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Its CLIR!(How To Answer Essay-Type

Bar Examination Questions)

Viriio "# A$onera

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Its CLIR!(How To Answer Essay-TypeBar Examination Questions)

By

VIRGILIO P. ALCONERA%em&er' Interate Bar o t*e "*iippines

+enera ,antos City an ,out* Cota&ato C*apterBa$*eor o Arts' %inanao ,tate ni.ersity' cum laude

Ba$*eor o Laws' Ateneo e /a.ao ni.ersity' cum laude"roessor o Ci.i Law' %inanao ,tate ni.ersity Coee o Law

2014 Edition

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Its CLIR!(How To Answer Essay-TypeBar Examination Questions)

I0 you are preparin or t*e Bar Examinations' Its CLIR! isor you#

A# T*e 0ormat

In answerin essay-type 1uestions in t*e BarExaminations' it *eps i you use a ormat as uie# 2esuest t*e ormat 3CLIR4#

C--Con$usion

L--Law

I--3In t*is $ase 54 (statement o t*e ree.ant a$t6s an

e.auation o a$ts)R--Ratio$ination (t*e expanation' apart rom t*e aw' or

t*e 3$on$usion4)#

T*e 3Con$usion4 is t*e irst part o t*e ormat# It is t*e

answer to t*e 1uestion as7e# T*e 1uestion may &e 3Is 8ia&e to 9 or amaes:4 T*e $on$usion' or t*e answer to t*e1uestion' may eit*er &e' 39es' 8 is ia&e to 9 or amaes4' or3;o' 8 is not ia&e to 9 or amaes#4

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reations' et$#)' or 3T*e Ci.i Coe (or t*e 0amiy Coe'/omesti$ Aoption A$t' et$#) pro.ies4#

In t*is arti$e' t*e se$tion or arti$e num&er o t*e statute or

t*e tite o t*e $ase is pro.ie or $on.enien$e to ena&e

you to $*e$7 t*e a$$ura$y o t*e su&stanti.e aw or $ase aw$ite# 2*en t*e you answer t*e rea t*in' you s*ou a.oit*e aner o writin se$tion or arti$e num&ers or tites o$ases as aut*ority or t*e aw t*at you in.o7e' ex$ept or t*oset*at t*e examinee is expe$te to remem&er wit*out strainin*is &rain' su$* as Arti$es => an ==?@ o t*e Ci.i Coe'

Taada vs. Tuvera, Liguez vs. Court of Appealsan t*e i7e#2e a.ise you to use instea t*e sae an a-en$ompassinp*rase' 3uner t*e aw on marriae4' 5 et$#

T*e 3In t*is $ase' 54 portion o t*e ormat $onsists o (=)a one-ine statement o t*e ree.ant a$t (o not repeat.er&atim t*e a$ts o t*e pro&em!)' t*at $onne$ts t*e a$ts asstate in t*e pro&em to t*e aw in.o7e an () t*e

e.auation o t*e a$t

a statement w*et*er it is ea or iea'awu or unawu' .ai or in.ai' a .ioation o aw or not' or astatement o t*e status or $onition t*at it *as prou$e' et$#

T*e 3Ratio$ination4 part o t*e ormat is t*e expanation'apart rom t*e aw' or t*e 3$on$usion4# I t*e $ase pro&em iseri.e rom $ase aw' rom w*ere wi you et yourratio$ination: 0rom t*e ratio$ination o t*e ,upreme Court ine$iin t*e $ase# I you *a.e .ast reains in $ase aw' t*is

s*ou $ome easy#

I t*e $ase 1uestion is a *ypot*eti$a one' you et t*eratio$ination rom t*e 7nowee you *a.e eri.e rom t*emany $ases you *a.e rea in aw s$*oo' rom your ownexperien$e' rom your sense o Dusti$e# I t*e ratio$inationoes not $ome easy' ont &rea7 your *ea o.er it# +o to t*enext num&er# %ost oten t*e answers in t*ese type o1uestions o not nee ratio$inations#

Iustration o CLIR

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/urin t*e aministration o ormer presient Cory

A1uino' 8' t*e $*airman o t*e "*iippine C*arity

,weepsta7es

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is$riminate aainst in *er own $ountry i t*e ens o Dusti$eare to &e ser.e#?(THI, I, THE RATI(THI, I, THE ,TATE%E;T

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(N) T*ose &iamous or poyamous marriaes not ainuner Arti$e N=

xxx xxx xxx

&) Art# N@# T*e a&soute nuity o a pre.ious marriaemay &e in.o7e or purposes o remarriae on t*e &asissoey o a ina Dument e$arin su$* pre.ious marriae.oi#

$) Art# =N?# 2*en a man an a woman w*o are$apa$itate to marry ea$* ot*er' i.e ex$usi.ey wit* ea$*ot*er as *us&an an wie wit*out t*e &eneit o marriae or

uner a .oi marriae' t*eir waes an saaries s*a &eowne &y t*em in e1ua s*ares an t*e property a$1uire &y&ot* o t*em t*rou* t*eir wor7 or inustry s*a &e o.erne&y t*e rues on $o-owners*ip#

In t*e a&sen$e o proo to t*e $ontrary' propertiesa$1uire w*ie t*ey i.e toet*er s*a &e presume to *a.e&een o&taine &y t*eir Doint eorts' wor7 or inustry' an s*a&e owne &y t*em in e1ua s*ares# 0or purposes o t*is

Arti$e' a party w*o i not parti$ipate in t*e a$1uisition &yt*e ot*er party o any property s*a &e eeme to *a.e$ontri&ute Dointy in t*e a$1uisition t*ereo i t*e ormerseorts $onsiste in t*e $are an maintenan$e o t*e amiyan o t*e *ouse*o#

xxx xxx xxx

an

) Art# =N# In $ases o $o*a&itation not ain unert*e pre$ein Arti$e' ony t*e properties a$1uire &y &ot* ot*e parties t*rou* t*eir a$tua Doint $ontri&ution o money'property' or inustry s*a &e owne &y t*em in $ommon inproportion to t*eir respe$ti.e $ontri&utions# In t*e a&sen$e oproo to t*e $ontrary' t*eir $ontri&utions an $orresponins*ares are presume to &e e1ua# T*e same rue anpresumption s*a appy to Doint eposits o money ane.ien$es o $reit#

,o you may answer t*e 1uestion t*is way

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iustrations# To muti-1uestion ones' t*e 3C4 an t*e 3L4 may &esui$ient#

Q# Puan is a 0iipino $itiGen resiin in To7yo' Papan#,tate w*at aws o.ern

a) His $apa$ity to $ontra$t marriae in Papan:&) His su$$essiona ri*ts as rears *is e$ease

0iipino at*ers property in Texas' #,#A#$) T*e extrinsi$ .aiity o t*e ast wi an

testament w*i$* Puan exe$ute w*iesoDournin in ,witGeran#

) T*e intrinsi$ .aiity o sai wi#

A#

a) "*iippine aw# Laws reatin to amiy ri*ts anuties' or to t*e status' $onition an ea$apa$ity o persons are &inin upon $itiGens o

t*e "*iippines' e.en t*ou* i.in a&roa#?

&) "*iippine aw# Intestate an testamentarysu$$essions' &ot* wit* respe$t to t*e orer osu$$ession an to t*e amount o su$$essionari*ts an to t*e intrinsi$ .aiity o testamentary pro.isions' are &e reuate &yt*e nationa aw o t*e e$eent' w*ate.er may&e t*e nature o t*e property an rearess o

t*e $ountry w*erein sai property may &eoun#?

$) ,wiss aw# T*e orms an soemnities o$ontra$ts' wis' an ot*er pu&i$ instrumentsare o.erne &y t*e aws o t*e $ountry inw*i$* t*ey are exe$ute#??

75Art# =' Ci.i Coe76Art# =' par# ' Ci.i Coe77Art# =?' par# =' Ci.i Coe

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) "*iippine aw# ,ame as (&)#

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A;,2ERI;+ E,,A9-T9"EBAR E8A%I;ATI

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Dument reein 8 o any ia&iity to 9 Ban7 &ut e$arin Kia&e to 9 or t*e o&iation o 8# K mo.e or t*e

re$onsieration o t*e Dument aruin t*at t*eextinuis*ment o t*e o&iation o 8 aso extinuis*e *iso&iation uner t*e surety areement# Is K $orre$t:

A# K is wron#

K is wron# ner t*e aw on uarantee' a surety &ins*imse soiariy wit* t*e prin$ipa e&tor in t*e payment ot*e o&iation'?an t*e $reitor may pro$ee aainst any one

o t*e soiary e&tors or some or a o t*em simutaneousy#?>

In t*is $ase' 8 *as not pai *is o&iation to 9 Ban7' &utt*e o&iation was extinuis*e &y t*e inso.en$y e$ree# T*eextinuis*ment o 8s o&iation' *owe.er' oes not ipso factoresut in t*e extinuis*ment o Ks o&iation#

A $reitors ri*t to pro$ee aainst t*e surety existsinepenenty o *is ri*t to pro$ee aainst t*e prin$ipa# A

suit aainst t*e surety' insoar as t*e suretys soiary ia&iityis $on$erne' is not ae$te &y an inso.en$y pro$eeininstitute &y t*e prin$ipa e&tor &e$ause t*e unerta7in o asurety is to pay t*e o&iation i t*e prin$ipa e&tor eauts int*e payment o *is o&iation#@

Q# A par7e *is .e*i$e in t*e ,% par7in ot an pai t*ere1uire par7in ee# He o$7e t*e $ar an et it in t*e

par7in ot an &rou*t wit* *im t*e 7ey o t*e $ar# As .e*i$ewas ta7en out rom t*e par7in ot &y an unaut*oriGe persont*rou* t*e neien$e o t*e uars o t*e se$urity aen$y*ire &y ,% to se$ure t*e par7in ot# (a) 2*at $ontra$t isentere into &y an &etween A an ,%: (&) Is ,% ia&e or t*eoss:

78Arti$e @N?' Ci.i Coe79Arti$e ==' Ci.i Coe80+ateway Ee$troni$s Corporation .s# Asian&an7 Corporation' +#R#

;o# =?@N=' /e$# =' @@

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A# (a) T*e $ontra$t is one o ease#

A $onta$t o ease is one w*ere one o t*e parties &ins*imse to i.e to anot*er t*e enDoyment or use o a t*in or apri$e $ertain' an or a perio w*i$* may &e einite orineinite#=

In t*is $ase' ,% i.es to A t*e use o a portion o t*epar7in ot or a ee# T*e $ontra$t $annot &e a eposit or a$ommoatum &e$ause t*e ne$essary eements o possessionan $ontro o t*e su&De$t persona property in any o t*ese

$ontra$ts are not present# Ha.in 7ept t*e $ar o t*e 7ey' Aremaine in $ontro o t*e $ar#

