ivó i mikvi e¨e¯v · g hverkv‡j m„ó me‡p‡q av`k ivr‰bwzk cwzôvb nj ivó| rbmgwó,...

ivóª I miKvi eë ’v

(State and Government)

G hverKv‡j m„ó me‡P‡q Av ©k ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb nj ivóª| Rbmgwó, wbw ©ó f~-LÛ, miKvi I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ G

PviwU Dcv`vb wb‡q ivóª MwVZ| iv‡óª Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb _v‡K| iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖKv‡ki GKwU

gva¨g nj miKvi| GwU iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ I gw¯Í‡®‹i gZ KvR K‡i| RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY I Pvwn`vi mgš‡q ivóª

cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| d‡j miKv‡ii mv‡_ iv‡óªi bvbvgyLx m¤úK© m„wó nq| †`Lv †`q ivóª I miKv‡ii wewfbœ

aiY| GRb¨B c„w_ex‡Z bvbv ai‡bi ivóª I miKvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv ivóª, ivóª MV‡bi

Dcv`vb, ivóª I miKv‡ii wewfbœ aiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

ivóª (State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

ivóª Kx †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb| ivóª MV‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, RbmsL¨v, f~LÛ, miKvi, mve©‡fŠgZ¡, Acwinvh©

ivóª GKwU সmsগ Z Ges ¯’vqx ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| gvbyl wb‡R‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ msNe× n‡q

wbR B”Qvq ivóª m„wó K‡i‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡j ivóª A‡bK weeZ©‡bi d‡j eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq DcbxZ

n‡q‡Q| ivóª MV‡bi PviwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q-

¯’vqx RbMY (Population) Rbmgwó n‡”Q ivó« MV‡bi ¸iZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| ivó«weÁvbx‡ì …wó‡Z Rbgvbewenxb AÂj ivó« e‡j we‡ewPZ

n‡Z cv‡i bv| iv‡ó«i Rb¨ ¯’vqx Rbmgwó Avek¨K| Z‡e Rbmgwói wbw ©ó †Kvb cwigvY †bB| †Kvb †Kvb

iv‡ó« RbmsL¨v Lye Kg n‡Z cv‡i Avevi †Kvb †Kvb iv‡ó« RbmsL¨v AwaK n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Px‡b RbmsL¨v

kZ †KvwUi Dc‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i †eªvbvB‡qi RbmsL¨v yB jv‡Li gZ| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cÖvq 16 ‡KvwU|

iv‡ó«i cÖkvmb I Dbœqbg~jK KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Rbmgwó AZ¨vek¨K|

wba©vwiZ wba©viYK…Z f~-LÛ (Land) ivó« MV‡bi Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© Dcv`vb nj f~-LÛ | f~-LÛ ej‡Z ïay f~wg I Rjvkq‡K †evSvq bv eis GKwU

iv‡ó«i ¯’jfvM, RjfvM I Gi AvKvk mxgv‡K †evSvq| †Kvb iv‡ó«i AvqZb Lye Kg Avevi †KvbwUi Lye †ewk

n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Px‡bi AvqZb 9.6 jÿ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| Acic‡ÿ we‡k¦i GKwU ‡QvU ivó« bvDiæ hvi

cvV-4.1

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 44

AvqZb gvÎ 21 eM© wK.wg.| Avevi gbv‡Kvi AvqZb 2.5 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1 jÿ 47

nvRvi 570 eM© wK. wg.|

miKvi (Government) ivó« MV‡bi Z…Zxq Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi nj Avqbvi gZ hv‡Z iv‡ó«i B”Qv I Awb”Qv cÖKvk

cvq Ges miKv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ nq| miKvi iv‡ó«i hveZxq kvmbKvR cwiPvjbv K‡i| ZvQvov

miKvi iv‡ó«i mvgvwRK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi cvkvcvwk Avf¨šÍixY AvBb-k…•Ljv I wbivcËv eRvq iv‡L|

miKvi g~jZ wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wefvM wZbwU nj: 1| AvBb wefvM 2| kvmb

wefvM 3| wePvi wefvM| ivó«‡f‡` miKvi wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgbt msm`xq miKvi, ivó«cwZ kvwmZ

miKvi BZ¨vw`|

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Soveneignty) iv‡ó«i m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb nj mve©‡fŠgZ¡| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i Pig I P~ovšÍ ÿgZv‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i| d‡j

GKwU ivó« Ab¨ iv‡ó«i wbqš¿Ygy³ _v‡K| mve©‡fŠgZ¡nxb †Kvb f~-LÛ, Rbmgwó I miKvi‡K ivó« ejv P‡j bv|

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ yB ai‡bi nq|

(K) Af¨šÍixY: Af¨šÍixY mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Øviv ivó« Zvi wbw ©ó mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev msL¨vi Dci Aeva I

mxgvnxb ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq Ges Av‡`k I wb‡la Rvwi K‡i| G ai‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Øviv iv‡ó«i Af¨šÍixY

k…•Ljv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv nq|

(L) evwn¨K: evwn¨K Pig ÿgZv Øviv ivó« ewn:kw³i AvµgY ‡_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv K‡i| G ai‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡

Avš‘R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j we¯Í…Z|

A_©vr ivóª bvgK ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbwU Rbmgwó, wbw ©ó f~-LÛ, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges G wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš‡qi

Rb¨ miKvi wb‡q ivóª MwVZ nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcbvi †Rjv‡K wK ivóª ejv hv‡e? hw` bv hvq Z‡e †Kb?

mvims‡ÿc

G hverKv‡j m„ó ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi gv‡S ivóªB me©‡kÖô| Z‡e ivóª m„wói Rb¨ RbmsL¨v, f~-LÛ, miKvi

I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Acwinvh©| iv‡óªi Rb¨ RbmsL¨v I f~-L‡Ûi wbw ©ó †Kvb mxgv †bB| ivóª‡f‡` miKv‡ii aiY

wfbœ wKš‘ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKB iKgfv‡e †fvM K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1

eû wbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kq ai‡bi?

(K) Pvi (L) `yB (M) cuvP (N) wZb

2| iv‡óªi Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj-

mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ii) wePvi wefvM iii) miKvi iv) Rbmgwó

†Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i + ii + iv (L) i + iii + iv (M) ii + iii + iv (N) i + iv

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wekwe`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg


A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Ges ivóª (Economic System and State)

D‡Ïk¨


ivóª‡K wK‡mi wfwË‡Z †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi wfwË‡Z †kÖwYK…Z ivóª m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿgZv, A_©bxwZ, RbKj¨vY, m¤ú`, Drcv`b, e›Ub, mgvb

gvbe mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi ZvwM‡` ivóª bvgK cÖwZôvbwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ

ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ivóª‡K wb¤œwjwLZ wfwË‡Z wewfbœfv‡e †kÖwY wefvM Kiv nq|

1| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v

2| ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z

3| ÿgZv e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z

4| DËivwaKvi m~‡Î

5| D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i

A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi wfwË‡Z gvwjKvbvi Dci wbf©i K‡i ivóª‡K cÖavbZ yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt

1| cyuwRev`x ivóª (Capitalist state) Ges

2| mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª (Socialist state) |

cuywRev`x ivóª t cyuwRev`x ivóª eë¯’vq e¨w³MZfv‡e cyuwR msMÖn, wewb‡qvM I gybvdv AR©‡bi Dci iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv

n¯Í‡ÿc _v‡K bv| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³ ¯vZš¿¨Zv _v‡K Ges Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi my‡hvM we`¨gvb| mvaviYZ cuywRev`x

ivóª gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î ivóª evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e bv eis Pvwn`v I

†hvMvb Øviv evRvi cÖwµqv wbqwš¿Z nq| cuywRev`x iv‡óª cuywRcwZiv iv‡óªi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dci A_©‰bwZK

wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| G ai‡bi iv‡óª RbKj¨vYg~jK e¨q Kg nq Ges miKvi cuywR wewb‡qv‡Mi

hveZxq KvVv‡gvMZ I bxwZMZ my‡hvM myweav m„wó K‡i| d‡j abx-`wi‡ ªï g‡a¨ êlg¨ e„w× cvq| hy³ivóª,

hy³ivR¨ I Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq BDwbqbfy³ †`kmg~n cuywRev`x iv‡óªi DrK…ó D`vniY|

mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªt mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’vq Drcv`‡bi mKj Dcv`vb †hgb-f~wg, kÖg, g~jab Ges eë¯’vcbv

mewKQzi gvwjKvbv _v‡K iv‡óªi nv‡Z| mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª KvVv‡gv‡Z e¨w³¯vZš¿¨Zv †bB| eis e¨w³i Rxe‡b

cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi ¯xq n¯Í‡ÿc we`¨gvb| mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª A_©bxwZ I evRvi eë¯’v ivóª KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ

I wbqwš¿Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³i Av‡qi Dci Kiv‡ivc K‡i abx-`wi‡ ªi g‡a¨ êlg¨ ~i Kivi Rb¨ ivóª me©`v

m‡Pó _v‡K| ivóª kÖwg‡Ki gRywi wba©viY K‡i †`q Ges ivóª Zvi ivR¯ Avq RbKj¨v‡Y e¨q K‡i| wejyß nIqv

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbf~³ †`k¸‡jv mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª KvVv‡gvi AšÍf©~³ wQj| eZ©gv‡b Pxb, †fwbRy‡qjv

mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi D`vniY|

mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi êwkó¨¸‡jv nj

1| G ai‡bi iv‡óª GKwUgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K| Ab¨ `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv|

2| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi Dci ivóªxq KZ©„Z¡ ejer Kiv nq|

cvV-4.2



3| m¤ú‡ì e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv|

4| miKvi MYgva¨g‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|

5| G ai‡bi iv‡óª `j I miKvi GKB nq| `jB me ÿgZv †fvM K‡i|

A_©vr A_©bxwZ iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q ¸iæZ¡cyY© Dcv`vb| ivóªxq-m¤ú`, cyuwR, wewb‡qvM, kÖg I gybvdv Gme †ÿ‡Î

e¨w³i ¯vaxbZv _vK‡j Zv cuywRev`x ivóª Ab¨w`‡K Gme wel‡q hw` ivóª n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i Z‡e Zv mgvRZvwš¿K

ivóª|

wkÿv_©xi KvR iv‡óªi cÖKvi‡f‡ì wfwË¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

bvbvwea Kvi‡Y ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Zvi gv‡S A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi wfwË‡Z ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q

_v‡K| †hgb cyuwRev`x ivóª, mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª, wgkÖ A_©bxwZ wfwËK ivóª, Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v wfwËK ivóª| cyuwRev`x

iv‡óªi g~j êwkó¨ nj m¤úwËi e¨w³ gvwjKvbv I evRv‡ii Aeva I A‡bK mgq Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| e¨w³

¯vaxbZv cÖvavb¨ cvq wKš‘ mvgvwRK êlgÏ cwijwÿZ nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª m¤ú` I evRvi eë¯’v

ivóª gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Gi d‡j mgv‡R GKUv mgZvi cwi‡ek eRvq _v‡K| wKš‘ bvMwiKMY Pigfv‡e e¨w³

¯vaxbZv ewÂZ nq|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| †Kvb aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i cuywRev`x ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq|

K) gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ L) m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub

M) wbqwš¿Z A_©bxwZ N) ivóªxq n¯Í‡ÿc

2| cuywRev`x ivóª I mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª Ò G ai‡bi †kÖwY wefvRb wK‡mi wfwË‡Z ?

K) mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z L) ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z

M) A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi wfwË‡Z N) †KvbwUB bq



ÿgZvi Drm Ges ivóª

(Sources of Power and State)

D‡Ïk¨


ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z ivóª‡K KZ fv‡M fvM hvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| MYZvwš¿K ivóª m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb| GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã RbMY, ÿgZvi Drm, MYZš¿, cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj, GKbvqKZš¿, ˆ¯ivPvi

iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q ÿgZv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU wbqvgK| মতার Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z ivóª‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv

hvq- 1| MYZvwš¿K ivóª (Democratic State) Ges 2| GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª (Autocratic State)|

MYZvwš¿K ivóª

MYZš¿ nj RbM‡Yi miKvi| RbM‡Yi Øviv Ges Rbগেণi Rb¨ †h ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K MYZvwš¿K ivóª

e‡j| jW© eªvBm Gi g‡Z, Ò‡h kvmb eë¯’vq kvmb ÿgZv †Kv‡bv we‡kl †kªYxi nv‡Z b¨¯Í bv †_‡K mgv‡Ri

mKj m`‡mï nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K MYZš¿ e‡j|Ó GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª mKj gvby‡li ¯^vaxbfv‡e iv‡óªi

kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mK‡j wg‡j miKvi MVb K‡i| AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi gZvgZ

cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U Ges

miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbvi my‡hvM _v‡K| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi cwiewZ©Z nq| G‡Z RbM‡Yi

¯v_© iÿvi my‡hvM _v‡K Ges bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi ¯xK…wZ †`qv _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi

AwaKvsk ivóªB MYZvwš¿K ivóª| †hgb: evsjv‡`k , fviZ, hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª|

MYZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’vi ¸bvewj

MYZš¿ RbM ণi AwaKvi, mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g~Z© তীক| GwU AvaywbKKv‡j me‡P‡q RbwcÖq miKvi eë¯’v|

MYZ‡š¿i A‡bK fvj w`K i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ MYZ‡š¿i ¸bvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-

1. `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb eë¯’v : G kvmb eë¯’vq miKvi RbM ণi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| miKvi

iv‡óªi †h †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _v‡K Ges cieZ©x wbev©P‡b Rq jv‡fi Rb¨ Rb¯v_©g~jK

KvR K‡i _v‡K| Gi d‡j †`‡k `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb eë¯’v cÖwZwôZ nq|

2. e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi iÿv-KeP : MYZš¿ bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿv K‡i| MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g RbMY

gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| d‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvর weKvk N‡U| mK‡j wg‡j wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g

miKvi MVb K‡i| G‡Z bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi iÿv nq|

3. mgvbvwaKvi : MYZ‡š¿ mevB mgvb| GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª mevB RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb AwaKvi

†fvM K‡i| MYZvwš¿K ivóª cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î mevi Ask MÖnY wbwðZ K‡i|

4. miKv‡ii ¯’vqxZ¡ e„w×: RbM‡Yi Av¯’v hZ w`b _v‡K miKvi ZZ w`b ¯’vqx nq| ZvB Rbmg_©b jv‡fi

Avkvq `vwqZ¡kxj I Revew`wnZv Ges ¯”QZvi wfwË‡Z miKvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z ¯^‡Pó nq| G‡Z miKv‡ii

mybvg I `ÿZv e…w× cvq|

cvV-4.3



5. bvMwiK ghv©`v e„w× : ivó« cwiPvjbvi fvi _v‡K RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ Rb cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z|

AskM«nYg~jK c×wZi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi nj wbe©vPb| GwU RbMY‡K ivó«xq Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i

†`q| d‡j bvMwiK‡ì ms¯‹…wZ DbœZ nq Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U Ges bvMwi‡Ki m¤§vb †e‡o hvq|

6. wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv n«vm : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKvi cwieZ©bkxj| mywbw ©ó mgq cici miKvi cwieZ©b

nIqvi my‡hvM _vKvq wecø‡e m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|

7. ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I m‡PZbZvi gva¨g : MYZš¿ mKj‡K ivR‰bwZK PPv©i mgvb my‡hvM †`q| d‡j

mK‡jB ivRbxwZ PPv© I ivóªxq Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I m‡PZbZv jvf K‡i| ZvB

†R.Gm. wgj e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿ DËg kvmb eë¯’vi wkÿv `vb K‡i|Ó

MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vi †`vl

MYZš¿ DËg kvmb eë¯’v n‡jI Gi wKQz ÎæwU Av‡Q| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

1. `jKvbv kvmb eë¯’v : MYZ‡š¿ ÿgZvkxj `j me©`vB wbR `‡ji ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i|

Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖwZ A‡bKUv AeÁv K‡i|

2. AÁ I A‡hvM¨‡ì Øviv kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g kvmK g‡bvbqb Kiv

nq| d‡j A‡hvM¨ †jvK wbev©wPZ nIqvi my‡hvM cvq| ivóªweÁvbx †jwK (Lacky) e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿, `wi ª, AÁ

I A‡hvM¨‡ì kvmb|Ó weÁ I kvwšÍwcÖq gvbyl wbe©vP‡bi RwUjZvq Ask wb‡Z Pvq bv e‡jB A`ÿ gvbyl †h

my‡hvM wb‡q _v‡K|

3. †hvM¨Zvi †P‡q msL¨vi cÖvavb¨ : MYZ‡š¿ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbMY Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbev©wPZ K‡i| d‡j

GLv‡b ¸Y ev †hvM¨Zvi †P‡q msL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ cÖvavb¨ cvq| MYZ‡š¿ msL¨vMwiôZvi wfwË‡Z miKvi wbe©vwPZ nq

weavq ‡gav I ‡hvM¨Zvi Aeg~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM i‡q hvq|

