlqj* vlY;kps rSfÙkjh; lafgrk]
‘kriFk czkã.k vknh xzaFkko:u dGrs- yqM~fox ;kauh gs lw;Zxzg.kkps
o.kZu vlwu panzkyk LoHkkZuw EgVY;kps m?kMdhl vk.kys vkgs- ,dw.k
;sFks panzkyk lw;Z cufo.;kpk gk cuko fnlrks! jfookj vkfnR;okj
642
Eg.kwu ekuyk tkrks- ;k ;krw izdkjkyk] panzkyk lw;Z Eg.k.ks ;kekxs
xqgÓkkFkZ vlw ‘kdsy- osnkr panzkyk ^jktu* gs uko vkgs- panz’ks[kj ¾
jkt’ks[kj gk iz;ksx vktgh :< vkgs-312 vkt lw;Zukjk;.k ukx
vkjk/kuk Eg.kts gh lkadsfrdrk lw;Zxzg.k lwpd uOgs dk;\ bFks lw;Z
xzklyk tkrks- panzkdMwu gs —R; gksrs- gh fØ;k fuf”k) Bjyh vlkoh
Eg.kwu ^jkgw* gk xzg tUekyk vkyk vlkok- panzkpk laca/k tUek’kh
vkgs rj jkgwpk laca/k gk iqutZUek’kh vkgs- ;ko:u panz o jkgw ,dp
vlkos vls ekurk ;srs-313 larku izkIrhdjrk ukjk;.k ukxcyhpk fo/kh
dsyk tkrks- bFks ukjk;.k ok ukx iq#”k vkgsr- gk ukjk;.k ¼ukx½
l`”Vhl l`tukl dkj.k vkgs- gk ukjk;.k ¼ukj&v;u½ vkgs- gk ukj
Eg.kts l`tu ty:ih vkgs vkf.k v;u:ih ¼Eg.kts ukx ukG½ gh
vkgs- ^vkiks ukjk% bfr- izksäk%* vls O;klkusp egkHkkjrkr ukjk;.k
uke fuoZpu izlaxh lakfxrys vkgs vkf.k peRdkj gk dh gs ukj v;u
ukejgL; Loa; ¼uj%½ ukjk;.kp lakxrks- ukjk;.k nSor izfrek % fp=kr
ik.kh ;k ik.;kr ukx vkf.k ;k ukxkus ,d uj ¼uG½ O;äh vlY;kus
nk[koys tkrs- ;k ladsrkrhy vFkZ:ih var%laxrh riklwu ikg.;kps
ifjJe foQy gks.;kph Hkhrh ukgh- ukjk;.k laiznk; Eg.kts
paknzlaiznk; jk= laiznk; gks; vkf.k ukjn gk R;kpk izlkjd vkgs-314
Qytksfr”k’kkL=kr jkgw gk vktksckpk dkjd xzg vkgs- jkgwo:u
oa’kkpk oa’ko`)hpk vH;kl dsyk tkrks- jkgw&dsrw gs xrtUe o ;k
tUekrhy dekZps okgd vkgsr- if=dsrhy jkgw iwoZtUekph okbZV d`R;s]
?kjk.;krhy jkgw nks”k vkf.k iwoZtakps ‘kki ;akpk ifjikd vlrks-
okMofMyakuh dsysY;k okbZV d`R;kus ogu jkgw iq<P;k rhu fi<;kae/;s
djrks- Eg.kts rhu fi<;kauk ;kpk =kl gksrks- Eg.kwu jkgwpk =kl
f=fi<h Lo:ikpk vlrks- ;k f=fi<h ‘kCnko:u dkyliZ;ksx ‘kkarhr
dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k ‘kkarhyk f=fi<h Jk) vls Eg.krkr-315 jkgw likZpk
izfrfu/kh vkgs- gh xks”V jkgwP;k T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr lkafxrysY;k
643
izHkkokizekus cjkscj vkgs- jkgwP;k izHkkok[kkyh vlysY;k O;äh likZyk
Hkhrkr- R;kuk LoIukr lIkZ fnlrkr- liZ dks.k vkgs \ T;ksfr”k’kkL=kr
o v/;kRe’kkL=kr likZyk dsrwps izrhd eku.;kr vkys vkgs- ;keqGs
;k dkyliZ;ksxkps jgL; dGw ‘kdrs-
Qytksfr”k’kkL=kr tUedqaMyh gh panzjk’kho:u dk<yh tkrs-
tkrdkpk tUe gk fnolk gksÅ ok jk=h] tUedqaMyh gh panzjk’kho:u
r;kj gksrs- if=dsr lw;Z vlwu ns[khy rks xHkZL; nk[kfoyk tkrks- jk=h
brj xzg fnlw ‘kdrhy( ijarq lw;Z fnl.kkj ukgh- rjhgh tUedqaMyhr
rks vlrksp- gsp R;kps xHkZLFki.kkps y{k.k gks;- yXudqaMyhr ns[khy
rks vlrks- ;ko:u thol`”Vhoj panzkpkp izHkko vlrks] gsp ekukos
ykxrs- xzg.kkP;k osGh jkgw lw;kZyk xzklrks Eg.kts panzp lw;kZyk
xzklrks] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy- panz gk tk&ekr` ¼dqekjhyk vkbZi.k
ns.kkjk½ vlrks- Eg.kwu rks 27 u{k=kpk irh vkf.k iztkirhpk tkekr`
¼tkobZ½ gksrks-
[kxksy’kkL=kizek.ks panzkph jfoHkksorh fQj.;kph d{kk liZdkj
vkgs- R;k d{kse/khy likZdkj ikrfcanw Eg.kts jkgw&dsrw gks;- Eg.kwup
jkgwyk vjksgikr Eg.kts likZps eq[k rj dsrwyk vojksgikr Eg.kts
likZps ‘ksiwV vls lacks/k.;kr vkys vkgs- panzkps fo{ksiizo`Rr
Økarho`Ùkkyk Nsnwu mÙkjsdMs tkrs- R;k fcanwyk jkgw rj nf{k.ksdMs tkrs
R;k fcanwyk dsrw vls lacks/krkr- R;keqGs jkgw o dsrwyk vkdkj o
tMRo ulysys Nk;kxzg eku.;kr vkys vkgs- joh o panz gs leLr
euq”;tkrhyk ÅtkZ] rst o izk.kok;w forjhr djrkr o ;k egÙokP;k
xzgkauk jkgw&dsrw xzg.kk}kjs fuLrst djrkr- R;keqGs [kxksy’kkL=
panzxzg.k o lw;Zxzg.kkP;k lanHkkZr lanHkZfcanw vlY;kl jkgw&dsrw ;k
xzgkauk fo’ks”k egÙo nsrkr-316 tSu yksdkaP;k ers] dsrw gk xzg likZ:<
o likZ/kkjh vkgs-317
644
QyT;ksfr”k’kkL=kr yXudqaMyhr fofo/kLFkkukr jkgwps Qy dk;
vkgs] gs ikg.ksgh vko’;d vkgs- yXudqaMyhr jkgw r`rh;LFkkuh
cyoku vlsy rj HkkoaMkps lkS[; feGrs- rks v’kqHk vlsy rj
HkkoaMkaps lkS[; feGr ukgh- fi’kkPpck/kk gksrs- prqFkZ LFkkukrhy
v’kqHk jkgw iS’kkfpd =kl] firjkapk nks”k] ‘kkiok.kh] liZnks”k b-
ifj.kke n’kZforks- iape LFkkukrhy jkgw L=h o iq=klaca/kh fpark
nk[kforks- ;k jkgqoj fi’kkPpck/ksus larrh jkgr ukgh- ;kauk liZnks”k
vlwu R;klaca/kh LoIus iMrkr- fL=;kauk gk jkgw ekfld ikGhpk =kl
n’kZforks- “k”Be LFkkukr nwf”kr jkgw fo”kkjh izk.kh liZ o fi’kkPpihMk
n’kZforks- ;kauk véik.;ke/kwu fo”kck/kk gksrs- v”VeLFkkukrhy jkgw
liZna’kkus e`R;w n’kZforks-318 vls fofo/k dYiukca/k] dFkkReca/k
jkgqfo”k;h vlysys fnlwu ;srkr-
3-33 liZ] iwoZt vkf.k vkRek %
fganw iqjk.k lkfgR;ke/;s liZ gk iwoZtkapk va’k ekuyk xsysyk
vkgs- O;ähP;k fu/kukuarj rh liZ:ikr ,d o”kZ v/kj fn’ksl fuokl
djrs v’kh dYiuk vkgs- fdacgquk tkrdkP;k tUekuarj liZ gk nsgkr
izos’k djrks v’khgh /kkj.kk vkgs- R;keqGs firj vkf.k liZ ;kaP;kr
rknkRE; fuf’pr >kysys vkgs- vkf/kHkkSfrd LFkwy jkT;kps lapkyd o
dqykps fuR; j{kd firj gsp vlrkr- thokP;k lq[knq%[kkl dkj.k
cgqrka’kkus R;k ?kjk.;kps firjkaph —ik vo—ikp vlrs- ts izsrkRes
vr`Ir vlrkr rs liZ;ksuhr tUe ?ksrkr- tkrdkl vdLekr vkysyk
e`R;w] liZna’kkus vkysyk e`R;w izsr;ksuhr vMdwu iMrks- ;k izsr;ksuhrwu
eqäh feGfo.;klkBh o oa’ko`)hlkBh dkyliZ;ksx fo/kh o ukxcyh
fo/kh b- /kkfeZd fo/kh lwpfoysys vkgsr- jkgw gk xzg firjkapk]
iwoZtkaP;k r`Irkr`Ir Hkkoukapk ?kjk.;krhy lnks”k&funksZ”k —R;kapk]
vktksck&i.ktksckpk dkjd letyk tkrks- Jk)] i{k fo/kh jkgwps ‘kqHk
QGs feGfo.;klkBh dj.;kpk iwokZpkj pkyr vkysY;k jhrhapk ,d
645
Hkkx vkgs- jkgw xtrUekrhy Hkksx o ikiiq.;kpk fg’kksc nk[kforks-319
jkgw xzgkph vf/knsork dky vkf.k izR;kf/knsork liZ vkgs vkf.k
iqjk.kkrhy o.kZukuqlkj dkykyk likZizek.ks Hk;kud eku.;kr vkys
vkgs vkf.k jkgw Eg.kts likZps eq[k gks;- iqutZUekpk orZekukoj izHkko
iMrks( rlk orZekukrhy ‘kqHkk’kqHk dekZapk izHkkogh iMrks- dkyliZ;ksx
gk iwoZ tUekrhy deZ nk[korks- ‘kkfir xks”Vhauk fir`nks”kk}kjs tUe
ns.;kps dke jkgw&dsrw djrkr- l`”Vh fufeZrhosGh nsokus ukxkauk tehu
fnyh gksrh( ijarq uarj rh euq”;kauk fnyh o ukxkauk ikrkGkr ikBoys-
T;k LFkkukaoj vkiyk fuokl vkgs rh ukxkaph l`”Vh vkgs- ;kpk folj
yksdkauk iMyk- jktLFkkue/;s vktgh d”V ifjgkj o lkS[;klBh
fo’ks”k ukxiwtk dsyh tkrs- tehu ¼Hkwyksd½ gh ukxkaP;k ekydhph
vkgs- R;kps _.k pqdoys ukgh rj dqaMyhr dkyliZ;ksx gksrks- izkphu
dkGkiklwu ?kj cuorkauk ukxkaP;k tksMhyk LFkku |k;ph izFkk vkgs-320
ukxcyhpk fo/kh gk cfynkukpk iz;ksx vkgs- ;k tUeh fdaok
tUekarjh tk.kwu vFkok u tk.krk dks.kkP;k gkrwu ukxkpk o/k >kyk
vlsy rj R;kyk larrh gksr ukgh vls Eg.krkr- ;k nks”kkP;k
ifjgkjklkBh ukxcGh djkok] vls iqjk.kkauh lkafxrys vkgs- gs loZ
d`R; ?kjkr u djrk unhP;k dkBh djk;ps vlrs- ;kpk fo/kh vlk]
vk’ys”kk u{k=kph nsork liZ vlY;keqGs rs u{k= vlrk fdaok
ikSf.kZek- vekoL;sP;k fno’kh ;k fo/khyk izkjaHk djkok- izFke
;etekukus izLrqr liZlaLdkjkpk vf/kdkj izkIr gks.;klkBh czkã.kkauk
fopk:u ;ksX; rs izk;f’pr djkos- uarj ,d yksgnaM czkã.kkyk nku
|kok- nqlÚ;k fno’kh Luku d:u rkanwG] xgw vFkok rhG ;kP;k
fiBkpk ,d ukx djkok- rks dksÚ;k lqikr Bsowu iq<hy ea=kus vkokgu
djkos&
ß,fg iwoZ e`rliZ g;fLeu~ fi”Vs lekfo’kA
laLdkjkFkZega HkDR;k izkFkZ;kfe lekfgr%AAÞ
646
vFkZ & gs iwohZ e`r >kysY;k likZ ;s] ;k fi”VewrhZr izos’k dj]
eh laLdkj dj.;klkBh lko/kkufpÙk gksÅu Hkähus rq>h izkFkZuk djhr
vkgs-
ex liZxk;=hus R;kph iwtk djkoh R;kyk ik;lcyh leikZok-
ykSfddkXuhph LFkkiuk djkoh- iz/kku gksekP;k iwohZ vXuhP;k vkXus;hl
Hkwehoj mnd f’kaiMwu frFks ,d fprk jpkoh- frP;koj rks fi”Vukx
Bsokok- iz/kku gkse djkok- O;kgrhP;k rhu vT;kgqrh vXuhr nsÅu
pkSFkh vkgqrh likZP;k eq[kkr |koh- jkfgysys vkT; likZP;k vaxkoj
f’kaiMkos- uarj R;k fprsyk vXuh |kok- fprsyk iznf{k.kk ?kkywu
tG.kkÚ;k likZph izkFkZuk djkoh- likZps ngu >kY;koj fprsoj ik.kh
f’kaiMkos- ex Luku d:u ?kjh tkos- R;kuarj rhu fnol fdaok ,d
fnol v’kkSp ikGkos- v’kkSp laiY;koj vkB czkã.kkyk
Jk)fo/khizek.ks Hkkstu ?kkykos- gs vkB czkã.k Hkkstu liZ] vuar] ‘ks”k]
dfiy] ukx] dkfyd] ‘ka[kiky] o Hkw/kj ;k vkB ukxkps izfrfu/kh
letkos- czkã.k Hkkstu >kY;koj oj mYys[kysY;k ukxklkBh ik;lkps
fiaM d:u R;kaps cfynku djkos- uarj lqo.kkZpk ,d ukx d:u rks
dy’kkoj LFkkikok- R;kph iwtk d:u rks czkã.kkyk nku |kok- ex
vkpk;Ziwtk] czkã.kHkkstu vk’khokZn xzg.k b- d`R;s d:u deZ iw.kZ
djkos- ;keqGsp iwoZt gs larrh:ikus tUekyk ;srkr-321
ukxcyhP;k fo/kh iz;ksxkr fofo/k likZpk ukeksYYks[k djkok
ykxrks- gs ddksZVd rqyk ueLdkj vlks- gs ‘ka[kiky rqyk ueLdkj
vlks- gs egkjkt ukxjkt fnO;:ik v’kk rqyk ueLdkj vlks- Q.kk
vlysys ts liZ vkgsr- fo”k vlysys liZ vkgsr- fo”k ulysys ts
liZ vkgsr- fcGkr jkg.kkjs ts liZ vlrhy R;k lokZaP;k iq.;ewrhZauk
ueLdkj vlks- gs liZjktk rw Lor% Jheku oklqnsokyk vkiY;k
‘kjhjkPkk iyax d:u fnyk vkgsl- gs liZjktk rwp gh loZ i`Foh
647
vkiY;k Q.kkeaMykoj ,dk rarwizek.ks /kkj.k dsyh vkgsl- R;k rqyk
ueLdkj vlks-
gs egkHkksxh liZjktk likZP;k minzo nq%[kkiklwu ek>s j{k.k dj
vkf.k fun`”V nh?kkZ;q”kh v’kh iq.;dkjd larrh eyk ns- gs —ikGk] gs
fnuoRlyk eh rqyk ‘kj.k vkyks vkgs- rj ek>s j{k.k dj- eh
KkuiwoZd vFkok pqdheqGs tks liZo/k g;k tUeh vFkok nqlÚ;k tUeh
dsyk vlsy vFkok ekÖ;k iwoZtkauh dsyk vlsy rs loZ iki yodj
ukghls dj vkf.k ekÖ;k vijk/kkph {kek dj-
czãyksdh ‘ks”k] ukx b- liZ vkgsr- R;k lokZauk ueLdkj vlks-
rs loZ eyk izlé gksoksr- fo”.kqyksdh ts oklqdh b- liZ vkgsr- R;k
lokZauk ek>k ueLdkj vlks- rs loZ etoj izlé gksoksr- #nzyksdh ts
r{kd b- liZ vkgsr- R;k lokZauk ek>k ueLdkj vlks- rs loZ etoj
izlé gksoksr- [kkaMooukpk nkg >kyk vlrk ts liZ LoxZyksdh xsys
vkgsr- R;k lokZauk ek>k ueLdkj vlks- rs etoj izlé gksoksr- ey;
ioZrkoj ts ddksZVd b- liZ vkgsr- R;k lokZauk ueLdkj vlks-
/keZyksdh ts liZ oSrj.khe/;s vkgsr- R;k likZauk ueLdkj vlks- ts
liZ ioZrkaP;k xqgsP;k eksBeksBÓkk Hksxkarwu jkfgys vkgsr- R;k likZauk
ueLdkj vlks- xkokr vFkok vj.;kr ts liZ lapkj djrkr- R;k
likZauk ueLdkj vlks] rs etoj n;k djksr- rs etoj izlé gksoksr-
jlkrGkr Eg.kts ikrkGkr ts vuar b- liZ vkgs- R;kauk ueLdkj
vlks- rs etoj izlé gksoksr-322
v’kk loZ likZapk mPpkj fo/khP;k osGh dsyk tkrks- R;ke/;s
lfo”k o vfo”k/kkjh liZ ,d= ;srkr- R;keqGs e`rkRes ‘kkar gksrkr-
JkSr&LekrZ Jk)kfn fo/khapk T;kauk vf/kdkj ukgh] v’kk
Hkkjrkrhy vla[; tkrhtekrh vkikiY;k iajijsizek.ks fir`iwtk djrkuk
vk<Grkr- ;k fir`iwtsr vénkukyk fo’ks”k izk/kkU; vlrs- cgqrsd
yksd fir`i{kkr firjkalkBh vkIrs”Vkauk xksM/kksM Hkkstu ?kkyrkr- dkgh
648
yksd dkoGÓkkyk fdaok xk;hyk lqxzkl vé nsrkr- dkgh tkrhr
firjkaP;k ukokus dkgh Vkd fdaok ukjG ?kjkr Bsoysys vlrkr-
fujfujkGs izk.kh fdaok o`{k gs fdR;sd tkrhaph nsoGs vlrkr- R;k R;k
o`{kkr vFkok izk.;kr firjkaps vkRE;s okLrO; djhr vlrkr- v’kh
R;kaph letwr vlrs- R;keqGs yXudk;kZr lokZavk/kh nsodkaph iwtk
gksr vlrs- dkgh yksd e`rkaph Lekjdsgh mHkkjrkr- ftFks vaR; laLdkj
dsyk vlsy R;k tkxh ygkulk pkSFkjk mHkkj.ks fdaok ygkuls eafnj
mHkk:u R;kr f’kofyaxkph LFkkiuk dj.ks] v’kk xks”Vh fdR;sd fBdk.kh
dsY;k tkrkr-323
tkrddFkkae/;s ukxcGhpk mYys[k vkgs- dd.Vd tkrdkrhy
dkd tkrdkr gk mYys[k ;srks- ^iwohZ okjk.k’khr czãnÙk jktk jkT;
djhr vlrk cksf/klRRo leqnznsork gksÅu jkgr gksrk- ,dnk ,d
dkoGk vkiY;k eknhyk ?ksÅu leqnzkP;k rhjh Hk{; ‘kks/k.;klkBh
vkyk- R;kosGh dkgh ek.kls leqnzrhjkoj ukxcGhpk fo/kh dj.;klkBh
vkysyh gksrh- f[kjh] ekls] ekal ;kapk uSos| R;kauh nk[koyk gksrk-
dkoGhcjkscj dkoGk R;k fBdk.kh xsyk vkf.k nks?kkauh cGh Eg.kwu
viZ.k dsysyh [khj] ekals o ekal [kwi [kkYys- nk:gh rh nks?ks I;kyh--
---------*324 ;ko:u ckS) dky[kaMkrgh gk fo/kh gksr vlkok vls
lwfpr gksrs-
tkxfrd yksdlkfgR;kr o yksdekulkrgh likZpk laca/k gk
iwoZtka’kh o vkRE;k’kh tksMysyk vkgs- gk ekuoh lektkP;k vkfne
voLFksrhy uSlfxZd laca/k vlkok- osxosxGÓkk ns’kkrhy dFkkae/;s gk
laca/k izd”kkZus uksanoyk xsyk vkgs- R;krwup vusd dqGkph dqyfpUgs
Eg.kwu likZpk okij >kysyk vkgs o gksrks vkgs-
vkfÝdk vkf.k vkf’k;k ;k [kaMke/;s likZpk laca/k gk
vkRE;k’kh tksMyk tkrks- iwoZ vkfÝdsrhy elkbZ ;k tekrhe/;s
vkRek gk pSrU;kps Lo:i vkgs- R;kp cjkscj izk.kkph thou nsork gh
649
likZP;k Lo:ikr iwtyh tkrs- e`R;wuarj rh iwtyh tkrs- feysusfl;Ul
gs vkiys iwoZt likZP;k :ikr vksG[krkr- R;keqGs dqyfpUg Eg.kwu
likZpk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks- phue/khy ijhdFkkae/;s e`R;wuarj ekuo gk
likZP;k :ikr iqUgk tUe ?ksrks- ;qjksie/;s v’kh letwr vkgs dh-
vkRek gk likZP;k :ikrp ‘kjhjkpk R;kx djhr vlrks- e`R;wuarjp
uOgs rj LoIukr ns[khy liZ gk iwoZtkaP;k Lo:ikr ;srks- vusd
foeqDr tekrhae/;s vlk fo’okl vkgs dh] iwoZtkapk vkRek gk likZr
lekfo”V >kysyk vlrks- rks vkiY;k oa’ktkP;k ?kjkps j{k.k djrks-
ekuoh fodklkP;k uok’e ;qxhu dky[kaMkr ÝkUle/;s
iwoZtkafo”k;hP;k vusd izFkk izpfyr gksR;k- R;ke/;s T;k ?kjkae/;s liZ
fuokl djrks] rks liZ R;k dqGkrhy izFke iwoZtkpk va’k vlrks- jkseu
laLd`rhr liZ gk dqVqackrhy ?kVd Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- izkphu
xzhde/;s FkMX;kaP;k Hkksorh liZfpUg uksanoys tkr vlr- dkG;k
leqnzkP;k mÙkjsyk jkg.kkÚ;k flfFk;u tekrhe/;s VkfXkZVkWl ;k nsoiq=kyk
tks v/kZekuo vkgs vkf.k fyij gh v/kZukxh.k vkgs] tynsork vkgs-
frps oa’kt ekurkr- ekuoh fodklkP;k izkjaHkhP;k voLFkse/;s ekuo
gk likZP;kp :ikr tUekyk vkyh v’kh letwr vkgs- vkWLVsªfy;u
tekrhe/;s panzkyk R;kapk iwoZt eku.;kph izFkk vkgs- rSokuP;k iwoZsyk
vl.kkÚ;k iSoku ;k izkarkr Lor%yk ‘kaHkj ikoykaP;k likZps oa’kt
eku.;kph izFkk vkgs- n- vkfÝdsrhy >qyw ;k tekrhr likZyk iwoZt
eku.;kph izFkk vkgs- dkj.k liZ gk i`Fohpk fuekZrk vkgs-
nf{k.k&if’pe vkf’k;k [kaMkr liZjkKh gh vusd dqGkaph fuekZrh
vkgs] v’kh letwr vkgs-325 dWMEl gk likZlg vlrks- R;kpcjkscj
,fjt ¼esa<k½ cjkscj lq)k vlrks- R;kpcjkscj liZ vkf.k esa<k ;kus
R;kyk laj{k.k fnysys vlrs- dWMEl R;kauk ekjrks o Lor%ps nkr
tfeuhe/;s ?kqlorks- Fkscu tekrhps iwoZt gs R;kyk LikVhZP;k Lo:ikr
cksyor vlrkr- dWMEl gk ,fjtyk likZyk ekj.;klkBh enr djhr
650
vls- gkeksZfu;k ;k eqyhyk ftad.;klkBh dWMEl gk eR;Z tho gksrks-
R;kph bPNk nsorsyk iRuh cuo.;kph gksrh-326
3-34 dqy] dqyfpUg vkf.k nsod %
ekuokP;k tSfod] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd xjtkaph iwrZrk
dj.;klkBh dks.krsgh jälaca/kkf/k”Bhr lewg vfLrRokr vlrkr-
^dqy* ;k la?kVuspk ik;k gkp vkgs- ^dqVqac* ;k lewgkr irh&iRuh o
R;k nksgksaP;k larrhpk lekos’k gksrks- rj dsoG vkbZdMwu vxj dsoG