(&) ,% is not ia&e or t*e oss# ,% *as not .ioate any oits o&iations as a essee# ,pe$ii$ay' it $ompie wit* its utyto pro.ie its $ustomers suita&e spa$es or t*eir .e*i$es as ite.en *ire t*e ser.i$es o a se$urity aen$y to se$ure t*eease premises#

,% is not ia&e or t*e neien$e o t*e uars# Lia&iityor iea or *armu a$ts $ommitte &y t*e se$urity uarsatta$*es to t*e empoyer aen$y' an not to ,%# ,% *a no*an in see$tin w*o amon t*e poo o se$urity uars orwat$*men empoye &y t*e aen$y wou &e assine to it#T*e uty to o&ser.e t*e iien$e o a oo at*er o a amiyin t*e see$tion o t*e uars $annot' t*ereore' &e emanerom ,%#

Q# In *is wi' A' w*o ie wit*out issue' e.ise to B apar$e o suar an &ut impose upon *im t*e o&iation toei.er to C a $ertain num&er o pi$us o suar prou$e romt*e an wit* t*e $onition t*at s*ou t*e B or *is *eirs ai toperorm t*e o&iation' C wou *a.e t*e ri*t to re$o.er t*eproperty an ei.er it t*e testators es$enants# 2*en t*e*eirs o B aie to perorm t*e o&iation' C sue t*em or t*ere$o.ery o t*e an# In t*eir answer to t*e $ompaint' t*e *eirsaee t*at t*e testator intene a simpe su&stitution' t*at is'

81Art# =NO' Ci.i Coe82%amari .s# Boys ,$outs o t*e "*iippines' +#R# ;o# =?>O'

Panuary =N' @=O

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t*e e.isee was to &e su&stitute &y t*e testatorses$enants s*ou t*e o&iation to ei.er t*e ruits to C &e

not $ompie wit*' t*at sin$e t*e testator ie sine anwit*out issue' t*ere $an &e no .ai su&stitution an su$*testamentary pro.ision $annot &e i.en any ee$t# Are t*e*eirs $orre$t:

A# T*e *eirs are wron#

In a simpe su&stitution' t*e se$on *eir ta7es t*ein*eritan$e in eaut o t*e irst *eir &y reason o in$apa$ity'

pree$ease or renun$iation#

In t*is $ase' t*e wi oes not pro.ie t*at s*ou B eautue to pree$ease' in$apa$ity or renun$iation' Ases$enants wou su&stitute *im# 2*at t*e wi says is t*ats*ou B not ui t*e $onitions impose in t*e wi' t*eproperty wou &e seiGe an turne o.er to t*e testatorsnear es$enants# T*ere is no simpe su&stitution#

T*e $ase in.o.es a moa institution o *eir# A moainstitution o *eir is one w*i$* imposes an o&iation upon t*e*eir eatee or e.isee &ut su$* o&iation oes not ae$t t*eei$a$y o *is ri*ts to t*e su$$ession# T*e &uren is simiar toa resoutory $onition w*i$* oes not pre.ent t*e su$$essionrom ta7in into ee$t# (T*is is ierent rom a $onitionatestamentary isposition w*ere t*e $onition must *appen or&e uie in orer or t*e *eir to &e entite to su$$ee t*etestator)#

T*e wi imposes upon B or *is *eirs t*e o&iation toei.er suar to C' an w*en t*e *eirs o B aie to perormt*e o&iation' t*e owners*ip &y t*e *eirs o t*e an wasextinuis*e' an C &e$ame .este wit* t*e ri*t to re$o.ert*e an rom t*em#O

In t*e repair an maintenan$e s*op o t*e 9B BusCompany' w*i$* is enae in t*e &usiness o transportin

83 Ra&aia .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o# ==O?' Pune>' @@@#

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passeners' were a wein ma$*ine' a &orin ma$*ine' aat*e ma$*ine' an a rinin ma$*ine a &ote

permanenty to a $ement oor# T*e City +o.ernment$onsiere t*e ma$*ines as rea properties an assesse 9BBus Company rea property taxes t*ereon# T*e $ompany$onteste t*e assessment $aimin t*at t*e ma$*ines werepersona properties# Is 9B Bus Company $orre$t:

A# 9es' 9B Bus Company is $orre$t#

ner t*e aw on property' ma$*inery' re$epta$es'instruments or impements &e$ome rea property in

$assii$ation ony w*en t*ey ten ire$ty to meet t*e nees ot*e sai inustry or wor7s#N

In t*is $ase' t*e su&De$t ma$*ines were use or t*erepair an maintenan$e o t*e &uses o t*e 9B Bus Company#%o.a&e e1uipment to &e immo&iiGe in $ontempation o t*eaw must irst &e essentia an prin$ipa eements o aninustry or wor7s wit*out w*i$* su$* inustry or wor7s wou&e una&e to un$tion or $arry on t*e inustria purpose orw*i$* it was esta&is*e#

T*e su&De$t ma$*ines *a.e not &e$ome immo&iiGe#T*ey are merey in$ientas' use ony or expeien$y toa$iitate an6or impro.e t*e ser.i$e o t*e $ompany# E.enwit*out su$* ma$*ines t*e transportation &usiness $ou &e$arrie on wit*out t*e $ompanys repair or ser.i$e s*op sin$et*e &uses $ou &e repaire or maintaine in a s*op &eonin

to anot*er#

Q# T*e $ontra$t or t*e $onstru$tion o a moern a&attoirin Ce&u City was e$are nu an .oi &y t*e Commission on

Auit (C

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sue t*e City o Ce&u or t*e $oe$tion o t*e $ost o t*eproDe$t t*us ar a$$ompis*e in t*e amount o more t*an "

miion# In a $ompromise areement entere into &y t*eparties' t*e City aree to pay t*e $ontra$tor t*e amount o"=# miion in u settement o t*e atters $aims# T*e tria$ourt appro.e t*e $ompromise areement an renere

Dument on t*e &asis t*ereo# T*e C' t*e "BA ie a suit aainstnite an aein t*at t*e amae on t*e &uiin was$ause &y t*e ee$ts in $onstru$tion an aiure on t*e part ot*e $ontra$tor to oow t*e pans an spe$ii$ations# 0or itseense' nite $aime t*at t*e $ause o t*e $oapse o t*e&uiin was an a$t o +o w*i$* s*ou exempt it o anyia&iity# Is nite ia&e or amaes:

86Art# =N' Ci.i Coe87

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A# It epens#

I nite Buiers ait*uy oowe t*e pans anspe$ii$ations' it is not ia&e' ot*erwise' yes#

T*e Ci.i Coe pro.ies t*at ex$ept in $ases expressyspe$iie &y t*e aw' or w*en it is ot*erwise e$are &ystipuation or w*en t*e nature o t*e o&iation re1uires t*eassumption o ris7' no person s*a &e responsi&e or t*osee.ents w*i$* $ou not &e oreseen' or w*i$*' t*ou*oreseen' were ine.ita&e#

In t*is $ase (assumin t*at nite Buiers ait*uyoowe t*e pans an spe$ii$ations)' t*e &uiin $oapsesoey &e$ause o t*e stron eart*1ua7e# T*ere are no a$ts int*e $ase t*at ma7e nite Buiers ia&e uner t*eex$eptions# T*e eart*1ua7e was an a$t o +o o w*i$*nite Buiers *a no $ontro# nite Buiers is not ia&e#

Howe.er' i nite Buiers i not ait*uy oow t*e

pans an spe$ii$ations' t*e $ompany is ia&e#

T*ose w*o in t*e perorman$e o t*eir o&iation are uityo rau' neien$e or eay or t*ose w*o in any manner$ontra.ene t*e tenor t*ereo are ia&e or amaes#

In t*is $ase (assumin t*at nite Buiers i notait*uy oow t*e pans an spe$ii$ations)' niteBuiers $ommitte rau or neien$e in t*e $onstru$tion

o t*e &uiin' *en$e' it $annot in.o7e t*e a$t o +oo$trine# To &e exempt rom ia&iity or oss &e$ause o ana$t o +o' t*e o&ior must &e ree rom any pre.iousneien$e or mis$onu$t &y w*i$* t*at oss or amae may*a.e &een o$$asione# 2*en t*e ee$t is oun to &e inpart t*e resut o t*e parti$ipation o man' w*et*er it &e roma$ti.e inter.ention or nee$t' or aiure to a$t' t*e w*oeo$$urren$e is t*ere&y *umaniGe an remo.e rom t*erues appi$a&e to t*e a$ts o +o#

88Puan 0# ;a7pi S ,ons .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o# L-N?='

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Q# In =>?>' ;estor appie or an was rante a 0ree"atent o.er a par$e o ari$utura an# ' t*e /ire$tor o Lans ie a $ompaint or t*ee$aration o nuity o t*e two $ertii$ates o tite on t*eroun t*at ;estor o&taine t*e 0ree "atent t*rou* rau int*at *e mae ase statements in *is appi$ation# 0inin t*at;estors appi$ation inee $ontaine ase statements' t*etria $ourt renere Dument e$arin nu an .oi t*e$ertii$ates o tite# Is t*e $ourt $orre$t:

A# T*e $ourt is $orre$t#

ner t*e aw on an reistration' any ase statement int*e appi$ation or tite ipso factoprou$es t*e $an$eation ot*e tite# %Sec. &', (u#lic La$d Act)

In t*is $ase' ;estor mae ase statements in *isappi$ation or tite o.er t*e an# His tite t*ereore o.er t*ean is ipso a$to $an$ee#

Bein an inno$ent pur$*aser or .aue oes not ser.e t*e$ause o Eie# In pu&i$ an rants' t*e a$tion o t*e

o.ernment to annu a tite rauuenty o&taine is not &arre&y t*e transer o t*e tite to an inno$ent pur$*aser or .aue#T*e mirror prin$ipe oes not appy to tites o&taine &y t*e$ommission o rau aainst t*e o.ernment#

Q# H ie a $ompaint aainst *is wie 2 or t*ee$aration o nuity o t*eir marriae on t*e roun opsy$*ooi$a in$apa$ity# T*ereater' H marrie C# 2 ie a$ompaint or &iamy# Pument was renere in t*e a$tion or

nuity e$arin t*e marriae &etween H an 2 .oi a& initio&y reason o psy$*ooi$a in$apa$ity o 2# T*e Dument&e$ame ina#

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H' in.o7in t*e Dument' t*en mo.e to ismiss t*e

inormation in t*e $rimina $ase# I you were t*e Due' *ow wiyou rue on t*e motion#

A# I I were t*e Due' I wi eny t*e motion#

ner t*e 0amiy Coe' a marrie person w*o $aims *ismarriae &ein a nuity' *as to o&tain a Dui$ia e$aration onuity o t*e marriae &eore *e or s*e $an marry aain#>

In t*is $ase' H marrie aain wit*out a Dui$ia e$arationo *is pre.ious marriae' *en$e' *e may &e ia&e or &iamy#Biamy is $ommitte w*en a marrie person marries aainwit*out t*e pre.ious marriae &ein isso.e or terminate#"arties to t*e marriae s*ou not &e permitte to Due ort*emse.es its nuity#

