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Originalresearcharticle

WOMEN'SWORLDGAMES

IvanaParčina1,VioletaŠiljak1,AleksandraPerović1andElenaPlakona2

1FacultyofManagementinSports,AlfaUniversity,Belgrade,Serbia

2Facultyofsportandphysicaleducation,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia

IvanaParčina,VioletaŠiljak,AleksandraPerovićandElenaPlakona

UDK796.093.1‐055.2

SUMMARY

Thesubjectmatterofthispaperreferstooneofthefirstinternationalathleticscompetitionsknownas theWomen’sWorldGames.These firstGames forwomenwereorganizedbytheInternationalSportsClubsofMonacoandMonteCarlo,withthe aim to attract and entertain sporting enthusiasts. At this internationalcompetition, women had their first opportunity to participate in athleticscompetitions.TheGameswereheldin1921,1922and1923inMonteCarlo.Atthattime,theseGameshadaprefix‐Olympic.ThesuccessofthefirstGamesmadetheorganizationof the followingcompetitions forwomeninavarietyofeventsmucheasier.ThePresidentoftheInternationalFederationofSportsforWomenwasAliceMilliat, and she organized the Women's Olympic Games in Paris in 1922, theInternationalWomen's Games in 1926 in Gothenburg, in 1930 in Prague and in1934inLondon.TheaimofthestudyistodeterminetheimportanceofWomen'sWorld Games for the overall development ofwomen's sports and their inclusionintothecompetitionprogramattheOlympics.Thehistoricalmethodwasappliedinthepaper.Resultsof thispapercontribute to theclarificationofdoubtsregardingtheinclusionofwomenintheOlympicmovement,giventhatwithherwork,AliceMilliat directed the attention of the International Olympic Committee to theimportanceofincludingwomeninthecompetitionprogramattheOlympics.

Keywords:women,athletics,internationalcompetitions,AliceMilliat

CorrespondenceauthorVioletaŠiljakvioleta.siljak@alfa.edu.rs

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INTRODUCTION

KeepinginmindCoubertin’sinfluence,theframeworkofhiscreativeworkandmotivation,itcanbeconsideredthatthemaincausesforthelackofpresenceof women in competitive sports are associated with religion, war preparation,ancientOlympicGamesandVictorianEngland.Therewasalargenumberofdirectopponentstotheideaofwomen’sequalparticipationinsports.Coubertin’sworksprovideenoughevidenceofthisclaim.Heopposedtheparticipationofwomenincompetitivesportsbecause, in linewithhisupbringing,hedidnotconsidered itnatural.Coubertinwasamanofhistime,anddidnotchangealongwiththesocialchangesthathadsweptEurope,causingupheavalinoldtraditionsandprinciples.In1901,hewrote:Theroleofawomanintheworldremainsasitalwayshasbeen.Sheisaboveallacompaniontoman,thefuturemotherofthefamilyandshouldbebroughtuphavingsuchfateinmind...1

ThefirsttimehethoughtabouttheroleofwomeninthereconstructionoftheOlympicGames,CoubertinwasinEnglandandhewaswatchingtheprocessofawardingthewinnersoftheGamesorganizedinhishonourin1890.Thewinnerrodeonawhitehorseuptowherethegirlstood,descendedfromhishorseandkneltinfrontofherinordertobecrownedwithalaurelwreath.Hethenkissedthegirl’shand.Coubertin,whohadalreadyadoptedtheEnglishwayof life likedwhathesawanddescribeditataconferenceinGenevain1935.Inlateryearsofhis life,Coubertinaccepted theparticipationofwomen in sportsandpublic life,buthewasstilltroubledbypresenceoffansatwomen’scompetitions.

The admission of women into the Olympic movement became official in1924, when a text was introduced to the basic rules:Women are accepted intocertaincompetitionsattheOlympicGames.Theprogramwilldefineinwhicheventstheywillparticipate.

AttheCongressheldinPraguein1925,Coubertinannouncedthathewasresigningaspresident,andslowly traditionasa factorused for theexclusionofwomenstartedtodisappear.AtthenextCongressheldinLisbonin1926,womenwereadmittedtoathleticscompetitionsandforthefirsttimewereabletoentertheOlympicStadiuminAmsterdamattheGamesin1928.Thiswasthelasthurdleofthemasculinisedhegemonythatwomenjumpedover.Theiracceptanceonthetrackwastheresultofalongprocess.