ofMykadMwu vl.kkÚ;k vkIrkapk lekos’k dqy ;k xVkr gksrks- ;k
rÙokyk vuql:u ekuo’kkL=h; xzaFkkr O;k[;k dsyh tkrs- rh v’kh]
^dqy Eg.kts ,drQhZ] ,dkp cktwP;k oa’kekfydsus fuf’pr >kysY;k
L=h&iq#”kkapk lewg gks;- v’kk lewgkrhy lnL;kaP;k eukr
,desdkacíy vkiqydhph o tckcnkjhph Hkkouk vlrs- dqykph izFkk
v|kigh lkekU;r% loZ= fo’ks”kRokus vkfne lektkr vk<Grs*-
dqykph mRiÙkh ,dk iwoZtkiklwu >kyh vls ekuys tkrs- gk
iwoZt ekuo] ekuoln`’; izk.kh] ouLirh vxj futhZo oLrwgh vlw
‘kdrs- vls vkfnoklh tekrhae/;s eku.;kr ;srs- ;kykp nsod
vFkok dqyfpUg vls Eg.krkr- izR;sd dqykps dqyfpUg fujkGs vlrs-
dqylnL;kapk dqyfpUgkdMs ikg.;kpk n`f”Vdksu vknjkpk vlrks-
dqyfpUgkps iwtugh dsys tkrs- FkksMD;kr leku nsod] leku
olfrLFkku] leku iwoZtkaojhy fo’okl ;keqGs ,desdka’kh c)
vlysY;k O;ähapk cfgfoZokgh lewg Eg.kts dqy-327
dqyfpUg Eg.kts vkfne tuthoukrhy ,d lkekftd laLFkk-
dqyfpUgkpk ^nsod* vlkgh mYys[k dsyk tkrks- dqyfpUg izFksps
lokZr egÙokps oSf’k”VÓk Eg.kts] izk.;kiklwu fdaok oLrwiklwu vkiyh
mRiÙkh >kyh vkgs] vls Eg.kwu R;k izk.;k’kh vkiyk xw< laca/k
eku.ks- R;kyk vkiyk iwoZt letwu R;kph iwtk dsyh tkrs- R;kps
ekal [kk.ks fuf”k) vlrs o dqyfpUg ekuysY;k izk.;kph gR;k dsyh
651
tkr ukgh- yXudk;kZnh eaxy izlaxh dqyfpUgkaph iwtk dsyh tkrs-
vkiY;k ?kjk.;kpk j{k.kdrkZ rksp vkgs] vls ekuwu R;kP;kcíy
vknjHkko ckGxyk tkrks- ,dp nsod vl.kkÚ;k L=h&iq#”kkr
fookglaca/k gksÅ ‘kdr ukghr-
dqyfpUg Eg.kwu ekuys xsysys izk.kh] o`{k vkf.k brj oLrw
iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr- dkaxk:] ukx] eksj] dcwrj] flag] ok?k] gÙkh]
oMkps >kM] ukxosyhps iku] macj] cksj] vkack] dqÚgkM] ryokj] <x]
pkan.kh b- dqyfpUg ekuys tkrkr- dqyfpUg izFksyk /keZlaLFksps Lo:i
izkIr >kysys ulys rjh /keZlaLFksps dkgh ?kVd ;k izFksr vkgsrp-
fo’ks”kr% ;krqfo|s’kh dqyfpUg izFkspk fudVpk laca/k vlyk ikfgts-
iwoZtiwtk] e`rkRE;kojhy fo’okl] ,[kk|k fnO; ‘kähps vfLrRo
eku.ks ;k loZ xks”Vha’kh dqyfpUg izFksps /kkxsnksj tqGrkr- oa’kijaijsus gs
fpUg ,dk fi<hdMwu nqlÚ;k fi<hdMs laØfer gksrs- ,[kknh O;äh
vkf.k ,[kknk izk.kh vFkok ouLirh ;kapk laca/k O;fäxr ikrGhojgh
vlw ‘kdrks- v’kk izdkjps dqyfpUg O;ähyk dkgh vykSfdd v’kh
‘käh izkIr d:u nsrs] vlk let vkgs-
dqyfpUg izFksP;k mRiÙkhfo”k;h vusd fl)kar ekuo’kkL=Kakuh
izfriknu dsysys vkgsr- dqyfpUgkP;k lanHkkZr vkfne lewg tlk
fopkj djhr vlrks- R;k vuq”kaxkus dqyfpUgkph mRiÙkh >kyh vlkoh]
vls tsEl Ýs>j ekurks- ,[kknk e`rkRek fdaok fpr~’käh ckydkP;k
tUeklkBh dkj.khHkwr vlrs- ;k dYiusrwu dqyfpUgkpk fodkl >kyk
vlkok] vls izfriknu vkgs- ,fey nqj[kkbZeus rj /keZlaLFksph mRiÙkhp
dqyfpUg izFksr vkgs] vls lkafxrys vkgs- ekuoh lewgkr ifo= vkf.k
vifo= v’kk dYiuk dqyfpUgkP;k lanHkkZr fuekZ.k gksrkr- R;krwup
iq<s /keZlaLFkspk fodkl >kyk] vls R;kps er vkgs- ysOgh MªkÅlus
dqyfpUg izFksps foospu osxG;kp i/nrhus dsys vkgs- fulxkZrhy oLrw
vkf.k lkaLd`frd thou ;kaP;k ijLij lkE;koj uOgs] rj oS/kE;kZoj
652
dqyfpUg izFkk vk/kkjysyh vkgs] vls rks Eg.krks- lkaLd`frd thoukr
ts m.ks vkgs] rs fulxZ’kähe/;s fdaok fulxkZRkhy oLrwae/;s ‘kks/kys
tkrs] vls R;kyk okVrs-328 nqxkZckbZ HkkxorkaP;k ers] ßfof/kdYikpk
eq[; vk/kkj nsodp vlrs- Hkwrkarwup nSors tUekyk vkyh- rh nSors
tekrh; o LFkkfud vlrkr- fdacgquk R;kaps ,dhdj.k ,dkp uSfrd
lekt O;oLFksrwu gksrs-Þ329 nsodka’kh dqGkpk jälaca/k fdaok dkgh xw<
_.kkuqca/k vlkok] v’kh dYiuk vkgs- vusd vkfnoklh tekrhr
vla[; dqyukes fdaok xks=ukes fujfujkG;k nsodkao:u ?ksrysyh
vkgsr- R;k nsodkapk /kekZ’kh Qkjlk laca/k ulwu] R;kapk mxe dkgh
fo’ks”k izlaxkr lkiMrks- ,dk eqykoj ukxkus Q.kk /kjyk Eg.kwu
R;kP;k dqGkyk ukx gs uko izkIr >kys- dkykarjkus ;k nsodkapk R;k
yksdkaP;k /kkkfeZd o lkekftd thoukoj izHkko iMw ykxyk- nsodkph
dYiuk txkr loZ= izpfyr vkgs- vls dkgh iafMr ekurkr- dsoG
vkfnoklh yksdp uOgsr rj lsesfVd vk;Z] bftI’kh;u gs yksdgh
nsods ekuhr gksrs] vls R;kaps er vkgs- eksgksatnMks ;sFkhy izkphu
vo’ks”kkargh nsodiwtsph y{k.ks dkgh ‘kkL=Kkauk vk<Gyh vkgsr-330
dqykph vf/k”Bk=h nsork Eg.kts dqynSor- fganw dqVqackrhy
nsOgkÚ;kr dqynsorsyk e/;orhZ LFkku vlrs- izlaxkuqlkj brj nsork
nsOgkÚ;kr vlY;k rjh R;kr dqynsorsps LFkku vf/kd Js”B vlrs-
dqykrhy /kkfeZd vkpkj] ijaijk] eaxy fo/kh gs dqynsorsP;k izhR;FkZ
ikGys tkrkr- dqynsork gh ijaijsus izkIr >kysyh vlrs vkf.k
dqylewgkph j{k.kdrhZ Eg.kwu frpk eku Bsoyk tkrks- iq=tUe]
fookg] dqykpkj] dqy/keZ ;k izlaxh dqynsorsph izfr”Bkiuk dsyh
tkrs- dk;Zfl)hlkBh frpk vk’khokZn ekfxryk tkrks- thoukrhy
cÚ;kokbZV ?kVuk] lq[knq%[k] vktkj ;k izlaxh frpk vk/kkj ‘kks/kyk
tkrks- ladVdkGh frus j{k.k djkos Eg.kwu dqynsorsyk vkokgu dsys
tkrs-
653
d`f”klaLd`rhP;k mn;kuarj vusd nsork fuekZ.k >kysY;k vlY;k
rjh] d`f”kiwoZ thoukrhy ifo= ekuY;k xsysY;k dkgh dqyfpUgkauk
ns[khy nsorkaps LFkku izkIr >kys- Hkkjrkr iwtY;k tk.kkÚ;k ukx] x#M
;k dqyfpUgkapk ;k lanHkkZr mYys[k djrk ;sbZy- vkrk Hkw nsorsyk
egÙokps LFkku izkIr gksÅ ykxys gksrs o frpsp fujfujkG;k :ikr
iwtu gksr gksrs-331
MkW-l-jk- xkMxhGkaP;k ers] ßizR;sd VksGhe/;s vusd dqGh
vlrkr- ;k dqGh Lor%yk ,dk oa’kkP;k letrkr- vkiY;k dqykpk
mn~xe ,[kknh ouLirh] i’kw] vxj i{kh ;kaiklwu >kyk vkgs- v’kk
J)sus R;k dqGhrhy loZ yksd R;k ouLirhyk i’kwyk vxj i{;kyk
iwT; ekurkr- rks i’kw] i{kh vxj ouLirh R;k dqykps VkWVse gks;-
VkWVse o:up dqyukes izkIr >kysyh vlrkr- vkiY;k dqGkph larrh
ok<koh- R;k iwT; izrhdinkFkkZph le`)h Ogkoh o vkiY;k dqGkps
ladVkiklwu j{k.k Ogkos ;k Hkkousus R;k iwT; oLrwps vusd lekjaHk
fdaok mRlo rh dqGs djhr vlrkr- R;k izrhdkaP;k tkrhph oLrw]
izk.kh fdaok ouLirh ekjko;kph ukgh fdaok [kko;kph ukgh vFkok
lekjaHkkus fdaok fo/khusp [kko;kph fdaok ekjko;kph vlk fucZa/k
dlks’khus ikGyk tkrks- LodqGkrhy yksd dq++«;kps ekal oT;Z ekurkr-
ukx dqGkrhy yksd ukxkyk ekj.kkj ukghr- ;kr vkfne /kkj.kk fnlwu
;srs-Þ332 o`”kHk/ot] o`”kdsru] f}ftOg] xtonu ;k loZ ukokao:u ;k
x.kkrhy yksdkaps dqyy{k.k fpUg /;kukr ;srs- T;kaph dqyy{k.k nSors
o`”kHk] ukx] xt gs izk.kh vkgsr vls vusd x.k vlkosr- R;kauh
x.kirh ;k nsorspk gÙkh ;k VkWVse’kh laca/k yko.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk
vkgs-
ukx gs vusd dqGkaps nsod vkgs- vktgh vo’ks”k :ikr ;kps
izR;arj ;srs- ejkBk o egkj lektkrhy fdR;sd dqykae/;s ukx gk
nsod Eg.kwu iwtyk tkrks- HkxV vkf.k lViky ;k dqGkaps nsod ukx
654
gsp vkgs-333 ?kjkrhy dks.kR;kgh eaxydk;kZizlaxh vxksnj nsodkph
iwtk dsyh tkrs-
,[kk|k nsodkpk vH;kl djrkuk izkphu tkrhtekrhP;k
J)kfo’okpk o izFkk ijaijkpk vH;kl djkok ykxrks- gs nsod vusd
tkrh tekrhauh Lohdkjysys vlrs- gs R;kaP;krhy lk/kkE;Z vlrs-
fo’ks”kr% rdkZP;k ikrGhoj tkÅu R;kaP;krhy lkgp;Z laca/k izLFkkfir
djrk ;srks- MkW- fo’oukFk [kSjs ;kaP;k ers] ßeqGkr ,[kk|kp dqGkps
fdaok tkrhps vlysys nSor R;kpk iMrkGk ;sÅu fdaok vk.k[kh
dkgh dkj.kkauh vusd tkrhps fdaok lkÚ;k lektkps gksÅu tkrs-
R;krY;k R;kr izkphu iqjkO;ako:u rs ewGps dks.kkps ;kpk vankt
djkok ykxrks-Þ334 ukx nsodkph vkfnerk ‘kks/krkuk tekrhaP;k
izFkk&ijaijkapk ‘kks/k ?;kok ykxrks- Hkkjrkr loZ= v’kk tkrh tekrh
dkGkP;k vks?kkr LFkykarjhr >kysY;k vkgsr- pkSgku gh NRrhlx<
Hkkxkrhy ,d tkr- gs pansy ;k ukokusgh vksG[kys tkrkr- gs
Lor%yk jktiwr oa’kkps Ekkurkr- ;kaP;krhy cgqrsssssssssd dqGkaph ukos ukx]
usojk] dksfYg;k] [kkaM b- nsodkao:u iMyh vkgsr-335 jks.k gh
vksfMlkP;k MksaxjkG Hkkxkr jkg.kkjh ,d tkr- vksfMlkrhy ,d eksBk
;ks)k j.kftr ;kaps vkEgh oa’kt vkgksr vls rs ekurkr- lw;Z]
vLoy] eklk] ok?k] ukx v’kh jks.kkaph nsods vkgsr-336 ckslafr;k gh
vksfMlkP;k xatke ftYgÓkkrhy ,d tkr- gs yksd eqGkr clarh jaxkpk
O;kikj djhr gksrs- ;kaP;kr ukxf’kj ¼ukx½] dksfpeks ¼dklo½ b- nsods
izpfyr vkgsr-337 isafr; gh nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy ,d tkr- ;k tkrhps
yksd Lor%yk gksywo fdaok gGck vlsgh Eg.krkr- gs yksd rfeGukMw
e/;s jkgrkr- gs yksd ‘ksrh djrkr- ;kaP;kr dq:e ¼dweZ½] Hkkx
¼ok?k½] ukx] lw;Z v’kh vusd nsods vkgsr- rs dkfeYyh uked
nsorsph iwtk djrkr-338 xMfj;k gh esa<ikG tekr vkgs- ;kaph oLrh
eq[;Ros e/; izns’k o mÙkj izns’k ;k jkT;kr vk<Grs- ;kauk xMsjh
655
vlsgh Eg.krkr- xa/kkj] xkMj rlsp xaxk/kj fdaok dankgkj ;k
‘kCnko:u xMfj;k ‘kCnkph O;qRiÙkh lkaxrkr- eksfj;k ¼eksj½] cokSg;k
¼ok?k½] fgjuokj ¼gfj.k½] lQ ¼lki½] Qqylaq?k ¼Qwy½ b- nsods
R;kaP;kr vkgsr- dslfj;k nsodkps yksd fioG;k ?kksM;koj clr
ukghr o Qqylqa/kk nsodkps yksd Qqykpk okl ?ksr ukghr-339 dkfyanh
Mkse gh if’pe caxkye/khy Mksackaph ,d iksVtkr- dyw o y{eh ;k
Mkse nairhps vki.k oa’kt vkgksr] vls gs ekurkr- ;kaP;kr dPNi]
lafMy ¼cSy½] ukx] ‘ka[k b- nsods vkgsr- gs yksd liZna’kkiklwu
cpko gks.;klkBh eulk nsohph iwtk djrkr- ;kpk lkekftd ntkZ
fu”d`”V vkgs-340 fugky tkrhps yksd e/; izns’kkr vk<Grkr- fHkYy
o dksjdw ;kaP;k laca/kkiklwu cuysyh gh lafeJ tkr vlY;kps
lkaxrkr- ;k tkrhr vusd dqGs vkgsr- ukxosy ;k dqGkps yksd
ukxkyk o foM;kP;k ikukyk iwT; ekurkr- lwjt dqGkrhy yksd
lw;kZph iwtk o rféfeÙk miokl djrkr- dkl dqGkps yksd dklokph
iwtk djrkr o dk’kkP;k rkVkrp tsorkr-341 dksYVk gh tkr
vksfMlkrhy lacyiwj ftYgk o e/; izns’kkpk dkgh Hkkx ;kr
vk<Grs- gs o`Ùkhus ‘ksrdjh vkgsr- ;kaP;k mRiÙkh fo”k;h vusd
nardFkk izpfyr vkgsr- pl ukokps ts yksd dqGhFk fidow ykxys-
R;kauk dksYVk gs uko iMys vlkos vls fgjkyky Eg.krkr- ;k
tkrhP;k mitkrh ukghr- ;kaph dqyukes izk.kh o oLrw ;kao:u
iMysyh vkgsr- nhi] gLrh] ukx] fiaiG] Hkkj}kt b- nsodkapk R;kauh
Lohdkj dsysyk vkgs-342 gkrh gh lkSjk”VªkrY;k dkBsokM Hkkxkrhy ,d
tekr- gh tekr tkrhus fganw vlwu rh Lokeh ukjk;.k o jkenklh
laiznk;kph vkgs- gs yksd fo”.kw o ‘kadj ;kaphgh iwtk djrkr- ukx]
pkeqaMk gh ;kaph dqynSors vkgsr- gs /;kukr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs-343
foeqDr tkrh&tekrhae/;sp uOgs rj vkfnoklh tkrhar lq)k
^ukx* gs nsod Eg.kwu Lohdkjysys vkgs- ukxoalh gh vkfnoklhaph ,d
656
tkr vkgs- ;kaph oLrh jktLFkkukrhy >kjiwj] mn;iwj] fljxqtk b-
fBdk.kh vkgs- gs yksd jktiwr] ngkfj;k vkf.k xksaM ;kaP;k oa’kkrys
vkgsr] vls jlsyps er vkgs- rs Lor%yk lsanqfj;k ukxkaph ,d ‘kk[kk
ekurkr- R;kaps nsod ^ukx* vkgs-344 eqfM;k gh e/; izns’kkP;k cLrj
ftYgÓkkrhy ,d vkfnoklh tekr- eqfM;k yksdkaps txnyiwj eqfM;k
fdaok jkt eqfM;k vkf.k >ksfj;k eqfM;k vls Hksn vkgsr- eqfM;k
yksdkr ukx] dfPNe ¼dklo½] cdjk] ok?k o eklk vls eq[; oa’k
vlwu R;kr vusd dqGÓkkapk lekos’k gksrks- ukxoa’kkrhy yksd ukxkauk]
dfPNe oa’kkrhy yksd dklokauk ekjhr ukghr- R;kapk nsod Eg.kwu
Lohdkj djrkr-345 xnc gh nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy ,d vkfnoklh tekr-
;kaph eq[; oLrh vka/kz izns’kkrhy fo’kk[kkiê.ke~ ftYgÓkkr vkgs-
xnc Eg.kts vks>s okg.kkjk euq”;- cMks] xqVksc] ikjx] vksykj] dfFFkjh
o dkiw v’kk ;kaP;k lgk eq[; ‘kk[kk vkgsr- ;kf’kok; ts vusd
iksVHksn vkgsr- R;kauk R;kaP;k R;kaP;k nsodkaph ukos vkgsr- R;kaP;kr
xqrky ¼dq=k½] x`eky ¼lki½] vaxoku ¼vLoy½] Mqax ¼dklo½] lqjaxS
¼ok?k½ b- nsods ekU;rk izkIr >kysyh vkgsr-346 ;ko:u vls
fun’kZukl ;srs dh] Hkkjrkrhy cgqrka’kh loZ tkrh&tekrhrh ^ukx* gs
nsod Eg.kwu Lohdkjysys vkgs-
egkHkkjrkP;k vkfniokZr d’;ikpk lanHkZ vkysyk vkgs- d’;i
gk czãiq= efjph _”khpk iq= gksrk- n{kkus vkiY;k rsjk dU;kapk fookg
d’;ik’kh d:u fnyk gksrk- d’;ikyk vfnrhiklwu ckjk vkfnR;]
fnrhiklwu nSR;] nuqiklwu nkuo] nuk;qiklwu o`= b- tUekl vkys- dnzw
gh lq)k rsjkaiSdh ,d gksrh- dnzqiklwu d’;ikyk >kysyk iq= ukx
gksrs- ;ko:u d’;i gk ukxkapk iwoZ iq:”k gksrk vls ekuys tkr
vlkos vkf.k ;kp dkj.kkLro ukxoa’kh; yksd gs Lor%yk
d’;ixks=kps vlY;kps letr vlkos-
657
nsohizlkn pVksik/;k; ;kauh ^yksdk;r* ;k xzaFkkr xks=
ladYiusph mRiÙkh lkafxryh vkgs- rs fyfgrkr]^This is strongly
reminiscent of the vedic use of the word gotra, which meant the
exogamous clans in which the vedic people were organized. As
occurring in the Rig Veda it also meant the cow-stall. Indra opened
the cow-stall (gotra) for the Angirasas, Brihaspati, with the
assistance of Indra, released the cows from the cow-stall hidden
behind the mountain; Indra looted the cow-stall of the aliens for the
benefit of his own tribesmen; and so on. According to the
Nighantu, again the same word gotra also meant prithivi or the
world. Evidently, the early Vedic people knew their clans by their
cow-stalls or their cow-stalls by their clans and the cow-stalls, like
the cows, meant the whole world for them*347
;kpk vFkZ xks= ladYiuspk laca/k gk _XoSfnd dky[kaMkiklwu
vkgs- v=h] vafxjl] mieU;w] d’;i] dqRl] dksSfMU;] dkSf’kd] xkX;Z]
xkSre] tkenXU;] uS/kqzo] ikfFkZo] cknjk;.k] HkkxZo] Hkkj}kt] eqUny]
yksfgrk{k] oRl] ofl”B] oSU;] oS’okfe=] ‘kkf.MY;] ‘kkyk{k v’kh
fofo/k xks=s vkgsr- fganw lektkrhy izR;sd dqVqackpk laca/k gk
dks.kR;kukdks.kR;k xks=k’kh ;srks- fo- dk- jktokMsaP;k ers] ßtkfrc)
naiR;kaP;k ÅQZ dqVqackP;k cgqla[;sus dqGs fdaok xks=s curkr o vusd
dqGs feGwu tkrh gksrs- vkikfrd naiR;kiklwu fdaok dqVqackiklwu
dqGÓkk fdaok xks=s gksr ukghr o tkrhgh gksr ukgh- R;keqGs vk;sZrj
lekt Eg.kts Qä vusd dqVqackpk ,d lewg gksrks o vk;Z lekt
Eg.kts vusd tkrhapk ,d lewg gksrks- lektjpusP;k dkeh vk;sZrj
lektkr dqVqaclaLFksps vFkok naiR;laLFksps g;kgwu tkLr dk;Z ukgh-
dks.krkgh ns’k ?ksryk rjh dkgh dqVqacs fdok naiR;s feGwu ikMk gksrks-
dkgh ikM;kapk xko gksrks- dkgh xkokapk izkar gksrks o dkgh izkar feGwu
loZ ns’k gksrks- ,dk dqVqacklkj[kh fdaok naiR;klkj[kh nqljh loZ dqVqacs
658
fdaok naiR;s vlrkr- naiR;laLFksps ,dp ,d dk;Z Eg.kts iztksRiknu-
vk;sZrj lektkr nqlÚ;k dks.kR;kgh dk;kZdfjrk naiR;laLFkk ulrs-
R;kgwu fujkGk izdkj vk;Z lektkr vk<Gwu ;srks- vk;Z lektkr
fdR;sd naiR;s feGwu xks= fdaok dwG gksrs- fdR;sd dqGs feGwu tkrh
gksrs- fdR;sd tkrh feGwu xzke gksrks- fdR;sd xzkekapk izkar curks o
fdR;sd izkarkpk lcan ns’k ?kMrks- ,.ksaizek.ks vk;Z lektkr xks=s ÅQZ
dqGs o tkrh R;kaps ?kVd gks.;kps dk;Z naiR; laLFksyk djko;kps
vlrs- gs dk;Z vk;sZrj lektkr naiR;laLFkk djhr ukgh-348 xks=kph
fufeZrh gh vk;Z lektkphp ns.k Eg.kkoh ykxrs-
ukxoa’kh lekt Lor%ps xks= dk’;i Eg.kforks- xks= gs fir`iz/kku
vlkos- nSR;] nkuo] nso] ukx] lqi.kZ gh d’;ikphp larrh
vlY;keqGs lokZapsp xks= dk’;i Eg.krk ;srs- Eg.ktsp vf[ky
ekuotkrhpsp xks= dk’;i Eg.kkos ykxrs- rhFkZadj ik’oZukFk gk
cq)kiwohZ b-iw- 9 O;k ‘krdkr gksÅu xsyk- dk’khjktk cãnÙkkP;k
ukxoa’kkr ik’oZukFkkpk tUe >kyk vlY;keqGs rks ukxoa’kh gksrk