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naturaiGe $itiGen o a orein $ountry' *en$e' t*e i.or$e is.ai uner "*iippine aw# 2*ie t*e aw $ontempates a mixe

marriae' it appies as we appy to a marriae &etween two0iipino $itiGens w*ere one o t*em ater &e$ame a naturaiGe$itiGen o a orein $ountry an o&taine i.or$e t*ereater$apa$itatin *im or *er to remarry#

T*e 0iipino spouse s*ou &e aowe to remarry as i t*eot*er party were a oreiner at t*e time o t*e soemniGation ot*e marriae# It is a&sur an unDust to $onsier t*e 0iipinospouse sti marrie to t*e aien spouse w*o' ater o&tainin a

i.or$e' is no oner marrie to t*e 0iipino spouse#>=

Q# As inan$e oi$er o J an Co#' A arrane a oan o "%iion rom ";B or t*e $orporation# Howe.er' *e wasre1uire &y t*e &an7 to sin' w*i$* *e i' a $ontinuin suretyareement to se$ure t*e repayment o t*e oan# T*e$orporation aie to pay t*e oan' an t*e &an7 o&taine a

Dument aainst it an A was orere to pay' Dointy anse.eray# To enor$e t*e Dument' t*e s*eri e.ie on a armowne &y t*e $onDua partners*ip o A an *is wie B# Is t*ee.y proper or not:

A# T*e e.y is not proper#

T*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies t*at an o&iation $ontra$te &ya spouse wit*out t*e $onsent o t*e ot*er is $*area&eaainst t*e $onDua partners*ip ony w*en it *as reoune

to t*e &eneit o t*e amiy#>

In t*is $ase' A sine t*e surety areement or t*e soepurpose o se$urin t*e o&iation o J an Co#' *en$e' *iso&iation uner t*e areement i not &eneit *is amiy at a#It is not air t*at a $onDua property o.er w*i$* B *as aninterest s*ou &e $*are or an o&iation arisin rom a$ontra$t to w*i$* s*e i not $onsent or e.en 7now o#

91Repu&i$ o t*e "*iippines .s#

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T*at t*e spouse was a top sto$7*oer o t*e $ompanyw*i$* $ou &e &eneite &y t*e inusion o new $apita is not

t*e &eneite $ontempate in t*e aw# T*e &eneits must &et*ose ire$ty resutin rom t*e oan# T*ey $annot merey &e a&y-prou$t or a spin-o o t*e oan itse#>O

Q# T*e spouses A an B ie a petition to aopt =@ yearo 8' w*o is t*e &iooi$a son o t*e spouses C an /#/urin t*e penen$y o t*e petition' 8 s*ot 9 wit* an air rie$ausin *er inDuries w*i$* resute to *er eat*# Ater t*ein$ient' t*e petition or aoption was rante# T*e parents o

9 ie a $ompaint or amaes aainst t*e C an / wit*w*om 8 was i.in at t*e time o t*e trai$ in$ient# In t*eiranswer' C an / aee t*at A an B' not t*ey' were ia&e ort*e eat* o 9 as' uner t*e C*i an 9out* 2eare Coe' ae$ree o aoption is ee$ti.e as o t*e ate t*e oriinapetition was ie# ,iin wit* C an /' t*e tria $ourt ismisset*e $ompaint# Is t*e tria $ourt $orre$t:

A# T*e tria $ourt is wron#

ner t*e aw' parents an ot*er persons exer$isinparenta aut*ority are $i.iy ia&e or t*e inDuries an amaes$ause &y t*e a$ts or omissions o t*eir uneman$ipate$*iren i.in in t*eir $ompany an uner t*eir parentaaut*ority su&De$t to t*e appropriate eenses pro.ie &yaw#>N

In t*is $ase' 8 was sti i.in in t*e $ompany o *is naturaparents' C an /' w*en *e s*ot 9 to eat*' *en$e' t*ey at t*etime sti *a parenta aut*ority o.er *im# T*e pro.ision in t*eC*i an 9out* 2eare Coe on t*e retroa$ti.e ee$t o t*ee$ree o aoption is not meant to impose a ia&iity upon t*eaoptin parents a$$ruin at a time w*en t*e aoptin parents*a no a$tua or p*ysi$a $ustoy o.er t*e aopte $*i#Retroa$ti.e ee$t may per*aps &e i.en to t*e rantin o t*e

petition or aoption w*ere su$* is essentia to permit t*e93C*in .s# C*in' +#R# ;o# =NN' 0e O' @@N

94Art# =' 0amiy Coe

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a$$rua o some &eneit or a.antae in a.or o t*e aopte$*i#

To *o t*at parenta aut*ority *a &een retroa$ti.eyoe in t*e aoptin parents so as to &uren t*em wit*ia&iity or a tortious a$t t*at t*ey $ou not *a.e oreseen anw*i$* t*ey $ou not *a.e pre.ente (sin$e t*ey *a nop*ysi$a $ustoy o.er t*e $*i) wou &e unair anun$ons$iona&e# ,u$* a resut is in$onsistent wit* t*ep*iosop*i$a an poi$y &asis uneryin t*e o$trine o.i$arious ia&iity#>

Q# Has t*e at*er o an ieitimate $*i .isitation ri*ts:

A# 9es' t*e at*er *as .isitation ri*ts#

2*ie it is true t*at t*ere is no spe$ii$ pro.ision o awrantin at*ers o ieitimate $*iren .isitation ri*ts' t*ereare pro.isions in t*e Constitution an in t*e 0amiy Coe

w*i$* $an &e t*e &ases o t*e at*ers .isitation ri*ts#

Arti$e =@ o t*e 0amiy Coe expresses t*at amiyreations in$ue t*ose &etween parents an $*iren# Arti$e@>' in reation to Arti$e @' o t*e Coe states t*at it is t*enatura ri*t an uty o parentsan t*ose exer$isin parentaaut*ority to' amon ot*er t*ins' 7eep $*iren in t*eir$ompany an to i.e t*em o.e an ae$tion' a.i$e an$ounse' $ompanions*ip an unerstanin#

T*e Constitution itse spea7s in terms o t*e3natura anprimary ri*ts4 o parents in t*e rearin o t*e yout*# T*ere isnot*in $on$usi.e to ini$ate t*at t*ese pro.isions are meantto soey aress t*emse.es to eitimate reations*ips#Inee' at*ou* in .aryin erees' t*e aws on support ansu$$essiona ri*ts' &y way o exampes' $eary o &eyont*e eitimate mem&ers o t*e amiy an so expi$ityen$ompass ieitimate reations*ips as we#

95Tamaro .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o# @NN' Pune O' =>>

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T*en' too' an most importanty' in t*e e$aration onuityo marriaes' a situation t*at presupposes a .oi or inexistent

marriae' Arti$e N> o t*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies orappropriate .isitation ri*ts to parents w*o are not i.en$ustoy o t*eir $*iren#>

Q# A is marrie to B# Ater a ew years o marriae t*e twoseparate# T*en A' t*e wie' marrie C w*o' at t*e time o t*eirmarriae' i not 7now t*at A is sti marrie to %ario# T*e new$oupe i.e in 0air.iew' QueGon City# B at t*is time i.e inLoyoa Hei*ts' QueGon City# A&out a year ater *er marriae

to C' A a.e &irt* /# C $ame to 7now o As pre.ious marriaeto B' an reations*ip &etween t*e two turne sour# A&out oneyear rom t*e &irt* o t*e $*i' C ie a $ompaint aainst Aor t*e e$aration o nuity o *is marriae to A on t*e rouno &iamy# T*e tria $ourt e$are t*e marriae a nuity ane$are / an ieitimate $*i o t*e $oupe# T*e $ustoy o /was aware to A wit* C *a.in .isitation ri*ts# A appeaerom t*e e$ision' $ontenin t*at t*ere was not*in in t*e awrantin .isitation ri*ts in a.or o t*e putati.e at*er o anieitimate $*i# Is C entite to .isitation ri*ts:

A# C is not entite to .isitation ri*ts# / is not *is $*i &utBs#

ner t*e aw' $*iren $on$ei.e or &orn urin t*emarriae o t*e parents are eitimate $*iren o t*e parents#>?

In t*is $ase' t*e marriae &etween A an B sti su&sists# Inaw' t*e two are sti marrie to ea$* ot*er# Hen$e' / ispresume to &e t*eir $*i# T*e presumption o eitima$ypro$ees rom t*e sexua union in marriae# To o.ert*row t*ispresumption' it must &e s*own &eyon reasona&e ou&t t*att*ere was no a$$ess t*at $ou *a.e ena&e t*e *us&an toat*er t*e $*i# ,exua inter$ourse is to &e presume w*erepersona a$$ess is not ispro.e' uness su$* presumption isre&utte &y e.ien$e to t*e $ontrary# /urin t*e perio t*at C

an A were i.in toet*er in 0air.iew' QueGon City' B was96,i.a .s# Court o Appeas# +#R# ;o# ==N?N' Puy =?' =>>?

97Art# =N' 0amiy Coe

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i.in in Loyoa Hei*ts w*i$* is aso in QueGon City# 0air.iewan Loyoa Hei*ts are ony a ew 7iometers apart# T*e

separation &etween A an B was $ertainy not su$* as to ma7eit p*ysi$ay impossi&e or t*em to enae in t*e marita a$t#

T*e presumption o eitima$y oes not ony ow out o ae$aration in t*e statute &ut is &ase on t*e &roa prin$ipeso natura Dusti$e an t*e suppose .irtue o t*e mot*er# It isroune on t*e poi$y to prote$t t*e inno$ent osprin romt*e oium o ieitima$y#>

Q# 8' a marrie man' *ire 9 in =>>@ as a$$ountant o *istwo $orporations# T*e two ater &e$ame intimate ane.entuay t*ey i.e as *us&an an wie# T*ey *a two$*iren# Ater t*e &irt* o t*e se$on $*i t*e reations&etween t*e two soure unti t*ey parte ways# 8 intene toie a $ompaint aainst 9 or re$on.eyan$e o a par$e o anreistere in t*e name o 9 or t*e reason t*at t*e propertywas a$1uire urin *is union wit* *er usin *is ex$usi.e

uns# 8 *ires you as *is $ounse# 2*at pie$es o e.ien$ewi you as7 o *im:

A# I wi as7 8 to &rin to me a o$uments s*owin' orwitnesses w*o $an testiy' t*at *e ex$usi.ey owne t*emoney use in &uyin t*e property# An exampe wou &e a$*e$7 rawn &y *im paya&e to t*e orer o t*e seer an t*e$*e$7 .ou$*er s*owin t*e transa$tion o sae o.er t*eproperty#

T*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies t*at in $ase o reations*ips in astate o $on$u&inae' ony t*e properties a$1uire &y &ot* ot*e parties t*rou* t*eir a$tua Doint $ontri&ution o money'property' or inustry are owne &y t*em in $ommon inproportion to t*eir respe$ti.e $ontri&utions#>>