4. Nb Nb miKvi cwieZ©b : Nb Nb miKvi cwieZ©b MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg mxgve×Zv| GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j

wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb Kivi ci mywbw ©ó Kg©m~Px MÖnY I cwiKíbv ‰Zwi K‡i| wKš‘ Nb Nb miKvi

cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Gme cwiKíbv mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

5. Av‡eM Øviv cwiPvwjZ : MYZ‡š¿ Av‡e‡Mi cÖfve †ewk| A‡bK mgq e³vMY Av‡eMgq e³…Zvi gva¨‡g

RbMY‡K ek K‡i †d‡j| Gi d‡j ~b©xwZcivqY I A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ivB wbe©vwPZ nq|

ZvB ejv hvq, MYZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’viI wKQz mgm¨v _v‡K| AvB‡bi kvmb, Dchy³ wkÿveë¯’v, evK¯^vaxbZv,

mvg¨, MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨ BZ¨vw` †UKmB MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|

GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª

GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivó« eë¯’v nj †hLv‡b iv‡ó«i hveZxq ÿgZv GKRb e¨w³ ev kvm‡Ki nv‡Z Awc©Z _v‡K|

wZwb GKK wm×v‡šÍ D³ ÿgZv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G ai‡bi eë¯’vq gwš¿cwil` _v‡K AvÁvevnx A_©vr

kvm‡Ki Av‡`k wb‡la ‡g‡b P‡j| GKK ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K Ges kvm‡Ki Revew`wnZv Abycw¯’Z|

GKbvqKZ‡š¿ B‡j±«wbK I wc«›U wgwWqvi (†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I msev`cÎ) mxwgZ ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K Ges Gme

gva¨g miKv‡ii cÖPviYvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| AvBb I wePvi wefvM kvmb wefvM Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|

GKbvqKZ‡š¿i g~jgš¿ nj GK RvwZ, GK ‡bZv I GK †`k| wnUjvi, gy‡mvwjwb, d«v‡¼v wQ‡jb GKbvqK‡ì

g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|

GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi myweav

GKbvqK iv‡óªi DbœwZ PvB‡j ªæZ Dbœqb m¤¢e| Dbœqb cÖKí I aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| bxwZ wba©viY I wm×všÍ

MÖn‡Y A‡bK †ewk ¯vaxb| GKbxwZ I Av`‡k© ivóª kvwmZ nIqvq iv‡óªi HK¨ eRvq _v‡K| wewfbœ `j-Dc`j,

†Mvôx wew”Qbœev`x Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóª cwiPvjbv Zzjbvg~jK mij cÖK…wZ Ges e¨q eûj bq|



GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’vi ÎæwUmg~n:

GKbvqKZš¿ Pig I †¯”QvPvix cÖK…wZi miKvi eë¯’v| GwU g~jZ GKwU AKj¨vYKi kvmb eë¯’v| Gi

ÎæwUmg~n wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj:

1. ˆ¯ivZvwš¿K: GKbvqKZš¿ mev©Z¥K cÖK…wZi Ges ˆ¯îvPvix kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i| KviY GKbvqK‡K KviI

wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq bv| iv‡óªi g~j ÿgZv GK R‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wZwb Zvi B”QvgZ ÿgZv

eënvi K‡ib| wZwb msweav‡bi E‡aŸ© D‡V wb‡Ri ‡Lqvj LywkgZ ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|

2. e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax: G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v MYZš¿ I e¨w³¯vaxbZvi we‡ivax| kvm‡Ki wb‡ ©kB nj

AvBb| d‡j GwU bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi Le© K‡i| G‡Z e¨w³i ¯vaxb I gy³eyw× PPv©i my‡hvM †bB|

3. wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv: G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq wecø‡ei fq _v‡K KviY G‡Z RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq bv|

kvmK RbM‡Yi ytL y ©kvi K_v ïb‡Z Pvb bv| AvB‡bi Abykvmb I b¨vq wePvi mvaviYZ D‡cwÿZ nq|

ivóªbvq‡Ki Amxg ÿgZv Aceënv‡ii weiæ‡× RbMY HKe× nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zviv wecø‡ei WvK †`q|

4. †bZ…Z¡ m„wói AšÍivq: GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKK †bZvi †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| d‡j weKí †bZ…Z¡ M‡o IVvi my‡hvM

LyeB Kg _v‡K| Dciš‘ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY evavMÖ¯Í nq KviY G‡Z ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û RbM‡Yi

AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|

5. wek¦kvwšÍi ûgwK¯iƒc: we‡k¦ GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi msL¨v †ewk n‡j iv‡óªi Ges AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ webó

nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GKbvqKZš¿ wek¦kvwšÍ we‡ivax KviY GUv DMÖRvZxqZv‡eva‡K aviY I jvjb K‡i|

Rvg©vwbi wnUjvi I BZvwji gy‡mvwjbx Ggb g‡bvfve †`wL‡q wek¦hy× D‡¯‹ w`‡qwQ‡jb|

6. AvB‡bi kvmb Dc‡ÿv : GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq AvB‡bi kvmb _v‡K bv| eis GK e¨w³i kvmb

cÖwZwôZ nq| e¨w³ ev GKbvqK Zvi B”Qvbyhvqx msweavb I wePvi wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|

7. iv‡óªi cÖvavb¨ : ÒivóªB me, mK‡jB iv‡óªi Rb¨, ivóªB mKj ÿgZvi DrmÓ- GKbvqKZš¿ Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ

ˆZwi K‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a †Kvb eëavb _v‡K bv| ZvB RbM‡Yi AwaKvi I ¯vaxbZv _v‡K bv|

GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’v e¨w³‡K ivóªxq ÿgZvi m‡ev©”P Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi Rb¨ e¨w³,

e¨w³i Rb¨ ivóª bq| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q miKvi cwieZ©‡bi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wK wK êwkó¨ _v‡K?

mvims‡ÿc

ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z ivóª cÖavbZ yB cÖKvi- MYZvwš¿K ivóª I GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª cÖvß

eq¯‹ bvMwiK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| G eë¯’v e¨w³ ¯vaxbZv, gZ

cÖKv‡ki ¯vaxbZv, ivóªxq ÿgZvq AskMÖnY, †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvMmn ivRbxwZ PP©vi my‡hvM _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K

GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óª GK e¨w³i kvmb envj _v‡K| d‡j †mB GKbvq‡Ki Av‡`k-wb‡ ©k D‡cÿv K‡i

wbR¯ gZ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| RbMY ¯vaxbfv‡e ivRbxwZ PP©v Ki‡Z

cv‡I bv, ZvQvov G eë¯’vq e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb AeKvkI †bB|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwË‡Z ivóª Kq ai‡bi?

K) GK L) yB M) wZb N) Pvi



ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Ges ivóª

(Distribution of Power and State)

D‡Ïk¨


ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z iv‡óªi cÖKvi‡f` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿgZv Ac©Y, †dWv‡ikb, ªæZ, axi, mvsweavwbK, †K› ª I cÖ‡`k

iv‡óªi AvqZb, RbmsL¨v I RbM‡Yi B”Qv Abyhvqx ivóªxq ÿgZv wewfbœ wefvM I AÂ‡j e›Ub Kiv

nq| ÿgZv eÈ‡bi aiY I bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- (1) GK‡Kw› ªK

ivóª (Unitary State) Ges (2) hy³ivóª (Federal State)|

GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª eë¯’v (Unitary State) GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª mvwe©Kfv‡e †Kw› ªq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| iv‡óªi mKj kvmbZvwš¿K ÿgZv

msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU †Kw› ªq miKv‡ii nv‡Z Ac©Y Kiv nq| G‡Z †K› ª †_‡K ÿgZv DrmvwiZ nq Ges

ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î kvmbKv‡h©i myweav‡_© ivóª‡K wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK AÂ‡j wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K

AÂ‡j cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM Kiv nq| cvkvcvwk RbcÖwZwbwaMYI †mme AÂ‡ji cÖkvmwbK Ae¯’v

Z`viwK K‡ib| evsjv‡`k GK‡Kw› ªK iv‡óªi D`vniY|

GK‡Kw› ªK iv‡óª †K‡› ª mKj ÿgZv b¨¯Í _vKvq mgMÖ iv‡óª GKB cÖKvi bxwZ AvBb I cwiKíbv GK‡hv‡M

ejer Kiv nq| d‡j ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖkvmwbK mvgÄm¨Zv iÿv cvq| GK‡Kw› ªK iv‡óª wew”QbœZvev`x

g‡bvfve ˆZwi nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB ej‡jB P‡j| KviY G ai‡bi ivóª wewfbœ †Mvôx _vK‡jI AvÂwjK

¯vqZ¡kvmb _v‡K bv| ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª eë¯’v me©vwaK Dchy³ Ges GKwU RbwcÖq

ivóª eë¯’v|

Avevi GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª, e„n`vqZb ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z Lye †ewk Kvh©Ki bq| KviY mKj AÂ‡ji Rb¨