vkf.k R;kpsgh xks= dk’;i vlY;kps EgVys tkrs- tSukaps pksfolkos
rhFkZadj egkohj tSu gs {kf=; vlwu ns[khy dk’;i xksf=; gksrs vls
lanHkZ feGrkr-349 ckS) /kehZ; tkrddFkkae/;s ns[khy
^egkukjn&dLli tkrd* ukokph ,d tkrddFkk vkgs- R;kr dk’;i
xks=kpk mYys[k ;srks-^fp=dFkh dk’;ixks=h rks x.khgh xq.koarjs* vlk
rks mYys[k vkgs-350 jkek;.kkP;k ckydkaMkrhy loZ lkr rs pkSnk ;k
lxkZae/;s dk’;i xks=kpk mYys[k ;srks-351 czkã.kkae/;s dksd.kLFk
czkã.k] ns’kLFk czkã.k] dÚgkMs czkã.k] nso#[ks czkã.k v’kk fofo/k
mitkrh laHkorkr- ;k lokZae/;s dk’;i xks=h dqGs vki.kkl
ikgko;kl feGrkr- dksd.kLFk czkã.kkae/;s Q.kls] eqtqenkj ¼iVo/kZu½]
‘kkL=h ¼iVo/kZu½ b- dqGkaph xks= dk’;i vkgs- dÚgkMs czkã.kkr
vT;s] v|s ¼vkM;s½] v;s] vloMsdj] vkBys¼Y;s½] vkMsZ¼M;sZ½]
659
vkGhoj] mik/;s] vks>jdj] vksfoMsdj] vkacMsZdj] d;kG]
d’ks¼’kk½Gdj] dkuMs] dkers¼Fks½dj] dkGs] dkGsydj] dkany.ks]
dkanY;s] fdatoMsdj] dhrZus] dqj.ks] dqydj.kh] dqoGsdj] dksGydj]
[kkaMsdj] [kqcGs] xX;s] xqtZj] xksjs] xksGoydj] p.ksdj] fpjeq¼eqZ½ys]
pkSdj] tesful] tksgkjh] Bdkj] Bkdwj] Mkaxs] Msaxosdj] rGdj]
rkVds¼xs½] rksQ[kkus] fnok.k] nqcGs] nsonk:dj] nso/kjdj] nslkbZ]
/kqidj] /kksis’ojdj] ukanxkodj] fu[kMdj] fuYgsnkj] uwydj] iVo/kZu]
iRdh] ik/;s] ijkMdj] ikaxkjdj] fiaiGs] ctsZ] codj] cgqrqys]
cku¼o½dj] cka/ksdj] cks.kdj] cksjo.kdj] Hkê¼V½] Hkkxor] eV¼r½dj]
egktuh] ekM[kksy¼r½dj] ekusdj] fejk’kh] eqtqenkj] eqGs] eqaMys]
eaMyhdj] jkXor] jktoMdj] yadk;sZ] yodk;sZ] otsZdj] ot¼tsZ½]
oMsdj] ckftojs¼dj½] ok;?k.kdj] ‘kgk.ks] f’ko¼r½dj] ‘ksacsdj]
‘ks”;sdan] Jh[kaMs] ljns’k&dqydj.kh] ljns’kikaMs] lkaxGdj] gGcs]
gqtqjcktkj b- dqGs dk’;ixks=h vkgsr- nso#[ks czkã.kkae/;s
vkacs¼M½dj] vke>jokys] vk=s] doBsdj] doMs] dkjdj ¼tks’kh½]
dkGs] [kVkodj] [kMisdj] [kjordj] xksG/ksdj ¼tks’kh½]pkQsdj
¼tks’kh½] tqcsdj] tks’kh ¼ok?kacsdj½] nhf{kr] /kke.klsdj] /kksiVdj
¼egktu½] uojaxs] fuca/ks] fuoldj] fuoGhdj] ukanqLdj] iMoG]
ikjk;.kh ¼tks’kh½] iqjkf.kd] cudj] HkV ¼’kasM;s] vkjsdj½] Hkkxor]
HkMlkoGs] HkkVysdj] eGsdj] ekanqLdj] ekxzkVdj ¼eksxjs½] eqGs] eksxjs
¼HkV½] jksMs] jktwjdj] ohjdj ¼Vkdys½] oMrdj ¼tks’kh½] ‘kgkiwjdj]
‘ksaMs] lkaoys] lqfnzd b- dqGkaps xks= dk’;i xks= vkgs- ns’kLFk _Xosnh
czkã.kkae/;s vDdy[ksMdj] vEgsokys] v;kfpr] v”Vsokys] vGrsdj]
vkpk;Z] bVdhdj b- ps xks= dk’;i xks= vkgs- xks= ,d vlys rjh
R;kaP;krhy izoj ek= fHké vkgs- dÚgkMs czkã.kkr dk’;i xks=kps izoj
^dk’;ikoRlkjkflrsfr* ¼f=izojkfUor½ vls vkgs- nso#[ks czkã.kkr
660
^dk’;ikoRlkuS/kqzosfr* ¼f=izojkfUor½ vls vkgs-352 ;ko:u czkã.kkP;k
fofo/k ‘kk[kkae/;s gs xks= ekU;rk izkIr >kysys vkgs-
vk’p;kZph ckc Eg.kts czkã.kkaizek.ksp brj tekrhae/;sgh
dk’;ixks= Lohdkjysys vkgs- rvksay gh vksfMlke/kyh ,d tekr-
vaxqy ftYgÓkkr rkyewy ukokps ts ,d xko vkgs] rs ;kaps ewyLFkku
vlwu] ;ko:u R;kauk rvksay gs uko iMys] vls Eg.krkr- ;k loZ
tekrhps ukx gs ,dp xks= vlwu dqGs ek= osxosxGh vkgsr-353 [knz
gh vksfMlk izns’kkrhy ,d tkr- ;kauk [knwj] [k:j v’kh vU; ukos
vkgsr- vkiyh mRiÙkh nsokapk f’kYidkj fo’odekZ ;kaP;kiklwu >kyh]
vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- ;kaP;kr ukx] flag] dk’;i o dPNi v’kh
pkj xks=s vkgsr-354
ojhy foospuko:u fun’kZukl ;srs dh] ukxoa’kh;kacjkscp]
czkã.k] foeqDr tkrhtekrh] tSu /kekZrhy lekt b- uh dk’;ixks=
Lohdkjysys vkgs- fdacgquk T;kauk Lor%ps dks.kR;kgh izdkjps xks=
ekghr ulrs- rs Lor%yk ^dk’;ixks=h* Eg.kforkr- ;kpkp vFkZ
vf[ky ekuotkrhps xks= dk’;i xks= vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-
3-35 ;krq/kekZrhy ukx izfrek %
nqxkZckbZ HkkxorkaP;k ers] /kekZps ewG tknwfo|sr vkgs-355 /kekZpk
laca/k ^vlw* izfØ;s’kh vkgs- /kekZP;k vkfne ik’oZHkwehpk fopkj djrk
dsoG e`R;wP;k fouk’kd ‘kähojp folac.ks ;ksX; gks.kkj ukgh- ;k
vHkokRed fouk’kh ‘kähgwu fHké vl.kkjh i.k frP;k’khp v[kaM
lac) vlysyh v’kh ,d HkkokRed thounk;h ‘käh jle; fdaok
/kkrqe; vlwu rh izR;sd izk.;kr o oLrwr Bjkfod izek.kkr vlrs]
vls izkphu ekuodqykr x`ghr /kjys tkr vls- ;k ‘kähyk
;qjksHkkjrh;kauh ^vlw* vls uko fnys gksrs- ^vlw* ;k izk.k’kähpk
^;krw* fdaok ^ek;k* ;k vn~Hkqr dk;Zdkjh ‘käha’kh feykQ >kyk gksrk-
nkaMsdjkaP;k ers] ßloZ fo’oO;kikj vkf.k /kkj.kk gh ekuoh dYiukrhr
661
v’kk ,dk ‘kähP;k ;ksxs gksr vlrkr- gh ‘käh Eg.kts ,d eWftd
iksVsUl ¼;kRokRed ‘käh½ vkgs vkf.k rh dsoG dYiuk:i vewrZ
ulwu izR;{k jle; vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr ^;krw* ‘kCn okijyk vkgs- nso]
ekuo] i’kw vkf.k fo’okrhy brj oLrw ;k lokZae/;s gk ;kRokRed
jl vlrks vkf.k R;keqGsp R;k lokZaps /kkj.k o O;kikj ‘kD; gksrkr-
gk jl Eg.kts loZ izdkjP;k thoukps lkjp gks;-Þ356 MkW-l-jk-
xkMxhGkaP;k ers] ßfof’k”V ea= vkf.k fo/kh ;kaP;k lkgkÓ;kus gh ‘käh
ok<fork vFkok deh djrk ;srs- izkFkfed ekuokP;k ;k J)srwup
R;kpk /keZfopkj vFkok vpwd cksyko;kps oj ;krqfopkj LQwjyk-
ea=ksPpkj;qä fØ;sP;k lkgkÓÓkkus vkiY;k fBdk.kps ;kRokRed lkeF;Z
ok<owu fulxkZoj izHkqRo feGork ;srs- v’kh R;kph J)k gksrh-Þ357
R;krwup rks fulxkZoj vf/kiR; xktow ykxyk- txnh’kizlkn JhokLro
;kaP;k ers] ß;krq vkKkFkZd gS] ftldk vFkZ gS] pyh tk,] ;kuh og
fdlh pht dks lh/ks vius y{; rd Hkst ns.ks dh ‘kfä j[krk gqvk
izrhr gksrk gS! og vius ea=ks eas ;krq tSlk gh dqN mPPkkj.k Hkh
djrk gS A fu’;p gh ;g tknw ds {ks= dh ckr gS] ftlds }kjk
vkLFkk o yksdeaxy dh mnkj Hkkouk ds vHkko esa nwljksa dk vfu”V
Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS AÞ358 ;ko:u ;krq/keZ gk dk;Zdkj.kHkkokP;k
vKkukoj mHkk vlwu rks vKku xGwu iMrkp /keZgh fujk/kkj gksrks- fo-
dk- jktokMs ;kauh /kekZP;k vH;klkps okLro vkf.k Hkzkar lk/kus vls
oxhZdj.k dsysys vkgs vkf.k yksdlaLd`rh’kh fuxfMr ckchapk ;k Hkzkar
lk/kukr lekos’k gksrks- ea=Hkk”kk] ea=xku] rksMX;kauk ljG] oØ o
ukxeksMh js”kk] ;a=s] LofLrd] MkSj] dqMcqMs ;kalkj[kh ok|s] jk{kl]
fdéj] nso] nkuo] iqjk.ks] ekgkRE;s] osrkG] Le’kku] [kaMksck]
vaxfo{ksi] fiaxk] vaxkr ;sÅu ukp.ks] ckgqyh] dGlw=] iwtsph lk/kh
midj.ks] nxMkph] ykdMkph Nijs] FkMxh b- pk lekos’k Hkzkar
662
lk/kukr gksrks- f’kok; osxosxGÓkk izdkjph o`{k] R;kojhy ;{k] nsoGs]
/ot] vu?kM f’kGk b- pkgh R;kr lekos’k gksrks-359
MkW-nqxkZckbZ HkkxorkaP;k ers] ß/keZ o tknw ;k nksgksrgh ea=kpk o
rksMX;kapk vk<G gksrks- tknwpk ea= fdaok rksMxk d/kh Lor%P;k
eaxykph dkeuk dj.kkjk rj d/kh Lor%P;k ‘k=wP;k uk’kkph dkeuk
dj.kkjk vlrks- ,dkp vkjk/; nSorkyk mís’kwu izkFkZuk] vkReeaxy o
ijuk’k lk/k.kkjs Qfyr T;kr visf{kr vlrs] vls ea= vk<Grkr-
/kekZps fu”ks/kkRed gs vax vlrs- R;kyk iwjd vls dk;Z rs vfHkpkfjd
ea= fdaok rksMxs djhr vlrkr- ,dp ea= dY;k.kizn fo/khyk tksMyk
rj rks ‘kqHk ekuyk tkrkss( ijarq rksp ea= tj fo/khrY;k fØ;k cnywu
fdaok myV EgVyk rj v’kqHk gksrks- Eg.kwu ra= okM~-e;kr chtk{kj
;qä ea= okijysys vk<Grkr- v{kjkaP;k ?kê cka/k.khr rs cloysys
vlrkr-360
MkW-txnh’k izlkn JhokLro ;kaP;k ers] ß;g /kkj.kk dqN de
egÙoiw.kZ ugha fd vkfne lekt esa tknw] foKku vkSj /keZ feys tqys
Fks vkSj mudh Lora= lÙkk dh igpku dkQh le; ds ckn gqbZ A
izkxSfrgkfld dky ds ekuo tc thou fo/kh&laca/kh vius ekunaMks
ds izfrdwy vifjfpr vFkok foy{k.k izFkkvksa] vuq”Bkuksa vkSj rRlac/kh
vO;k[;s; ifj.kkeksa ls Vdjkrs Fks] rks os mUgsa izk;% gh tknqbZ dg
fn;k djrs Fks A ea= dk laca/kgh peRdkj vkSj Vksus&VksVdsls gS A ea=
dk vFkZ eSftd QkewZyk gksrk gS A ea= esa v’kq) mPPkkj.k mi;qä ugh
gS A yksdijaijk esa izpfyr vkSj rkaf=dksa ls lac) ea= ds ;krq/kkfeZd
i{k dk ewy izkXoSfnd f’koksikluk esa gS A izeq[k chtea=ks dk mn~Hko
f’ko ls ekuk tkrk gS A nsohizlkn pêksik/;k; dk dguk gS fd lHkh
ra=xzaFkks dk cwfu;knh n`f”Vkdks.k ;kSuijd fcacfo/kku ls xzg.k gqvk gS
vkSj ;s xzaFkikB tknw ds izcy rÙoksa ls vksrizksr gS A Ýstj dk dguk
gS fd blesa lkn`’; vkSj lEc)rk ds lgkjs oSpkfjd laxfr ls tqMh
663
gqbZ euksizfØ;k dk Hkzked mi;ksx iz/kku gksrk gS A bu tknqbZ izfØ;ksavks
dk ewy vkfne vkLFkkvksa es gS A vius vkfne ekufldrk dk
vo/kkj.kkRed i{k thfor gS A jkWdus frCCkrh ifjokj ds uk[kh yksxksa
ds ijaijkxr fo’okl vkSj mudh jksxksipkj dh ekaf=d fof/k dk tks
gokyk fn;k gS ] og bl n`f”V ls egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrk gS A uk[kh
tkfr dh ijaijkxr ekU;rk ds vuqlkj l`f”V vkjaHk esa ukxksa vkSj
euq”;ksa esa foHkkftr Fkh] fdUrq ckn esa os ijLij ‘k=q gks x;s A ukxksa us
Øks/ko’k lalkj dks O;kf/k;kas] ckWa>iu rFkk lHkh izdkj ds Dys’kksa ls
ifjiw.kZ vkSj ihfMr dj Mkyk A ukx euq”;ksa dh vkRekvksa dks pqjk
ldrs gS vkSj mUgs chekj dj ldrs gS A ;fn mUgs deZdk.M ds }kjk
iz’kfer ugh fd;k tkrk] rks mudk f’kdkj ¼chekj euq”;½ ij tkrk gS
A iqjksfgr&vks>k viuh ekaf=d ‘kfä;ksa ls ukxksa dks mu vkRekvksa dks
eqä djus ds fy, foo’k dj ldrs gS ftUgs mUgksaus pqjk;k gS vkSj
dSn dj fy;k gSA ukxksa dks dsoy ekaf=d gh ijkLr dj ldrk gS]
D;ksa fd feFkdh; dky esa izFke ekaf=d VksEck us x#M dh lgk;rk lsa
ukxksa ij igyk vkØe.k fd;k Fkk A jksxksipkj dk deZdk.M bl
izkDl`f”Vdkyhu ?kVuk ds fu”BkiwoZd ikB esa gh uhfgr gS A jkWd ds
}kjk vuqfnr ikB dk ;g ckr crkrk gS fd ;fn x#M ds mn~Hko dk
lUnHkZ.k ugha gksxk] rks mldh ppkZ ugh dh tkuh pkfg, A vr%
vks>k x#M dh mRifÙk dk feFkd dgrk gS A og ckrkrk gS fd fdl
izdkj dSyk’k ioZr ij tknqbZ fØ;k ls v.Ms fufeZr gq, vkSj muls
x#Mksa dk tUe gqvk] tks ckn esa ukxksa }kjk mRié O;kf/k;ksa ls ekuoksa
dks cpkus ds fy, /kjrh ij vk;s A x#Mksa dh mRifÙk ls iwoZ fo’o
jpuk ds ea= dk ikB gksrk gS AÞ361 ;ko:u ;krw vkf.k vkfne lekt
;kapk ijLij laca/k m?kM gksrks-
;tqosZnke/;s likZps vusd mYys[k feGrkr- ^;tw* Eg.kts
T;kP;k ;ksxkus loZ ,df=r tqGysys vlrs rs gks;- lkeosnh R;kph
664
lkeosn Eg.kwu mikluk djrkr- dkj.k lke Eg.kts le & ,d:i
gks;- R;kaP;ke/;s gs fo’o ,d:i >kys vkgs- _Xosnh R;kph ^mDFk*
¼_Xosnkph lwDrs½ Eg.kwu mikluk djrkr- dkj.k gs fo’o R;kP;krwu
mRFkku ikors- tknwxkj R;kph tknw Eg.kwu mikluk djrkr- dkj.k tknw
Eg.kts fu;a=.k’käh gks;- R;kus gs loZ vkiY;k fu;a=.kkr Bsoys vkgs-
liZosÙks liZ Eg.kwu] firj Lo/kk Eg.kwu] nso tufon~] nso tu Eg.kwu]
xa/koZ :i Eg.kwu o vIljk xa/k Eg.kwu R;kph mikluk djrkr- R;kph
T;k T;k :ikus dks.kh mikluk djrks- rks rsp curks-362 ;tqosZnkP;k
13 O;k v/;k;krhy 6 rs 8 O;k lwäkr liZ fo”k;d lanHkZ
lkiMrkr- ^ i`Fohoj jkg.kkÚ;k fofo/k izdkjP;k likZauk ek>k ueLdkj
vlks- R;kpizek.ks ts varfj{kkr jkgrkr- R;kaukgh eh oanu djrks-
nqlÚ;kauk =kl ns.;klkBh T;kauh rh{.k :is /kkj.k dsyh vkgsr vFkok
panuklkj[;k o`{kkaP;k vkJ;kus ts jkgrkr fdaok i`FohP;k iksVkrp
>ksiwu jkgrkr- R;k lokZauk ek>k ueLdkj vlks- vR;ar iz[kj v’kk
lw;Z fdj.kkaP;k izdk’kkr T;kauh olrh dsyh fdaok ik.;krp vkiys
LFkku Bsfoys R;k loZ likZauk ek>k ueLdkj vlks-363 ;kp xzaFkkrhy
v/;k; 16 P;k] 57 O;k lwäkrgh v’kkp lanHkkZph iqujko`Ùkh gksrs-
^‘kqHkz xksÚ;k daBkoj fuGk fBidk vl.kkjs vHkäuk’kd] ikrkGkr
jkg.kkjs :nz izR;apkjfgr vkiyh /kuq”;s lgL= ;kstus nwj Bsoksr-364
;ko:u vls /;kukr ;srs dh] ;tqosZnkP;k dkGkr ;krqizfØ;k izcG
Lo:ikr vlkoh- fo”k/kkjh likZafo”k;h fofo/k ea=;qä lwä jfpyh xsyh
vlkohr-
vFkoZosn gk osn Eg.kwu ekU; dj.;kl izeq[k oSfnd Eg.kts
_Xosnh] ;tqosZnh o lkeosnh r;kj uOgrs- i.k osnkaP;k
vykSfddRokcíy erHksn O;ä gksÅ ykxY;koj la?kfVr gks.;kdfjrk
vFkoZosnkykgh ekU;rk ns.;kr vkyh- brdsp uOgs rj ;Kizlaxh pkjh
osnkaP;k iqjksfgrkaps ts eaMG vls R;kr vFkoZosnkP;k iqjksfgrkyk
665
vxzLFkku ns.;kr vkys- vFkoZosnkr b”V o vfu”V vls nksUgh izdkjps
ea= vlY;kus b”V ea= gs ykSfdd O;ogkjkr vf/kd :< >kys vkgsr-
vfu”VkaiSdh fi’kkpkph vFkok Hkwrck/kk >kyh vlrk ea=kus R;kpk uk’k
dj.;kph dYiuk :< gksrh-365 yksdletqrh vkf.k yksdkpkj ;kaps
n’kZu vFkoZosnkr ?kMrs- vFkoZosnkrwu feG.kkjh gh ekfgrh ekuo’kkL=
vkf.k nsofo”k;d dYiukapk bfrgkl ;kaP;k vH;klkP;k n`”Vhus
egÙokph vkgs- xksiFk czkã.kkrhy mYys[kkuqlkj liZosn] fi’kkposn]
vlqjosn] bfrgkl osn vkf.k iqjk.kosn gs vFkoZosnkps ikp miosn
ekuys tkrkr-366
liZosnkrhy fofo/k liZlwäs gh ;krqizfØ;s’kh lacaf/kr vlysyh
fnlwu ;srkr- vFkoZosnkP;k prqFkZdkaMkrhy lgkos] lkros lwä liZfo”k
fo”k;d vkgs- ßr{kd ukokpk liZ czkã.k vkgs- R;kyk n’keq[ks vkgsr-
R;kus lokZaP;k vxksnj lkse izk’ku dsyk- R;kus QGkeqGkarwu gks.kkjk
fo”kizHkko ukghlk dsyk- |kS] i`Foh ;kapk tso<k foLrkj vkgs- leqnz
tso<k iljyk vkgs- rso<Ókk ifjljkrhy fo”k nwj dj.kkjh ok.kh eh
cksyrks- gs fo”kk] rqyk izFke x#Mkus Hk{k.k dsys- ikp cksVkauh eq[kkP;k
ekQZr ;k ‘kjhjkr fo”k ?kkrys] rs fo”k vkf.k ikt.kkÚ;k gkrkps lqikjh
rksMkoh] R;kizek.ks [k.Mu djrks- QGkyk ck.k ykxY;kus R;ke/;s
fuekZ.k gks.kkjs fo”k eh ea= izHkkokus nwj djrks- gs ck.kk] rq>s fo”k
fu”QG gksoks vkf.k rq>s vklu ts /kuq”; rs i.k fu”izHkkfor gksoks-
fo”k;qä vkS”k/k ns.kkjs] vaxkoj fo”k Qsd.kkjs] ik.;kr fo”k dkyfo.kkjs
vkf.k nkrkaps fo”k eh fu”izHk dsys- gs fo”k;qä vkS”k/ks] ea=kP;k izHkkokus
rw fu”izHk gksrsl- T;k ioZrkoj fo”ke; dan] ewG vkf.k QGs fuekZ.k
gksrkr- rks ioZr ns[khy fufoZ”k gksrks- lkrO;k lwäkr] ^ o`{k fuekZ.k
dj.kkÚ;k oj.kkorhps ik.kh vkeps fo”k nwj djks- ;k ik.;kr
|qyksdkarhy ve`rkpk va’k vkgs- ;k ve`Roka’kkeqGs mRié >kysys fo”k
ukghls gksrs- pkjgh fn’kkae/;s vl.kkjs fo”k ea=’kähus fu”izHk gksoks- gs
666
fo”kk] rw ‘kjhj nwf”kr djrsl- u tk.krk rqyk Hk{k.k dj.kkÚ;k iq#”kkyk
osnuk gksrkr- rw R;kps psruRo u”V d: udks] ‘kjhjkr fo”k fuekZ.k
dj.kkÚ;k ouLirhauks] /kuq”;krwu T;k izek.ks rhj lqVwu cktwyk tkrks-
R;kizek.ks rqEgh ;k nsgkrwu fo”k nwj djk- xqIrpjkizek.ks xqIri.ks ‘kjhjkr
izos’k dj.kkÚ;k fo”kk] ea=kP;k izHkkokus eh rqyk nwj djrks- Hkweh
[k.kwu dk<ysY;k vkS”k/khauks rqEgh vkiY;k LFkkuh vpy jgk- ;k
euq”;kauk ewfPNZr d: udk- rqeP;krhy fo”k vkEgh ea=’kähus nwj
djrks- fo”ke; vkS”k/khauks] rqEgkyk fufoZ”k dj.;klkBh e`xpekZP;k
ekscnY;kr rqyk KkR;k yksdkauh rq>h foØh dsyh- foØh dsysyh rw ;k
fBdk.kkgwu tk- ;k iq#”kkyk ewfPNZr d: udksl- T;k iq#”kkus ;Kkfn
deZs dsyh vkgsr- R;kps iq=ikS= u”V u gksoksr-Þ367 ikpO;k dkaMkrhy
rsjkos lwä liZfo”kuk’kue~ lwä vkgs- LoxZnsork o#.kkP;k d`isus vkf.k
R;kP;k vkKsizek.ks gs fo”k eh u”V djrks- ts fo”k ekalke/;s] Ropse/;s
vkgs- rs eh dk<wu ?ksrks- oh;kZe/khy tyka’k u”V gks.;kizek.ks gs fo”k
u”V >kys- likZaps mÙke] e/;e o dfu”B izdkjps fo”k eh dk<wu ?ksrks-
ty’kks”k.k dj.kkÚ;k fo”kkyk eh ‘kjhjkrp c) dsys vkgs- eh ekÖ;k
ea=e; ok.khus likZyk c) djrks- va/kdkjkP;k osGh lw;ksZn; >kyk
Eg.kts T;kizek.ks psruk izkIr gksrs- R;k izek.ks euq”; fo”kkiklwu eqä