T*ese o$uments or witnesses are ne$essary &e$ause t*e$o*a&itation &etween 8 an 9 is one w*ere t*e parties or one

98Con$epion .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o# =ON@' Au# O=' @@99Art# =N' 0amiy Coe

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o t*em are in$apa$itate to marry' in w*i$* $ase' one $an$aim a property or a part t*ereo ony i *e *as a$tuay

$ontri&ute to t*e a$1uisition t*ereo#

In t*is $ase' t*e an is reistere in t*e name o 9' anuness 8 $an present t*ese pie$es o e.ien$e' *is a$tion orre$on.eyan$e wi ai &e$ause as t*e reistere owner o t*eproperty' 9 is presume to &e t*e true owner t*ereo#=@@

Q# Is a $*i &orn out o a &iamous marriae eitimateor ieitimate:

A# It epens#

I t*e spouse w*o $ontra$te t*e su&se1uent &iamousmarriae is t*e wie in a irst marriae' an sexua $onta$t&etween *er an *er *us&an in t*e irst marriae &ein notimpossi&e' t*e $*i is a eitimate $*i o t*e irst marriae#=@=

T*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies t*at' $*iren $on$ei.e or &ornurin a su&sistin marriae are presume t*e eitimate$*iren o t*e spouses' uness t*e $ontrary is pro.e unert*e instan$es pro.ie &y aw#=@

,in$e in a &iamous marriae' t*e irst marriae stisu&sists' any $*i &orn to t*e wie is $onsiere t*e eitimate$*i o t*e irst marriae#

Howe.er' i t*e spouse w*o $ontra$te t*e se$onmarriae is t*e *us&an' any $*i &orn to t*e se$on wie isieitimate#

C*iren $on$ei.e an &orn outsie a .ai marriae areieitimate' uness ot*erwise pro.ie &y aw#=@O An t*ose&orn outsie a .ai marriae e$are &y aw to &e eitimate

100I&i#

101Con$ep$ion .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o# =ON@' Au# O=' @@102Art# =N' 0amiy Coe Con$ep$ion .s# Court o Appeas' +#R# ;o#

=ON@' Au# O=' @@103Art# =' 0amiy Coe

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are ony t*e oowin (a) t*ose &orn &eore t*e Dument oa&soute nuity o a marriae &y reason o psy$*ooi$a

in$apa$ity o any one o t*e parties

=@N

(&) t*ose &orn o asu&se1uent marriae w*i$* is .oi &e$ause t*e Dument oannument or o nuity o t*e pre.ious marriae' t*e partitionan istri&ution o t*e properties o t*e spouses an t*eei.ery o t*e $*irens presumpti.e eitimes were notre$ore in t*e $i.i reistry an t*e reistries o property#=@

an ($) t*ose &orn o a su&se1uent marriae mae uner t*eaut*ority o Dui$ia e$aration o presumpti.e eat* o aspouse o a pre.ious marriae w*i$* is .oi &e$ause &ot*

parties in t*e su&se1uent marriae a$te in &a ait*#=@

A $*i &orn out o a &iamous marriae is not one o t*osew*ose $*iren are $onerre eitima$y &y aw#

Q# In 8 A$aemy' t*e rae six s$ien$e $ass o Tea$*er 9was $onu$tin an experiment on usion o sup*ur poweran iron iins# Tea$*er 9 instru$te t*e $ass to stri$ty oow

t*e written pro$eure or t*e experiment an not to oo7 intot*e test tu&e unti t*e *eate $ompoun *a $ooe o# T*ens*e et *er $ass w*ie it was oin t*e experiment#

In t*e $ourse o t*e experiment' K' t*e assistant eaer ot*e $ass' $*e$7e t*e resut o t*e experiment &y oo7in intot*e test tu&e wit* maniyin ass# T*e test tu&e was &ein*e &y one o *is $assmates A w*o teasiny mo.e it $oseto t*e eye o K# At t*at instan$e' t*e $ompoun in t*e test tu&espurte out an se.era parti$es o w*i$* *it Ks eyes# T*eeyes were $*emi$ay &urne or w*i$* *e *a to unerosurery# T*e parents o K sue Tea$*er 9 an 8 A$aemy oramaes# 2i t*e a$tion prosper:

A# 9es' t*e a$tion wi prosper#

104I&i#105I&i#106Arts# NO (=) an NN' 0amiy Coe

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T*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies t*at t*e s$*oo an its tea$*ersare soiariy ia&e or t*e a$ts or omissions o a minor $*i

w*ie uner t*eir super.ision' instru$tion or $ustoy' unesst*ey exer$ise t*e proper iien$e re1uire uner t*eparti$uar $ir$umstan$es# (Arts# = an =>' 0amiy Coe)

In t*is $ase' K ot inDure &y t*e a$t o A' *is $assmatean sti a minor' w*ie t*e atter was uner t*e $ustoy oTea$*er 9 an 8 A$aemy# Tea$*er 9 i not exer$ise properiien$e in t*e $onu$t o t*e s$*oo a$ti.ity# Instea ostayin wit* *er pupis an e.er wat$*u o w*at t*ey were

oin so t*at no *arm wou &ea t*em' s*e et t*em# T*emis*ap $ou *a.e &een pre.ente *a Tea$*er 9 exer$ise a*i*er eree o $are' $aution an oresi*t# As Tea$*er 9 wasneient' *en$e' ia&e or amaes' 8 A$aemy too is ia&eor amaes &e$ause it is soiariy ia&e wit* t*e tea$*er#

Q# H marrie 2 an t*ey e$ie to aopt t*e $onDuapartners*ip o ains as t*eir property reime# T*ey *a t*ree

$*iren' ae ?' >' an ==# T*e marriae &etween A an Bwas e$are .oi &y t*e $ourt on t*e roun o psy$*ooi$ain$apa$ity o H# T*e ony property t*at t*e $oupe was a&e toa$1uire urin t*eir union was t*e *ouse an ot w*i$* t*eamiy use as t*eir resien$e w*i$* was a$1uire rom out ot*e saaries o t*e $oupe# T*e $*iren ae ? an > $*ose toi.e wit* t*eir mot*er 2# T*e ==-year o $*i $*ose to i.ewit* t*e at*er# 2*o owns t*e *ouse an ot:

A# H an 2 own t*e *ouse an ot in e1ua s*ares#

T*e Ci.i Coe pro.ies t*at w*en a man an a womanw*o are $apa$itate to marry ea$* ot*er' i.e ex$usi.ey wit*ea$* ot*er as *us&an an wie uner a .oi marriae'properties a$1uire t*rou* t*eir wor7 or inustry areo.erne &y t*e rues on $o-owners*ip' an t*ey own t*eproperty in e1ua s*ares#

In t*is $ase' H an 2' w*o are not in$apa$itate to marryea$* ot*er' were marrie uner a .oi marriae' an Dointyt*ey a$1uire urin t*e union# T*e rues on t*e i1uiation o

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a $onDua partners*ip o ains or a&soute $ommunity oproperty' in$uin t*e rue on presumpti.e eitimes an

aDui$ation o t*e wein *ouse appy ony to i1uiation omarriaes on rouns ot*er t*an t*e roun o psy$*ooi$ain$apa$ity#

Q# 8' a $itiGen o Country A' &ut omi$ie in t*e"*iippines' *a a eitimate au*ter 9 an an ieitimateau*ter K# In *is wi' 8 a.e to K a par$e o an .aue at"=@@'@@@#@@ an to 9 t*e remainer o t*e estate .aue at"=@ miion# T*e $i.i $oe o Country A $ontains t*e oowinpro.isions' amon ot*ers

a)3A testator *as t*e ri*t to ispose o *is property in t*e

way *e esires#4

b)3Intestate an testamentary su$$essions are o.erne

&y t*e aw o t*e $ountry w*ere t*e properties areoun#4

ner "*iippine aw' an ieitimate $*i is entite to one-*ao t*e s*are o a eitimate $*i# K ie a $ompaint aainst 9an t*e estate o 8 or t*e partition o t*e estate a$$orin to"*iippines aw# 2i t*e a$tion prosper:

A# 9es' t*e a$tion wi prosper#

T*e Ci.i Coe pro.ies t*at intestate an testamentarysu$$essions are reuate &y t*e nationa aw o t*e person

w*ose su$$ession is uner $onsieration'=@?

&ut w*ere t*e$oni$ts o aws rue o *is $ountry reers t*e matter &a$7 tot*e "*iippines' t*e interna aw o t*e "*iippines appies#=@

In t*is $ase' t*e $oni$ts o aws rue o Country A reerst*e matter &a$7 to t*e "*iippines w*ere *is properties areo$ate' *en$e' "*iippine interna aw appies# ,in$e uner"*iippine aw an ieitimate $*i is entite to one-*a o t*es*are o a eitimate $*i in t*e estate' K is entite to mu$*

107Art# =' par# ' Ci.i Coe108Ren.oi o$trine

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more t*an t*e "=@@'@@@ i.en *er# Hen$e' *er a$tion wiprosper#

II# CRI%I;AL LA2

Q# An aoniGin an protra$te tria *a.in $ome to a$ose' t*e Due oun A uity &eyon reasona&e ou&t o*omi$ie an impose on *im a strai*t penaty o ,I8 ()9EAR, an =#

%att ie a petition or pro&ation# Pe appeae *is

$on.i$tion urin t*e penen$y o w*i$* *e aso ie a petitionor pro&ation#

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T*e &rot*ers $ounse arue t*at t*ey &ein irst timeoeners' t*eir petitions or pro&ation s*ou &e rante# How

wou you reso.e t*e &rot*ers petitions or pro&ation:

A# Bot* petitions or pro&ation s*ou &e enie#

%atts petition s*ou &e enie#

ner t*e Compre*ensi.e /anerous /rus A$t o @@'any person $on.i$te or ru trai$7in or pus*in uner t*is

A$t' rearess o t*e penaty impose &y t*e Court' $annota.ai o t*e pri.iee rante &y t*e "ro&ation Law#

In t*is $ase' %att is $on.i$te o ru trai$7in# T*at *e isa irst time oener is o no moment#

Pes petition s*ou aso &e enie#

ner t*e "ro&ation Law' as amene' an appi$ation orpro&ation may not entertaine or rante i t*e a$$use *aspere$te an appea rom t*e Dument o $on.i$tion# Pe

wou *a.e 1uaiie or pro&ation &e$ause t*e oense ow*i$* *e was $on.i$te was pro&ationa&e' &ut *is appeais1uaiie *im or pro&ation# T*at *e is a irst oener is'aain' o no moment#

Q# %ay a pu&i$ oi$er $*are uner ,e$tion O(&) oRepu&i$ A$t ;o# O@=> ire$ty or inire$ty re1uestin orre$ei.in any it' present' s*are' per$entae or &eneit' or