MÖnY‡hvM¨ bxwZ I cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv RwUj e¨vcvi| GK‡Kw› ªK iv‡óª mvsweavwbKfv‡e †K‡› ªi nv‡Z hveZxq

ÿgZv b¨¯Í nIqvq †K› ªxq miKv‡ii Dci Kv‡Ri evowZ Pvc c‡o| hvi d‡j †K› ª Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡`k ev AÂ‡ji

w`‡K we‡kl „wó ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª eë¯’vq hLb cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ M„wnZ nq ZLb

mKj cÖ‡`k ev GjvKvi Rb¨ GKK I Awfbœ bxwZ I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq A_P wfbœ wfbœ GjvKvq wfbœ wfbœ

mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi wkKvi nq|

m‡e©vcwi GK‡Kw› ªK iv‡óª D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GK‡Kw› ªK ivóª eë¯’v eûj

cÖPwjZ|

hy³ivóª (Federal State) Bs‡iwR †dWv‡ikb (Federation) k‡ãi cvwifvwlK iƒc nj hy³ivóª hvi DrcwË j¨vwUb Foedus k‡ãi A_© wgjb|

myZivs kvwãK A‡_© hy³ivóª ej‡Z GKvwaK ivóª wgwjZ n‡q GKiv‡óª cwiYZ nIqv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr †h eë¯’vq

GKvwaK ivóª I cÖ‡`k wgwjZ n‡q GKwU ivóª MVb K‡i Zv‡K hy³ivóª e‡j| Prof. Diceye e‡jb Òhy³ivóªxq miKvi

nj RvZxq H‡Kï mv‡_ A½iv‡Rï AwaKv‡ii mvgÄm¨ weav‡b MwVZ ivR‰bwZK msMVbÓ|

cvV-4.4



G ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’vq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ kvmb cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© ÿgZv e›Ub Kiv nq|

hy³ivóª memgq kw³kvjx nq| KviY cvkvcvwk KZ¸‡jv ÿz`ª ivóª GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡bi ivóª MVb K‡i| ZvQvov

hy³ivóªxq miKvi iv‡óªi wewfbœ GjvKvi m¤ú` Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g kw³kvjx I e„nr A_©bxwZ MVb K‡i †`k‡K DbœwZi

w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †m Kvi‡Y c„w_exi mKj hy³ivóªB Kg †ewk DbœZ| hy³ivóª, KvbvWv cÖf…wZ hy³iv‡óªi

D`vniY| Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ewk †`k fviZI GKwU hy³ivóª|

hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq RbMY `ywU miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ¨ †`Lvq| `yB cÖKvi AvBb I Av‡`k †g‡b P‡j| ZvQvov

hy³iv‡óª AvÂwjK ¯vZš¿ I wfbœZv eRvq †i‡L RvZxq HK¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| †hgb fvlv, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ wfbœ n‡jI

RvZxq HK¨ webó nq bv|

wKš‘ hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v RwUj cÖK…wZi| KviY evwni †_‡K GwU ïay GKwU ivóª wKš‘ †fZi †_‡K GwU eûivóª|

hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq ÿgZv e›U‡bi d‡j †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Ø›Ø †`Lv w`‡j kvmbZvwš¿K APjve¯’vi m„wó nq|

ZvQvov hy³iv‡óª cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ¯Zš¿ I ¯vqZ¡kvwmZ nIqvq †K›`ª †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

KvbvWvi KzB‡eK cÖ‡`kwU wew”Qbœ n‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Q| m‡e©vcwi hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi µzwU _vK‡jI wbtm‡›`‡n GwU

GKwU Kvg¨ kvmb eë¯’v|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki gZ iv‡óªi Rb¨ hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v wK Kvh©Kix n‡e?

mvims‡ÿc

ÿgZvi e›UY bxwZ‡Z `yB ai‡Yi ivóª †`Lv hvq| GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª I hy³ivóª| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª mKj ÿgZv †K›`ª

†_‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| miKvi, RbcÖwZwbwa, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix GKwU †K‡›`ªi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| Zzjbvg~jK ÿz`ª

AvqZ‡bi iv‡óªi †ÿ‡Î G eë¯’v Lye Kvh©Ki wKš‘ e„nr AvqZ‡bi iv‡óª G eë¯’v _vK‡j RbMY cÖK…Z Rb‡mev

†_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k, kÖxjsKv, wm½vcyi BZ¨vw` GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª| Ab¨w`‡K †h eë¯’vq

mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªxq ÿgZv †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki gv‡S wbw`©ófv‡e fvM K‡i †Ìqv nq ZvB nj hy³ivóª| Gme

iv‡óª mvaviYZ AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ÿgZv cÖ‡`‡k fvM K‡i †Ìqv nq| †hgb- Av‡gwiKv, d«vÝ,

Rvg©vwb, fviZ hy³iv‡óªi D`vniY|



1| ÿgZv e›U‡bi aiY I bxwZi wfwË‡Z ivóª Kq ai‡bi ?

K) GK L) yB M) wZb N) Pvi

2| fviZ + evsjv‡`k njÑ

i) GK‡Kw› ªK + hy³ivóªxq ii) MYZvwš¿K + GK‡Kw› ªK

iii) hy³ivóªxq + GK‡Kw› ªK iv) GK‡Kw› ªK + GK‡Kw› ªK

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) ii L) iii M) ii+iv N) iii + iv



DËivwaKvi Ges ivóª

(Heredity and State)

D‡Ïk¨


DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwË‡Z ivóª KZ cÖKvi Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| wbi¼zk ivRZ‡š¿i g~j êwkó¨¸‡jv ¯úó n‡e| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i aib eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivRv ev ivbx, bvggvÎ, DËivwaKvi, †¯”QvPvwiZv, mxwgZ

†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwË‡Z ivóªxq ÿgZv e›Ub Kiv nq| G ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’v‡K

ivRZš¿ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| DËivwaKvi e‡j ivRZ‡š¿ ivRvi cyÎ A_ev Kb¨v iv‡óªi ivRv ev ivbx

wnmv‡e AwawôZ nb| Ebwesk kZvãx ch©šÍ ivRZš¿ wQj BwZnv‡mi dj I RbwcÖq ivóª eë¯’v| wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m

wKQz wKQz ivóª e¨ZxZ meLv‡bB wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb N‡U| ivRZš¿ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vt

1| wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ (Absolute Monarchy) Ges

2| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ (Constitutional Monarchy)

wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿

G ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix| G‡Z kvmb cÖwµqvq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY Kivi

†Kvb my‡hvM †bB| wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿ Dbœqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwšZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| mKj ÿgZv GKR‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í

_vKvq Riæwi g~û‡Z© ivRv `ªæZ Ges PURjw` wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv

†ewk w`b a‡i ÿgZvq _vKvi ìæb AwfÁ nq| †mB AwfÁZv AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ iv‡Rï gvby‡li †mevq

wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Bsj¨v‡Ûi GwjRv‡e_, ivbx wf‡±vwiqv, mßg GWIqvW©, cÂg RR© Zviv LyeB `ÿ I

AwfÁ wQ‡jb|

Ab¨w`‡K wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿i cÖavb Amyweav nj DËivwaKvi m~‡Î A‡bK mgq AbwfÁ I A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ ivRv ev ivbx

n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUjZv ˆZwi nq| Avevi wbi®‹zk ivRv Zuvi ÿgZvi

Aceënv‡ii gva¨‡g †¯^”QvPvwi nq| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ G ai‡bi iv‡óªi msL¨v LyeB Kg| D`vniY¯iƒc R`©vb I †mŠw`

Avi‡ei kvmb eë¯’v †K wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ ejv hvq|

wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿

G ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx DËivwaKvi m~‡Î bZzev wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e iv‡óªi cÖavb nb| iv‡óªi cÖK…Z kvmb

ÿgZv RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K| ivRv ev ivbx G‡ÿ‡Î mxwgZ ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib|

wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i GKwU we‡kl myweav nj G‡Z MYZš¿ myiwÿZ nq Ges cÖkvmwbK Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿‡Y

RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì c~Y© AskMÖnY _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î ivRv ev ivYx †Kvb `‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib bv eis wZwb KvDwÝjmi

Ae wgwb÷vim‡ì cÖwZ cÿcvZnxb _v‡Kb| G ai‡bi ivóª eë¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx bvggvÎ ivóª cÖavb nb| ivRv ev

cvV-4.5



ivbxi m¤§vbm~PK GKwU Ae¯’vb _v‡K Ges we‡kl wKQz ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿ ivRvi KZ©„Z¡

mxwgZ _v‡K Ges gwš¿iv cÖK…Z ÿgZv PP©v K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î gwš¿MY cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb ivRvi wbKU bb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ Ges wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i cv_©K¨ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

ivRvi mšÍvb ivRv n‡e GUvB ivRZš¿ ev DËivwaKvi m~‡Î MwVZ iv‡óªi g~j êwkó¨| GB ivRZš¿ `yB ai‡bi n‡q

_v‡K, wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ I wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿| MYZ‡š¿i G hy‡M ivRZš¿ Lye GKUv Kvh©Ki †bB| Zey ‡mŠw`

Avie, KvZvi, Igvb, eªæbvB Gi gZ iv‡óª wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K c„w_exi cÖwZwôZ MYZvwš¿K A‡bK

iv‡óª wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ i‡q‡Q| hy³ivR¨, gvj‡qwkqv, A‡÷ªwjqv, Aw÷ªqv Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| G ai‡bi

ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv ev ivYx RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb Ges ZvivB cÖK„Z ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i|



1| wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ I wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ iv‡óªi G ai‡bi †kÖYxKiY wK‡mi wfwË‡Z ?