1 Norbert Müller , ed., Pierre de Coubertin Textes Choisis, Vol.1 (Zurich: International Olympic Committee, 1986), 47 (Eng. Selected Texts).

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SUBJECTMATTER,PURPOSEANDMETHOD

The subject matter of the paper refers to the participation of women inspecialathleticscompetitionscalledWomen’sWorldGames.Theaimofthestudyis to determine the importance of Women's World Games for the overalldevelopmentofwomen'ssportsandtheirinclusionintothecompetitionprogramattheOlympics.Thehistoricalmethodwasappliedinthepaper.

TheRoleofAliceMilliatintheDevelopmentofWomen'sSports

Despite resistance by Coubertin and otherconservativemembersoftheInternationalOlympicCommittee,somewomenwereabletoparticipateinthe early Games in events that were sociallyacceptable forwomen.Athleticswerenotaneventopenforwomen,andwomenwhowereinvolvedinitwerenotthoughtofveryhighly.TheIOCrefusedto consider the participation of women in theGames in 1920 and 1924. The decision of the IOCandtheInternationalAmateurathleticsFederationnot to address the issue of women led to thecreationoftheInternationalFederationofWomen'sSports (FSFI ‐ Federation Sportive FeminineInternationale), which was the main driver of

change in women's sports during the 1920s and1930s.TheFederationwas foundedon31October1921,anditplayedaveryimportantroleintheevolutionofwomen'ssportsandcompetingattheOlympicGames.Fromfivenation‐membersinthefoundingyear,theFederationgrewto30nation‐membersby1936,whenitwasshutdown.AliceMilliatwasattheheadofthisbody(Fig.)1).

In 1917, Alice Milliat founded theWomen’s Sports Federation of France(FederationdesSocietesFeminesSportivesdeFrance)aroundthesametimewhenthe Austrian Amateur Athletics Federation was founded. The first women'snationalathleticschampionshipwasheldin1918inAustria,whileathleticsweredevelopinginGreatBritain,Poland,Italy,Switzerland,BelgiumandNorway,evenduring thewar.2. Stimulation thatwasmissing inorder toactivate thestatutory

2 Allen Guttmann, Women’s Sports. A History. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 95.

Fig.1AliceMilliat

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bodyforthecontrolofinternationalwomen'sathleticscompetitionscamefromanot so famousFrenchathleteAliceMilliat. Great efforts by thiswomanandherassociatesmadetheOlympicofficialsrecognizethedesireofwomentocompeteatthe international level and represent their countries as men in the Olympiccompetitions. Milliat was a rower, which she grew to love during her stay inEngland. She traveled a lot around Europe and the United States andwas veryinterested in sportsandphysical education. Shebeganher careerasa leader insports inoneof thethree largeFrenchclubsFemaleSports (FeminaSport).Theclub was founded in 1912, and Alice became president of the club three yearslater. She worked as a cashier in organizing the first national championship ofFranceheldin1917onlytobeelectedSecretaryGeneraloftheFrenchAssociationthe followingyear. InMarch1919, shewasunanimously electedSpeakerof theFederation. As president, she organized the championships in field hockey,football,basketballandswimming.

OlympicGamesforWomenandWomen’sWorldGames

AliceMilliatfocusedallherenergyonwomen'ssportstoberecognizedbyfederationsofmen’ssports.Sheusedherexperiencetohelpwomen’ssports,andin1921,afterherrequestfortheinclusionofathleticsevents for women at the Olympics was denied, sheorganized the first Olympic Games for women inMonte Carlo together with the president of theMonacoInternationalSportsClub,CamilleBlanc(Fig.2). At the competition called 1er MeetingInternationald'EducationPhysiqueFemininedeSportsAthletiques,therewere100femalecontestantsfrom4countries.3The competitionwasheld fromMarch24toMarch31inthegardenoftheMonteCarloCasino.

Women from England, France, Italy andSwitzerlandcompeted ina60m runningevent (Fig.3), in250mand800mevents, in4x75mand4x175mrelays,65mhurdles,longjump,standinglongjump,

3 International Association of Athletics Federation, “Plaque commemorating first women’s Olympics” IAAF, http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/plaque-commemorating-first-womens-olympics-un (downloaded Feb 15, 2013).