gksÅu ltho gksrks- gs likZ] ekÖ;k us=kauh rqÖ;k us=krhy ‘käh vkf.k
fo”kkus fo”k ukghls djrks Eg.kts rw e`R;w iko’khy- gs fuanuh; likZ]
ekÖ;k fe=kP;k toG tkÅ udksl- gs d`”.k o.kZ] vksY;k tfeuhr
jkg.kkÚ;k rlsp HkqjdV o.kkZpk vkf.k ‘kq”d ekrhe/;s jkg.kkÚ;k likZpk
Øks/k eh mrjorks- gs likZ] rq>s ekrkfirk] ca/kw vkEgh tk.krks- rw
fuoh;Z >kyk vlY;kus vkEgkyk =kl nsÅ ‘kdr ukghl- fo’kky
o`{kkr jkg.kkÚ;k likZaph iq=h vkf.k d`”.ko.kkZ lfiZ.kh lsok djrkr-
vkiY;k nkrkauh nq%[k ns.kkÚ;k ;k likZps fo”k u”V gksoks- ioZr vkf.k
foojkarhy liZ fo”kghu gksoksr- rq>s fo”k izHkko’kwU; gksoks-368
667
lgkO;k v/;k;krhy ckjkO;k lwäkr liZfo”kkps fuokj.k
lkafxrysys vkgs- ßvarjh{k O;ki.kkÚ;k lw;kZizek.ks fdaok jk= O;kIr
dj.kkÚ;k va/kdkjkizek.ks euq”; liZfo”kkus O;kIr gksrks- rs fo”k eh ;k
vkS”k/khus u”V djrks- banzkfn nso] vxLR;&ofl”Bkfn _”khauk Kkr
vlysyh gh vkS”k/kh ea=kus czkã.kkauk izkIr gksrs- Hkwr&Hkfo”; vkf.k
orZekudkyhu nsgxr liZfo”k eh u”V djrks- xaxkfn u|k] ygku eksBs
ioZr vkf.k i#”.kh unh ‘kjhjkr LokLFk fuekZ.k djrkr- fo”kgj.k
dj.kkjs ve`r laiw.kZ nsgkoj eh f’kaiMrks- gs fo”kuk’kd e/kqj ty
rqÖ;k g`n;kyk lq[k iznku djhy-Þ369 NIiukO;k lwäkr liZlaj{k.k
lkafxrysys vkgs- ßgs fo”kuk’kd nsorkauks] rqEgkyk vkepk ueLdkj
vlks- liZ] vkEgh] vkeps iq=&ikS=] uksdjpkdj ;kauk na’k u djksr-
na’k dj.;klkBh likZps eq[k u m?kMks- d`”.ko.kZ] ‘osro.kZ] fp=fofp=
o.kkZaP;k likZauk vkf.k R;kauk fu;a=.kkr Bso.kkÚ;k nsorkauk vkepk
ueLdkj vlks-Þ370 lkrO;k dk.Mkrhy 56 O;k lwäkr fo”kkojhy
vkS”k/k lkafxrysys vkgs- ßfrj’p] dkGliZ] ukx vkf.k dadioZ uked
likZaps fo”k e/kqd uked vkS”k/kh nwj djrs- gh vkS”k/kh e/kkeqGs mRié
>kysyh vlY;kus rh egku fo”kkyk vkf.k fo”k;qä na’k dj.kkÚ;k
izk.;kyk u”V dj.;kl leFkZ vkgs- gs iq#”kk] e’kdkps fo”k ns[khy
izHkkoghu gksrs- gs czã.kLirs] gk iq#”k fo”kkP;k izHkkokeqGs laKkghu
>kyk vkgs- R;kaP;k vaxh vlysys fo”k rw nwj dj- eh ‘kdksZVd
ukokP;k lkikpk R;kP;k fo”kklfgr uk’k dsyk vkgs-Þ371 61O;k
lwäkr] ßgs fo”kk] na’k >kysY;k iq#”kkiklwu rw nwj gks- dkj.k rw lokZapk
‘k=w vkgsl- rw likZae/;s izos’k dj- rq>h T;k likZaiklwu mRiÙkh >kyh-
R;k likZapk rw uk’k dj-Þ372 ngkO;k dkaMkrhy pkSFks lwä
loZfo”knwfjdj.kEk~ lwä Eg.kwu izfl) vkgs- ;kr ßifgyk banzkpk] nqljk
nsorkapk] frljk o#.kkpk jFk vkgs- likZpk viek uked f’kokdMs
tk.kkjk jFk vkgs- gs nHkZ likZauk =klnk;d vkgsr- r#.kd vkf.k v’o
668
uked fo”kkyk rs vMFkGk djrkr- rj iq#”k uked fo”k nwj djrkr- gs
‘osr l”kZi ¼eksgjh½ rw likZps fo”k ukghls dj- gs vja?kq”k] rw ;k likZaps
fo”k fu”QG dj- gs iS} rw jFkO;kZ vkf.k iznkrw uked likZps f’kj
rksMysl- vkeph izkFkZuk vkgs- rw vkEgh T;k ekxkZaus tkrks R;k
ekxkZojhy likZauk cktwyk Qsdwu ns- tks liZ pkorks- R;kps rksaM
m?kM.kkj ukgh- vls dj] ;kfBdk.kh vlysys uj&eknh fo”k’kwU;
gksoksr- v?o’o vkf.k Lot&uked vkS”k/khus ek.klkauk ekj.;kph
bPNk dj.kkÚ;k likZauk eh ekÖ;k fu;a=.kkr Bsorks- iS} ‘kksd djhr
jkgrks- dkj.k ;k likZps fo”k banzkus R;kyk ek:u ukghls dsys vkgs-
frjkbZp o i`nkrw uked liZ ea=’kähus u”V >kys- ‘osr o d`”.k o.kZ
dfnØr liZ nHkkZeqGs u”V gksrkr- ldkdqekjh uked vkS”k/kh ioZrkr
vlrs- rh vkS”k/kh ioZrkr vlrs- rh vkS”k/kh Lot uked likZauk Bkj
djrs- i`nkdw] iznkDo] [kt] frf’pjkt] dlZ.khy vkf.k n’kksful ;k
likZauk banzkus eaxy dkj.kklkBh o’k dsys- gs likZauks rqEgkyk mRié
dj.kkÚ;kyk banzkus u”V dsys- ;k likZapk lagkj >kyk rsOgk ‘kfä’kkyh
liZ mjyk gksrk- loZ u|k ;k likZaps fo”k okgwu usoksr- moZjh uked
vkS”k/khP;k lkgkÓÓkkus eh likZps fo”k nwj djrks- lw;Z] vXuh] i`Foh]
vkS”k/kh] ik.kh vkf.k liZ ;kaP;k ;ksxs ts Hkh”k.k deZ ?kMys vkgs- rs
gohP;k :ikus eh lefiZr djrks- rkSnh vkf.k ?k`rkph eh rqeP;keqGs
fufoZ”k >kyks vkgs- brdsp uOgs rj uohu fo”k lq)k R;k cjkscj u”V
>kys- dkj.k lksekus R;kauk nwj usys- na’k dj.kkjs liZ u”V >kys-Þ373
;k fofo/k lwäkae/kwu liZ laj{k.k vkf.k liZfo”kuk’kdmik; b-
ps lanHkZ vkysys vkgs- gs loZ ;kRokRed Lo:ikps vkgsr- ;ke/;s
fofo/k nsorkaph ukos vkysyh vkgsr- ;k lwäkapkp ifj.kke dkykarjkus
yksdekulkoj >kysyk ikgko;kl feGrks- gh lwäs fo/kha’kh lacaf/kr
gksrh( ijarq dkykarjkus fo/kha’kh laca/k rqVY;koj lwäkaps :ikarj
yksdxhrkr >kys vlkos- yksdxhrkr ns[khy ea=kRedrk vuqHkork
669
;srs- ,[kknk fo/kh ikj ikfMr vlrk R;k fo/kh’kh ijaijsus tksMys
xsysys xhr EgVys ukgh rj ladV ;sbZy] v’kh ,d letwr
yksdekulkr vlrs- R;krwup v’kk Lo:ikP;k xhrkyk ea=kRedrk
;srs-
MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs ;kaP;k ers] ßliZ fo”k mrjfo.kkÚ;k ek.klkauk
ukxea=h Eg.krkr- gs ukxea=h ,dk fof’k”V pkyhoj Hktus Eg.kwu
liZfo”k mrjforkr- ;k Hktukauk ckÚ;kph Hktus vls Eg.krkr- gk ,d
oSf’k”VÓkiw.kZ izdkj vlY;kus egÙoiw.kZ vkgs- mij.ks fdaok VkWosy ;kyk
ihG ?kkywu ,d ^rksck* r;kj djrkr- fjdkE;k ?kkxjhoj BsoysY;k
,dk FkkGÓkkoj gk rksck ek:u Nuu~ Nuu~ vlk vkokt fuekZ.k
djrkr o R;kP;k BksD;koj gh Hktus EgVyh tkrkr- ukxea=h gk
vk/kh ,d pj.k Eg.krks o R;kuarj R;kps lkFkhnkj rhp vksG iqUgk
Eg.krkr- Hktukaph jpuk lk/kh o ljG vlyh rjh izR;{k Eg.krkauk
,sdY;koj ,d fujkGsp oSf’k”VÓk fuekZ.k gksrs- iqUgk iqUgk ,dp pj.k
EgaVY;kus rksprksi.kk ;srks- Hktu Eg.k.;kvk/kh fdaok Hktus pkyw
vlrkauk ukxea=h dkgh rkaf=d fØ;k djhr vlrks-Þ374 ra= vkf.k
ea=kP;k ek/;ekrwu dk;Zfl)h iw.kZ djrkr-
yksdxhrkrhy ea=kRedrk lewgeukP;k] yksdekulkP;k
fopkjfo’okph tk.kho vki.kkl d:u nsrs- yksdekulkrhy]
lewgeukrhy J)k] fopkj] thoukdMs ikg.;kph n`”Vh vkf.k
d`rh&mähpk vFkZ yko.;kph R;k eukph o`Ùkh yksdxhrkrwu vkfo”d`r
gksr vlrs- vkfne thoukpk gk ,d vo’ks”k yksdxhrkrwu fVdwu
vkgs- R;kP;k ;k dYiuk ea=kRed xhrkrwu izR;;kl ;s.ks LokHkkfod
vkgs-
;krqfo|sr ea=] rksMX;kauk vR;ar egÙokps LFkku vlrs- ea=kaps
43 izdkj vkgsr- c`gn~nsorsr ‘kkSudkus ykSfdd fo/kh Eg.kwu T;kpk
mYys[k dsysyk vkgs- rsp fo/kh tknwfo|sr ;srkr- gs fo/kh fo/khgwu
670
fHké vlrkr- ;kr vk’k;] ‘kCn o d`rh ;k fr?kkaukgh ,dlkj[ks
egÙo vlrs o frUghpk mi;ksx ,dne dsyk tkrks- R;kr dq.kkykgh
Lora= vfLrRo ukgh-375
liZfo”k;d vusd ea= yksdekulkr izpfyr vkgsr- fo’ks”kr%
/keZ’kkL=kP;k ek/;ekrwu ;k ea=kaph tksikluk dsyh tkrs- uoukxLrks=kr
uoukxkapk mYys[k dsysyk vkgs- vuar] oklqdh] ‘ks”k] iùukHk] dacy]
‘ka[kiky] /k`rjk”Vª] r{kd o dkyh; ;kauk uoukx vls Eg.krkr- gh
ukos izkr% Lej.kkr mPpkjyh tkrkr- liZfo”kkph ck/kk gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu
uoukxkaps Lej.k djkos] v’kh yksdletwr vkgs- la[;kRed ikrGhoj
gh ea=s 11] 21] 108 osGk EgVyh tkrkr( ts.ks d:u /ouhdai.k
gksÅu Hkksorkypk ifjlj ifo= gksrks- dkgh liZea= ;s.ks izek.ks vkgsr-
1- ueksLrq likZsH;ks ;s ds i`Foheuq ;s liksZH;ks ue%A
liksZH;ks ue%A
2- ueksLrq liZH;ks ;s dsp i`Foheuq% ;s A
3- varfj{ks ;s f}rsH;% lisZH;ks ue% lisZH;ksZ ue% A
4- uo dqyk; foùgs fo”knark;
f/kegh réks liZ% izpksn;kr A ¼uoukx xk;=h ea=½
5- vuare~ oklqdh ‘ks”ke~ A iùukHkep~ dacye A
‘ka[kikyep~ /k`rjk”Vªer{kde A dkyh;ke~ r;ke~ A ,rkuh
uoukekuh A ukxkukekp egkReuke~ A lk; dkys iBs
fuR;e izkr%
dkys fo’ks”kr%A rL; fo”k Hk;e~ ukLrh loZ=e~ fot;h
HkosrAA 376
6- LrqfrikB% ,Sfrr likZ% f’kodaBHkw”kk yksdksidkjk; Hkqoa
ogUr% A HkwrS% lesrk
ef.kHkwf”krkaxk% x`g.khr iwtka ijeka ueks o% AA
dY;k.k:i Qf.kjkeX;a
671
ukukQ.kkeaMyjktekueAHkoR;SdxE;aturk’kj.;a;tkE;gau%
LodqykfHko`);s AA
7- ukxea=% uodqyk; fo?ugs fo”knUrk; /khefg A
Rké% liZ izpksn;kr AA 377
8- LrqfrikB %&
,Sfri likZ% f’kodaHkw”kk yksdksidkjk; Hkqoa ogUr% A
HkwRkS lesrk ef.kHkwf”krkaxk% x`g.khr iwtk ijek ueks o% AA
dY;k.k:i Qf.kjkeX;za ukukQ.kkeaMyjktekue~ AA
HkoR;SdxE;a turk’kj.;a ;tkE;ga u% LodqykfHko`);S AA
Ukkxea= uodqyk; fo?ugs fo”knUrk; /khefg A
Rké% liZ% izpksn;kr~ A
ladYi% vu;k iwt;k vf/knsork A
izR;kf/knsork lfgr jkgq% izh;rke~ AA
vfXuLFkkiua xzgLFkkiu~ dq’kdafMdk xzggkse% A
izFkkugkse% jkgks% ea=s.k ukea=s.k ok v”VªksÙkjgkra vf/knsork
izR;kf/knsor;ks% v”Vfoa’kfr% vUok/kkuuqlkj ok czãkfn
loZrksHknzeaMy nsorkuka gkse%* 378
9- liZlwDr%
Ckzãyksds”kq ;s likZ ‘ks”kukx iqjksxkek% A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrksee loZnk AA 1AA
bUnzyksds”kq ;s likZ% oklqdh izeq[kkn;% A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 2AA
dnzos;k’p ;s likZ% ekr`HkfDr ijk;.kk A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;k% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA3 AA
bUnzyksds”kq ;s likZ% r{kdk izeq[kkn;% AA
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 4AA
lR;yksds”kq ;s likZ% oklqfduk p jf{krk A
672
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 5AA
ey;s pSo ;s likZ% ddksZVd izeq[kkn;% A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 6AA
i`fFkO;kapSo ;s likZ ;s lkdsr okflrk A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 7AA
loZxzkes”kq ;s likZ olafr”kq lfPNrk A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee~ loZnk AA 8AA
xzkes ok ;fnokj.;s ;s likZizp’kfUrp A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA9AA
leqnzrhj ;s likZps likZtyokflu% A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 10AA
jlkrysoq ;s likZ% vuUrkfn egkcyk%A
ueksLrqrsH;% lisZH;% lqizhrk ee loZnk AA 11AA 379
fofo/k /kkfeZd fo/khae/;s EgVys tk.kkjs gs Lrks= vkgsr- dkykph
nsork jkgw gh vkgs vkf.k izR;kf/knsork ^liZ* gh vkgs- R;keqGs
e`R;wiklwu lqVdk Ogkoh fdaok e`R;qHk; u jkgos] oa’ko`)h Ogkoh]
oa’k{k; gksÅ u;s ;klkBh ts fo/kh dsys tkrkr] R;k fo/khae/;s ;k
ea=kapk mPPkkj gksrks- gs ea= fo”.kw o f’ko nsorsleksjp EgVys tkrkr gs
fo’ks”k gks;-
liZea=kauk Lora= Lo:ikpk bfrgkl vkgs- _Xosnkr th [Skfyd
lwäs vkgsr- R;k lwäkae/kwu liZHk;kiklwu eqä gks.;klkBh tjRdk:pk
eqyxk vkLrhd ;kph izkFkZuk vkgsp-380 egkHkkjrkrhy vkfniokZP;k
^vkLrhdiokZ*r gk liZHk;fuokj.k ea= ;srks-
ßvflr pkfrZerap lquhFka pkfi ;% Lejsr A
fnok ok ;fn ok jk=kS ukL; liZHk;a Hkosr~ A
;ks tjRdk:.kk tkrks tjRdkjkS egk;Kk% AA
vkLrkSd% liZ l=s o% iéxkU;ks·H;j{kr A
673
ra Lejar egkHkkxk u eka fgaflrqegZ; AA
likZ”kliZ Hknza rs xPN liZ egkfo”k A
tuest;L; l=krs vkLrhdopu Lej AA
vkLrhdL; op% Jqok ;ks u liksZ fuorZrs A
‘kr/kk fHk|rs ewf?uZ f’ka’ko`{kQya ;Fkk AAÞ381
vflr equh] vkfrZear o lquhFk ;kaps tks fnol fdaok jk=
dsOgkgh Lej.k djhy- R;kl liZck/kk gks.kkj ukgh- liZ gks] tjRdk:
equhaiklwu R;kP;k tjRdk: uked iRuhP;k mnjh tUeysY;k
egk;’kLoh vkLrhdkus tuest; jktkP;k liZl=krwu rqEgkl lksMfoys
vkgs- ;kLro egkHkkxkauks R;k vkLrhd equhps Lej.k dj.kkÚ;k eyk
na’k dj.ks rqEgkl mfpr uOgs- likZ iyhdMs gks- rq>s dY;k.k vlks-
ok egkfo”kkjh likZ] ;sFkwu fu?kwu tk- tuest; jktkus dsysY;k
liZl=kps ‘ksoVh vkfLrdkus dke lkafxrys vkgss- R;kps Lej.k dj-
vkfLrdkps uko ,sdwugh tks liZ ijko`Ùk gksr ukgh- R;kps eLrd
f’ka’ko`{kkP;k Qykizek.ks ‘kr/kk fonh.kZ gksrs A
_Xosnke/;s o`{kfo”k;d lanHkZ feGrkr- rj egkHkkjrkr
vkLrhdfo”k;d liZlanHkZ feGrkr-
;Kkaps ts fofo/k izdkj vkgsr- R;kr v’oes/k ;k ukokpk ,d
izdkj vkgs- ;kr vusd nsorkauk v’o’kjhjkps fofo/k Hkkx viZ.k dsys
tkrkr- R;krhy v’okps xqnLFkku gs likZyk viZ.k dsys tkrs] vls
mYys[k lkiMrkr-382 v’oes/k ;K gk ngk fnol pky.kkjk fo/kh
vkgs- ;kr fujfujkGs vk[;ku lkafxrys tkrkr- ;krhy ikpO;k
fno’kh fo”kfo|sps ea= iB.k dsys tkrkr- ;krhy ikpO;k fno’kh
fo”kfo|sps ea= iB.k dsys tkrs- vcqZndknzos; gk jktk o liZ gh
R;kph iztk ;k ukokps gs vk[;ku vlrs-383 x`gÓklw=krgh ;Kfo/khr
eq[; nsorkacjkscj r{kdkykgh vkgqrh fnyh tkrs- likZauh na’k d: u;s
Eg.kwu R;kaP;klkBh vkgqrh fnY;k tkrkr-384 iqjk.kkauh O;arj nsorkauk
674
nso;ksuhr LFkku fnys vkf.k izfrek’kkL=krgh R;kapk fopkj gksÅ
ykxyk- fganw /kekZr riZ.k fo/khP;k osGh tks ea= EgVyk tkrks- R;kr
;k liZ O;arj nsorkaph ukos ?ksryh tkrkr-
^nsou;{kkLrFkk ukxk% xa/kokZIljlkslqjk% Øwjk% likZ% lqi.kZ’o rjok
ftexk% [kxk% A fo|k/kjk% ty/kjkLrFkSokdk’kxkfeu% AA*
Eg.ktsp nsokacjkscj ;{k] ukx] xa/koZ] vIljk] vlqj] liZ] o`{k]
ftex i{kh] fo|k/kj] typj rlsp vodk’kkr lapkj dj.kkjs
fl)lk/kdknh x.k ;k lokZauk ;k ea=fo/khr ekgkRE; fnysys vkgs-
fo”.kqiqjk.kkr fl)] x`gÓkd] xa/koZ] ;{k] jk{kl] liZ] fo|k/kj] fi’kkp
;kauk vkB izdkjP;k nso;ksuhr foHkkxys vkgs-385
vusd ea=kaP;k nkukr ukxnkukyk egÙo vkgs- ukxfcackfnukr
xzg.kkP;k osGh lqo.kkZpk ukx d:u R;kps nku dsY;kus xzg.kkeqGs
gks.kkÚ;k =klkpk ifjgkj gksrks] v’kh letwr vkgs- ;k ukxkcjkscj
panzxzg.kkP;k osGh :I;kps panzfcac o lw;Zxzg.kkP;k osGh lqo.kkZps
lw;Zfcac nku |kos] vlsgh lkafxrys vkgs-
ukx cufo.;klkBh iy] v/kZiy] ,d prqFkkZa’k fdaok ,d
v”Veka’k iy lksus ?ksrkr- ¼iy& 320 xqatk ½ R;kP;k Q.khoj eksrh
cuorkr- ex rks ukx ?k`riw.kZ rkezik=kr fdaok dkL;ik=kr Bsowu R;kps
nku djrkr- nkuea= vlk]
ßrekse; egkHkhe lkselw;ZfoenZu A
gsekrkjkiznkusu ee ‘kkfUriznks Hko AA
fo|qUrqn ueLrqH;a flafgdkuUnukP;qr A
nkusukusu ukxL; j{k eka os/ktkn~ Hk;kr~ AAÞ
gs reks:i] Hkhedk; vkf.k lw;Zpanzkauk ihMk ns.kkÚ;k jkgks] ;k
lqo.kZrkjsP;k nkukus rw eyk ‘kkafrizn gks] gs flafgdkiq=k] vP;qrk jkgks]
rqyk ueLdkj vlks- ;k ukxkP;k nkukus rw ek>s os/kksRié Hk;kiklwu
j{k.k dj-
675
lqo.kkZP;k ukxkcjkscj rhy] oL=] xk;] v’o] jFk] Hkweh ;kapsgh
nku djkos] vls lkafxrys vkgs- 386
uok.kZfo/kh uok{kjh ea=tikpk ,d fo/kh vkgs- ^,sa Úgha Dyha
pkeq.Mk;S foPPsk* ;kyk uok{kjh ea= Eg.krkr- ;keqGs liZHk; jkgr
ukgh-387 lqJqrkpk;kZus ^lw=LFkku* ukokpk xzaFk fyfgyk vkgs- R;krhy
ikpO;k v/;k;kr ‘kL=fØ;siwohZ v’khp nSor izkFkZuk lkafxryh vkgs
dh] ^ukxk% fi’kkpk% xa/kokZ% firjkS ;{kjk{klk% vfHknzoafr ;s ;s Roka
czãKk% ?uUrq rku~ lnk A* =kl ns.kkÚ;k fi’kkp] ukx] liZ o jk{klkapk
uk’k gksrks-388 dks.krhgh b”Vfl)h pkywu ;ko;kph vlY;kl iq<hy
ea= Eg.kk& ^ Úgha Dyha ,sa eulk nsO;S ue%* ;ke/;s eulspk mYys[k
vkgs- rh liZjkKh vkgs-389 ckS) /kekZP;k egkek;wjh xzaFkkr liZna’kkrwu
eqä gks.;klkBh ea=kph jpuk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh-390 gfjoa’kkP;k
fo”.kqiokZr vk;kZLro v/;k;kr ukjk;.kh Lrks= ;srs- ^flf)
lka;kf=dk.kka rq osyk Roa lkxjL; pa AA ;{k.kka izFkek ;{kh ukxkuka
lqjlsfr p AA*391 ;kr ukxekrk lqjlspk mYys[k ;srks- ;keqGs liZHk;
jkgr ukgh- Jh ek#frLrks=e~ ;k guqekufo”k;d Lrks=kr ^liZeq[kca/k.ka*
gs fo’ks”k.k guqearkyk ykoysys vkgs- ;keqGs ns[khy ‘käh
liZHk;kiklwu eqä gksÅ ‘kdrs] vls ekurkr- Jh x.ks’kkps
gsjEcksifu”kr~]x.ks’kekuliwtk] flf/nfouk;dLrks=e~] foKkux.kjktLrks=e~]
x.kk/kh’kLrks=e~] ;ksx’kkfUrKkuizna x.ks’kLrks=e~] <qf.<jktk”Vde~]