K) D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z

L) DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwË‡Z

M) ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z

N) AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z

2| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿ bvggvÎ I cÖK…Z ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib h_vµ‡g Kviv?

K) ivRv ev ivbx I RbcÖwZwbwa

L) RbcÖwZwbwa I b¨vqcvj

M) RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa

N) ivRv ev ivYx I wePviwefvM



D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z ivóª (Types of State on Purpose)

D‡Ïk¨


D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z ivóª †Kgb nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Kj¨vY, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, wbivcËv, Rxebgvb, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

ivóª m„wói cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj gvby‡li Kj¨vY| gvbyl wb‡R‡ì AwaKvi, Kj¨vY I kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv

wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ivóª m„wó K‡i‡Q| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K wfwË K‡i MwVZ ivóª nj Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª|

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª (Welfare State) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| gvbweK wPË weKv‡k ivóª ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv iv‡L| ivóª ‡jv mvgwiK kw³ e„w× K‡i bv| D`vniY¯iƒc- wdbj¨vÛ, AvBmj¨vÛ, KvbvWv, biI‡q, myB‡Wb

cÖf~wZ| Kj¨vYgyjK ivóª mbvZb iv‡óªi GKwU AvaywbK iƒc| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m G ai‡bi iv‡óªi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

†e‡o‡Q| c~‡e© iv‡óªi cÖavb KvR wQj k„•Ljv iÿv I ewn:kÎæi AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kiv| ivóª GLb Avi cywjwk `vwqZ¡

cvjb Ki‡Q bv| RbKj¨vY mvabB AvR‡Ki hy‡M iv‡óªi cÖ_g I cÖavb `vwqZ¡| eZ©gv‡b ivóª kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvi

cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK wel‡q eûwea Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi wKQz

wKQz êwkó¨ _v‡K hv Ab¨vb¨ ivóª †_‡K ¯Zš¿| wb‡¤œ †m êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ

ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v †hgb- Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv, wPwKrmv I evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i| ivóª RbM‡Yi mvwe©K

Kj¨v‡Y mvgvwRK wbivcËv eë¯’v †Rvi`vi K‡i| cvkvcvwk iv¯ÍvNvU, GwZgLvbv, mivBLvbv, Lv`¨ fZy©wK cÖ vb

I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v QvovI †eKvi fvZv, cÖwZewÜ fvZv, AemiKvjxb fvZv cÖf„wZi eë¯’v K‡i|

Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª mvgwiK evwnbx _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j| Gme ivóª mvgwiK e¨q n«vm K‡i RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R

fZ©ywK e„w× K‡i|

G ai‡bi ivóª Ki eë¯’vi gva¨‡g (abx‡ì Dci D”Pnv‡i I `wi`ª‡ì Dci Kg nv‡i Ki avh© Kiv) Mixe,

Amnvq I `y¯’‡ì mvnvh¨ I cybe©vm‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i|

byb¨Zg gRywi wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g K…lK kÖwgK I gRyi‡ì ¯v_© msiÿY I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡bi eë¯’v K‡i|

ZvQvov mgevq mwgwZ I kÖwgK Kj¨vY mwgwZ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g K…lK, kÖwgK I gRyi‡ì ¯v_© msiÿY K‡i|

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª me© vB e¨w³ ¯vZš¿ I AwaKvi ¯xKvi K‡i Ges Zv msiÿ‡Yi wbðqZv cÖ vb K‡i|

Rbmvavi‡Yi Rxebgvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ivóª bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK wbivcËvi eë¯’v K‡i| †hgb-‡cbkb

cÖ vb, †hŠ_ exgv, †eKvi fvZv cÖ vb, Kj¨vY fvZv cÖ vb BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg MÖnY I cwiPvjbv K‡i|

evsjv‡`k Kx Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª?

evsjv‡`k cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª bq| †Kbbv evsjv‡`‡k GLbI mK‡ji †gŠwjK AwaKvi myiwÿZ bq| Gwkq

Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨g‡Z GLb cÖvq 31 kZvsk †jvK `wi`ª mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| Z‡e `vwi‡`ªi nvi †h MwZ‡Z n«vm

cv‡”Q Zv‡Z evsjv‡`k GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª cwiYZ nIqv mg‡qi e¨vcvi gvÎ| †ek wKQz RbKj¨vYg~jK

Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g GwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi KvQvKvwQ P‡j G‡m‡Q|

cvV-4.6



wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`k wK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª? Avcbvi DËi e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

cÖK…Z A‡_© ivóª RbKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, hwÌ gvK©mev`x `„wó‡Z ivóª nj

†kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| Z‡e GUvI mwZ¨ AvaywbK Kv‡j ivóª e¨ZxZ e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| †Kbbv

ivóª bvMwi‡Ki Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËvmn Rxe‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Acwinvh© Pvwn`v wgwU‡q _v‡K| A‡bK myKzgvi e„wËi

weKv‡kI f‚wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e c„w_ex‡Z wKQ~ ivóª i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK Kj¨vYg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K

†m¸‡jv‡KB Kj¨vY ivóª ejv nq| †hgb-myB‡Wb, AvBmj¨vÛ, †WbgvK©, wdbj¨vÛ cÖwZwôZ Kj¨vYivóª| Z‡e

A‡bK ivóª Kj¨vYiv‡óªi gZ KvR Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| wKš‘ bvbvwea mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GLbI cy‡iv

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª n‡q I‡Vwb|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi êwkó¨ bq?

K) †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv

L) mvgvwRK wbivcËv †`qv

M) K…lK kÖwgK †kÖYxi ¯v_© ÿzbœ Kiv

N) `wi`ª‡ì Dci A‡cÿvK…Z Kg nv‡i Ki avh© Kiv

2| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª m¤ú‡K© ejv hvqÑ

i) GKwesk kZvãx‡Z Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q

ii) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª me© v e¨w³ ¯vaxbZvi cwicš’x

iii) hy³ivR¨ c„w_ex‡Z GKgvÎ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª

iv) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) iii I iv L) i+ iii M) i+ ii+ iii N) i+ iv



miKvi (Government)

D‡Ïk¨


†Kvb&& †Kvb&& wfwË‡Z miKvi‡K †kÖwYe× Kiv hvq Zv ¯úó n‡e| miKv‡ii wefvM m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã cwiPvjbv, wbe©vn, ÿgZvi e›Ub, GK‡Kw› ªK, hy³ivóªxq

ivóª MV‡bi Z…Zxq Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi e¨wZ‡i‡K ivóª MVb Kiv hvq bv| miKvi nj iv‡óªi

jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi gvag| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g g~jZ iv‡óªi B”Qv Awb”Qv cÖKvk cvq| mvgvwRK

Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi cvkvcvwk miKvi iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i k„•Ljv I wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i| miKvi iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡

iÿv K‡i| wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L| ewn:kÎæi AvµgY †_‡K †`k‡K iÿv KivI miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡|

Aa¨vcK Avi wR †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡”Q iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’v|Ó (Government is the organization or machinery of the state.) ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj miKvi‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr ivóª GKwU Rxe‡`‡ni g‡Zv n‡j Zv‡K

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hgb gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ miKvi Acwinvh©|

miKvi g~jZ wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| h_vÑ

1| AvBb wefvM (Legislature),

2| kvmb wefvM (Executive) Ges

3| wePvi wefvM (Judiciary)|

miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

`vk©wbKMY miKv‡ii aviYvi m„wó Kvj †_‡K miKvi‡K wewfbœ †kÖYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| MÖxK cwÛZ Gwi÷Uj Zvi

weL¨vZ The Politics MÖ‡š’ `ywU g~jbxwZi wfwË K‡i miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gwU nj D‡Ïk¨g~jK bxwZ I