Fig.2CompetitionProgramFrontPage

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highjump,javelinandshotput.Atthissportingevent,therewerealsoexhibitionmatchesinbasketball,gymnasticsandpushball.4(pushball).

All the goldmedalswerewon bycompetitors from England and Franceand all the participants received specialmedalsfortakingpartintheGames.

The following games were heldthefollowingyearinthesameplaceandboth competitions experienced greatsuccessandattracteda largenumberoffans. TheGameswereheld in 1923 and,since 2009, the IAAF has been callingthesegamesthefirstWomen'sOlympicGames.

After theFSFIwas formed,Milliat resenther request to the InternationalOlympicsCommitteetoincludewomenintheathleticseventsattheOlympics.As

her request was again denied by the IOC, sheorganizedthefirstwomen'sOlympicGamesinParison20August,1922.Thesegameswerefollowedby15,000fans,andtheyexperiencedsuchsuccessthatin the August edition of the newspaper Sports (LeSportif)MilliatwascomparedtoCoubertin5.

ByorganizingtheGamesandestablishingtheFederation,Milliatachievedtwoobjectives:

she overcame resistance fromPierre de Coubertin to allow women to equallyparticipateintheOlympicGamesand

she forced the InternationalAmateurAthleticsFederationIAAFtotakefemale

athleticsseriously.

There were 77 competitors who participated at the Olympics fromCzechoslovakia, France, England, Switzerland and the United States. The

4

Pushball was played by two teams on a field usually 128 m long and 46 m wide with a ball 1.83 m in diameter and 23 kg in weight. There were 11 players on each team and in two half times they tried to get the ball to go over the goal or to push it under. Points were won based on the way the ball was thrown over. The game was invented in the United States in 1891.

5 Andre Drevon, Alice Milliat La Passionaria du Sport Feminin ( Paris: Vuibert, 2005), 68.

Fig.360mrace

Fig.4medalsfromtheGamesinMonteCarlo

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competitionwasopenedwith anOlympic style ceremony.Athletes competed inthe60‐meter,100‐yard(91.44meter),300‐meter,1000‐meter,relay4x110‐yard(about 100‐meter) and 100‐yard hurdles running events. Long jump, standinglongjump,highjump,javelinandshotputwerealsotheeventstheycompetedinat this sporting event. The contestants in the shot put and javelin events firstthrewwith theirrightandthenwith their lefthands.Summarizedresultsof thebest right‐hand throws and the best left‐hand throws gave the final order ofcontestants.Therewere18worldrecordssetinthiscompetition.

The success of the first women's Olympic Games held in Paris in 1922forced the IAAF to negotiate with the FSFI about the control over women'sathletics.In1924,IAAFvotedtosanctionwomen'sathleticsandtoexcludethemfrom the program of the Games. FSFI pressure continued and eventually anagreement was reached to retain the right to organize women's athleticscompetitions, but to exclude the term “Olympic” from the name of the Games.Milliat excluded the term “OlympicGames” and used the nameWomen'sWorldGames.FSFIbecamea strong independentbody thatbegan to rival theOlympicmovement, especially after theWomen'sOlympicGames in1922.Consequently,thesaidagreementwassignedandtheIOCwasfinallyreadyto includesomeoftheathleticseventsattheGames.

The next competition calledWomen’sWorld Gameswas held in 1926 inGothenburg, Sweden. The Games took place from August 27 to August 29, andinvolved competitors from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, England, Japan,Latvia, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland. The discus throw was introduced inaddition to the competitive disciplines from the previous games. The Olympicopeningceremonywasattendedbyover20,000fans,andtheGameswereopenedbythewifeofaformerPrimeMinisterMaryvonSydows.

Fig.5KinueHitomi

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These Gamesweremade special by a Japanese competitor KinueHitomi,whowastheonlyrepresentativeofhercountry(Fig.5).Shewoninthelongjumpevent,settinganewworldrecord.Shewoninthestandinglongjumpevent,cameinsecondinthediscusthrow,finishedthirdinthe100yardrace,fifthinthe60mraceandsixthinthe250mrace.HerresultscontributedtoJapanfinishingupfifthinthefinalstandings.