*imse or or any ot*er person' in $onne$tion wit* any$ontra$t or transa$tion &etween t*e o.ernment an any ot*erparty' w*erein t*e pu&i$ oi$er in *is oi$ia $apa$ity *as tointer.ene uner t*e awF aso &e simutaneousy orsu$$essi.ey $*are wit* ire$t &ri&ery uner Arti$e =@ ot*e Re.ise "ena Coe:

A# 9es' t*e pu&i$ oi$er may &e simutaneousy orsu$$essi.ey $*are wit* ire$t &ri&ery#

T*e $rime o ire$t &ri&ery uner Art# =@ o t*e Re.ise"ena Coe is $ommitte &y a pu&i$ oi$er w*o arees to

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perorm an a$t $onstitutin a $rime' in $onne$tion wit* t*eperorman$e o *is oi$ia uties' in $onsieration o any oer'

promise' it or present re$ei.e &y su$* oi$er# T*e &ases ort*e prose$ution in t*e two oense are ierent# 2*ie t*e.ioation in t*e irst is malum i$ se' in t*e se$on it is malum

pro!i#itum#

Q# Arene is enae in t*e &uy an se o use arments'more popuary 7nown as +ua*-ua*.+Amon t*e items oun&y t*e poi$e in a rai o *er store in Bauio City were &ran-new Louie eraud &aGers# Arene was $*are wit* en$in#2i t*e $*are prosper:

A# ;o' t*e $*are o 3en$in4 wi not prosper#

30en$in4 is $ommitte w*en a person' wit* intent to ainor *imse or or anot*er' eas in any manner wit* an arti$eo .aue w*i$* *e 7nows or s*ou &e 7nown to *im to *a.e&een eri.e rom pro$ees o t*et or ro&&ery (,e$# ' "/==)#

In t*is $ase' it *as not &een esta&is*e t*at a t*et orro&&ery o t*e &aGers *as &een $ommitte# T*e $*are ie&y t*e poi$e *as' t*ereore' no &asis#

Q# A wiower o ten years' septuaenarian Canuto et t*at*e *a i$ense to enae in .oyeurism# I not peepin into *isnei*&ors rooms t*rou* *is poweru sine-$yiner

tees$ope' *e wou trai youn' s*apey amses aon t*e*aways o s*oppin mas# 2*ie oin up t*e es$aator' *estaye a step &e*in a mini-s7irte one' an in a moment oex$itement' put *is *an on *er et *ip an massae it# T*eamse s$reame an *oere or *ep# Canuto wasappre*ene an &rou*t up on in1uest# 2*at $*are6s' iany' may *e &e *e responsi&e or:

A# Canuto may &e *e ia&e or unDust .exation#

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T*e $rime o unDust .exation is $ommitte w*en oneannoys' irritates or .exes anot*er# %assain t*e *ip o

anot*er unou&tey annoys' irritates or .exes t*e atter#

T*e oense $annot &e a$t o as$i.iousness# 2*ie t*eeement o ewness in t*e a$t may &e present' anot*ereementMor$e an intimiationMis a&sent#

Q# A as7e inan$ia support rom *er s*ow&iG rien B w*oa$$ommoate *er &y issuin in *er a.or a postate $*e$7in t*e sum o ">@'@@@#@@# Bot* o t*em 7new t*at t*e $*e$7

wou not &e *onore &e$ause Bs a$$ount *a Dust &een$ose# T*e two t*en approa$*e traer C w*om t*ey as7eto $*ane t*e $*e$7 wit* $as*' e.en areein t*at t*eex$*ane &e is$ounte at "'@@@#@@ wit* t*e assuran$et*at t*e $*e$7 s*a &e une upon maturity# pon Cspresentment o t*e $*e$7 or payment on ue ate' it wasis*onore &e$ause t*e a$$ount *a areay &een $ose#2*at a$tion6s may C $ommen$e aainst A an B to *o t*em

to a$$ount or t*e oss o *er "'@@@#@@:

A# A $rimina a$tion or .ioation o B" may &e ieaainst B#

T*e eements o t*e oense o .ioation o B" are (=)t*e responent or a$$use ma7es' raws or issues any $*e$7to appy to a$$ount or or .aue ) t*e rawer 7nows at t*etime o t*e issuan$e t*at *e or s*e oes not *a.e sui$ient

uns in' or $reit wit*' t*e rawee &an7 or t*e payment o t*e$*e$7 in u upon its presentment an (O) t*e $*e$7 issu&se1uenty is*onore &y t*e rawee &an7 or insui$ien$yo uns or $reit or it wou *a.e &een is*onore or t*esame reason *a not t*e rawer' wit*out any .ai reason'orere t*e &an7 to stop payment#

A t*e eements o t*e oense are present in t*is $ase#

A $annot &e a responent &e$ause *e is a mere inorsero t*e $*e$7# A mere inorser is not ia&e uner B" #

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A $rimina $ompaint or estaa may &e ie aainst A anB#

T*e eements o t*e $rime o estaa or issuin anunune $*e$7 are =) t*e postatin or issuan$e o a $*e$7in payment o an o&iation $ontra$te at t*e time t*e $*e$7was issue () a$7 o sui$ien$y o uns to $o.er t*e $*e$7an (O) amae to t*e payee#=@>

A t*e eements o estaa are present#

2*ie A is not a $o-rawer o t*e $*e$7' *e s*ou &ein$ue in t*e $*are or *a.in $onspire wit* B inerauin C# Bot* 7new t*at Bs a$$ount *a no uns toma7e oo t*e $*e$7# 2*ere t*ere is $onspira$y' t*e a$t oone is t*e a$t o a#

Q# "roserina' an assistant pu&i$ *i* s$*oo prin$ipa'a$te to a$iitate t*e reease o saary ierentias anee$tion uty per iem o $assroom tea$*ers wit* t*e

areement t*at t*ey wou reim&urse *er or *er expenses#/i "roserina $ommit a $rime:

A# ;o' "roserina i not $ommit a $rime#

"roserina i not $ommit t*e $rime o Vioation o t*e Anti-+rat an Corrupt "ra$ti$es A$t (,e$# O &F' RA O@=>) w*i$*penaiGes t*e a$t o ire$ty or inire$ty re1uestin orre$ei.in any it' present' s*are' per$entae' or &eneit' or

*imse or or any ot*er person' in $onne$tion wit* any$ontra$t or transa$tion &etween t*e +o.ernment an anyot*er party' w*erein t*e pu&i$ oi$er in *is oi$ia $apa$ity*as to inter.ene uner t*e aw#4 ,*e i not as7 or a s*are or&eneit rom t*e saary ierentias an ee$tion uty per iemo $assroom tea$*ers# ,*e merey as7e or reim&ursemento *er expenses in a$iitatin t*e reease# A reim&ursement$annot &e a s*are or &eneit)

109CaDias .s# "eope' +#R# ;o# =N=' 0e&ruary O' @@>

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,*e i not $ommit t*e $rime o ire$t &ri&ery punis*a&euner t*e Re.ise "ena Coe (Art# =@)# T*e $rime o ire$t

&ri&ery is $ommitte &y a pu&i$ oi$er w*o arees to perorman a$t $onstitutin a $rime' in $onne$tion wit* t*e perorman$eo *is oi$ia uties' in $onsieration o any oer' promise' itor present re$ei.e &y su$* oi$er# ,*e *as not $ommittesu$* an a$t# ,*e merey as7e or reim&ursement o *erexpenses in a$iitatin t*e reease w*i$* is not &y itse a$rime#

Q# A' B an C are mem&ers o ,0C 0raternity# 2*ie eatinin a seasie restaurant' t*ey were atta$7e &y 8' 9 an K'mem&ers o a ri.a raternity# A rum&e ensue in w*i$* t*ea&o.e name mem&ers o t*e two raternities assaute ea$*ot*er in a $onuse an tumutuous manner resutin in t*eeat* o A# As it $annot &e as$ertaine w*o a$tuay 7ie A't*e mem&ers o t*e two raternities w*o too7 part in t*e rum&ewere $*are or eat* $ause in a tumutuous aray# 2i t*e$*are prosper:

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A# ;o' t*e $*are wi not prosper#

T*e $rime o 3/eat* Cause in a Tumutuous Aray4 unert*e Re.ise "ena Coe (Art#=) is $ommitte w*en se.erapersons' not $omposin roups oraniGe or t*e $ommonpurpose o assautin an atta$7in ea$* ot*er' re$ipro$ay'1uarre an assaut ea$* ot*er in a $onuse an tumutuousmanner' an in t*e $ourse o t*e aray someone is 7ie' anit $annot &e as$ertaine w*o a$tuay 7ie t*e e$ease#

In t*is $ase' t*e parti$ipants in t*e rum&e &eon to

oraniGe raternities' *en$e' t*ere is no un$ertainty as to t*eaut*ors*ip o t*e $rime# It must &e any one' some or a o t*emem&ers o t*e ri.a raternity# Conspira$y is present amon8' 9 an K# T*eir ia&iity is $oe$ti.e or t*e $rime o *omi$ieor murer as t*e $ase may &e# 2*ere t*ere is $onspira$y' t*ea$t o one is t*e a$t o a#

Q# Aneina maintains a we&site w*ere .isitors $an i.e

t*eir $omments on t*e poste pi$tures o t*e oos s*e sesin *er ex$usi.e &outi1ue# Bettina poste a $omment t*at t*ere /iri$&a s*own in Aneinas we&site is a7e an t*at

Aneina is 7nown to se $ountereit items#

Aneina wants to ie a $ase aainst Bettina# ,*e see7syour a.i$e# 2*at a.i$e wi you i.e *er:

A# I wi a.ise Aneina to ie a $rimina $ase o i&e

punis*a&e uner t*e Re.ise "ena Coe aainst Bettina#

A i&e is a pu&i$ an mai$ious imputation' &y means o awritin or simiar means' o a $rime' or o a .i$e or ee$t' reaor imainary' or any a$t' omission' $onition' status' or$ir$umstan$e tenin to $ause t*e is*onor' is$reit' or$ontempt o a natura or Durii$a person' or to &a$7en t*ememory o one w*o is ea# (Arts# OO an O' Re.ise"ena Coe)

In t*is $ase' Bettina *as impute t*e $ommission &yAneina o t*e $rime o estaa# T*is imputation unou&tey

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$auses t*e is*onor' is$reit' or $ontempt o Aneina# As t*eimputation is eamatory' mai$e in a$t is presume# It is

immateria w*et*er or not t*e eamatory imputation is true orase#

I wi aso a.ise Aneina to ie a $ompaint or .ioation ot*e Cy&er$rime "re.ention A$t o @= w*i$* penaiGes i&eas eine in Re.ise "ena Coe' as amene' $ommittet*rou* a $omputer system or any ot*er simiar means w*i$*may &e e.ise in t*e uture# (,e$# N NF)

Q# Bruno was $*are wit* *omi$ie or 7iin t*e ?-yearo owner o *is roomin *ouse# T*e prose$ution pro.e t*atBruno sta&&e t*e owner $ausin *is eat* an t*at t*e7iin *appene at =@ in t*e e.enin in t*e *ouse w*ere t*e.i$tim an Bruno i.e# Bruno' on t*e ot*er *an' su$$essuypro.e t*at *e .ountariy surrenere to t*e aut*orities t*at

*e peae uity to t*e $rime $*are t*at it was t*e .i$timw*o irst atta$7e an i so wit*out any pro.o$ation on *is(Brunos) part' &ut *e pre.aie &e$ause *e manae to raw*is 7nie wit* w*i$* *e sta&&e t*e .i$tim# T*e penaty or*omi$ie is reclusio$ temporal.