x.ks’kk”Vde~ v’kh fofo/k Lrks=s vkgsr- ;k izR;sd Lrks=kae/;s x.ks’kkpk
vkf.k likZpk vuqca/k vkysyk vkgs- gsjEcksifu”kr e/;s ^yEcksnjks·ga
iq#”kksÙkeks·ga fo?ukUrdks·ga fot;kRedks·ge~ A ukxkuuks·ga uerka lqfl)%
LdUnkxzx.;ks fuf[kyks·gefLe AA* ;ke/;s ukxkpk mYys[k ;srks-392
Ldaniqjk.kkr ,d x#Mf’kysPkk mYys[k ;srks- frP;k n’kZukusp liZck/kk
u”V gksrs- vls frFks EgVys vkgs- T;kauk gh fo|k ;srs( R;kauk
dk’;is; fdaok xk:M gs uko feGrs-393
676
‘kCn/ouhr ea= lkeF;Z vlrs- vlk ,d let izkphu
dkGkiklwu izpfyr vkgs- ea= ‘kCnc) vlrkr- ;kpkp vFkZ R;k
‘kCnkP;k mPPkkjkr ,d izdkjph ‘käh lkekoysyh vlrs- R;keqGsp ;k
‘kCnkaP;k mPPkkjkus bfPNr izkIr djrk ;sÅ ‘kdrs- yksdkauhp ‘kCnkauk
ea= lkeF;Z fnys- ea=krwu lewgeukP;k ,dk vkxGÓkk osxGÓkk fo’okps
n’kZu ?kMrs- izkphu dkGkrhy ek.klkauk fulxZ’kfäfo”k;h dqrwgy
okVr gksrs- ;k dqrwgykrwu fulXkZ’kähpk vFkZ yko.;kpk iz;Ru djhr
vlrkaukp ea=ra=kus gh ‘käh vki.k vafdr d: ‘kdw vls R;kyk
okVr gksrs- R;krwup ea=ra=kpk izHkko R;kaP;koj gksrk-394
Eka=ksikluscjkscjp ra=ksiklusykgh ;krq/kekZr vR;ar egÙokps
LFkku vkgs- ra= gk ‘kCn ^ru*~ o`)h dj.ks] izlkj dj.ks ;k /kkrqiklwu
vkyk vkgs- larku] ru;]rarw ;k ‘kCnkarwu O;ä gks.kkjh dYiukp ra=
;k ‘kCnkP;k eqGk’kh vkgs- dkR;k;u] JkSrlw=] vkiLraHk /keZlw= vkf.k
rSfrjh; mifu”kn~ ;kae/;s oa’ko`)h ;kp vFkkZus gk ‘kCn vkyk vkgs-
ra=kpk gk vk’k; vfrizkphu vkgs- ra=ksikluse/;s yrklk/kusyk vR;ar
egÙo vkgs- rkaf=dkaP;k xw< ifjHkk”ksr yrk] dqlqe vFkok iq”i]
yrklk/kuk ;kaps vFkZ L=h tuusafnz;ka’kh fuxfMr vkgsr- yrk Eg.kts
L=h tuusafnz;] iq”i Eg.kts ekfld jt%L=ko vkf.k yrklk/kuk Eg.kts
;ksfuiwtk- Hkx gk ;ksfuokpd ‘kCn vkgs- Hkx Eg.kts ,s’o;Z] ,s’o;kZps
dsanz Eg.kts L=h;ksuh- rkaf=d eaMGh ;krqizfØ;sr ;ksfuiwtsyk egÙo
nsrkr- ra=laiznk;kps rs fo’ks”k gks;-395 osxosxG;k izdkjph vusd
;a=sgh orqZGkdkj vlrkr- orqZG Eg.kts eaMy gks;- eaMykpkp nqljk
677
vFkZ lki vlk gksrks-396 eaMy gk ;ksfuokpd ‘kCn vkgs- Eg.ktsp
;a=ke/;s ladsrkFkZ nMysyk vlrks- MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs ;kaP;k ers]
ß‘kCnkaP;k mPpkjkus T;k izek.ks ekuk] vlwP;k Lo:ikph ,d
vfrekuoh fdaok fuosZ;fäd v’kh ;krq’käh dk;kZfUor djrk ;srs-
R;kpizek.ks dkgh vkd`R;k fdaok la[;sps pkSdksu dk<wu R;kpk
‘kjhjk’kh laca/k izLFkkfir d:ugh ;k ‘kähyk dk;Zizo.k dsys tkÅ
‘kdrs vlk fo’okl yksdkaP;ke/;s izpfyr vkgs- R;kauk ;a= Eg.krkr-
gh ;a=s dkxnkoj t’kh r’khp /kkrwP;k i«;kojhy gh vkgsr-
R;kpizek.ks ;’kizkIrh] /ku/kkU;le`)h ;kalkBhgh ;a=s vkgsr- ?kjkP;k
fdaok nqdkUkkP;k fHkarhoj gh ;a=s ‘ksanjkus dk<rkr- gh ;a=s fygwu ns.kkjs
yksd fof’k”V vlrkr- R;kauh ;k ;a=kr ;krq’käh ;koh Eg.kwu lk/kuk
dsysyh vlrs- ;a= cgq/kk pkSdksuh vlwu R;kr dkgh [kkus dj.;kr
;srkr- R;kr dkgh la[;k fyfgY;k tkrkr- dkgh ;a=krhy la[;sph
csjht mHkh fdaok vkMoh fof’k”V la[;k vlrs- d/kh d/kh la[;s,soth
fpUgs fdaok v{kjsgh vlrkr- ;kauk fof’k”V vFkZ vlrks-Þ397
liZHk;eqäh vFkok liZfo”kuk’k ;klkBh ;a= gs izpfyr vkgs- gs
;a= dkxnkoj MkfGackP;k lkyhus fygwu rks dkxn xaxktykus /kqokok o
rs ik.kh T;kyk lki pkoyk vlsy R;kyk iktkos- ;k ;ksxs liZfo”kkpk
izHkko u”V gksrks vFkok gs ;a= yky diMÓkkoj fygwu rks dkiMkpk
rqdMk rkbZrkr ?kkykok o rks rkbZr mtO;k n.Mkr cka/kkok- ;k ;ksxs
fo”k u p<rk yodjp vkjke okVrks-398
678
;ke/;s yky dkiMkyk vR;ar egÙo vkgs- ykyk dkiMkpk
laca/k gk jt%Loyk L=h’kh tksM.;kr ;srks- rj MkfGackP;k lkyhpk
laca/k gk gGnh jaxk’kh tksMrk ;srks- ;a=lkexzhe/;s cgq/kk yky o
gGnh jaxkpkp lekos’k vlrks- R;kekxs ;kRokRed dkj.k vlkos-
T;kaP;k yXudaqMyhr dkyliZ;ksx gk dq;ksx vkgs- R;kauh
ukxik’k;a=kP;k vk/kkjs liksZiklusP;k ek/;ekrwu ifj.kkekaph rhozrk
679
deh d: ‘kdrkr- ;ke/;s nsonÙk vkf.k /kuat; likZps mYys[k
;srkr- gk ;ksx O;ähP;k ykSfdd thou O;ogkjkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjk
vkgs-
liZna’kkiklwu vkckyo`) tukauk ihMk gksÅ u;s ;klkBh
liZLraHku;a=kpk iz;ksx djrkr- /kksrÚ;kP;k jlkus ,dk lqanj HkwtZi=koj
;a= dk<rkr- lk/;uke fygwu R;kyk nqjs?kh orqZGkps os”Vu nsrkr-
R;kckgsj v”Vnyiù dk<wu R;kP;k izR;sd nykr ^gal%* gk chtea=
fyfgrkr- uarj R;kph ;Fkkfo/kh iwtk d:u rks f=yksgkP;k Mchr
Hkjrkr o rh Mch naMkr cka/krkr- gs ;a= n`”Vhl iMrkp liZ nwj
tkrkr- pqdwu likZoj ik; iMyk rjh liZ gs ;a= /kkj.k dj.kkÚ;kyk
na’k djhr ukgh o R;kus na’k dsyk rjh R;kps fo”k p<r ukgh] v’kh
letwr vkgs-399
liZ] ok?k] pksj b- minzoh izkf.kek=kaiklwu vHk; izkIr Ogkos
;klkBh likZfnHk;uk’ku;a= ;k ;a=kpk mi;ksx djrkr- ‘kqHk fno’kh
xksjkspu] ds’kj] dkiwj] dLrqjh ;kaP;k feJ.kkr tkbZP;k dk”Bkph
ys[k.kh cqMowu HkwtZi=koj ;a= dk<rkr- uarj ;a=kP;k mtO;k ojP;k
cktwl ^Úgha* gs chtk{kj fygwu R;kP;k [kkyh ,dk [kkyks[kky v{kjs
dk<wu lk/;uke fyfgrkr- uarj R;k v{kjkaP;k ekxs R;k v{kjkauh
tso<h tkxk O;kfiyh vlsy] rso<;kp tkxsr rso<;kp vkdkjkph
^e*] ^y*] ^o* o ^;w* gh chtk{kjs fyfgrkr-
;a= iqjs dsY;koj R;kph iwtk djrkr- iwtsr xa/kghu fdaok
jäo.kZ iq”is dVk{kkus oT;Z djrkr- gh iwtk rhu fnol djk;ph
vlrs- ;k dkGkr lIr’krhpk ikB] [khj o ?k`r ;kauh ;qDr vls
czkã.kHkkstu o rhUgh fnol Hkwfe’k;u ;k xks”Vh djk;P;k vlrkr-
iwtuksÙkj gs ;a= f=yksgkP;k Mchr cafnLr d:u daBkr vFkok naMkr
cka/krkr- ;k ;a=kP;k izHkkokeqGs liZ] O;k?kz b- P;k Hk;kiklwu eqärk
680
ykHkrs- v’kh letwr izpfyr vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ ;krq/kekZr ea=kcjkscj
;a=kaukgh LFkku vkgs-400
;krq/kekZr ea=&ra=kauk tls izk/kkU; vkgs] rlsp jaxkaukgh izk/kkU;
vkgs- fo’ks”kr% gGn vkf.k dqadw ;kpk okij ;krq/kekZr eksB;k izek.kkr
gksrks- ;k nksUgh jaxka’kh liZfo”k;d dkgh dYiukca/k izpfyr vkgs-
ejkBh O;qRiÙkh dks’kkr gGn gh ouLirh lkafxryh vkgs- gfjnzk fdaok
gfjr vls fryk Eg.krkr-401 MkW- fo’oukFk [kSjs ;kauh gGn ;k
‘kCnkpk vFkZ ^vfj lkSan;Z* vlk fnyk vkgs- gk nzfoM Hkk”ksrhy vFkZ
vkgs-402 ykSfdd thoukr gGnhps vusd mi;ksx vkgsr( ijarq
‘kkjhfjd lkSan;kZ’kh frpk vf/kd fudVpk laca/k vkgs- fofo/k fo/khrgh
frpk mi;ksx gksrks- fo’ks”kr% fookgfo/khr fu;ksftr o/kq&ojkauk gGn
ykoyh tkrs- nqlÚ;k rÚgsus gGnhpk laca/k gk L=hP;k dkSekZ;k’kh
vlyk ikfgts- jktiwr HkkeVk lektkrhy fookg fo/kh ;klkBh
egÙoiw.kZ Bjrks- ;k lektkr fookg izfØ;sr ^Nqêh gjn* fdaok ^dqokjh
gjn* vlk izdkj vlrks- fookg fo/khr ifgY;k fno’kh xksa/kG gksrks-
nqljs fno’kh ?kjkrY;k nsokaph iwtk d:u ^rsy pVkousdk* fo/kh gksrks-
vk/kh uoÚ;kyk ex uojhyk v’kk ikp gGnh vlrkr- ifgY;k
fno’kh Lora=i.ks] nqljs fno’kh uoÚ;kph uojhdMs] frlÚ;k fno’kh
uojhph uoÚ;kdMs] pkSFks fno’kh Lora=i.ks] ikpos fno’kh ^Nqêh gjn*
681
gksrs- ;kykp ^dqokjh gjn* vls Eg.krkr- nks?kkaukgh gGn yko.;kr
;srs- ;kosGh nks?ksgh Lor%P;k gkrkus Lor%P;k tuusafnz;kauk gGn
ykorkr- ;k fo/khyk egÙo ns.;kr ;srs- gGn yko.;kP;k osGh
fL=;k iq<hy izek.ks xk.kh Eg.krkr&
ßgynh isukcks esjs yky] cuk esjk yky cuk A
gynh isukus rsjh Q.ks] [kMh js cus gys gys AÞ
¼R;k izek.ks loZ ukryxakph uko ?ksÅu iqujko`Ùkh gksrs-½
R;kuarj ‘ksjk cka/k.ks o ckjkr gksrs- R;kuarj yXufo/kh gksrkr-403
;kpk vFkZ L=hP;k dqWokji.kkpk laca/k gGnh’kh tksMyk tkrks-
gGnhP;k lanHkkZrwu L=hP;k ^vHkax ;ksuhph* ;FkkFkZrk iVowu fnyh
tkrs- fu;ksftr irh gk frpk v[kaM HkrkZ jkg.kkjk vlrks- Eg.ktsp
lkFkhnkjA ;ke/;s vkfne dYiukca/k lkekoysyk vkgs- gk fo/khRed
Hkkx ;srks-
gGn dqadw fo”k;d ea=krgh ^vfgfjo HkkSxs% ifjgsfrckgqa T;k;k
gsfra ifjck/keku% gLr?uks fo’ok o;qukfu fo/kku iqeku~ iqeku~la ifjikrq
fo’or%* vlk mYys[k ;srks- ;kr ^vfgfjo* Eg.kts ukxkizek.ks
HkksxkP;k izkIrhpk mYys[k vkgs- gGnhpk laca/k Hkksxk’kh vkgs] gs rj
loZJqr vkgsp A
dqadw Eg.kts yky jaxkps pw.kZ- ;kyk ‘ksanwj vlsgh Eg.krkr-
vejdks’kkr dqadqokyk ^ukx lEHkoe~* vlk i;kZ; fnysyk vkgs-404
fganw /kekZr dqadw gs fookfgr L=h ykor vlrs- R;kpizek.ks dslkaP;k
Hksxse/;sgh dqadw Hkjor vlrs- ;kps nksu vFkZ vlkosr- ,d Eg.kts
ikjaifjd vFkkZus lkSHkkX;kps izrhd o v[kaMrk ;kpk rks Hkkx vlkok-
nqljk Eg.kts oa’ko`)h gk Hkkx- dsoG fookfgr L=hp d: ‘kdrs-
fulxZr% fryk ;s.kkjk jt%L=ko gk dqadqokP;k ek/;ekrwu nk[koyk
tkr vlkok- fookgksÙkj thoukr irhdMwu dkSek;ZHkax >kY;keqGs vkf.k
oa’ko`)hl ik= BjY;keqGs dqadw yko.ks gh izFkk :< >kyh vlkoh-
682
,dkp iq#”kkdMwu dkSek;ZHkax >kY;keqGs o R;kP;k’khp ,dfu”B
vlY;keqGs gGn o dqadw fganw L=h ykor vlkoh- R;kekxph ;FkkFkZ
Hkwfedk ghp vlkoh- dslkrhy Hkxizns’k o dqadw gs ekfld
jt%L=kokpsp lkadsfrd :i vlkos- R;kyk ,d uSfrd o /kkfeZd
cSBd fganw /kekZr fnyh xsyh- dkj.k dks.kR;kgh L=hl oa’ko`)hlkBh
jt%L=ko ;s.ks xjtsps vkgs- gsp L=hRokps vkfne y{k.k Bjrs vkf.k gk
L=ko pkanzeklkuqlkj izR;sd eklkr ;srks- ;kpkp vFkZ jt%L=koj o
L=hoj panzkpk izHkko vlrks- panzkykp ukx vlsgh EgVys xsys vkgs-
R;ko:u gGn o dqadw ;kapk laca/k ukxk’kh vf/kd tqGrks- T;k izek.ks
panz gk izR;sd vekoL;syk tUe ?ksrks] R;kp izek.ks ukxgh Egkrkjk u
gksrk uohu ‘kjhj /kkj.k djrks vls yksdekul lkaxrs- ;ko:u L=hyk
dkSek;Z izkIr d:u ns.;kiklwu rs oa’ko`)hi;Zr panz gkp dkjd xzg
vlrks] vls Eg.krk ;sbZy- ;ko:u ;krqfo/khr gGn&dqadqokpk
lekos’k gk iw.kZi.ks gk ukx] pkanzlaiznk;k’kh fuxfMr vkgs] vls
Eg.krk ;srs- ;ko:u gGn&dqadqokps ;krq/kekZrhy ukxk’kh lacaf/kr
LFkku fuf’pr gksrs-
3-36 ukxfo”k;d ladsr o letqrh %
Hkkjrh; feFkd lkfgR;kr vkf.k yksdthoukr ukx ekgkRE;
v’kk izdkjs Hk:u jkfgysys vlY;keqGs vusd J)k&ladsrkps tkGs
R;kaP;kHkksorh fo.kys xsys vkgs- ukx gk tkR;k ‘kkar o`Ùkhpk vlwu] rks
lglk yksdkauk minzo nsr ukgh- ukxkaps okLrO; HkwxHkkZr vlrs- frFks
ikrkG ukokpk Lora= ukxyksdgh vkgs- Hkwfexr /kukoj ukxksck
clysyk vlrks- R;kyk lqxa/kkph vkoM vlrs- o R;kP;k ‘kjhjkykgh
lqxa/k vlrks- ukxkP;k eLrdkoj jRue.kh vlrks o R;kP;k izdk’kkr
rks okojrks- e`r iwoZtkaps vkRes liZ:ikus okojrkr vkf.k uohu ewy
tUekyk ;srs( rsOgk R;kP;k ‘kjhjkr rs izos’k djrkr- likZyk ek:
u;s( ekjY;kl rks ekj.kkÚ;kps fularku djrks- ukx rGÓkkr fdaok
683
u|kr jkgwu R;karhy izk.;kaps j{k.k djrks- ukx gk czkã.k vkgs rsOgk
;nkdnkfpr rks ekjyk xsY;kl R;kyk rlkp u Vkdrk R;kpk nkg
laLdkj dj.;kph i)rh vkgs- xfHkZ.kh L=hus ukx ikfgY;kl ukxkph
n`”Vh tkrs o rh izlwr >kY;koj frus fQ:u rks ukx ikfgY;kl R;kph
n`”Vh ijr ;srs-405 v’kk letqrh vkgsr-
MkW-m”kk iqjh fo|kokpLirh ;kauh Hkkjrh; feFkd dks’kkr
ukxfo”k;d dkgh letqrh fnysY;k vkgsr- ßfeFkd lkfgR; esa liZ
vusd rÙoksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS A ef.k ls lqlfTtr gksus ds
dkj.k og /ku dk izrhd gS A tgka liZ dqaMyh ekjdj cSBk gks] ogka
i`Foh esa /ku xMk gS] ,slk ekuk tkrk gS A liZ dh Vs<h&frjNh pky
ls jktuhfrd fuiq.krk dk izrhd Hkh cuk nsrh gS ] fdarq lokZf/kd
ekU; :i dky ds izrhd esa feyrk gS A liZ dh xfr ty] LFky]
ok;q lHkh LFkkuksa esa gS A mMusokys liZ] i`Foh esa fcy cukdj jgusokys
liZ rFkk ty esa fuokl djusokys ukx bl ckr ds izrhd gS fd dky
liZO;kih gS A txr~ dh mRifÙk ls iwoZ dsoy ty esa ukx ‘ks”k Fkk A
blh ls ‘ks”k ukx dgk x;k A mldh dqaMyh dh ‘kÓÓkk ij fo”.kq us
fuokl fd;k rFkk mlds ,d lgL= Qu fo”.kq ds eLrd ij N+= dh
Hkkafr fo|eku Fks A bl fp= ds ek/;e ls Li”V gqvk fd jktuhfrd
fuiq.krk ij vklhu fo”.kq dky jf{kr Fks] vFkkZr mldks ?ksjdj dky
‘k=qvksa ls mUgsa iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku dj jgk Fkk AÞ406
ukxkfo”k;hP;k letqrha fo”k;h l-vk-tksxGsdj fyfgrkr]
ßiwoZtkauh Hkwehr iq:u BsoysY;k laiÙkhps liZ j{k.k djrkr- gh
letwr loZ= vk<Grs- dkj.k v’kk vk[;kf;dk tqukV o vkslkM
okM;koj vlrkr vkf.k likZaps okLrO;gh v’kkp fBdk.kh vlrs-
panukP;k o`{kkHkksorh ukxkpk foG[kk vlrksp vkf.k ukxkP;k Q.khr
e.kh vlrks- R;k letqrh lkoZf=d vlY;k rjh rso<;k fo’oluh;
vkgsr- NsycVkaÅ] injklä fdaok fo”k;klä iq#”kkykgh Hkqtax v’kh
684
laKk vkgs-407 rlsp izsrkojhy fuekZY;] e|cht] eqaxqlkps dsl] foapw]
Hkksaxk] liZ ;kaps dkrMs gh loZ ,d= d:u cl.;kP;k tkxh Bsoyh
vlrk R;k tkxsoj cl.kkjk ek.kwl rsFkhy oLrw gyohi;Zar viq#”k
¼uiqald½ curks-Þ408
/kj.khdaikps dkj.kgh liZ ekurkr- ‘ks”kkus vkiY;k lgL=
Q.kkaoj i`Fohpk Hkkj okfgyk vkgs- R;k HkkjkeqGs R;kyk Fkdok ;srks o
rks ?kkyfo.;klkBh rks tsOgk vax >kMrks] rsaOgk Hkwdai gksrks- ‘ks”kkph
,[kknh Q.kk gkyrs] ,[kknk dsl xGwu iMrks] rsOgkgh Hkwdai gksrks-
i`Fohoj iki ok<ys Eg.kts Hkwdai gksrks- HkwdaikP;k osGh Hkkfod yksd
iq<hy vfj”VkP;k ‘keukFkZ i`Fohph iwtk o nku/keZ djrkr- lki gs
i`Fohps dkj.k ekuys tkrs- ,d v’khgh letwr vkgs dh] likZus
vkdk’kkyk i`Fohiklwu nwj dsys- R;kr R;kps rqdMs >kys- R;krhy ,d
Hkkx Eg.kts rkjkax.k] vkdk’kkrhy O;k/kkykgh liZ ekurkr- liZ ejr
ukghr] Egkrkjs gksr ukghr] rs dkr Vkdwu r#.k gksrkr v’khgh J)k
vkgs- ukx] lw;Z vkf.k vXuhps izrhd ekuyk tkrks- ;qQjsV~le/kY;k
rksjksfu;e yksdkaP;kr liZiwtk izFke lq: >kyh o rsFkwu txHkj
iljyh vls er dkgh vH;kld ekaMrkr- izkphu dkGh e/;
vesfjdsr lkikaph iwtk dsyh tkbZ-409
Ikka<Ú;k lkikus mtO;k gkrkyk na’k dj.ks] gs LoIu dk;Zfl)hl
iqjd Bjrs] rj ok:G LoIukr fnl.ks v’kqHkdkjd ekuys tkrs-410
v’kk fofo/k letqrh ok ladsr yksdeukus tiysys vkgsr- lektkrhy
lewgeukph usf.kosrhy vuqoaf’kdrk gs loZ tru djhr vlrs-
Hkkjrh; tuek.klkps vkfne fo’o gs vusd J)kauh Hkjysys
vkgs- R;k J)k vktgh deh tkLr izek.kkr :<h&ijaijkaP;k
ek/;ekrwu vfLrRokr vkgsr- xkokrhy ek.klkyk vFkok xqjkyk
liZna’k vFkok brj dkgh ck/kk >kY;kl R;kauk xkokrhy cfgjksckP;k
nsoGkr usÅu Bso.;kph izFkk vkgs- cfgjksck] ek#rh gh izkphu
685
ekuokP;k J)k fo’okrhy ‘kfänsorkaph vokZphu :isp vkgsr-
f’kdkjh ekuokP;k J)kfo’okrgh R;k laj{k.k nsorkp gksR;k-
taxykrhy ;{k&nsork Eg.kwugh R;k vksG[kY;k xsY;k vkgsr- f’kdkjh
LFkkf;d gksÅu ‘ksrdjh >kY;koj ;k nsorkgh taxykrwu mBwu
‘ksrdÚ;kaP;k xkokP;k f’kosoj vFkok xkokr LFkkf;d >kY;k- xkokr
;sÅu fLFkj >kY;k rjh R;kaps laj{k.kkps iwokZikj dke R;kaP;kdMsp
jkfgys-411 ’ksaMh vkf.k iks[kMhZ gh xkoa uxj ftYgÓkkP;k fBdk.kkiklwu
vkB fd-eh- varjkoj vkgsr- iks[kMhZr HkSjoukFkkps eafnj vkgs- rsFks
nhi v[kaM TkGr vlrks- lki pkoysY;k ek.klkyk rsFks usY;kl
rkrMhus fo”k mrjrs- v’kh yksdkaph J)k vkgs- ;keqGs njo”khZ rsFks
HkSjoukFkkph ;k=k Hkjrs-412
jk”VªdwV dkGke/;s lqxyknsoh uke L=hus ftoar lki idMyk gs
d`R; frP;k ikfo«;kph [kw.k ekuwu frP;k lUekukFkZ ,d eafnj cka/kys
v’kh uksan feGrs- fof’k”V fno’kh lkikps iwtu dj.;kph izFkk gksrh-
dkgh osGsl R;kaps usgeh iwtu djrk ;kos Eg.kwu nxMkP;k vkf.k brj
lkfgR;kP;k ewrhZ d:u R;kaph nsoGkae/;s fdaok pkSFkÚ;koj LFkkiuk
djhr- jk”VªdwV oa’kkP;k ‘kds 720 P;k oMxko rkeziVke/;s
mYysf[kysys mjxxzke fdaok ik”kk.kksjxxzke R;kp izek.ks f’kykgkj