In1928inAmsterdam,theIOCincluded5ofthe11eventsthatwereattheWomen'sWorld Games, believing thatwomenwere not physically able to copewith some of the disciplines even though they have repeatedly participated inthem.Milliatconfirmedthatthenumberofeventswere inadequateandwasnotsurewhethertheywouldbefurtherreducedintheupcomingGames.ShedecidedtocontinueorganizingtheWomen'sWorldGames.

TheGamesinPraguewereheldin1930asthethirdconsecutiveWomen’sWorld Games. They took place from September 6 to September 8, with 200participants from 17 countries. Athletes from Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia,France,Germany,England, Italy, Japan,Latvia,Netherlands,Poland,SwedenandSwitzerland competed in the following events: running events including 60 m,100m, 200m, 800m, 4x100m relay and 80m hurdles races, long jump, highjump, javelin, shot put and discus, aswell as in the triathlon (100m race, highjumpandjavelin).Theyalsoplayedexhibitionbasketballmatches(Canadahadaspecial team,Fig. 6), handball, fencing, archery and canoeing. The only sportingeventonthethirddayofthecompetitionwasabasketballgamebetweenCanadaandFrance,whereCanadawon18:14.

DuringtheInternationalAthleticsFederationCongressin1928,therewasadebateonthemotionbysomecountriestocancelthewomen'scompetition.Afteradiscussion, itwasdecidedtocancelthe800mraceonlyandtokeeptheotherevents.WomenwhocompetedinpreviousGamesdidnotdeservesuchhostility.Women’s athletics had constantly been exposed to criticism probably becausetheywerenotoneofthearistocraticsportingevents.Theathleteswerenotfromwealthyfamiliesanddidnotappearonthefrontpagesofmagazinesoradvertiseproducts. Theywere ordinarywomen from the factories, offices, tailor's shops,andtheidentificationofathleticswiththelowerclassandtheworkingclasslastedfordecadeslater.

At the 1929 IOC Congress held in Lausanne, it was decided to exemptathleticsforwomenfromtheGamesinLosAngelesthatweresupposedtobeheldin 1932 because of inadequate reporting on competitions from the previousGames.Thejournalistswerenotreadytofollowwomen'sathletics,andsubmittedfalse reports on female competitors fainting in the middle of the race, cryinghystericallyiftheydidnotwin,andsoforth.Officialfiguresrefutedthejournalists’allegations.An interestingpieceof informationwas that thepressreported that

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outof11womenonly6ofthemcompletedtherace,whiletheofficialfigurewasthatoutof9women7ofthemmadeinthroughthefinishline.AttheGamesinSt.Louisheld in1904, in the800‐meter race twomencollapsed,while the IOCdidnottakethisasagoodenoughreasontoexpelathleticsfromtheprogram.

Fig.6Canadianbasketballteam

Singing and dancing competitions were offered as an alternative. IAAFmembers threatened to boycott the program of male events if women werecompletely excluded, thus a compromise was made. In Los Angeles, womencompetedinthe100‐meterrace.

Duringthissession,theFinnishOlympicCommitteesupportedtherequestbytheNordiccountriestoabolishthewomen'scompetitions inthereductionoftheprogram.Itwasproposedthatthemaincommitteeshouldmakeareportonthe exclusion of women after consulting with the delegates of internationalfederations.Opinionsof themembersof the IOCon this issueweredivided,buttheproposalwaspassed.

A Congress held in Barcelona in 1931 put the issue of women'sparticipationtovoteinvariouseventsfortheGamesinLosAngeles.Ingymnastics

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and swimming they were accepted unanimously, in athletics with 16 votes infavourand3against,andinfencingwith17infavourand2against.

AliceMilliatsentalettertotheIOCwhichwasreadattheCongressinOsloin1935.Sheproposedtoexcludeallwomen'seventsfromtheOlympicsbecausetheyhadtheirownGamesheldeveryfouryears,whichwereregulatedbytheFSFIandwhichcoveredallsportsinwhichwomencompeted.Aftertakingtheproposalinto considering, the IOC ruled that a decision could not be made withoutconsultingthefederations.ThereasonforthismovebyAliceMilliatwasthefactthattheIOCdidnotincludeallathleticsdisciplinesinwhichwomencompetedintheir Games in the Olympics. Team Great Britain thought it could not gainanything by participating in the Olympic Games under such conditions andboycottedtheGamesinAmsterdamin1928.