Assumin a Dument o $on.i$tion an ater $onsierint*e attenant $ir$umstan$es' w*at penaty s*ou t*e Dueimpose:

A# T*e penaty to &e impose is years an one ay to@ years o prision mayor#

2*en t*ere are two or more mitiatin $ir$umstan$es anno ara.atin $ir$umstan$es present' t*e $ourt s*a imposet*e penaty next ower to t*at pres$ri&e &y aw' in t*e periot*at it may eem appi$a&e (Art# N F' R"CF

In t*is $ase' t*e $rime is attene &y t*ree mitiatin$ir$umstan$es an no ara.atin $ir$umstan$e' *en$e t*e

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penaty to &e impose is t*e next ower to re$usion temporaw*i$* is prision mayor# T*e mitiatin $ir$umstan$es wi no

oner &e $onsiere or t*e ixin o t*e proper penaty to &eimpose sin$e t*ey were areay ta7en into a$$ount inreu$in t*e penaty to one eree ower# (Basan .s' "eope'= ,CRA ?)

Q# 2*ie *is wie was on a -year s$*oars*ip a&roa'Romeo was *a.in an aair wit* *is mai /u$inea# ReaiGint*at t*e aair was oin now*ere' /u$inea to Romeo t*ats*e was oin &a$7 to t*e pro.in$e to marry *er $*i*oosweet*eart# Coue &y aner an Deaousy' Romeo strane/u$inea to eat* w*ie s*e was seepin in t*e mais1uarters#

T*e oowin ay' Romeo was oun expressioness insiet*e mais 1uarters# He was &rou*t to t*e ;ationa Center or%enta Heat* (;C%H) w*ere *e was ianose to &ementay unsta&e#

C*are wit* murer' Romeo peae insanity as aeense#

2i Romeos eense prosper:

A# ;o' Romeos eense o insanity wi not prosper#

T*e exemptin $ir$umstan$e o insanity may &e in.o7eony i t*e a$$use was insane at t*e time o t*e $ommission

o t*e oense# T*e p*iosop*y &e*in t*e aw on exemptin$ir$umstan$e is t*e a$7 o inteien$e on t*e part o t*ea$$use at t*e time o t*e $ommission o t*e oense#

In t*is $ase' Romeo was $ompetey in $ontro o *isa$uties w*en *e $ommitte t*e $rime# T*e eense oinsanity is una.aiin to *im#

Q# "au i.es wit* *is on-time irrien Poan in a

$onominium in %a7ati# 0or more t*an a year' *e *as &eense$rety sa.in money in an en.eope uner t*eir &e to &uy*er an enaement rin#

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t*eir room' s*e oun t*e en.eope' too7 t*e money' an et"au# As prose$utor' w*at $rime' i any' wou you $*are

Poan:

A# I wi not $*are Poan o any $rime#

2*ie it is true t*at Poan may *a.e $ommitte t*e $rime o1uaiie t*et (Art# O=@' R"C) or t*e reason t*at' wit* a&useo $onien$e an wit* intent to ain s*e too7 away personaproperty &eonin to "au wit*out t*e atters $onsent' t*einormation or su$* $rime wi not prosper or t*e reason t*at

Poan' as a i.e-partner o "au' may in.o7e t*e eense o&ein $ommitte &y a spouse pro.ie in t*e Re.ise "enaCoe (Art# OO' R"C)# Case aw *as esta&is*e t*e rue t*att*e term 3spouses4' as use in t*e aw' in$ues $ommon-awwie or a 3i.e-in4 partner# %(eople v. Co$sta$ti$o, 01 O.2.3013 4'&035)

Q# ,uspe$tin t*at *er *us&an o twenty years was*a.in an aair' Leianie *ire a pri.ate in.estiator to spy on*im# Ater two wee7s' t*e pri.ate in.estiator s*owe Leianiea .ieo o *er *us&an *a.in sexua inter$ourse wit* anot*erwoman in a room o a i.e-star *ote# Base on w*at s*e sawon t*e .ieo' Leianie a$$use *er *us&an o $on$u&inae#2i t*e $ase o $on$u&inae prosper:

A# ;o' a $ase or $on$u&inae wi not prosper#

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T*at on or a&out t*e =st wee7 o Panuary @=@ orsu&se1uent t*ereto in Ce&u City an wit*in t*e Durisi$tion ot*is Honora&e Court' t*e a&o.e-name a$$use' $onspirinan $oneeratin toet*er an a o t*em mutuay *epinan aiin one anot*er in a syni$ate manner' t*rou* a$orporation reistere wit* t*e ,e$urities an Ex$*aneCommission (,EC)' wit* intention o $arryin out t*eunawu or iea a$t' transa$tion' enterprise or s$*eme' wit*intent to ain an &y means o rau an e$eit' i t*en ant*ere wiuy' unawuy' an eoniousy erau Virna' Lana'/e&ora* an se.era ot*er persons &y asey or rauuentypretenin or representin in a transa$tion or series o

transa$tions' w*i$* t*ey mae wit* $ompainants an t*epu&i$ in enera' to t*e ee$t t*at t*ey were in a eitimate&usiness o orein ex$*ane train su$$essi.ey orsimutaneousy operatin uner t*e name an stye o ABCCorporation an /E0 %anaement "*iippines' In$orporate'inu$e an su$$eee in inu$in $ompainants an se.eraot*er persons to i.e an ei.er to sai a$$use t*e amounto at east "@'@@@'@@@#@@ on t*e strent* o saimaniestations an representations' t*e a$$use 7nowinuy we t*at t*e a&o.ename $orporations reistere wit*

t*e ,EC are not i$ense nor aut*oriGe to enae in oreinex$*ane train an t*at su$* maniestations anrepresentations to transa$t in orein ex$*ane were asean rauuent' t*at t*ese resute to t*e amae anpreDui$e o t*e $ompainants an ot*er persons' an t*at t*eerauation pertains to uns soi$ite rom t*e pu&i$ inenera &y su$* $orporations6asso$iations#

2i t*e $ase or syni$ate estaa prosper:

A# ;o' a $ase or syni$ate estaa wi not prosper#

0or a syni$ate to &e ia&e or syni$ate estaa' t*esyni$ate must &e $ompose o i.e () or more persons$ommittin t*e estaa or ot*er orms o swinin eine in

Arts# O= an O= o t*e Re.ise "ena Coe#

In t*is $ase' ony t*ree (O) a$$use are aee to *a.e

$onspire in t*e $ommission o swinin#

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Q# A 7ie *is wie an &urie *er in t*eir &a$7yar# Heimmeiatey went into *iin in t*e mountains#

T*ree years ater' t*e &ones o As wie were is$o.ere &y8' t*e arener# ,in$e 8 *a a stanin warrant o arrest' *e*i t*e &ones in an o $ay Dar an 7ept 1uiet a&out it# Atertwo years' K' t*e $areta7er' oun t*e &ones an reporte t*ematter to t*e poi$e#

Ater = years o *iin' A et t*e $ountry &ut returnet*ree years ater to ta7e $are o *is aiin si&in# ,ix years

t*ereater' *e was $*are wit* parri$ie &ut raise t*eeense o pres$ription# Is As eense tena&e:

A# ;o' As eense is not tena&e#

T*e perio o pres$ription o a $rime $ommen$es to runony rom t*e ay t*e $rime *as &een is$o.ere &y t*eoene party' t*e aut*orities or t*eir aents (Art# >=' Re.ise"ena Coe)# 8' w*o is$o.ere t*e &ones o As wie' is

neit*er t*e oene party nor an aent o t*e aut*orities# T*eaut*orities 7new o t*e existen$e o t*e $rime ony i.e yearsater its $ommission' an t*at was ony = years ao#"arri$ie pres$ri&es in twenty years#

Q#

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t*e same to t*e o$a aut*orities or to its owner# (Art# O@'R"C)#

In t*is $ase' E.a %arie oun a puppy' w*i$* is personaproperty' &ut i not ei.er it to t*e o$a aut*orities or to itsowner &e$ause s*e *a e$ie to own it# ,*e *a $un to*er oriina intention o 7eepin t*e puppy as a pet &y &uyinit a $oar an *a.in it treate &y a .eterinarian#

III# RE%E/IAL LA2

Q# Aie ie wit* t*e Reiona Tria Court o Caoo$an' a$ompaint or a sum o money aainst C*arie# T*e $aim is or"*p=#%iion# T*e $ompaint aees t*at C*arie &orrowe t*eamount rom Aie an uy exe$ute a promissory note ase.ien$e o t*e oan# C*aries oi$e se$retary' Est*er're$ei.e t*e summons at C*aries oi$e#

C*arie aie to ie an answer wit*in t*e re1uire perio'an Aie mo.e to e$are C*arie in eaut an to &e aowe

to present e.ien$e ex parte# Ten ays ater' C*arie ie *is.eriie answer' raisin t*e eense o u payment wit*interest#

a) 2as t*ere proper an .ai ser.i$e o summons onC*arie:

A# ;o' t*ere was no .ai ser.i$e o summons#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at w*ene.er pra$ti$a&e' t*esummons is to &e ser.e &y *anin a $opy t*ereo to t*eeenant in person' or' i *e reuses to re$ei.e an sin or it'&y tenerin it to *im# %Sec. 0, 7ule '6)

In t*is $ase' t*e summons was *ane not to C*arie &utto *is oi$e se$retary#

2*ie it is true t*at t*at summons may &e ser.e &y

ea.in t*e $opies at eenants oi$e or reuar pa$e o&usiness wit* some $ompetent person in $*are t*ereo' t*ismay &e one ony i' or Dustiia&e $auses' t*e eenant

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$annot &e ser.e wit*in a reasona&e time %Sec. 8, 7ule '6)'an t*e prior attempts at persona ser.i$e mae &y t*e ,*eri

an t*e aiure o su$* attempts s*ou &e s*own in t*e prooo ser.i$e# %9apa vs. Court of Appeals, 2.7. No. 8&386 Oct. :,'&&:) In t*is $ase' t*e s*eri *as not mae attempts toser.i$e t*e summons personay to C*arie an su$* a$ts*own in t*e in t*e proo o ser.i$e#

(b) I B is e$are in eaut' w*at $an C*arie o to o&tainreie:

