ivc ultrasound
TRANSCRIPT
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ULTRASOUNDOF
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
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OBJECTIVES
Describe indications for using ultrasound at the bedside to image the inferior vena cava.
Describe how to performing bedside ultrasound of the inferior vena cava.
Use the findings on ultrasound to guide assessment of intravascular volume status.
Generate group discussion regarding the potential value of learning this procedure for patient management
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CASE46 M was admitted with alcoholic hepatitis and newly diagnosed cirrhosis with ascites. On exam he had flat JVD in supine position, tense abdominal distension, and moderate leg edema to the knees. He was started on a 28 day Trental protocol Hospital Course
Day 1-9 - 3 paracenteses; - removal of 11 liters of ascitic fluid. Day 10 - JVD flat in supine position - Abdomen still distended but not tense - moderate leg edema - Na = 136, Cr = 1.0, BUN = 11 - furosemide started at 20 mg QD - spironolactone started at 50mg QD.
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CASE
Day 12 - JVD flat in supine position - persistent leg edema - apparent increase in abdominal girth on exam - Na = 134, Cr = 0.7, BUN = 12 - furosemide increased to 40mg QD
Day 19 - JVD flat in supine position - persistent leg edema - abdominal girth same to slightly decreased - Na = 136, Cr = 0.8, BUN = 12 - furosemide increased to 80mg QD - spironolactone increased to 200mg QD
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CASE Day 21 - JVD flat in supine position - leg edema the same - Abdominal girth the same - Na = 130, Cr = 0.9, BUN = 10
Day 24 - JVD flat in the supine position - leg edema the same - Abdominal girth the same to slightly increased - Na = 127, Cr = 0.7, BUN = 13, Urine Na < 10
Daily weights and Input/Output measures were collected sporadically and could not be assessed for any trends.
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CLASSIC HYPONATREMIA
Hypovolemic Euvolemic Hypervolemic
UNa UNaUOsm > SOsm
UNa > 40
< 10 < 10> 20 > 20YES NO
Volume Depletion
Mineralcorticoid Deficiency
SIADH OTHER
Volume Replacement
Fluid Restriction
Fluid Restriction
plus Diuretics
CirrhosisNephrosisCHF
CKD
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QUESTION
What type of hyponatremia does this patient have and how should it be managed?
A. Hypovolemic hyponatremia stop diuretics; begin normal saline infusion; liberalize po fluid intake;
monitor Na over the course of the next several days; if Na does not improve or worsens, entertain hypervolemic hyponatremia as the cause
B. Hypervolemic hyponatremia increase the diuretics and tighten the fluid restriction; monitor Na over
the course of the next several days; if Na does not improve or worsens, entertain hypovolemic hyponatremia as the cause.
C. Not sure consult nephrology for an opinion about the hyponatremia
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INDICATIONS
IVC Ultrasound
Spontaneously Breathing
Mechanical Ventilation
Volume Status / CVP Fluid Responsiveness
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INDICATIONS
Assessing Intravascular Volume Status / CVP
VOLUME DEPLETED STATES- Hyponatremia- Acute Kidney Injury (? Prerenal)- Diuretic therapy- Sepsis
VOLUME OVERLOAD STATES-Hyponatremia- Heart Failure-Cirrhosis with ascites- Anasarca
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INDICATIONS
Assessing Fluid Responsiveness in Shock
- IVC diameter does not correlate with right atrial pressure in patients who are intubated with shock
- Measuring the variation in IVC diameter in these situations can help determine whether the patient’s blood pressure will respond to fluids or whether inotropic support (i.e. dobutamine) will be needed
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AnatomyThe inferior vena cava returns
blood from the body to the right atrium
Formed by the convergence of the illiac veins
RetroperitonealRight of the aorta Normal size <2.5 cmVaries w respiration
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Respiratory variation
Expands w/ expiration
Contracts w/ inspiration Due to changing intrathoracic pressures.
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Respiratory Variation
Figure 2: Physiological respiratory variations in IVC diameter in a healthy volunteer breathing quietly.: From: http://www.pifo.uvsq.fr/hebergement/webrea/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=93IVC diameter decreases on each inspiration.