These games were last held in 1934 in London. The event which wasplannedfor1938andwhichwastobeheldinViennawascancelledbecauseinthemeantime women became allowed to compete in all athletics events at theOlympics. 200 competitors from 19 countries took part in the fourth OlympicGames,whichwereheld fromAugust9 toAugust11.Competitors fromAustria,Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, England, Italy, Japan,Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and South Africa participated in 12 competitiveevents.Pentathlonreplacedtriathlonfromthepreviouscompetitionandincludeda 100‐meter race, high jump, long jump, shot put and javelin. Exhibition gameswereheldattheseGamesinbasketball,footballandhandball.

CONCLUSION

The developmental path of women's participation in the Olympic Gameswasfullofchallenges,whichdue toagreatsportsenthusiast,AliceMilliat,wereovercomeandresolvedinfavourofwomen.It isaknownfactthatwomenwerenotallowedtoparticipateinthefirstOlympicGames.Thedevelopmentofnationalandinternationalsportsfederationshelpedwomenplaysportsandparticipateincompetitions. Their support in negotiations with the International OlympicCommittee was of great importance. Yet, the resistance of the InternationalOlympic Committee towards women's participation in the Olympic Gamesproduced the opposite effect, i.e., that is why theWomen’sWorld Gameswerecreated,oneofthefirstmajorinternationalGamesinwhichwomenwereabletocompete inathletics.Duringhis term inofficeasPresidentof the IOC,PierredeCoubertin was gradually changing his stance on women's participation in theOlympicGames,butwasparticularlyagainsttheirparticipationinathleticsevents,believingthattheyweretoodifficultforwomen.

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When in 1921 Alice Milliat started the Women's Olympic Games, sheinfluencedthemembersoftheIOCtoactontheissueofwomen'sparticipationintheOlympicGamesinathletics.ByorganizingtheWomen’sWorldGames,shewasthebestexampleandaninspirationtomanywomenwhowantedtoachievegreatresults insports.Byestablishingtheirownassociationsandfederations,womenbeganfightingforinclusioninthebodyoftheIOC,aninstitutionthatwasfoundedasaprivatearistocraticclubformenthatbelongedtoonemanwhocouldneverevenhad imaginedhowsuccessful thisorganizationwasgoing tobecome.AliceMilliat’sefforts tocreate femaleOlympians inathleticsweresignificantnotonlybecause of the inclusion of women in athletics events, but also because of therepresentationofwomenasfemaleathletes,whichinspiredmanywomentotakeupsports.Asaresult,a largenumberofclubsandassociationswasestablished,variouscompetitionsinvariouscountriesweredevelopedandgenerallyspeakingmoreattentionwasdrawntowomen'ssports.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bulonj,IvP.TheOlympicspiritofPierredeCoubertin.Belgrade:Narodnaknjiga,1984.

2. Defrantz,Anita.“Womenandleadershipinsport”.JournalofPhysicalEducation,RecreationandDance(1988):46‐48

3. Defrantz,Anita.“Progressmade:PitfallsandconditionsforfurtheradvancementofwomenintheOlympicMovement”.InSport.TheThirdMillennium.Landry,Landry&Yerles(Eds)Sainte‐Foy:LesPressesdeL'UniversiteLaval(Eng.LavalUniversityPress),1991.

4. Defrantz,Anita.“TheOlympicGamesandwomen”.OlympicReview,No.5(1995):30‐34.

5. Defrantz,Anita.“ThechangingroleofwomenintheOlympicGames”.OlympicReview,Vol.26,No.15(1997):18‐21.

6. Drevon,Andre.AliceMilliatLaPassionariaduSportFeminin.Paris:Vuibert,2005.7. Guttmann,Allen.Women’sSports.AHistory.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,

1991.8. Lekarska,Nadia.“WomenintheOlympicGamesandmovementandCoubertin’s

OlympicviewsontheirparticipationintheGames”.InternationalOlympicAcademy:Reportofthe30thSession(1990):102–110.

9. Mechikoff,RobertA.AhistoryandPhilosophyofSportandPhysicalEducation–FromAncientCivilizationstotheModernWorld.SanDiego,USA:WCB–McGraw‐Hill,1998.