A# I *e is e$are in eaut' C*arie may ie a motion toit t*e orer o eaut uner oat* on t*e roun t*at t*eanswer was ie on time sin$e t*e summons was i.en to *im&y *is se$retary ony on su$* ate as to ma7e t*e iin o t*eanswer &ein timey mae# He s*ou atta$* to t*e motion t*e

Dui$ia aia.it o t*e se$retary esta&is*in t*e ree.ant a$ts#

I *e inee *a in$urre eay in t*e iin o *is answer'C*arie s*ou ie a motion uner oat* to set asie t*e orer

o eaut upon proper s*owin t*at *is aiure to answer wasue to rau' a$$ient' mista7e or ex$usa&e neien$e ant*at *e *as a meritorious eense# %Sec. 3 4a5, 7ule '6)

Q# 9.onne' a youn an oney

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It is true t*at Re.ise "ena Coe pro.ies t*at t*e"*iippines exer$ises Durisi$tion o.er $rimes $ommitte wit*in

its territory an e.en' or $ertain $rimes enumerate t*erein'outsie o it# %Art. :, 7evised (e$al Code)

In t*is $ase' *owe.er' t*e a$t o autery was $ommitteoutsie t*e territoria Durisi$tion o t*e "*iippines' anautery is not one o t*ose $rimes enumerate in t*e Re.ise"ena Coe o.er w*i$* t*e "*iippines exer$ises Durisi$tione.en i $ommitte outsie its territory#

(b) Is a $i.i a$tion to impun t*e paternity o t*e &a&y &oyeasi&e' an i so' in w*at pro$eein may su$* issue &eetermine:

A# A $i.i a$tion to impun t*e paternity o t*e &a&y &oyeasi&e#

T*e 0amiy Coe pro.ies t*at t*e *eirs o t*e *us&anmay ie an a$tion or impunation i t*e $*i sou* to &eimpune was &orn ater t*e eat* o t*e *us&an# (Art# =?=)

In t*is $ase' t*e $*i was &orn to 9.onee ater t*e eat*o /ario' *en$e' t*e *eirs *a.e t*e ea personaity to ie t*ea$tion#

T*e issue o t*e eitima$y o t*e $*i may &e eterminein t*e a$tion or impunation t*at t*e *eirs may ie or' i t*e&irt* o t*e $*i *as areay &een re$ore in t*e $i.i reisterwit* /ario &ein reistere t*erein as t*e at*er o t*e $*i't*e issue may &e etermine in an a.ersaria pro$eeinuner Rue =@ or t*e $orre$tion o entry o t*e $ertii$ate o&irt* o t*e $*i# An inDurious entry may &e sou*t to &eeete or $*ane uner sai pro$eein#

Q# 2*ie in *is ;issan "atro an *urryin *ome toQueGon City rom *is wor7 in %a7ati' +ary iure in a

.e*i$uar mis*ap aon t*at portion o E/,A wit*in t*e City o%anauyon# He was &umpe rom &e*in &y a 0orExpeition ,V ri.en &y Hora$e w*o was o&ser.e usin *is

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$euar p*one at t*e time o t*e $oision# Bot* .e*i$es - moret*an years o no oner $arrie insuran$e ot*er t*an t*e

$ompusory t*ir party ia&iity insuran$e# +ary suerep*ysi$a inDuries w*ie *is ;issan "atro sustaine amae inex$ess o "*p@@'@@@#

(a) As $ounse or +ary' es$ri&e t*e pro$ess you nee tounerta7e startin rom t*e point o t*e in$ient i +ary woupro$ee $riminay aainst Hora$e' an ientiy t*e $ourt wit*

Durisi$tion o.er t*e $ase#

A# 0irst' I wi *a.e t*e trai$ aut*orities in.estiate anma7e a orma report o t*e in$ient' w*i$* wi in$ue astatement rom a witnesses or witnesses t*at Hora$e wasusin *is $euar p*one w*ie ri.in# T*e report wi *a.e tos*ow w*et*er or not t*e .e*i$e ri.en &y Hora$e was uyreistere wit* t*e Lan Transportation

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A# An inepenent $i.i a$tion is one t*e &asis o w*i$*oes not arise rom t*e $rimina a$t $ompaine o &ut rom

aw' $ontra$t or 1uasi-ei$t#

In t*is $ase' +ary may ie an inepenent $i.i a$tion oramaes on t*e &asis o 1uasi-ei$t or t*e a$t or omission ont*e part o Hora$e t*at $ause amae to *is person an to*is $ar#

T*e e.ien$e t*at is re1uire is mere preponeran$e oe.ien$e# I Hora$e is t*e owner o t*e $ar' +ary s*ou

expe$t *im to interpose t*e eense o ue $are in ri.in *is$ar# I *e were a mere ri.er' +ary *a to sue eit*er t*e owneror Hora$e or &ot* o t*em# He s*ou expe$t t*e owner tointerpose t*e eense o ue iien$e in t*e see$tion ansuper.ision o *is ri.er#

Q# At t*e "u&i$ Attorneys

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t*e arrainment# In t*e arrainment' t*e inormation wi &erea to t*e a$$use in t*e anuae or iae$t 7nown to *im'

an *e wi &e as7e w*et*er *e peas uity or not uity#

In my motion' I wi in.o7e a$$uses $onstitutiona ri*t tospeey tria#

(&) In anot*er $ase' aso or 1uaiie t*et' t*e etaineyoun omesti$ *eper *as &een &rou*t to $ourt i.e times int*e ast six mont*s' &ut t*e prose$ution *as yet to $ommen$et*e presentation o its e.ien$e# 9ou in t*at t*e reason or

t*is is t*e $ontinue a&sen$e o t*e empoyer-$ompainantw*o is wor7in o.erseas#

2*at remey is appropriate an &eore w*i$* orum wouyou in.o7e t*is reie:

A. I wi ie a motion in $ourt or t*e ismissa o t*einormation on t*e roun o aiure to prose$ute an o t*ea$$uses $onstitutiona ri*t to speey tria# T*e ,tate *as a

t*e resour$es at its $omman to prou$e its witnesses' ant*e a$$use $annot &e mae to remain *ostae to t*euna.aia&iity o t*e ,tates witnesses#

($) ,ti in anot*er $ase' t*is time or iea possession oanerous rus' t*e prose$ution *as reste &ut you saw romt*e re$ors t*at t*e iea su&stan$e aeey in.o.e *asnot &een ientiie &y any o t*e prose$ution witnesses nor*as it &een t*e su&De$t o any stipuation#

,*ou you now pro$ee post*aste to t*e presentation oeense e.ien$e or $onsier some ot*er remey: Expain t*eremeia steps you propose to unerta7e#

A# I wi ie a emurrer to e.ien$e#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at ater t*e prose$utionrests its $ase' t*e $ourt may ismiss t*e a$tion on t*e roun

o insui$ien$y o e.ien$e (=) on its own initiati.e ater i.int*e prose$ution t*e opportunity to &e *ear or () upon

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emurrer to e.ien$e ie &y t*e a$$use wit* or wit*outea.e o $ourt# %Sec. :3, 7ules of Court)

In t*is $ase' t*e aiure on t*e part o t*e prose$ution to*a.e t*e iea su&stan$e su&De$t matter o t*e $ase ientiie&y any o t*e prose$ution witnesses is ata to t*e $ause o t*eprose$ution#

Howe.er' I wi ie t*e emurrer to e.ien$e ony uponea.e o $ourt so t*at i t*e $ourt enies t*e emurrer' I wi sti*a.e t*e ri*t to au$e e.ien$e or t*e eense# I t*e

emurrer to e.ien$e is ie wit*out ea.e o $ourt an isenie' t*e a$$use oses *is ri*t to au$e e.ien$e in *is&e*a# %I#id.)

() In one ot*er $ase' an inient mot*er see7s assistan$eor *er =N-year o son w*o *as &een arreste an etaineor mai$ious mis$*ie#

2ou an appi$ation or &ai &e t*e appropriate remey or

is t*ere anot*er remey a.aia&e: Pustiy your $*osen remeyan outine t*e appropriate steps to ta7e#

A. An appi$ation or &ai is not t*e appropriate remey# Iwi ie instea a motion or t*e ismissa o t*e inormation#ner t*e aw' a person &eow =N years o is a&souteyexempte rom $rimina ia&iity# %7A. &366, t!e ;uve$ile;ustice a$d 7eform Act)

Q# T*e spouses Puan resie in QueGon City# 2it* t*eirottery winnins' t*ey pur$*ase a par$e o an in TaaytayCity or "=@@'@@@#@@# In a re$ent trip to t*eir Taaytayproperty' t*ey were surprise to see *astiy assem&es*eters o i*t materias o$$upie &y se.era amiies oinorma setters w*o were not t*ere w*en t*ey ast .isite t*eproperty t*ree (O) mont*s ao#

To ri t*e spouses Taaytay property o t*ese inorma

setters' &riey is$uss t*e ea remey you' as t*eir $ounse'wou use t*e steps you wou ta7e t*e $ourt w*ere you

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wou ie your remey i t*e nee arises an t*e reason6s oryour a$tions#

A# As t*e $ounse or t*e spouses' I wi ie a $i.i a$tionor or$i&e entry' wit* prayer o a status 1uo ante orer' in t*e%uni$ipa Tria Court in Cities o Taaytay City#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at a person epri.e o t*epossession o any an or &uiin &y or$e' intimiation't*reat' stratey' or steat* may' at any time wit*in one (=) yearater su$* unawu &rin an a$tion in t*e %uni$ipa Tria Court

o t*e muni$ipaity or $ity w*erein t*e rea property in.o.e' ora portion t*ereo' is situate' aainst t*e person or personsunawuy epri.in o possession' or any person or persons$aimin uner t*em' or t*e restitution o su$* possession'toet*er wit* amaes an $osts# %Sec. ', 7ule 81 a$d Sec.', 7ule 6, 7ules of Court)

In t*is $ase' t*e inorma setters *a unawuy epri.et*e spouses Puan o t*e possession o t*eir an' an it *as

&een ony t*ree mont*s sin$e t*ey were ispossesse#

I wi in$ue in my $ompaint an appi$ation or a status1uo ante orer &e$ause o t*e extreme uren$y o t*e $asean so t*at t*e $ase may no oner pass t*rou* t*e$on$iiation pro$eeins uner t*e Jatarunan "am&aranaypro.isions o t*e Lo$a +o.ernment Coe# (ner t*epro.isions' a party may o ire$ty to $ourt i *is a$tion is$oupe wit* a pro.isiona remey). %Sec. 6':, Local

2over$me$t Code)

Q# 2*ie eisurey wa7in aon t*e street near *er *ousein %ari7ina' "atty un7nowiny steppe on a aren too et&e*in &y CCC' a $onstru$tion $ompany &ase in %a7ati# ,*eost *er &aan$e as a $onse1uen$e an e into an openman*oe# 0ortunatey' "atty suere no maDor inDuries ex$eptor $ontusions' &ruises an s$rat$*es t*at i not re1uire any