oa’kkP;k ‘kd laor~ 939 P;k Bk.ks rkeziVkr of.kZysys ukxkEck gh
LFkyukes egkjk”Vªkr vfLrRokr vlysY;k ;k izFksl iq”Vh nsrkr-413
fganw /kekZr likZps egÙo fofo/kkaxkuh of.kZysys vkgs-
Jhen~Hkkxorkr ¼Lda/k 4] v-25½ iq<hy dFkk vkgs- ßiqjatu ¼’kjhjs
mRié dj.kkjk tho½ ;k ukokapk ,d eksBk dhfrZeku jktk gksrk- R;kapk
vfoKkr ¼T;kps uko dks.kkl ekghr ukgh vlk ijes’oj½ uked ,d
ijefe= gksrk vkf.k R;kps dr`ZRogh dks.kkl letr uls- iq<s rks
iqjatu jktk vki.kkl vkJ; ¼’kjhj½ feGkos Eg.kwu i`Fohoj fgaMw
ykxyk- i`Fohojhy loZ iqjs ¼’kjhjs½ R;kus ikfgyh( ijarq rh R;kyk
686
ilar iMsukr- iq<s ,dnk fgeky;kP;k nf{k.ksl uÅ }kjkauh ;qä
vlysys iwj ¼’kjhj½ R;kus ikfgys- R;k iqjkP;k ckgsj mÙke o`{kkauh ;qä
vls ,d miou ¼fo”k;lewg½ gksrs- R;k mioukr ,d lqanj L=h ¼cq)h½
LosPNsus vkysyh R;kus ikfgyh- R;k L=hps ngk Hk`R; ¼ngk bafn;s½
vlwu izR;sd Hk`R;kP;k gkrk[kkyh ‘ksdMks vprqj ¼fpÙko`Ùkh½ gksrs] R;k
L=hps j{k.k dj.;klkBh ,d ikp Q.kkapk liZ ¼iapizk.k½ loZnk n{k
vlY;kps R;kus ikfgys- rsOgk jktkus fryk rw dks.k vlk iz’u djrkp
frus mÙkj fnys]^ eh tk.kr ukgh- eyk brdsp ekghr vkgs dh]
lqIrk;kaef; tkxfrZ ukxks·;a iky;u~ ijhe~ A* ¼ eh futY;k uarjgh gk
ukx loZdkG tkxwu ;k iqjhps j{k.k djhr vlrks-½ vls lkafxrY;koj
R;k nks?kkapk ijLijkl oj.;kpk fu’p; >kyk o yXu gksÅu rh ‘kaHkj
o”ksZ ,d= jkfgyh( ijarq xa/koZjkt paMosxkus 360 xa/koZ 360
xa/koZiRU;k ¼fnol o jk= feGwu 720½ vuqpjkauh iqjatukps iqj yqVwu
100 o”ksZ lkj[ks R;kP;k’kh ;q) pkyfoY;keqGs rks fcpkjk Fkdwu Hkkxwu
dsyk- rki] Hk;] tjk o e`R;w ;kaP;k gYY;keqGs rks Mc?kkbZl vkyk-
likZus ijkdk”Vk dsyh( ijarq R;kaps dkgh pkysuk rsOgk eksBÓkk d”Vkus
rks {kh.k liZ fu?kwu xsyk o iqjatu ‘k=wP;k gkrh lkiMyk- iq<s iqutZUe
izkIr >kY;kosGh R;kph o fe=kph ¼nsokph½ xkB iMyh o rks lq[kh
>kyk-Þ414
;k dFksr liZ gk usgeh j{k.k djhr vlrks vls n’kZfoys vkgs-
;ksx’kkL=kr likZlukph egrh Qkj of.kZyh vlwu izk.kk;ke d:u
R;kyk vuqdwy d:u ?ksrY;kl R;kP;keqGs thokyk Kku o
veji.kkpk ykHk gksrks] vls lkafxrys vkgs- iapizk.k gkp ikp Q.kkapk
ukx vkgs] vls Hkkxorkrhy dFkso:u Li”V gksrs-
3-37 LoIul`”Vh o liZfo”k;d ‘kdqu&vi’kdqu ladsr %
euq”; funzkoLFksr vlrkauk R;kP;k eukrhy dkgh dYiuk
lkdkj gksÅu jax:i /kkj.k djrkr vkf.k R;keqGs ts izlax rks
687
vuqHkorks- R;kauk LoIus Eg.krkr- dks.kR;kgh LoIukps b”V fdaok vfu”V
vls dkghrjh QG vlrsp] v’khgh lkekU; tukaph dYiuk vlrs-
LoIukrys ladsr R;k R;k ek.klkP;k vuqHkokyk o izo`Ùkhyk lktslsp
vlrkr-415 Eg.ktsp R;kpk laca/k ‘kdqu vi’kdquk’kh vlrks- izkphu
dkykiklwu eukoj >kysY;k pkaxY;k okbZV laLdkjkrwu gs ‘kqHkk’kqHkkps
ladsr fuekZ.k >kys vlkos- lki mtohdMs tk.ks gk ‘kqHk ‘kdqu ekuyk
tkrks-416 LoIukr liZ fnlyk rj eqyxk gksrks- vusd LoIus gh ‘kki
lwpd vlrkr- iq= larrh u gks.ks] >kyhp rj rh u tx.ks-
izsr;ksuhiklwu gks.kkjh ihMk] nqeZj.kkeqGs gks.kkjh ihMk] ;k cjkscjp
iwoZtUehps izsr’kki] fir``’kki ;k ‘kkikaeqGs L=h fdaok iq#”kkyk
‘kkilwpd LoIus iMrkr- LoIukr ukx fnl.ks] ukxkyk ekj.ks] ukxkps
rqdMs >kysys fnl.ks b- LoIus gh ‘kkilwpd LoIus vlrkr-417
vfXuLFkkukfn ifo= LFkyh liZ fnl.ks gs v’kqHk ekuys tkrs-418 LoIu
vkf.k liZ ;kapk laca/k v’kk i)rhus ykork ;srks-
3-38 ik’pkÙ;kaP;k liZfo”k;d letqrh %
Xkzhd iqjk.k dFkkuqlkj likZus tj ekuoh vkokt ,sdyk rj
ekuokyk izk.;kaph Hkk”kk lgt letw ‘kdrs- gdqckph eqys o VªkW;ph
jk.kh ;kapk laca/k liZnsors’kh gksrk- vFksuk ;k xzhd Kku nsors’kh
likZpk laca/k gksrk- vkokt ,sd.kkÚ;k liZnsorkadMs eslksiksVkseh;k
laLd`rhe/;s nSo’käh gksrh- fufXuf’knk gk nso LoxkZP;k izos’k}kjkpk
j{kd gksrk- vusd vkfnoklh tekrhae/;s liZ gk ‘käh vkf.k
lkoZHkkSeRokps izrhd Eg.kwu ekuyk tkrks- rSokue/khy iSoku ;k
fBdk.kh R;kph fo’ks”k iwtk o mRlo lktjk dsyk tkrks- likZae/;s
vl.kkjh nSoh’käh ghp bftIr e/khy eafnjkps] FkMX;kaps] izkphu
vo’ks”kkaps vkf.k LohMue/khy ?kjkaps j{k.k djrs-
liZ gs nso vkf.k nkuo ;k nksUgha’kh fuxfMr vkgsr- izkphu
eslksiksVksfe;k laLd`rhe/;s vusd rksaMh liZ gk nsokauk ‘käh iznku
688
djrkauk fnlrks- viksyks ;k nsoiq=kus MsYQh ;k Hkqtaxkyk Bkj ekjysys
vkgs- ftus R;kph tkbZ ysVks fgyk =kl fnyk gksrk- bftIre/khy
vWiksQhl] teZuhe/khy ekbdkslkseZ] vYckuh;krhy dqy’ksnzk vkf.k
esyukfl;krhy dkb;k gs vusd liZ vkgsr-
izkphu xzhd e/;s vWxkFkWkl Mseu ¼nkuo½ gk ia[k vlysyk liZ
Eg.kwu izpfyr vkgs- liZ gk nSoh izk.kh vkgs- rks izk.knkrk vkgs- rks
vuar nsorscjkscj ;srks- R;kp cjkscj liZ gh ;q)nsork eMqZdkcjkscj
;srs- feFkjk gh dkynsork dksYgÓkkpk psgjk o likZps ‘kjhj /kkj.k
d:u ;srs- bftIre/;s fOgVks gh liZnsork ekuyh tkrs- fganw /kekZr
ns[khy eulk gh liZnsork liZna’kkiklwu eqäh feG.;klkBh iwftyh
tkrs- ckS) /kekZrhy Hkwr/kekZ gk jk{kl gk vkB likZaP;k Nk;s[kkyh
folkoysyk vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrke/;s vusd liZ mRlo lktjs dsys
tkrkr- bVyhe/;s lgkO;k rs vkBO;k ‘krdke/;s likZaph iwtk dsyh
tkr vlr- R;k likZauk nsorspk psgjk vlr- if’pe vkfÝdse/kwu
tsOgk vesfjdse/;s xqykekph vk;kr dj.;kr vkyh rsOgk R;kP;k liZ
fo”k;d :<h&ijaijkauh /kkfeZd vkf.k ;krqe; Lo:ikr likZph iwtk
Lohdkjyh gksrh-419 ;sxkjk&uks&gk;Mk ;kus ;qokckeh ;k likZyk Bkj
ekjysys vkgs-420 jk gk iw.kZi.ks lsV ;k nsorsoj voyacwu gksrk- visi
fdaok viksQhl gk liZ gksrk- lsV gk jk yk ijkHkwr djrks- ;k
feFke/;s lsV fo”k;d nksu n`f”Vdksu vkysys vkgsr- ifgyk n`f”Vdksu
Eg.kts rks jk ;k fo”k;h R;kph Hkwfedk ldkjkRed vkgs- lsV gh nsork
Fkk;ikWfu;u ;k izk.;kP;k ek/;ekrwu n’kZfoyh tkrs- R;kpk psgjk
izk.;kpk vkgs o ‘kjhj gs ekuoh vkgs- lsVP;k Hkksorh likZlg
osxosxGÓkk izdkjps izk.kh gksrs- visi gk liZ] jk gk nSoh vkRek gksrk-
rks e`R;wpk ‘k=w gksrk- visi gk ikrkGkrhy vkRE;kaoj vkØe.k
djrks- R;kpk ikrkGkrhy izokl ;krqe; gksrk-421 izkphu bftIre/;s
,iksQhl gh liZnsork Eg.kwu ekU;rk izkIr vkgs- jh ;k lw;Z nsorsph
689
rh ‘k=w vkgs( ijarq jh gh lw;Znsork esgu ;k liZ nsorseqGs lqjf{kr
vkgs- ikrkG izokl djrkauk rh R;kl enr djrs-422
izkphu eslksiksVksfe;k laLd`rhe/;s nksu izeq[k nsorkapk lanHkZ
vkgs- R;kapk laca/k ikrkGk’kh vkgs- R;kaiSdh ,d bjh’kfdxy vkf.k
nqljh fuxZy vkgs- izkphu eslksiksVheh;u laLd`fre/;s ikrkGkfo”k;d
nksu nSordFkk izpfyr vkgs- ikrkGkrhy loksZPPk nsorsfo”k;d R;k
vkgsr- lqQyhdj.k fo”k;d ekfgrh vl.kkÚ;k izfl) xzaFkke/;s]
ikrkGkr tk.;klkBh lkr }kj vkgsr- ;kiSdh izR;sd }kjkoj ,d nSoh
nsork }kjiky Eg.kwu vkgs- R;k ikrkGkph loksZPp nsork Eg.kts
bfj’kfdxy fdaok vykrw gh gks;- nqlÚ;k nSordFksuqlkj ;q) nsork
Eg.kwu fuxZy gk ;srks- R;kus pkSnk }kjkaoj pkSnk }kjiky fu;qä dsys
vkgsr- tsOgk bjh’kfdxy fgus fuxZy’kh fookg dj.;kps Bjoys- rsOgk
fuxZyps ‘kL= pedw ykxys- R;kposGh lw;Znsork gh izdk’keku
>kyh-423 xzhd laLd`rhuarj cÚ;kp dkyko/khus jkseu laLd`rhpk tUe
>kysyk vkgs- liZ gk blhlpk izfrfu/kh Eg.kwu ;srks- fDyvksik=k gh
Lor%yk blhlpk nwr letrs- th e`R;wph nsork vkgs-424 yksdksfu;u
fp=kae/;s liZ gk uk;dkyk Bkj ekj.kkjk vkgs- R;kuarj rks ikrkGkr
tkrks- flflQl gk R;kyk idMrks- R;kuarj liZ gk lGlGrks( ijarq
x#MkadMwu ¼fVVwl½ rks idMyk tkrks- vksMhlhe/;s o.kZu dsY;k izek.ks
ysVksoj cykRdkj dsY;keqGs likZyk f’k{kk nsrks-425
nkgkseh e/khy jktokMÓkkaP;k njoktkaoj ykdMh dykdqljhrwu
osxosxGÓkk vkd`rh dk<Y;k tkrkr- R;kiSdh [kkyP;k cktwyk likZus
Lor%ph ‘ksiVh eq[kkr ?ksrysyh vkgs] rj ojP;k cktwyk lw;Z vkf.k
panz ;kaP;k e/;s ljMk n’kZfoyk vkgs- uk;tsjh;u nSordFkkauqlkj tsOgk
ijes’ojkus i`Foh fuekZ.k dsyh rsOgk R;kus ljMÓkkyk fryk c?k.;klkBh
ikBoys- rsaOgk rh vtwu LFkwye; ukgh vls rks Eg.kkyk- >qyw
nSordFkkauqlkj ljMk gk ekuoktoG vkyk( rks ijes’ojkpk fujksi
690
?ksÅu rks Eg.kts rqEgh veR;Z vkgkr- R;kuarj fy>kMZ ,d ikÅy iq<s
vkyk vkf.k e`R;w vkgs] vls Eg.krkp e`R;w vkyk-
lqMku ;sFkhy fnudk tekrhP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj txkrhy ifgyk
ekuo vkf.k L=h] xjax vkf.k vcqd ;kauh fp[ky r;kj dsyk vkf.k
,dk HkkaMÓkkr rks Bsoyk- tsOgk rs HkkaMs m?kMys rsOgk rks fp[ky eksBk
>kyk gksrk- R;k nks?kkalkBh ijes’ojkus R;k fp[kykrwu /kkU;kph fufeZrh
dsyh- R;kuarj rs /kkU; R;kauh xzg.k dsys- rsOgk vcwd o xjax ;kauk
nSoh ‘käh izkIr >kyh- R;krwu R;kP;k Ropspk jax ikyVyk-
R;kpcjkscj R;kyk vktkj cjs dj.;kps nSoh Kku izkIr >kys- gk xjax
vusdnk likZcjkscj vlrks- rs loZ yky vkf.k ika<Ú;k jaxkps vlrkr-
vcqd gh tynsork Bjyh- frps fpUg lq)k ygku liZp vkgs- vcqd
gh L=h izfrfu/kh vkgs- rh QGkaph vkf.k /kkU;kaph fuekZrh vkgs- th
Qä ,d L=hp vlw ‘kdrs-426 ekuokP;k ifgY;k iwoZtkus ,dk
ckLdsVe/;s fp[ky Vkdyk] rks vfr’k; egÙoiw.kZ gksrk- dkj.k rks
fo’o O;oLFkspk ikjn’khZ uewuk gksrk- R;k fp[kykyk xksy vkdkj
ns.;kr vkyk gksrk- rks xksykdkj lw;kZps :i gksrs- rj pkSdksuh vkdkj
gs vkdk’kkps :i gksrs- orqZGkdkj gs panzkps :i gksrs- L=h vkf.k iq#”k
gs f’kMhP;k Lo:ikr gksrs vkf.k rs iwoZtkaP;k oa’ktkapk izfrikG djhr
gksrs ekuo] izk.kh] i{kh] u{k= ;kaP;k leosr rs jkgr gksrs- ijes’ojkus
iwoZtkauk osxosxGÓkk ^ch* fnY;k- rs ekuo ‘kjhjkrhy ?kVdkaps izrhd
gksrs- dFkkudkrwu vls fun’kZukl ;srs dh] uqeks CyWdLehFk ;kus
ifgY;k iwoZtkyk tUe fnyk- gk ifgyk iwoZt banz/kuq”;kP;k Lo:ikr
i`Fohoj ;sr vlrks- R;klg rks ikÅl o oht ?ksÅu ;srks- tsOgk rks
;srks rsOgk ekuo] izk.kh gs loZ ikaxys tkrkr- ifgyk iwoZt gk fLeFk
gksrk- R;keqGs likZyk =kl gksr gksrk- dk/kZP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj rks lkrok
iwoZt gksrk- likZus R;kyk Bkj dsys o R;kpk psgjk gk tfeuhP;k
[kkyh iqj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk- R;klkBh R;kus tfeuhps [kksndke dsys-
691
MsxkWuP;k Eg.k.;kuqlkj] ijes’ojkP;k mís’kiwrhZlkBh ekuokps
fu;kstu dj.;kr vkys- rs vkB iwoZtkaP;k] vkB dqVqacke/;s jkgw
ykxys- vkBos dqVqac gs loksZÙke gksrs- R;k dqVqackrhy o;Ld O;ähyk
fych Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr vlr- rks R;kapk izfrfu/kh gksrk- rks
e`R;wP;k toG xsyk gksrk( ijarq v|ki e`R;qeq[kh iMyk uOgrk- R;kpk
lkrok iwoZt gk liZ >kyk gksrk- R;kuarj likZus ekuo ‘kjhjkdkj
/kkj.k dsyk vkf.k vkRE;ke/;s izfo”V >kyk- vkB iwoZtkaph fu’kkuh
Eg.kwu vkB nxMa gs mÙkj fn’ksyk Bso.;kr vkys- rs fu’kku iwoZtkaps
pSrU;kP;k Lo:ikr gksrs- fych gk [kjks[kj esysyk uOgrk( ijarq ekuoh
lektklkBh pSrU; Lrks= Eg.kwu rks okgr gksrk- gk fychpk ekuoh
lewgklkBhpk R;kx gksrk-427
3-39 fu”d”kZ %
txHkjkrhy yksdekulkus fof/kfo/kkaukrwu vkf.k J)krwu liZ
izfrek ftoar Bsoysyh vkgs- /kekZph fufeZrhp eqGh ;krqizfØ;srwu
>kY;keqGs ;kRokRed fØ;srhy loZ izfrek deh tkLr izek.kkr /kekZus
Lor%P;k LFkkiuslkBh LohdkjysY;k vkgsr- ;KizfØ;k ok rRle
izfØ;srwu ;k loZ izfrek fpUgkafdr Lo:ikr mi;ksxkr vk.kY;k
tkrkr- fo’okrhy loZ /kekZr fulxZiwtk] o`{kiwtk vkf.k izkf.kiwtk
izpfyr vkgs- liZiwtk gh ns[khy ;kpkp vfoHkkT; Hkkx vkgs-
l`”VhP;k vkfne voLFksiklwu gh liZiwtk vfLrRokr gksrh- ;kps
nk[kys feGrkr- Hkkjrkr fla/kqlaLd`rhiklwu R;kps iqjkos lkiMrkr-
iqjk.kkrgh R;kps izfrfcac iMysys vkgs- fdacgquk txHkjkrhy
tkrh&tekrhauh l.k&mRlokaP;k] eafnjkaP;k] f’kYikaP;k ek/;ekrwu
liZiwtk tru d:u Bsoysyh vkgs- ukxiapehlkj[kk l.k egkjk”Vªkr
vktgh ijaijsus lktjk dsyk tkrks- larrhizkIrhlkBh] ,s’o;ZizkIrhlkBh
fofo/k izdkjph ukxozrs fL=a;k djrkauk fnlwu ;srkr- fofo/k izdkjP;k
foHkwrh gÓkk liZfo”kgkjh nsork Eg.kwu izpfyr >kysY;k ikgko;kl
692
feGrkr- liZ izfrek gh cgqvk;keh izfrek vkgs- l`”Vhph fufeZrh gh
likZusp dsysyh vkgs- v’kh yksd/kkj.kk vkgs- vkfÝdk] vkWLVsªfy;k]
bjk.k] vesfjdk] xzhd] jkseu ;k izns’kkrhy th liZ izfrek ;srs] rh
O;kIr Lo:ikph vkgs- dky] e`R;w] lqQyhdj.k] oS|dh; {ks=
v’kka’kh rh fuxfMr vkgs- tUe&e`R;w gÓkk uSlfxZd fØ;s’kh dsoG liZ
gh izfrek lacaf/kr B: ‘kdrs- O;fätUekiklwu l`f”VtUeki;Zar liZ
gkp izk.kh dkj.khHkwr vkgs- R;kaP;k vk’khokZnkusp pØorhZ lezkV
O;äh gksÅ ‘kdrks- rj izk.k gj.k dj.kkjkgh rksp- rh ,d l`”Vh
O;ogkjkph vfrekuoh ‘käh vkgs-
Hkkjrh; tuekulkoj iqjk.kxzaFkkpk izHkko vf/kd vkgs- R;keqGs
Hkkjrh; yksdekulkus likZph ikSjkf.kd izfrek Lohdkjysyh fnlwu ;srs-
R;kauh likZauk fofo/k ikSjkf.kd ukos fnysyh vkgs- dk’ehjiklwu
dU;kdqekjhi;Zar gh ukos iksgkspysyh ikgko;kl feGrkr- vU;
ns’kkae/;s vlk iz?kkr ukgh- fo”.kw vkf.k f’ko gh ikSjkf.kd izfrek
likZphp ekuoh :is vkgsr- vls vafrer% Eg.kkos ykxrs- ‘kadjkP;k
HkkGkojhy panzkph f}rh;sph dksj gh iqutZUekph ladsr vkgs- rks
xaxk/kj vkgs- ukj izfres’kh likZcjkscj f’ko vkf.k fo”.kwph izfrekgh
layfXur gksrkuk fnlrs- fganw /kekZr ikSjkf.kd izfrek egÙoiw.kZ ekuY;k
tkrkr- R;k izfrekauk lkadsfrd vFkZ izkIr >kysyk vlrks- ‘kkälaiznk;
fdaok ra=laiznk;ke/;s fofo/k HkkSfefrd vkdkjekukph ;a=jpuk
fo/khlkBh dsysyh vlrs- rh HkkSfefrd jpuk ‘kD;rks orqZGkdkj
vlrs- orqZGkpk nqljk vFkZ liZ vlk gksrks- ;kfBdk.kh izrhdkRed
Lo:ikr liZ izfrek Lohdkjyh tkrs-
likZpk laca/k ;{kka’kh tksMyk xsysyk vkgs- ;{kkaps loZ
xq.kfo’ks”k ukxkae/;sgh ikgko;kl feGrkr- u`flag] x.kirh gh ;{kkapsp
izfrfu/kh vkgsr- rs likZP;k lkfé/;kr vkgs- T;ksfr”k’kkL=ke/;s es?kakuk
liZ gh laKk fnyh xsyh vkgs- lqQyhdj.k fo/khe/;s ikolkyk vR;ar
693
egÙokps LFkku vlrs- es?k &liZ gsp ikÅl ikMrkr vkf.k l`”Vhyk
moZjk djrkr- L=hP;k jt%L=kok’khgh likZpk egÙoiw.kZ laca/k vkgs-
panzkph iwtk fganw vkf.k eqLyhe /kekZr fo’ks”kRokus dsyh tkrs- R;kapk
gsrw oa’ko`)h o iqutZUe gkp vlkok- panz ghp e`R;wph] iqutZUekph
nsork vkgs-
yksdekulke/;s LoIukauk ns[khy egÙoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- likZps
LoIukrhy LFkku vHkwriwoZ Lo:ikps vkgs- LoIukrhy R;kP;k n`”Vkarkus
iq=izkIrhph bPNk] dkeHkksxkph bPNk O;ä gksrs- yksdekul gs lkewfgd
usf.kosrwu izokl djr vlrs- lkgp;Z laca/kkrwu fulxkZrhy vusd
?kfVrkapk ‘kks/k ?ksrk ;srks- R;k izR;sd ?kfVrkph ,d dkj.kehekalk
dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks( ijarq rh dkj.kehekalk HkkSfrd
ikrGhojhy vlsy vls ukgh rj ;kRokRed ikrGhojphgh vlw
‘kdrs- yksdekulkrhy ukxizfrespk vUo;kFkZ ykorkauk gh ;kRokRed
cktw y{kkr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- laiw.kZ txHkjkrhy yksdekulkr gh
;kRokRedrk deh tkLr izek.kkr f>jiysyh vkgs- gh ;kRokRedrk
^vlw* ;k ladYius’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- gh ^vlw* txrkpk izk.k vkgs
vkf.k gk izk.k liZ izfresr lekfo”V vkgs- R;keqGs txrkP;k
O;ogkjkpk dsanzfcanw gk liZ Bjrks- fulxkZrhy loZ ?kVukpØ gs dsoG
R;kaP;keqGsp ‘kD; gksrkr- R;keqGsp rks vfrekuoh ‘käh Bjrks] gs
ekU; djkos ykxrs- ekuoh lektkP;k lkaLd`frd O;ogkjkr ;k