Ab¨wU nj msL¨vbxwZ| G `ywU bxwZi Dci wfwË‡K wZwb Qq ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’v D‡jøL K‡ib|

kvm‡Ki msL¨v ¯vfvweK iƒc weK…Z iƒc

GKR‡bi kvmb ivRZš¿ ˆ¯ivPviZš¿

K‡qKR‡bi kvmb AwfRvZZš¿ awbKZš¿

eûR‡bi kvmb MYZš¿ RbZš¿

cieZ©x mg‡q A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e w÷‡db jxKK cÖ Ë miKv‡ii

†kÖwYwefvMwUB G ch©šÍ mev©waK MÖnY‡hvM¨| jxKK miKvi‡K g~jZ `y fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v MYZš¿ I

GKbvqKZš¿| MYZš¿‡K wZwb Avevi cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ wn‡m‡e †kÖwYf~³ K‡i‡Qb| c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ Avevi `yÕai‡b:

GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ Ab¨wU mvaviYZš¿| ÿgZv e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ Avevi GK‡Kw›`ªK I

hy³ivóªxq n‡Z cv‡i| ÿgZv ¯Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Abyhvqx GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi Avevi msm`xq miKvi Ges

cvV-4.7



ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi bvgK `ywU iƒ‡ci K_v e‡j‡Qb| Z‡e AvaywbK Kv‡j wb¤œiƒc miKvi eë¯’v me©vwaK cwijwÿZ

nq|

ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi

m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z

GK‡Kw› ªK hy³ivóªxq

msm`xq ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

miKv‡ii aiY †hgbB †nvK miKvi nj ivóª bvgK Rvnv‡Ri KvÛvix| miKv‡ii DciB wbf©i K‡i RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY|

AvaywbKKv‡j †h miKvi RbgZ I Kj¨vY‡K hZ cÖvavb¨ w`‡”Q †m miKviB †ewk RbwcÖq n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefv‡Mi wfwË¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

ÿgZvi web¨vm I cÖ‡qvM‡f‡` miKvi wfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb eë ’vq miKvi †K›`ª n‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq

Avevi †Kvb eë¯’vq †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k `yB Ask †_‡K; †Kv_vI miKvi AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K; Avevi

†Kv_vI GK e¨w³i wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| miKvi eë¯’v †h ai‡Yi †nvK me ai‡Yi miKv‡iiB AvBb wefvM,

kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM bv‡g wZbwU wefvM _v‡K|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖYxKiY †Kvb&&wU ?

K) GK‡Kw›`ªK I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

L) hy³ivóªxq I msm`xq

M) GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq

N) gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

2| †Kvb&&wU wVK?

K) fviZ t GK‡Kw› ªK I msm`xq

L) hy³ivóª t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ I hy³ivóªxq

M) evsjv‡`k t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ I GK‡Kw›`ªK|

N) hy³ivR¨ t msm`xq I hy³ivóªxq|

K) i I iv L) ii I iii M) ii+ iv+ i N) ii + iii + iv

miKvi



ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Abymv‡i miKvi

(Government on Principles of Distribution of Power)

D‡Ïk¨


ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZi wfwË‡Z miKv‡ii †kÖYx¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †K› ª I cÖ‡`k, miKvi cÖavb, ivóª cÖavb, RvZxq HK¨, RwUj, †¯”QvPvwiZv

ivóªxq ÿgZvi mvsweavwbKfv‡e GKwU As‡ki Kv‡QI ivLv hvq, Avevi ivóª cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© Zv

†K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †Ìqv hvq| Gfv‡e ÿgZv wefvRbB ÿgZv e›Ub| ÿgZv

eÈ‡bi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKvi‡K yB †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq:

GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi (Unitary Government) Ges

hy³ivóªxq miKvi (Federal Government)|

GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi (Unitary Government) GB miKvi eë¯’vq ivóª mvgwMÖKfv‡e †K› ª †_‡K cwiPvwjZ nq| GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi eë¯’vq cÖv‡`wkK

miKvi _v‡K bv| Z‡e cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb _vK‡Z cv‡i hv †Kvb cÖv‡`wkK miKvi bq| cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb †Kw› ªq

cÖkvm‡bi mnvqK wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| d‡j †K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ÿgZv eÈ‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

hy³ivR¨, evsjv‡`k, Rvcvb cÖf…wZ †`‡k GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi i‡q‡Q|

GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡ii myweavmg~n

GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡ii †ek wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q| myweavmg~n wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj-

1. RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv

G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †K› ª I cÖ‡`k _vK‡jI cÖ‡`‡ki ¯vqZ¡kvmb _v‡K bv| GKvi‡Y

mviv‡`‡k GKB bxwZgvjv,cwiKíbv I AvBb cÖYqb Kiv myweavRbK nq hv ev¯Íëvq‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq HK¨

mycÖwZwôZ Kiv hvq|

2. ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY

GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡ii c‡ÿ ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv mnR| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvÂwjK ev cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii

¯v_© Avjv`vfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Sv‡gjv Kg nq| 3. mvsMVwbK mnR‡eva¨Zv

G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq mKj ÿgZv †K‡› ªi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges Gi mvsMVwbK eë¯’v mij cÖK…wZi nq|

†K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi Ø›Ø _v‡K bv| ZvQvov mviv‡`‡k Awfbœ cwiKíbv, bxwZ I AvBb ev¯Íevqb

Kiv nq weavq wm×všÍ MÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevqb Z¡ivwšZ nq| d‡j mvsMVwbK …pZv I mvgÄm¨Zv wVK _v‡K|

4. miKvwi e¨q Kg

ïaygvÎ †K‡› ª miKvi MVb Kivq GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡i cÖkvmwbK e¨q LyeB Kg| †K› ª e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨

cÖkvmwbK AÂ‡j †Kvb msm` ev gwš¿cwil` bv _vKvq miKv‡ii e¨q Kg nq| wbw ©ó msL¨K cÖkvmwbK

Kg©KZ©vi mvnv‡h¨ miKvi mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i Ges Zv av‡c av‡c ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq|

GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡ii †`vl

GK‡Kw› ªK miKv‡ii myweavi cvkvcvwk †ek wKQz AmyweavI i‡q‡Q|

cvV-4.8



GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki cwicš’x| mgMÖ †`‡ki Kvh©µg GKwU gvÎ †K› ª †_‡K cwiPvwjZ nevi

d‡j miKvwi KvR ¯’wei n‡q hvq| †K› ª cÖvqk †¯”QvPvwiZvi g‡bvfve †`Lvq| m‡e©vcwi GwU e„n I êwPÎ¨gq

iv‡óªi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq|

hy³ivóªxq miKvi (Federal Government) GKvwaK ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖ‡`k wg‡j hLb GKwU miKvi MVb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K hy³ivóªxq miKvi e‡j| e¯‘Z G

ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ÿgZv AvswkKfv‡e cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK

miKv‡ii nv‡Z Ges RvZxq welq¸‡jv †Kw› ªq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| cÖ‡`k I †K› ª Df‡qB ÿgZv jvf

K‡i Ges wbw ©ó †ÿ‡Î ¯vaxbZv eRvq †i‡L wbR wbR kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB hy³ivóªxq miKvi‡K

ˆØZ miKviI ejv nq| hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, fviZ cÖf…wZ †`‡k hy³ivóªxq miKvi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq|

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii myweav ev ¸Yvewj¸‡jv nj-

1. RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq AvÂwjK ¯^KxqZv I wfbœZv eRvq _v‡K| G ai‡bi eë¯’v ¯^vqZ¡kvmb wbwðZKiY

I RvZxq HK¨ ‰Zwi‡Z mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©vr RvwZMZ I fvlvMZ ‰ewPÎ¨ _vK‡jI GK ai‡bi

HK¨ M‡o I‡V|

2. ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvavb

hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq AvÂwjK miKvi ¯’vbxq mgm¨v¸‡jv mn‡R wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc

MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î A½ivR¨¸‡jv‡K ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b †K‡› ªi gyLv‡cÿx

n‡Z nq bv|

3. †K› ªxq miKv‡ii Kv‡Ri Pvc n«vm cvq

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv †K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ fvM Kiv nq| d‡j †K› ªxq miKv‡ii

Dci †_‡K Kv‡Ri Pvc jvNe nq Ges †K› ª Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b AwaK my‡hvM cvq|

4. kw³kvjx ivóª MV‡b Dc‡hvMx

hy³ivóª miKvi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wew”Qbœ ivóª ‡jv GKwÎZ nevi my‡hvM cvq| G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq ÿz`ª