10. Müller,Norbert,ed.PierredeCoubertinTextesChoisis(Eng.SelectedTexts),Vol.1.Zurich:InternationalOlympicCommittee,1986.

11. Parčina,I."TheroleofwomeninthedevelopmentoftheOlympicmovement."Doctoraldissertation,FacultyofManagementinSports,2014.

12. PierredeCoubertin‐ideas,work,life.Belgrade:PierredeCoubertinYugoslavCommittee

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13. Šiljak,Violeta.Historyofsports.Belgrade:FacultyofManagementinSports,2007.14. Šiljak,Violeta.Olympism.Belgrade:FacultyofManagementinSports,2013.

OnlineResources

InternationalAssociationofAthleticsFederation.“Plaquecommemoratingfirstwomen’s Olympics”. IAAF. http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/plaque‐commemorating‐first‐womens‐olympics‐un (downloaded February15,2013).

ЖЕНСКЕСВЕТСКЕИГРЕ

САЖЕТАК

Предмет овограда се односина једно одпрвихмеђународних атлетскихтакмичењапознатогподименомЖенскесветскеигре.ОвепрвеИгрезаженеорганизоваојеМеђународниспортскиклубМонакаиМонтеКарлаизациљсуимале да привуку и забаве спортске ентузијасте. На овом међународномтакмичењу жене су имале прву прилику да учествују у атлетскимнадметањима.Игресуодржане1921.,1922.и1923.годинеуМонтеКарлу.ОвеИгресуутовремеималепрефикс‐Олимпијске.УспехпрвиховаквихИгарајемного олакшао организацију наредних такмичења за жене у различитимдисциплинама.ПредседницаМеђународнефедерацијаспортазаженејебилаАлис Милиат која је организовала Женске олимпијске игре у Паризу 1922.године, Међународне женске игре 1926. године у Гетеборгу, 1930. године уПрагу и 1934. године у Лондону. Циљ рада је утврђивање значаја ЖенскихсветскихигаранацелокупниразвојженскогспортаињиховоукључивањеупрограмтакмичењанаОлимпијскимиграма.Ураду јепримењенисторијскиметод. Резултати рада су допринели расветљавању недоумица везаних заукључење жена у Олимпијски покрет, обзиром да је Алис Милиат својимрадом скренула пажњу Међународног олимпијског комитета на значајукључивањаженаупрограмтакмичењанаОлимпијскимиграма.

Кључнеречи:жене,атлетика,међународнатакмичења,АлисМилиат

JUEGOSMUNDIALESFEMENINOS

RESUMEN

EltemadeestetrabajoserefiereaunadelasprimerascompeticionesatléticasinternacionalesconocidacomoJuegosMundialesFemeninos.EstosprimerosjuegosparamujeresfueronorganizadosporelClubDeportivoInternacionaldeMónacoy

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Montecarlo, y tenían como objetivo atraer a los amantes del deporte yentretenimiento. En este concurso internacional, lasmujeres tuvieron su primeraoportunidad de participar en competencias atléticas. Los juegos se celebraron en1921,1922y1923enMontecarlo.Estosjuegosenesemomentoteníanelprefijo–Olímpicos.Eléxitodelprimerodeestosjuegosfacilitómucholaorganizacióndelapróximacompeticiónparalasmujeresenunavariedaddedisciplinas.Lapresidentade laFederaciónDeportivaFemenina InternacionaleraAliceMilliat,queorganizólos Juegos Olímpicos Femeninos en París en 1922, Juegos FemeninosInternacionalesen1926enGoteborg,en1930enPragayen1934enLondres.ElobjetivodeestetrabajohasidodeterminarlaimportanciadelosJuegosMundialesFemeninosparaeldesarrollogeneraldelatletismofemeninoysuparticipaciónenel programa de competición en los Juegos Olímpicos. En el trabajo se aplica elmétodohistórico.Losresultadosdeestetrabajohancontribuidoalaaclaracióndedudasconrespectoalainclusióndelasmujeresenelmovimientoolímpico,yaqueAlice Milliat con su trabajo llamó la atención del Comité Olímpico InternacionalsobrelaimportanciadeinvolucraralasmujeresenelprogramadecompeticiónenlosJuegosOlímpicos.

Palabrasclave:mujeres,atletismo,concursosinternacionales,AliceMilliat