izfresyk ekukps LFkku vkgs-
694
lanHkZ lwph%
1- cqf/noknkpk /kzqorkjk] MkW- n- ds- dsGdj] izdk- euksgj
xzaFkekyk]iq.ks] iz-vk- 1972] i`- 60]61-
2- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW- —-ik-dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`- 38-
3- Hkkjrh; lektfoKku dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW- l-ek- xxsZ] izdk-
lektfoKku eaMG]iq.ks]iz-vk-1987] i`- 518] 519-
4- rS=o] i`- 518] 519-
5- yksdlkfgR;kps Lo:i] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs]xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]fr-vk-1995 i`- 89]90-
6- yksdlkfgR; ladYiuk o Lo:i] MkW- ‘kjn O;ogkjs]dSyk’k
ifCyds’ku]vkSjaxkckn]1999] i`- 23]24]25-
7- yksdlkfgR;kps Lo:i] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]fr-vk-1995 i`- 88-
8- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k][kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia- egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] izdk-Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 431 rs
444-
9- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] izdk-Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 114]115-
10- xktrh nSors] ia-egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-
1995] i`- 83]84-
11- yksdlkfgR;kph :ijs[kk] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor]ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]naq-vk-1977] i`- 221 rs 226-
12- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] izdk-Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000 i`- 148-
13- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] izdk-Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000 i`- 442-
695
14- yksdlaLd`rhpk var%izokg] MkW- ‘kjn O;ogkjs]izfrek izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1999 i`- 17-
15- nsokaph tUedFkk] MkW- iq”ik f=yksdsdj]Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]nq-
vk-2008] i`- 147-
16- yksdlkfgR;kph :ijs[kk] MkW-nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk cqDl]iq.ks]naq-
vk-1977] i`- 226 rs 228-
17- izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dkG rs okdkVd dkG] MkW- v-‘ka-
ikBd] egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfV;j]¼izkphu dkG½ [kaM 1 yk]
¼laik-½ MkW-v-‘ka- ikBd]izdk-nk’kZfudk foHkkx]lka-fo-e-‘kk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-2002] i`- 560-
18- gkylkrokgukph xkFkklIr’krh] ¼laik-½ l- vk- tksxGsdj]
izlkn izdk- iq.ks- iz-vk- 1956] ¼izkLrkfod½ i`-181-
19- Hkkjrkph ewfrZdyk] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh] vueksy izdk-
iq.ks] iz-vk-1980] i`-78-
20- The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. x, Mircea Ediade,
Macmillan Pub, New York, 1987, P. 294.
21- Religions of the world, S. Vermon Mc. Casland, Grace
E. Cairns, David C.Y.U.,United states by Roman House,
New York,1969, P. 438.
22- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh]izdk-Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 139-
23- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 51-
24- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]iz-vk-1975] i`- 71-
25- eÚgkVh laL—rh% dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-tks'kh] ¼laik-olar
tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980 i`- 23]24-
696
26- nsokaph tUedFkk] MkW- iq”ik f=yksdsdj] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]nq-
vk-2008] i`-63]64-
27- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent - (symbolism)
28- http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r073101 . shtml
29- http://www.therianthropes.com/nagas_mythology.htm
30- http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r.73101 a.shtml
31- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagavanshi
32- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
33- man, myth and magic, Vol. XI, Dave Extr, Pub. Marshall
Cavendish Corporation, New York, 1983, P. 2529
34- http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r.73103 a.shtml
35- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N% c4% 8199
36- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chinese_dragon
37- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid
38- yamata no orochi-wilipedia, the free encyclopedia
39- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N% c4% 819a
40- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
41- Ebid
42- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid
43- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
44- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½] ekuo/keZ izdk-] /kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`-127]
128] 129-
45- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
46- Ebid
47- African mythology, Geoffery Parrinder, Pub.The
Hamlyn Publishing Group. Ltd. Middlesex. Second Ed.
1969, P.46,48
697
48- Ebid
49- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
50- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid
51- Ebid
52- Ebid
53- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 738-
54- nsokaph tUedFkk] MkW- iq”ik f=yksdsdj] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]nq-
vk-2008] i`- 196] 197-
55- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`-3
56- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k][kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 171]172-
57- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 784-
58- Jko.k Hkknzin] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj]e-yks-l-eqacbZ] iz-
vk-1985] i`- 888-
59- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 739]740-
60- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 204-
61- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 109-
62- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 325-
63- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 740-
698
64- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 169-
65- Jko.k Hkknzin] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj] e-yks-l-eqacbZ] es
1985]i`- 36-
66- r=So] i`-34]35-
67- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 28-
68- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 359]360-
69- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 398-
70- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 24-
71- xkoxkMÓkkckgsj] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs]ifjey izdk-vkSjaxkckn]iz-
vk-1983] i`-77-
72- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 278-
73- nf{k.k dk’kh iSB.k] MkW- jk- Jh- eksjoaphdj]jfojkt izdk-
iq.ks-iz-vk-1987] i`-161] 162-
74- cnkehps pkyqD; rs ;kno] MkW- ekyrh egktu] egkjk”Vª
jkT; xW>sfV;j] izkphudkG] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ MkW-
v:.kpanz ikBd] izdk-nk’kZfudk foHkkx]lka-fo-e-‘kk-eqacbZ]iz-
vk-2002] i`-649-
75- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 114-
76- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 128-
699
77- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 245-
78- egkHkkjrkph ‘kkiok.kh] MkW- Jh- ja- fHkMs]dkWfUVusaVy izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1991] i`- 304-
79- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`-224-
80- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 406-
81- e/kqdj] fouksck Hkkos]ija/kke izdk-ioukj]o/kkZ-vk-
lksGkoh]2007] i`- 28-
82- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`-158-
83- r=So]i`- 158 rs 161-
84- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 737-
85- Jko.k Hkknzin] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj] e-jk-yks-l-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1985 i`- 39-
86- Hkweh vkf.k L=h] MkW- ‘kSyk yksfg;k]xksnkojh izdk- vkSjaxkckn]
iz-vk-2000] i`-48-
87- xktrh nSors] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-iq.ks]iz-
vk-1995] i`- 105] 106-
88- Jko.k Hkknzin] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj] e-jk-yks-l-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1985 i`- 153-
89- r=So] i`- 154-
90- r=So] i`- 155 rs 158-
91- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 48-
700
92- /keZ’kkL=kpk bfrgkl ¼mRrjk/kZ½] MkW-e-e-dk.ks]¼vuq-;-ok-
HkV½]e-jk-lk-la-ea-eqacbZ]f}-vk-1880] i`- 198]199-
93- f=fiaMh ukjk;.k ukxcGh iz;ksx] os-‘kk-la-—-e-
ckiV’kkL=h]jkts’k izdk- iq.ks] i`-17-
94- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 457-
95- uanknhi] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj] e-jk-yks-l-eqacbZ]iz-vk-
1995 i`- 167 rs 169-
96- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW- —-ik-dqyd.khZ] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`-24-
97- lqyHk T;ksfr”k’kkL=]—- fo- lkseu izdk-T;ksrh
<oGs]eqacbZ]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 66-
98- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 146] 147-
99- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`- 261-
100- Jh x.ks’k dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW- vejsanz xkMxhG]izdk-Jhjke cqd
,tUlh]iq.ks]iz-vk-1968] i`-498-
101- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck- tks'kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 182-
102- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`- 125-
103- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 737-
104- r=So] i`- 316-
105- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`- 186-
701
106- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 677-
107- r=So-
108- r=So-
109- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 735-
110- lqyHk T;ksfr”k’kkL=] —-fo- lkse.k]izdk-T;ksrh
<oGs]eqacbZ]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`-69-
111- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 236-
112- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 625] 626-
113- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k][kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 749-
114- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 238-
115- Jh okjkg egkiqjk.k] ¼laik-½Jhdkar xksoaMs] lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks-
iz-vk-1997]i`- 154]155-
116- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 487-
117- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 755-
118- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 71]72-
119- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 611-
702
120- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 32]33-
121- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 568]569-
122- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-2004] i`- 186-
123- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2003] i`- 113-
124- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 8 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 771-
125- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 538-
126- yksdlaL—rhpk var%izokg] MkW- ‘kjn O;ogkjs] izfrek izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1999]i`- 64]65-
127- Jh x.ks’k dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-vejsanz xkMxhG]izdk-Jhjke cqd
,tUlh]iq.ks]iz-vk-1968] i`- 260-
128- r=So] i`- 257-
129- Mexican and central Amercian mythology, Irene
Nicholoson, Hamlyn House, England, Third Ed. 1973,
Middlesex , P. 19,21.
130- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
131- http://www.khandro.net/animal-serpent_htm
132- African Mythology, Geoffrey Parrinder, Pub. The
Hamlyn publishing Group. Ltd. Middlesex. Second Ed.
1969, P. 22, 23.
133- Ebid , P. 38.
134- Ebid ,P. 42, 45.
703
135- The Encylopedia of Religion V 13, Mircea Ediade,
Macmillan Pub, New York, 1987, P.373.
136- Ebid , P. 370
137- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk- iq.ks] frljh vk- 1986] i`- 5-
138- African Mythology, Geoffrey Parrinder, Pub, The
Hamlyn Publishing Group. Ltd. Middlesex. Second Ed.
1969 P. 23.
139- Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. IX, extr Dave,Pub.Marshall
Cavendish Corp,New York,1983, P.2529, 2530.
140- African Mythology,Geoffrey Parrinder, Pub,The Hamlyn
publishing Group. Ltd. Middlesex. Second Ed.1969
P. 76,77
141- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_serpent
142- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese _ dragon
143- http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sumer_anunnaki/reptil
es/reptiles 15.htm
144- http://www.khandro.net/mysterius_dragon.1.htm
145- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
146- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese _ dragon
147- Ebid
148- Ebid
149- Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. III, Extr Dave, Pub.
Marshall Cavendish Corp, New York,1983, , P.690.
150- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N% c4% 819a
151- Naga_wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
152- http://www.therianthropes.com/nagas_mythology-htm
153- http://www.khandrao.net/mysterious_naga.htm
704
154- ek/ko ikVhy ;kapk ys[k nS- iq<kjh ¼cgkj iqjo.kh½dksYgkiwj
vko`Rrh]fn 5-07-2009 ]i`- 1
155- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serpent _ (symbolism)
156- Ebid
157- Ebid
158- http://www.khandrao.net/animal_serpent.htm
159- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k]¼laik-½MkW-—-ik-dqyd.khZ] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`- 189-
160- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk]¼laik-½ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 370]371-
161- dkyliZ;ksx ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k] ia- fdluyky ‘kekZ]ljLorh
cqd Msiks]iq.ks]iz-vk-2003] i`-16]17-
162- Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. II, Extr Dave, Extr Dave,
Pub. Marshall Cavendish Corp, New York,1983, P.335.
163- Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. VI, Extr Dave, Extr Dave,
Pub. Marshall Cavendish Corp, New York,1983, P.1714.