ÿz ª ivóª ‡jv‡K HKë×fv‡e kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ K‡i| mvaviYZ hy³ivóª ‡jv Kg †ewk DbœZ nq KviY

hy³ivóªxq miKvi iv‡óªi wewfbœ GjvKvq m¤ú` Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g e„nr cywuR MVbc~e©K ivóª‡K DbœwZi w`‡K wb‡q

†h‡Z cv‡i|

5. †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U| ¯’vbxq mgm¨v¸‡jv ¯’vbxq RbmvaviYB mgvavb K‡i| d‡j Zviv

ivóªxq Kv‡h© Rwo‡q c‡o| G‡Z K‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U|

6. ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w× K‡i

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq RbMY yÕwU miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †`Lvq Ges y cÖKvi AvBb I Av‡`k †g‡b

P‡j| cvkvcvwk wecyj msL¨K gvbyl kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I †PZbvi

cÖmvi N‡U|

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n wbgœiƒc

1. RwUj miKvi eë¯’v

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v AZ¨šÍ RwUj| evB‡i ‡_‡K GwU GK ivó« g‡b n‡jI †fZ‡i GwU A‡bK iv‡ó«i

mgwšZiƒc| G ai‡bi iv‡ó« †Kw› ªq miKvi QvovI cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K A_©vr miKv‡ii wfZi



miKvi| GLv‡b AvÂwjK I †Kw› ªq mKj ai‡bi AvBbB ejer _v‡K hv †K› ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©

wba©vi‡Y (AvBb ˆZwiI Zv ev¯Íevqb, ÿgZv eÈb) RwUj Ae¯’vi m…wó K‡i|

2. e¨qeûj kvmb eë¯’v

hy³ivóªxq miKvi GKwU e¨qeûj miKvi eë¯’v| G‡Z RvZxq I AvÂwjK miKv‡ii ywU Avjv`v kvmb

KvVv‡gv _v‡K| †K› ªxq I AvÂwjK cÖkvm‡b eûmsL¨K Kg©KZv© Kg©Pvix KvR K‡i| G‡Z miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK

e¨q e„w× cvq|

3. mvsMVwbK ye©jZv

mvsMVwbK ye©jZv G ai‡bi miKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg mgm¨v| ÿgZv fvMvfvwM nIqvi d‡j †K› ª I cÖ‡`k

Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB A‡cÿvK…Z ye©j miKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| d‡j ªæZ wm×všÍ M«nY I ev¯Íevqb KwVb n‡q c‡o|

G †ÿ‡Î cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii gZvgZ cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB Riæwi Ae¯’vq ªæZ wm×všÍ M«nY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi

†ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv †`Lv ‡`q|

4. wew”QbœZvgyLx

G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq wew”QbœZvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ I

¯vqZ¡kvwmZ| †fŠ‡MvwjK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î ¯Zš¿ nIqvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvÂwjKZvi Rb¥ nq| Gi d‡j †Kvb

†Kvb cÖ‡`k ev AÂj †K› ª †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

ÿgZv e›U‡Yi wfwË‡Z miKvi‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi|

GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi eë¯’vq ivóª †K› ª n‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq| miKv‡ii cÖavb wbe©vnx I mKj RbcÖwZwbwa

GKB AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| mvaviYZ ÿz ª AvqZ‡bi iv‡óªi ‡ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi Lye Kvh©Ki

nq| Ab¨w`‡K †h miKvi eë¯’vq mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv †K› ª I cÖ‡`k GB fv‡M wef³ _v‡K ZvB

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v| G‡ÿ‡Î mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi mv‡_ RwoZ welq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ welq mvaviYZ

cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq| e„nr AvqZ‡bi iv‡óª mvaviYZ hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v †ewk

†`Lv hvq|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii myweav bq ?

K) RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv L) `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY M) ¯’vbxq †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki cwicš’x N) e¨q wbqš¿Y

2| hy³ivóªxq miKviÑ

i) ¯’vbxq mgm¨v `ªæZ mgvavb K‡i|

ii) RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w× K‡i

iii) ÿgZv e›Ub wb‡q †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Ø›Ø m„wó K‡i

iv) wew”QbœZvev‡ì Rb¥ †`q

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K) i+ iv L) ii + iii M) iii + iv N) meKwUB|



AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© Abyhvqx miKvi

(Types of Government according to Relation between Legislature and Executive)

D‡Ïk¨


AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© Abyhvqx miKv‡ii †kÖwY Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

msm`xq miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã msm`, gwš¿cwil`, ivóªcÖavb, AvBb cÖYqb, wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨, `vwqZ¡kxj

miKv‡ii yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM nj AvBb I kvmb wefvM| G yÕwU wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z

miKvi‡K y fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_v:

msm`xq miKvi (Parliamentary form of Government) I

ivóªcwZ kvmwZ miKvi (Presidential form of Government)|

msm`xq miKvi (Parliamentary form of Government) msm`xq miKv‡ii Aci bvg gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi| msm`xq miKvi nj Ggb GKwU kvmb eë¯’v †hLv‡b

miKv‡ii mKj ÿgZv gwš¿cwil‡ì nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wbe©vnx wefvM Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx

_v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î gwš¿mfvq gš¿xMY Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨w³MZ I †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡ì wbKU Revew`wn K‡ib|

mvaviY wbe©vP‡b msm‡ì msL¨vMwiô Avm‡b weRqx `j gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i Ges `‡ji GKRb Av¯’vfvRb e¨w³

cÖavbgš¿x wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| cÖavbgš¿x Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x‡ì wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡ib| G miKvi eë¯’vq GKRb

wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb _v‡Kb whwb cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi civgk© Abyhvqx KvR K‡ib| cvjv©‡g›U ev

AvBbmfvi ga¨ †_‡K gš¿x‡ì wb‡qvM Kiv nq e‡j G‡K cvjv©‡g›Uvwi ev msm`xq miKvi ejv nq| evsjv‡`k,

fviZ, hy³ivR¨ cªf…wZ †`‡k msm`xq miKvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

msm`xq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

msm`xq miKvi eë¯’v nj GKwU RbwcÖq miKvi eë¯’v| wb‡gœ Gi ¸Yvewj ewY©Z nj-

1. AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ myôz mgšq

G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ

nq| kvmb I AvBb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ †mŠnv ©¨g~jK Nwbô m¤úK© eRvq _v‡K| KviY kvmb wefv‡Mi m`m¨MY

AvBb mfvi m`m¨ nb|

2. `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi eë¯’v

msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq miKv‡ii gš¿xMY GKK I †hŠ_fv‡e AvBbmfv A_©vr msm‡ì wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb e‡j

G‡K `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi eë¯’v e‡j| msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx

_v‡Kb|

3. we‡ivax`‡ji ¸iæZ¡

msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq we‡ivax `j nj Kvh©Ki msm` MV‡bi c~e©kZ©| we‡ivax `j‡K Qvqv miKviI ejv nq|

we‡ivax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii Rb¨ Acwinvh©| we‡ivax `j miKv‡ii †`vl-ÎæwU RbM‡Yi

cvV-4.9



mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| ZvQvov RvZxq msK‡U A_ev †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `j cvi¯úwiK

Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4. bgbxqZv

msm`xq miKvi bgbxq cÖK…wZi| GLv‡b msm` RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b I †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© †h †Kvb mgq mn‡RB

msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ G‡ÿ‡Î msm` m`m¨‡ì yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

ZvQvov RbmvaviY cª‡qvR‡b wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q miKvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

5. ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi

msm`xq miKvi RbgZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ kvmb eë¯’v| miKvwi I we‡ivax `j RbgZ‡K Zv‡ì AbyKz‡j ivLvi

Rb¨ memgq Zrci _v‡K| ZvQvov miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv I bxwZgvjv Ges iv‡óªi Kvh©µg wb‡q msm‡` weZK©

nq| G‡Z K‡i RbmvaviY Zv‡ì KiYxq wVK K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv

e„w× cvq|

6. GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ae¯’vb

msm`xq miKvi g~jZ `jxq miKvi| G‡Z msm‡ì msL¨vMwiô `jB miKvi MVb K‡i| Avi †h `j

msL¨vMwiôZv cvq bv Zviv we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gfv‡e msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq GKvwaK `‡ji

Ae¯’vb wbwðZ Kiv nq|

7. HwZn¨ iÿv

ms`xq miKvi †`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K HwZn¨ iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Bsj¨v‡Ûi wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿|

msm`xq miKv‡ii ÎæwU

eZ©gvb msm`xh miKvi eë¯’v Lye RbwcÖq| wKš‘ G miKv‡ii wKQz ÎæwU i‡q‡Q| msm`xq e¨ve¯’vq GKB e¨w³

kvmb I AvBb wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K d‡j ÿgZv c„_KxKiY bxwZ Kvh©Ki m¤¢e nq bv| mKj ÿgZv msm‡ì

nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vKvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤ nq| msm` wbw ©ó †gqv‡ì Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi miKv‡ii Aw¯’wZkxjZv

