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1878E1958"

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1886E1959"

B.F.-Skinner-(1904H1990)-

“Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten”"

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1886"E"1959"

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es_muloEorganismoEresposta"

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Tolman,"E.C.,"&"Honzik,"C.H."(1930)."Introduc5on"and"removal"of"reward"and"maze"performance"in"rats."University"of"California"Publica5ons"in"Psychology,"4,"257E275."

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poder-moNvador-da-recompensa-

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OcasoHM1926-2008

ARTICLEReceived 13 Oct 2013 | Accepted 16 Dec 2013 | Published 28 Jan 2014

Postmortem examination of patient H.M.’s brainbased on histological sectioning and digital 3DreconstructionJacopo Annese1,2, Natalie M. Schenker-Ahmed1,2, Hauke Bartsch1,2, Paul Maechler1,2, Colleen Sheh1,2,

Natasha Thomas1,*, Junya Kayano1,*, Alexander Ghatan1,*, Noah Bresler1, Matthew P. Frosch3,

Ruth Klaming1,2 & Suzanne Corkin4

Modern scientific knowledge of how memory functions are organized in the human brain

originated from the case of Henry G. Molaison (H.M.), an epileptic patient whose amnesia

ensued unexpectedly following a bilateral surgical ablation of medial temporal lobe

structures, including the hippocampus. The neuroanatomical extent of the 1953 operation

could not be assessed definitively during H.M.’s life. Here we describe the results of a

procedure designed to reconstruct a microscopic anatomical model of the whole brain and

conduct detailed 3D measurements in the medial temporal lobe region. This approach,

combined with cellular-level imaging of stained histological slices, demonstrates a significant

amount of residual hippocampal tissue with distinctive cytoarchitecture. Our study also

reveals diffuse pathology in the deep white matter and a small, circumscribed lesion in the left

orbitofrontal cortex. The findings constitute new evidence that may help elucidate the con-

sequences of H.M.’s operation in the context of the brain’s overall pathology.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122 OPEN

1 The Brain Observatory, San Diego, California 92101, USA. 2 Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA.3 C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02114, USA. 4 Department of Brainand Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts 02139, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.A. (email: drjannese@gmail.com).

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 5:3122 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4122 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1

& 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

SchemaScmodelshowinghowmemoryisconsolidatedintheprefrontalcortexandhowcircuitrythroughtheamygdalashi\sashippocampalengramcellsbecomesilentandcorScalengramsbecomeacSve.

Humanprefrontalcortex(PFC)inred.

KitamuraT,OgawaSK,RoyDS,OkuyamaT,MorrisseyMD,SmithLM,RedondoRL,TonegawaS(2017).EngramsandcircuitscrucialforsystemsconsolidaMonofamemory.Science.doi:10.1126/science.aam6808

April7,2017

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AShockingWay(Really)toBreakBadHabitsByJenniferJollyMay2,2016

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