164- Jko.k&Hkknzin]¼laik-½ MkW-ljksftuh ckcj] e-jk-yks-l-eqacbZ]iz-
vk-1985 i`- 153]154-
165- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks'kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`-
252]253]116-
166- yTtkxkSjh] jk- fpa-<sjs]Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1988]i`- 96-
167- /keZ vkf.k yksdlkfgR;] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor]ikWI;qyj izdk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1975] i`- 70-
168- yksdlkfgR;kph :ijs[kk] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]naq-vk-1977] i`- 182-
169- r=So] i`- 330-
705
170- uknczã] ¼laik-½ MkW- ljksftuh ckcj] e-jk-yks-l-eqacbZ]iz-vk-
1995 i`- 21]22-
171- Jh okjkg egkiqjk.k] ¼laik-½ Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks]iz-
vk-1997] i`- 103]104-
172- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] MkW- ‘kjn ikVhy]izkK ikB’kkGk
okbZ]iz-vk-1982] i`- 199-
173- r=So-
174- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks'kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`-
191]200]201]205]336] 337]338-
175- jkek;.k&egkHkkjrkrhy o.kZ la?k”kZ] MkW- ‘kjn ikVhy]ekoGkbZ
izdk-f’k:j]nq-vk-2005] i`-44-
176- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`-361]
362-
177- http://www.khandrao.net/mysterious_dragon1.htm
178- The Encyclopedia of Religion. V. 13, Mircea Ediade
Macmillan Pub,New York,1987,P.372
179- eÚgkVh laL—rh % dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-olar
tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980 i`- 243] 244-
180- r=So] i`- 130]131-
181- r=So] i`- 78]79-
182- nkl’kwnzkaph xqykefxjh] MkW- ‘kjn ikVhy] izkK ikB’kkGk
okbZ] iz-vk-1985] i`- 320]321-
183- r=So] i`- 205]206-
184- r=So] i`- 169] 170-
185- r=So] i`- 164] 165-
706
186- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 8 ok ] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] i`- Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] 496 rs498-
187- _XoSfnd vlqj vkSj vk;Z]MkW-,l-,y- fueksZgh flagnso]jk/kk
ifCyds’ku]ubZ fnYyh]iz-la-2007] i`- 74]75-
188- Xktrh yksdnSors] ia-egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-iq.ks]iz-
vk-1995] i`- 24]25-
189- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 73-
190- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks]yksdk;r
izdk-lkrkjk]f}-vk-2007 i`- 157-
191- jkek;.k&egkHkkjrkrhy o.kZ la?k”kZ] MkW- ‘kjn ikVhy]ekoGkbZ
izdk-f’k:j]nq-vk-2005] i`- 119]120-
192- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ Hkkyck dsGdj]
ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 135-
193- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 31-
194- xktrh yksdnSors] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1995] i`- 25-
195- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks] yksdk;r
izdk-lkrkjk]f}-vk-2007 i`- 39-
196- r=So] i`- 56-
197- yksdk;r] MkW- l-jk- xkMxhG]yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-
eqacbZ]nq-vk-1984] i`-142]143-
198- r=So] i`- 174]176-
199- yksdlkfgR;kps var%izokg] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]fr-vk-2008 i`- 246-
707
200-yksdk;r] MkW-l-jk- xkMxhG] yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-
eqacbZ]nq-vk-1984] i`- 181-
201- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 57]58-
202- r=So] i`- 173]174-
203-yksdk;r] MkW- l-jk- xkMxhG] yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-
eqacbZ]nq-vk-1984] i`- 183]184-
204- xktrh yksdnSors] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1995] i`- 22 rs 24-
205- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW- uhjt lkGqa[ks] yksdk;r
izdk-lkrkjk]f}-vk-2007 i`- 21-
206- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 469-
207-oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 133-
208- jkek;.k&egkHkkjrkrhy dkensokps cGh] MkW- Jh- ja-
fHkMs]iùxa/kk izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-2008] i`-15-
209-eÚgkVh laL—rh % dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-olar
tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980 i`- 236-
210- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 8 ok] ¼laik-½egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 498-
211- http://www.khandrao.net/mysterious_makaras1.htm
212- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-—-ik- dqyd.khZ] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`-75] 480-
213- vMxqya&eMxqya] MkW- fo’oukFk [kSjs]laer izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-
2001] i`- 125-
708
214- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 9 ok ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1yk½] ¼laik-½
Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`-3-
215- Jh okjkg egkiqjk.k] ¼laik-½ Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks]iz-
vk-1997] i`-6]7-
216- eÚgkVh laL—rh % dkgh leL;k] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-olar
tks’kh½fOgul izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-1980 i`- 231]232-
217- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k okLrork] MkW- Mh-Mh-dkslach] ¼vuq-olar
rqGiqGs½]yksdokM~-e; x`g]eqacbZ]fr-vk-2004] i`- 41]42-
218- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 6 ok¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk izdk-
iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 773]774]775-
219- r=So] i`- 790-
220- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 7 ok¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk izdk-
iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 428] 429]431] 436]
441]442]464-
221- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 5-
222- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 6 ok¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk izdk-
iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 86]87-
223- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 183-
224- r=So] i`- 148-
225- r=So] i`- 145-
226- r=So] i`- 4-
227- r=So] i`- 286-
228- r=So] i`- 249] 250-
229- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-—-ik- dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`- 601-
709
230- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 7 ok]¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 45-
231- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 13-
232- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k okLrork] MkW- Mh-Mh- dkslach] ¼vuq-olar
rqGiqGs½]yksdokM~-e; x`g]eqacbZ]fr-vk-2004] i`- 49-
233- http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r 073101a.
shtml
234-oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZizdk-]/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004]i`-130]131]185-
235- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 8 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 620]621-
236-yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1988]
i`- 65]66-
237- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ukx] MkW- ,p~-,y- dkslkjs] Kkuiznhi izdk-
ukxiwj]iz]vk]1989] i`- 147-
238-Lokayat, Daviprasad Chatopadhyaya, Peoples Pub.
House, New Delhi, First Ed. 1959, P. 314.
239- Hkweh vkf.k L=h] MkW- ‘kSyk yksfg;k]xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]iz-vk-2000] i`- 65] 165-
240- Rkezik”kk.k ;qx] MkW- ek- ds- <oGhdj] egkjk”Vª jkT;
xS>sVh;j ¼izkphu dkG½] [kaM 1 yk] MkW-v:.kpanz
ikBd]iwoksZDr] i`-81 rs 83-
241- nsokaph tUedFkk] MkW-iq”ik f=yksdsdj] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]nq-
vk-2008] i`- 124-
242-yksdk;r] MkW- l- jk- xkMxhG] yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-
eqacbZ]nq-vk-1984] i`- 97]98-
710
243- Hkweh vkf.k L=h] MkW- ‘kSyk yksfg;k] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]iz-vk-2000] i`- 167] 168-
244-yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1988]
i`- 149 rs 152-
245-Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. I, Extr Dave, Macmillan
Pub. New York, 1987, P. 129.
246-Man, Myth and Magic, Vol. IX, Extr Dave, Macmillan
Pub. New York, 1987, P. 2529.
247-Mexican and Central Americal Mythology, Irene
Nicholoson, Hamlyn House, Middlesex, Third Ed.1973,
P. 20,29,135.
248-yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1988]
i`- 66]67-
249- lexz uk-xks- ukankiwjdj ¼[kaM 2 jk½]laik-n-i-tks’kh]m”kk
tks’kh]izdk-e-lk-i-gSnzkckn]iz-vk-2004] i`-813-
250- iqjk.kdFkk vkf.k okLrork] MkW- Mh-Mh- dkslach] ¼vuq-olar
rqGiqGs½]yksdokM~-e; x`g]eqacbZ]fr-vk-2004] i`- 99]
100-
251- yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1988]
i`- 124]126-
252- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 14-
253- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 88-
254- Lokayat, Daviprasad Chatopadhyaya, Peoples
Pub.House, New Delhi, First Ed.1959, P. 295.
255- Hkkjrkph ewfrZdyk] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1980] i`-76]77-
711
256- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 691]692-
257- yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa- <sjs] Jhfo|k izdk- iq.ks] iz- vk-
1988 i`- 207-
258- yksdnSorkaps fo’o] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs]iùxa/kk izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-
1998] i`- 13]14]15-
259- The abstract in Osian Iconography, D.D. Kaushik, Indian
Ancient past, (Ed.) Shankar Goyal, Pub.Book Enclave,
Jaipur, First Ed.2004, P. 497, 498.
260- http://www.reptilianagenda.com/research/r073101a.shtml
261- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 473-
262- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 66-
263- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 329-
264- ¼laik-½ dqyd.khZ —-ik- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-] iq.ks] iqueqZnz.k] 2004] i`- 742-
265- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 436-
266- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 148-
267- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9ok]¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½]¼laik-½
Hkkyck dsGdj]ojnk izdk- iq.ks-fr-vk-1986]i`-368] 369-
268- r=So] i`- 368-
269- r=So] i`- 210 rs 213-
712
270-oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM]iz-vk-2004] i`- 114] 115-
271- jkek;.k egkHkkjrkrhy o.kZla?k”kZ] MkW- ‘kjn ikVhy]ekoGkbZ
izdk-f’k:j]nq-vk-2005] i`- 123-
272- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 67-
273- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia- egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 508]509-
274- Hkkjrkph ewfrZdyk] ia- egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]vueksy izdk-
iq.ks] iz-vk-1980] i`- 74-
275- nSR;cGh o dqaryns’k egkjk”Vª] MkW-uhjt lkGqa[ks] yksdk;r
izdk-lkrkjk]f}-vk-2007 i`- 80] 81-
276- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 10ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 179-
277- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 5ok] i`-¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] 124rs 126]130-
278-yksdnSorkaps fo’o] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs]iùxa/kk izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-
1996] i`- 75]76-
279-yTtkxkSjh] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks] iz- vk-
1988 i`- 158-
280- r=So] i`- 158]159-
281- r=So] i`- 160-
282- r=So] i`- 162]163-
283-yksdlaL—rhph f{krhts] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs]fo’odekZ
lkfgR;ky;]iq.ks]iz-vk-1971] i`- 16]17]18]63-
284- ejkBh yksdkaph laL—rh] MkW- bjkorh dosZ] izdk-ns’keq[k
vkf.k daiuh]iq.ks]nq-vk-1962 i`- 215 rs 219-
713
285- Jh x.ks’k dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-vejsanz xkMxhG]izdk-Jhjke cqd
,tUlh]iq.ks]iz-vk-1968] i`- 560] 567] 259-
286-ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-—-ik- dqyd.khZ] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-]iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`- 646-
287- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 441rs445-
288-oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004]i`- 138] 139-
289-laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 362-
290-laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 10 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 2jk½]¼laik-½
Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 641-
291- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9 ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1yk½]¼laik-½
Hkkyck dsGdj ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 219
rs 222-
292-dkyfu.kZ; iapkax] t;ar lkGxkaodj]lqeaxy
izsl]eqacbZ]2007 i`- 31 rs 36-
293-vFkoZosn] ¼laik-½l-—-nso/kj] izlkn izdk-iq.ks iz-vk-1903]
i`- 339] 340-
294- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 1yk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-1962] i`- 640-
295-dkyfu.kZ; iapkax] t;ar lkGxkaodj]lqeaxy
izsl]eqacbZ]2007 i`- 31rs 35
296-lqcks/k Hk`xqlafgrk ¼tkrd[kaM½ [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½ds-fHk-
<oGs i`- 78-
297-vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk-okbZ]fr-vk-1979] i`- 6-
714
298- nkrs iapkax ¼2005&06½] izdk- nkrst~ vYdue izk- fy-
lksykiwj] i`-27-
299-Jh okjkg egkiqjk.k] ¼laik-½ Jhdkar xksoaMs]lkjFkh izdk-iq.ks-iz-
vk-1997] i`- 91]92-
300-oSfnd laL—rhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h tks'kh] izkK
ikB’kkGk]okbZ]nq-vk-1972] i`- 204-
301- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 360]361-
302-vFkoZosn] ¼laik-½l-—- nso/kj] izlkn izdk-iq.ks iz-vk-
1903] i`- 72-
303- r=So] i`- 262-
304- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 229 rs 231-
305- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 129-
306- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 361]362-
307- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 10ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 252]253-
308- http://www.khandrao.net/mysterious_dragon1.htm
309-yksdlkfgR;kph :ijs[kk] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]naq-vk-1977] i`-210 rs 212-
310- Hkkjrh; laL—rhdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 704-
311- egkHkkjr milagkj] MkW- fp-fo-oS|]¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj]
ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 408-
715
312- oSfnd nsork vkf.k laiznk;] ‘ka-ck-tks’kh] ¼laik-dY;k.k
dkGs½]ekuo/keZ izdk-]/kkjokM] iz-vk-2004] i`- 230-
313- r=So] i`- 362]363-
314- r=So] i`- 179]180-
315- fiz;k ekyo.kdj ;kapk ys[k] tuizokg] ekfld ¼16 twu
2007½] ¼laik-½ lqjs’k gkds] i`- 31-
316- r=So] i`- 24]25-
317- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½egknso’kkL=h tks’kh]
Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 509]510-
318- lqcks/k Hk`xqlafgrk ¼tkrd[kaM½ [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½ ds-fHk-
<oGs]i`- 210 rs 215-
319- fiz;k ekyo.kdj ;kapk ys[k]tuizokg] ekfld ¼16 vkWxLV
2004½]¼laik-½ lqjs’k gkds] i`- 46-
320- fiz;k ekyo.kdj ;kapk ys[k]tuizokg] ekfld ¼16 twu
2007½]¼laik-½ lqjs’k gkds] i`- 34]35-
321- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 742-
322- f=fiaMh ukjk;.k ukxcGh iz;ksx] os-‘kk-la-—-e-
ckiV’kkL=h]jkts’k izdk- iq.ks] i`- 29 rs 32-
323- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 568-
324- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½ MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]iz-vk-1975] i`- 415-
325- The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13, Mircea Ediade
Macmillan Pub.New York,1987,P.370, 371.
326-Greek mythology, John Pinsent ,The Std. Lit.Co.Ltd.
Indis, 1982, P. 46, 48.
716
327- Hkkjrh; lektfoKku dks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ MkW-l-ek-
xxsZ]lekt foKku eaMG]iq.ks-iz-vk-1987] i`- 307-
328- r=So] i`- 309-
329- /keZ vkf.k yksdlkfgR;] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor]ikWI;qyj izdk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1975] i`- 2-
330- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 423-
331- Hkkjrh; lektfoKku dks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ MkW-l-ek-
xxsZ]izdk- lektfoKku dks’k eaMG] iq.ks- iz-vk- 1987] i`-
310-
332-yksdk;r] l-jk- xkMxhG]yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-nq-vk-1984
i`- 30-
333-egkjk”Vªkrhy egkjkapk bfrgkl] MkW- ‘kadjjko [kjkr]izdk-
’kdqaryk [kjkr]iq.ks]iz-vk-2003] i`- 88]89-
334-vMxqya eMxqya] fo’oukFk [kSjs] laer izdk-iq.ks]nq-vk-
2001]i`- 57-
335- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 3 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2005] i`- 485-
336- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 8 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 293-
337- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 2003] i`- 254-
338- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 657-
339- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 693]694-
717
340- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004]i`- 178-
341- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 5 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2001] i`- 140]139-
342- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 579-
343- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 10ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 324]325-
344- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 743-
345- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iz-vk-2004] i`- 414]415-
346- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 725-
347-Lokayat, Deviprasad Chatopadhyaya, Peoples Pub.
House, New Delhi, First Ed.1959, P. 531.
348-lexz jktokMs lkfgR;] [kaM 7 ok] ¼laik-½eq-c-‘kgk]izdk-
jktokMs la’kks/ku eaMG] /kqGs-iz-vk-1998] i`-478-
349-Lokayat, Deviprasad Chatopadhyaya, Peoples Pub.
House, New Delhi, First Ed.1959, P. 212.
350- fl/nkFkZ tkrd] [kaM 6 ok] ¼laik-½ MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]iz-vk-1978] i`- 186-
351- JhokYehfdjkek;.k] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj]
ojnk izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 22 rs 39-
352- lqyHk T;ksfr”k’kkL=]—-fo- lkse.k]izdk-T;ksrh <oGs]eqacbZ-
iqueqZnz.k]2003] i`- 452 rs 461-
718
353- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 22]23-
354- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 623-
355- /keZ vkf.k yksdlkfgR;] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor]ikWI;qyj izdk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1975 i`- 72]73-
356- r=So] i`- 72]73-
357- yksdk;r] l-jk- xkMxhG] yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk- eqacbZ]nq-
vk-1984] i`- 33]34-
358- feFkdh; dYiuk vkSj vk/kqfud dkO;] MkW-txnh’k izlkn
JhokLro]fo’ofo|ky; izdk-okjk.klh]iz-la-1985 i`- 376-
359-yksdlkfgR; ‘kks/k vkf.k leh{kk] MkW- jk- fpa-<sjs] Jhfo|k
izdk-iq.ks]iz-vk-1990 i`- 170 rs 173-
360- /keZ vkf.k yksdlkfgR;] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ikWI;qyj izdk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1975 i`- 57]58-
361- feFkdh; dYiuk vkSj vk/kqfud dkO;] MkW-txnh’k izlkn
JhokLro] fo’ofo|ky; izdk-okjk.klh] iz- la- 1985] i`-
373 rs 388-
362- oSfnd laL—rhpk fodkl] rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h tks'kh] izkK
ikB’kkGk]okbZ]nq-vk-1972] i`- 148-
363- ;tqosZn] l-—- nso/kj]izlkn izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-1903] i`- 161-
364- r=So]i`- 195-
365- cqf/noknkpk /kzqorkjk] n-ds-dsGdj] izdk-euksgj
xzaFkekyk]iq.ks]iz-vk-1972] i`- 370-
366- oSfnd laL—rhpk fodkl]rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h tks'kh]izkK
ikB’kkGk]okbZ]nq-vk-1972] i`- 83]84-
719
367-vFkoZosn]l-—-nso/kj]izlkn izdk- iq.ks- iz- vk- 1903]
i`- 79]80-
368- r=So] i`- 106]107-
369- r=So] i`- 124-
370- r=So] i`- 136-
371- r=So] i`- 174]175-
372- r=So] i`- 183]184-
373- r=So] i`- 220]221-
374-yksdlkfgR;kps var%izokg] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]fr-vk-2008 i`- 181-
375- /keZ vkf.k yksdlkfgR;] MkW- nqxkZ Hkkxor] ikWI;qyj izdk-
eqacbZ]iz-vk-1975 i`- 14]15-
376- fiz;k ekyo.kdj ;kapk ys[k] Tkuizokg]ekfld]¼16 twu
2007½]¼laik-½ lqjs’k gkds] i`-33-
377- f=fiaMh ukjk;.k ukxcGh iz;ksx] os-‘kk-la-—-e-
ckiV’kkL=h]jkts’k izdk- iq.ks i`- 20-
378- if=dsrhy dkyliZ;ksxkoj izHkkoh rksMxs] Jh/kj xks[kys] i`-
36-
379- f=fiaMh ukjk;.k ukxcGh iz;ksx] os-‘kk-la-—-e- ckiV’kkL=h]
jkts’k izdk- iq.ks] i`- 18]19-
380- izkphu egkjk”Vª] ¼’kkrokgu ioZ½] MkW- Jh-O;a- dsrdj]izdk-
ojnk cqDl]iq.ks]f}-vk-1989] i`- 428-
381- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 1 yk] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj] ojnk
izdk-iq.ks]frljh vk-1986] i`- 131-
382- cqf/noknkpk /kzqorkjk] MkW- n-ds- dsGdj] izdk- euksgj
xzaFkekyk] iq.ks] iz-vk-1972] i`- 73-
720
383- izkphu egkjk”Vª] MkW- Jh-O;a- dsrdj] izdk-ojnk
cqDl]iq.ks]f}-vk-1989] i`- 67-
384-dYilw=dkyhu v/;kReokn] MkW- fp-x- dk’khdj] izKkatyh]
n- fn- dqyd.khZ]Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks-iz-vk-1985] i`- 17-
385- nsokaph tUedFkk] MkW- iq”ik f=yksdsdj] Jhfo|k izdk-iq.ks]nq-
vk-2008] i`- 189-
386- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 743-
387- r=So] i`- 712-
388- cqf/noknkpk /kzqorkjk] MkW- n-ds- dsGdj] izdk- euksgj
xzaFkekyk]iq.ks]iz-vk-1972] i`- 110-
389- r=So] i`- 257-
390- nf{k.k dk’kh%iSB.k] MkW- jk- Jh- eksjoaphdj]jfojkt izdk-
iq.ks]iz-vk-1987 i`- 50]51-
391- laiw.kZ egkHkkjr] [kaM 9ok] ¼gfjoa’k [kaM 1 yk½] ¼laik½
Hkkyck dsGdj] i`- 184] 186-
392- Jh x.ks’k dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-vejsUnz xkMxhG]izdk-Jhjke cqd
,tUlh]iq.ks-iz-vk-1968] i`- 312-
393- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 2 jk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]pkS-vk-2004] i`- 738-
394-yksdlkfgR; ladYiuk o Lo:i] MkW- ‘kjn O;ogkjs]dSyk’k
ifCysd’ku] vkSjaxkckn] iz-vk-1999] i`- 133] 134-
395-yksdk;r] MkW- l-jk- xkMxhG] yksdokM~-e; x`g izdk-
eqacbZ]nq-vk-1984] i`- 91]92]100]101-
396- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW- —- ik- dqyd.khZ] ’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-] iq.ks]iqueqZnz.k]2004] i`- 620-
721
397-yksdlkfgR;kps var%izokg] MkW- izHkkdj ekaMs] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]fr-vk-2008] i`- 188-
398- xzgladsr ¼fnikoyh fo’ks”kkad] 2004½]¼laik-½ fuR;kuan]izdk-
vftaD; cqd Msiks] lnkf’ko isB] iq.ks] i`- 84] 85-
399- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 678-
400- r=So] i`- 678-
401- ejkBh O;qRiRrh dks’k] ¼laik-½ MkW-—- ik- dqyd.khZ]’kqHknk
lkjLor izdk-iq.ks-]iqueqZnz.k 2004] i`- 816-
402- ejkBh Hkk”ksps ewG] MkW- fo’oukFk [kSjs] laer izdk-iq.ks] nq-
vk-2002] i`- 86-
403- xkoxkMÓkkckgsj] MkW-izHkkdj ekaMs] ifjey izdk-vkSjaxkckn] iz-
vk-1983 i`- 218-
404- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 793-
405- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 4 Fkk] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks] iqueqZnz.k 1994] i`- 741-
406- Hkkjrh; feFkddks’k] MkW- m”kkiqjh fo|kokpLirh]us’kuy
ifCyds’ku gkÅl]ubZ fnYyh] ¼Hkwfedk½i`- 47-
407- gkyLkkrokgukph xkFkklIr’krh] ¼laik-½ l-v- tksxGsdj]
izlkn izdk- iq.ks] iz-vk- 1956] ¼izkLrkfod½ i`-123-
408- cqf/noknkpk /kzqorkjk] MkW- n-ds- dsGdj] izdk-euksgj
xzaFkekyk] iq.ks] iz- vk- 1972] i`- 347-
409- Hkweh vkf.k L=h] MkW- ‘kSyk yksfg;k] xksnkojh izdk-
vkSjaxkckn]iz-vk-2000] i`- 164-
410- lqyHk T;ksfr”k’kkL=] d`- fo- lkse.k] izdk- T;ksrh <oGs]
eqacbZ] iqueqZnz.k] 2003] i`-438-
722
411- yksd/kkVh] n-x-xksMls] ikWI;qyj izdk- eqacbZ] iz-vk-1979]
i`- 16-
412- xkSjkbZph y<kbZ] izFkk v’kh U;kjh] ¼laik-½ mRre
dkacGs]lqxkok izdk-iq.ks-nq-vk-2002] i`- 26-
413- cnkehps pkyqD; rs ;knodkG] MkW- ekyrh egktu]
egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sVh;j ¼izkphu dkG] [kaM 1 yk½] ¼laik-½
MkW-v:.kpanz ikBd]nk’kZfudk foHkkx]e-jk-lka-fo-eqacbZ]iz-vk-
2002] i`- 645-
414- vk;kZaP;k l.kkapk izkphu o vokZphu bfrgkl] _Xosnh] izkK
ikB’kkGk izdk- okbZ] fr-vk-1979] i`- 162] 163-
415- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 10 ok] ¼laik-½ egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 211]213-
416- Hkkjrh; laL—frdks’k] [kaM 9 ok] ¼laik-½ ia-egknso’kkL=h
tks’kh] Hkk-la-dks-ea-iq.ks]fr-vk-2000] i`- 202-
417- dkyliZ;ksx ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k] fdluyky ‘kekZ] ljLorh
cqd Msiks] iq.ks-iz-vk-2003] i`- 15-
418- jkek;.k&lekykspu ¼Hkkx 2 jk½] ¼laik-½Hkkyck dsGdj
ojnk izdk-iq.ks] fr-vk-1986] i`- 129-
419- The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13, Mircea Ediade,
Macillan Pub, New York, 1987, P.371, 372,373.
420- Japanease Mythology, Juliet Piggott, The Hamlyn Pub.
Middlesex, Sec.Ed. 1973 , P. 89.
421- Egyptian Mythology, Veronica Lons, The Hamlyn Pub.
Middlesex, Sec.Ed. 1973 , P. 64,65.
422-The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13, Mircea Ediade,
Macillan Pub, New York,1987,P.370.
423-Near Eastern Mythology, John Gray, The Hamlyn Pub.
Middlesex, Sec.Ed. 1973 ,P. 25.