_v‡K bv| ZvQvov msL¨vMwió `j miKvi MVb K‡i e‡j `jxq ¯v_© cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq Ges yb©xwZ e„w× cvq|

ivóªcwZ kvmwZ miKvi (Presidential form of Government) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi nj Ggb GK miKvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b ivóªcwZi nv‡Z iv‡óªi me©gq ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K|

wZwb Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb cwil‡ì wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb bv| A_©vr kvmb wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx

_v‡K bv| G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªcÖavb Ges cªK…Z kvmK I wbe©vnx cÖavb GKB e¨w³ nb| gvwK©b

hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj

ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii KZ¸‡jv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Yvejx Av‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv ewY©Z nj-

1. ¯’vqx kvmb eë¯’v

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi A‡cÿvcK…Z ¯’vqx kvmb eë¯’v| G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ GKwU wbw ©ó

†gqv‡ì Rb¨ wbev©wPZ nb| wZwb Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× bb| ivóªcwZ AvBbmfvi Av¯’v ev

Abv¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡ib bv| Awfksmb (†Kv‡bv mywbw ©ó Kvi‡Y AcmviY Kiv) Qvov Zv‡K ÿgZvP~¨Z Kiv

hvq bv| ZvB wbw ©ó Kvh©Kvj †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ miKvi cZ‡bi m¤¢vebv Lye Kg _v‡K|

2. ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY I fvimvg¨ bxwZi mnvqK

G ai‡bi miKv‡ii GKwU weavb nj ÿgZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ| G kvmb eë¯’vq miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM A_©vr

kvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvM‡K c„_K Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K GKwUi m‡½ AciwUi m¤úK© eRvq ivLv nq| d‡j

ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY I fvimv‡gï mydj cvIqv hvq|



3. Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvq Dc‡hvMx

Riæwi Ae¯’v wKsev msKU gyn~‡Z© ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| G eë¯’vq †h †Kvb msKUgq

gyn~‡Z© Ges Riæwi Ae¯’vq ivóªcwZ AvBb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ civgk© bv K‡i ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j hy×,

Riæwi Ae¯’v I Ab¨ †Kvb msKUKv‡j ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi `ÿZvi cwiPq †`q|

4. `jxq cÖfvegy³

G ai‡bi miKvi `jxq cÖfvegy³| AvBb cv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msm` m`m¨‡ì †fvUvfzwU miKv‡ii ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Dci

cÖfve †d‡j bv d‡j G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq `jxq g‡bvfve Kg cÖ wk©Z nq| AvBbmfvq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji

mgš‡qi Dci ivóªcwZi ¯’vqxZ¡ wbf©i K‡i bv| ZvB ivR‰bwZK `j miKv‡ii bxwZ wbav©i‡Y cÖfve we¯Ívi

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

5. `ÿ kvmb eë¯’v

G‡Z ivóªcwZ I gš¿xMY AvBb cwil‡ì wbKU `vqe× bb| ZvB Zv‡ì‡K AvBb cÖYqb wb‡q †ewk wPšÍv Ki‡Z

nq bv| A_©vr G kvmb eë¯’vq AvBb ev¯Íevqb mnR nq Ges cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv e„w×Zv cvq|

6. ªæZ Dbœqb

G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq ªæZ Dbœqb m¤¢e| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq|

cÖkvmwbK w¯’wZkxjZvI eRvq _v‡K| Gi d‡j ªæZ Dbœqb wbwðZ nq|

ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii ÎæwUmg~n

wm×všÍ MÖnY I e„nr iv‡óªi Dc‡hvMx we‡ePbvq ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eZ©gv‡b RbwcÖq kvmb eë¯’v| wKš‘ G

miKv‡ii Abgbxq cÖK…wZ, y¯úwieZ©bxq msweavb, ivóªcwZi †¯”QvPvix g‡bvfve mgv‡jvPbvq m¤§yLxb nq|

ZvQvovI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡ob I Revew`wnZvi Afve †`Lv hvq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcwb †Kvb&& ai‡Yi miKvi †ewk Kvh©Ki e‡j g‡b K‡ib? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z miKvi‡K yB fv‡M Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU nj msm`xq miKvi I

Ab¨wU ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi| msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq miKvi mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU

Z_v RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ GKB mv‡_ miKvi I

ivóªcÖavb| wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb bv| G eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ †¯”QvPvix

n‡q hvevi Avk¼v _v‡K| d‡j A‡bK iv‡óª ÔÿgZvi fvimvg¨ bxwZÕ AbymiY Kiv nq|


eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv

1| †Kvb&&wU‡Z mKj ÿgZv gwš¿cwil‡ì nv‡Z KzwÿMZ _v‡K?

K) msm`xq miKvi L) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi M) DfqB N) †KvbwUB bq|

2| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ------------- wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx bq|

K) kvmb wefvM L) wePvi wefvM M) kvmb I wePvi wefvM N) me¸‡jv|



P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Rbve Ave yjøvn mv‡ne cvi‡d± MÖæc Ae BÛvw÷ªR Gi mvaviY eë¯’vcK| wZwb Zvi mnKg©x I

Kg©KZv©‡ì wbKU fxwZi cvÎ| KviY wZwb Abgbxq cÖK…wZi| cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq cÖkvmwbK wm×všÍ wZwb

GKvB ‡bb| Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì civgk© wZwb MÖnY K‡ib না| Aciw`‡K ingvb mv‡ne _v‡g©· MÖæ‡ci

eë¯’vcK| wZwb †h †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zvi Aa:¯Íb Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ Ges kªwgK‡ì mv‡_

civgk© K‡ib|

K) mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kq ai‡Yi I Kx Kx?

L) Ave yjøvn mv‡ne mKj cÖkvmwbK wm×všÍ GKvB †bb

M) wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿x Kx? G †cÖwÿ‡Z GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’vi †¯^”QvPvix g‡bvfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

N) Dc‡i ewY©Z Aby‡”Q‡ì ggv_© Abyhvqx GKbvqKZvwš¿K I MYZvwš¿K ivóª eë¯’vi Zdvr †ei Kiæb|

2| Zcyi eo fvB Zcy‡K covw”Q‡jb- evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi‡K ejv nq msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi

Aci c‡ÿ Av‡gwiKv nj ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi| Zcy wRÁvmv Kij evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi‡K †Kb ivóªcwZ

kvwmZ miKvi ejv nq bv| fvB ej‡jb, ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii †h me êwkó¨ _vKvi K_v evsjv‡`k

miKv‡ii Zv †bB| wZwb AviI e‡jb msm`xq c×wZi miKvi GKwU `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb eë¯’v| ZvB

evsjv‡`‡k GwU‡K MÖnY Kiv nq|

K) Òmsm`xq I ivóªcwZkvwmZÓ wK‡mi wfwË‡Z G ai‡bi †kªYxKiY Kiv nq?

L) msm`xq ev ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ‡gŠwjK cv_©K¨ wK?

M) Òevsjv‡`‡ki miKvi hy³ivóªxq c×wZi bqÓ- cÖgvY Kiæb|

N) evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb?

3| wkÿK K¬v‡m G‡m ej‡jb, ÒAvR Avgiv Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m G

ai‡bi iv‡óªi MÖnY‡hMv¨Zv AwaK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi ivóª gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Abœ,

e¯¿, wkÿv, wPwKrmvmn Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| m¨vi AviI ej‡jb G ai‡bi miKvi e¨w³

¯vaxbZv wbwðZ K‡i| me‡k‡l wZwb ej‡jb †h, hwÌ evsjv‡`k RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR Ki‡Q, GwU

cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª n‡Z cv‡iwb| GKRb QvÎ cÖkœ Ki‡jv m¨vi †Kb n‡Z cv‡i wb?

K) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª wK?

L) K‡qKwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi D`vniY w`b|

M) Av‡jvP¨ DwÏc‡K ewY©Z ivóªwUi êwkó¨¸‡jv wjLyb|

N) DwÏc‡K ewY©Z QvÎwUi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1 : 1| L 2| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2 : 1| K 2| M

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3 : 1| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4 : 1| L 2| L

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5 : 1| L 2| K

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6 : 1| M 2| N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7 : 1| M 2| M

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.8 : 1| M 2| M

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.9 : 1| L 2| K

ivó i mikvi e¨e¯v · g hverkv‡j m„ó me‡p‡q av`k ivr‰bwzk cwzôvb nj ivó| rbmgwó,...

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