http://www.criticalecho.com/content/tutorial-4-volume-status-and-preload-responsiveness-assessment
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Measuring the IVC Diameter
Measure IVC 2cm distal to right atrium
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Inspiratory (Minimal) IVC Diameter
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Maximum (Expiratory) IVC Diameter
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M-Mode IVC Diameters
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CAVAL INDEX (CI)
CI =
minimal (inspiratory) diameter
maximum (expiratory) diameter
maximum (expiratory) diameter
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CAVAL INDEX (CI)
Volume Depletion
Volume Overload
0% 100%
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IVC v CVP
Correlation Between IVC Diameter Plus CI and CVP
IVC Max Diameter (cm)
CI CVP (mmHg)
< 1.5 100% (total collapse) 0-5
1.5-2.5 > 50% 6-10
1.5-2.5 < 50% 11-15
> 2.5 < 50% 16-20
> 2.5 0% (no collapse) >20
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M-Mode Volume Depletion
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M-Mode Volume Overload
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IVC v CVP
Correlation Between IVC Diameter Plus CI and CVP
IVC Max Diameter (cm)
CI CVP (mmHg)
< 1.5 100% (total collapse) 0-5
1.5-2.5 > 50% 6-10
1.5-2.5 < 50% 11-15
> 2.5 < 50% 16-20
> 2.5 0% (no collapse) >20
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PROCEDURE
Positioning 1 Supine2 Degree of head elevation has not been
shown to make a significant difference in measurements
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PROCEDURE
Probe Selection
1 Low frequency 2-5 MHz2 Curvalinear probe
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PROCEDURE
Approach #1 – Xiphoid View
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PROCEDURE
Landmarks Aproach #1 – Xiphoid View1 Most common approach2 Place probe longitudinally just below the
xiphoid process with the probe marker to the patient’s head
3 Look for IVC going into right atrium – may need to move probe 1-2cm to patient’s right and then tilt it slightly towards the heart
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IVC Longitudinal
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PROCEDURE
Approach #2 – Anterior Mid-Axillary View
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PROCEDURELandmarks
Aproach #2 – Anterior Mid-Axillary View1 Place probe longitudinally in right anterior
mid-axillary line with marker towards the head
2 Look for IVC running longitudinally adjacent to liver crossing the diaphragm.
3 Track superiorly until it enters right atrium confirming that it is the IVC and not the aorta.
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IVC Anterior Mid-Axillary View
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PEARLS
Bowel Gas 1 May impede visualization in the xiphoid view2 Gentle graded pressure may help move
bowel out of way3 Don’t press too hard or will collapse IVC
causing false measurements4 Consider anterior mid-axillary view
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PEARLS
Plethoric (dilated/sluggish) IVC 1 Volume overload2 Cardiac tamponade3 Mitral regurgitation4 Aortic stenosis
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PEARLS
Mechanical Ventilation 1 Causes reversal of IVC changes with
respiration2 Maximum diameter with inspiration,
minimum diameter with expiration
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PEARLS
AortaThick, echogenic wallsPulsatileHigh flow velocityNot compressableNo respiratory variationAbove vertebral bodies
IVCThin wallsUsually not pulsatileLow flow velocityCompressableRespiratory variationRight of vertebral bodies
IVC v Aorta
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Aorta – Longitudinal View
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Changing and Inserting the Transducer
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Insert the transducerTwist lock counterclockwise
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Fold lock down
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Ready to power-up machine
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Power Button
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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SonoSite 180 Plus
Wrong Transducer is Connected
Correct Transducer Menu-GYN-OB-Abdominal
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SonoSite 180 Plus
M-Mode
2D View (default)
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GAINChanges the contrast on the screen
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SonoSite 180 Plus
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CASE An IVC Ultrasound was performed at the bedside.
Maximum IVC diameter during expiration = 1.10 cm. The
Minimum IVC diameter during inspiration = 0 cm.
Caval Index = 100% (total collapse)
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CASECorrelation Between IVC Diameter Plus CI and CVP
IVC Max Diameter (cm)
CI CVP (mmHg)
< 1.5 100% (total collapse) 0-5
1.5-2.5 > 50% 6-10
1.5-2.5 < 50% 11-15
> 2.5 < 50% 16-20
> 2.5 0% (no collapse) >20
Interpretation: Mixed hyponatremia
(intravascular volume depletion plus free water excess from cirrhosis)
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CASE
Treatment: - one liter of normal saline IV to expand intravascular volume
- reduced free water oral intake from 1500cc to 1000cc/d - Continued current diuretic dosing to remove free water
Result: In 3 days, the patient’s Na progressively increased to 136
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REFERENCES-De Lorenzo RA, Morris MJ, William JB, et al. Does a simple bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava correlate to central venous pressure? J. Emer. Med. 2011; 42(4); 429-436.
-Kosiak W, Swieton D, Piskunowicz M. Sonographic inferior vena cava/aorta diameter index, a new approach to the body fluid status assessment in children and young adults in emergency ultrasound preliminary study. Acad. J. Emerg. Med. 2008;26:320-5
-Blehar DJ, Dickman E, Gaspari R. Identification of congestive heart failure via respiratory variation of inferior vena cava diameter. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2009;27:71-5. -Chen L, Santucci KA, Kim Y. Use of ultrasound measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter as an objective tool in the assessment of children with clinical dehydration. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2007:14:841-5. -Feissel M, Michard F, Faller JP, et al. The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1834-7.
-Fields JM, Lee PA, Jenq KY, et al. The interrater reliability of inferior vena cava ultrasound by bedside clinician sonographers in emergency department patients. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2011;18:98-101. -Kircher BJ, Himelman RB, Schiller NB. Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure from the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava. Am J. Cardiol. 1990;66:493-6. -Randazzo MR, Snoey ER, Levitt MA, et al. Accuracy of emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and central venous pressure using echocardiography. Acad. Emerg. Med.2003;10:973-7.
-ACEP Policy Statement on Emergency Ultrasound Guidelines. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2009;53:550-70
-Nagdev AD, Merchant RC, Tirado-Gonzalez A, et al. Emergency department bedside ultrasonographic measurement of the caval index for noninvasive determination of low central venous pressure. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2010;55:290-5.
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DISCUSSION