*ospitaiGation# Howe.er' s*e ost se-esteem' suereem&arrassment an rii$ue' an *a &outs o anxiety an &areams a&out t*e a$$ient# ,*e wants .ini$ation or *er

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un$ae or experien$e an *ires you to a$t as $ounse or *eran to o w*ate.er is ne$essary to re$o.er at east

"*p=@@'@@@ or w*at s*e suere#

2*at a$tion or a$tions may "atty pursue' aainst w*om'w*ere ($ourt an .enue)' an uner w*at ea &asis:

A# I wi ie an a$tion or mora amaes aainst CCC ant*e muni$ipaity o %ari7ina on t*e &asis o 1uasi-ei$t#

T*e Ci.i Coe pro.ies t*at w*oe.er &y a$t or omission$auses amae to anot*er' t*ere &ein aut or neien$e' iso&ie to pay or t*e amae one# %Art. :'80, Civil Code)

In t*is $ase' CCC was neient in aiin to se$ure itsaren too w*i$* was t*e proximate $ause in "attys aininto an open man*oe w*i$* $ause *er to suer seriousanxiety an menta anuis*# T*e muni$ipaity o %ari7ina wasaso neient in not $o.erin t*e man*oe#

I wi ie t*e a$tion in t*e %etropoitan Tria Court o%ari7ina City or in t*e %etropoitan Tria Court o %a7ati City'at "attys $*oi$e# T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at personaa$tions' as in t*is $ase' may &e $ommen$e an trie in t*e$ourt w*ere t*e painti resies' or w*ere t*e eenantresies' at t*e ee$tion o t*e painti# %Sec. :, 7ule 6, 7ules ofCourt)T*e amount o t*e $aim &ein ony "=@@'@@@' t*e $ourtw*i$* *as Durisi$tion is t*e %etropoitan Tria Court# %Sec. 33,/( ':&, as ame$ded)

Q# 9ou are t*e eense $ounse o Anea Bituin w*o *as&een $*are uner RA O@=> (Anti-+rat an Corrupt"ra$ti$es A$t ) &eore t*e ,anian&ayan# 2*ie Anea *asposte &ai' s*e *as yet to &e arraine# Anea re.eae toyou t*at s*e *as not &een in.estiate or any oense ant*at it was ony w*en poi$e oi$ers s*owe up at *erresien$e wit* a warrant o arrest t*at s*e earne o t*e

penin $ase aainst *er# ,*e woners w*y s*e *as &een$*are &eore t*e ,anian&ayan w*en s*e is not ino.ernment ser.i$e#

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(a) 2*at &eore-tria remey wou you in.o7e inAneas &e*a to aress t*e a$t t*at s*e *a not &een

in.estiate at a' an *ow wou you a.ai o t*is remey:

A# T*e 3&eore-tria4 remey t*at I wou ie in $ourt a3%otion To Quas* 2arrant o Arrest an 0or "reiminaryIn.estiation4#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at ex$ept in a $ase w*eret*e a$$use is awuy arreste wit*out a warrant' apreiminary in.estiation is re1uire to &e $onu$te &eore

t*e iin o a $ompaint or inormation or an oense w*ere t*epenaty pres$ri&e &y aw is at east our (N) years' two ()mont*s an one (=) ay wit*out rear to t*e ine#

In t*is $ase' no preiminary in.estiation was $onu$te ont*e oense $*are aainst Anea Bituin# T*e iin o t*einormation an t*e issuan$e o t*e warrant o arrest arewit*out ea &asis#

(&) 2*at urin-tria remey $an you use to aow aneary e.auation o t*e prose$ution e.ien$e wit*out t*e neeo presentin eense e.ien$e w*en an *ow $an you a.aio t*is remey:

A# T*e 3urin-tria4 remey t*at I $an use is to ie aemurrer to e.ien$e wit* ea.e o $ourt#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at ater t*e prose$ution

rests its $ase' t*e $ourt may ismiss t*e a$tion on t*e rouno insui$ien$y o e.ien$e (=) on its own initiati.e ater i.int*e prose$ution t*e opportunity to &e *ear or () uponemurrer to e.ien$e ie &y t*e a$$use wit* or wit*outea.e o $ourt# %Sec. :3, 7ules of Court)

I may a.ai o t*is remey wit*in a non-exteni&e perioo i.e () ays ater t*e prose$ution *as reste its $ase#%I#id.)

Q#

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%asiasi o t*e VaenGuea "oi$e witnesse an on-oinarme ro&&ery w*ie t*e &us was tra.ersin %a7ati# His

aertness an trainin ena&e *im to oi t*e ro&&ery an tosu&ue t*e maea$tor# He isarme t*e eon an w*ieris7in *im' is$o.ere anot*er *anun tu$7e in *is waist#He seiGe &ot* *anuns an t*e maea$tor was ater$*are wit* t*e separate $rimes o ro&&ery an ieapossession o irearm#

2*ere s*ou "oi$e Inspe$tor %asiasi &rin t*e eonor $rimina pro$essin: To ,ian' Ca.ite w*ere *e is &oun

to %a7ati w*ere t*e &us a$tuay was w*en t*e eonies too7pa$e or &a$7 to VaenGuea w*ere *e is statione: 2*i$*$ourt *as Durisi$tion o.er t*e $rimina $ases:

A# T*e poi$e oi$er s*ou &rin t*e eon to t*e nearestpoi$e station w*i$* is most pro&a&y o$ate in %a7ati City#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at it s*a &e t*e uty o t*eoi$er exe$utin t*e warrant to arrest t*e a$$use an to

ei.er *im to t*e nearest poi$e station or Dai wit*outunne$essary eay# %Sec. 3, 7ule ''3, 7ules of Court) 2*iet*e oreoin rue reers to an arrest on t*e &asis o a warranto arrest' it appies as we to a awu warrantess arrest' as int*is $ase#

Bot* $ases s*ou &e ie in t*e $ourts o %a7ati Cityw*ere t*e $rimes were $ommitte#

Q# 0or o.er a year' ;enita *a &een estrane rom *er*us&an 2ater &e$ause o t*e atters suspi$ion t*at s*e was*a.in an aair wit* Vaimir' a &aranay 7aawa w*o i.ein near&y %anauyon# ;enita i.e in t*e meantime wit* *ersister in %a7ati#

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As s*e was runnin away rom t*e &urnin *ouse' ;enitawas surprise to see *er *us&an aso runnin away rom t*e

s$ene# /r# Caros' 2aters psy$*iatrist w*o i.e near t*e&urne *ouse an w*om 2ater mei$ay $onsute ater t*eire' aso saw 2ater in t*e .i$inity some minutes &eore t*eire# Coin$ientay' 0r# "atino' t*e paris* priest w*o reuary*ears 2aters $onession an w*o *ear it ater t*e ire' asoen$ountere *im not too ar away rom t*e &urne *ouse#

2ater was $*are wit* arson an at *is tria' t*eprose$ution mo.e to introu$e t*e testimonies o ;enita' t*e

o$tor an t*e priest-$onessor' w*o a saw 2ater at t*e.i$inity o t*e ire at a&out t*e time o t*e ire#

(a) %ay t*e testimony o ;enita &e aowe o.er t*eo&De$tion o 2ater:

A# ;o' t*e testimony o ;enita may not &e aowe o.er t*eo&De$tion o 2ater#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at urin t*eir marriae'neit*er t*e *us&an nor t*e wie may testiy or or aainst t*eot*er wit*out t*e $onsent o t*e ae$te spouse' ex$ept in a$i.i $ase &y one aainst t*e ot*er' or in a $rimina $ase or a$rime $ommitte &y one aainst t*e ot*er or t*e atters ire$tes$enants or as$enants# %Sec. ::, 7ule 31, 7ules ofCourt).

In t*is $ase' ;enita is sou*t to testiy aainst 2ater in a

$rimina $ase or a $rime not $ommitte &y one aainst t*eot*er or t*e atters ire$t es$enants or as$enants# T*eis1uaii$ation is a&soute# Hen$e' ;enita may not testiy o.ert*e o&De$tion o 2ater#

(&) %ay t*e testimony o /r# Caros' 2aters psy$*iatrist'&e aowe o.er 2aters o&De$tion:

A# 9es' t*e testimony o /r# Caros may &e aowe' espite

2aters o&De$tion#

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T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at a person aut*oriGe topra$ti$e mei$ine' surery or o&stetri$s $annot in a $i.i $ase'

wit*out t*e $onsent o t*e patient' &e examine as to anya.i$e or treatment i.en &y *im or any inormation w*i$* *emay *a.e a$1uire in attenin su$* patient in a proessiona$apa$ity' w*i$* inormation was ne$essary to ena&e *im toa$t in t*at $apa$ity' an w*i$* wou &a$7en t*e reputation ot*e patient# %Sec. :6 4c5, 7ule '31, 7ules of Court)

In t*is $ase' /r# Caros is &ein as7e to testiy in a$rimina $ase#

E.en i t*is were a $i.i $ase' t*e testimony o /r# Carosmay &e aowe' e.en o.er t*e o&De$tion o 2ater' i t*epurpose o t*e testimony is to pro.e t*at /r# Caros saw2ater in t*e .i$inity some minutes &eore t*e ire# ,u$*testimony *as not*in to o wit* t*e p*ysi$ian-patientreations t*at exists &etween t*e two#

($) %ay t*e testimony o 0r# "atino' t*e priest-$onessor'

&e aowe o.er 2aters o&De$tion:

A# It epens#

I t*e purpose o t*e testimony is to ei$it inormation onmatters 2ater *a $onesse to 0r# "atino' t*en t*etestimony o 0r# "atino may not &e aowe o.er 2aterso&De$tion#

T*e Rues o Court pro.ies t*at a minister or priest$annot' wit*out t*e $onsent o t*e person ma7in t*e$onession' &e examine as to any $onession mae to or anya.i$e i.en &y *im in *is proessiona $*ara$ter in t*e $ourseo is$ipine enDoine &y t*e $*ur$* to w*i$* t*e minister orpriest &eons# %Sec. :6 4d5, 7ule '31, 7ules of Court)

Howe.er' i t*e purpose o t*e testimony is to pro.e t*at att*e time t*e ire &ro7e out' "atino saw 2ater not too ar away

rom t*e s$ene o t*e in$ient' t*e testimony may &e aowe'e.en o.er t*e o&De$tion o 2ater# ,u$* testimony *as not*in

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to o wit* t*e priest-patient reations t*at exists &etween t*etwo#

Q# As a new awyer' Attorney ;o.ato imite *is pra$ti$e tosma $aims $ases' ea $ounsein an t*e notariGation oo$uments# He put up a soo pra$ti$e aw oi$e an wasassiste &y *is wie w*o ser.e as *is se$retary6*eper# Heuse a ma7es*it *ut in a .a$ant ot near t*e o$a $ourts ana o$a transport reuatory aen$y# 2it* t*is pra$ti$e ano$ation' *e i not *a.e &i-time $ients &ut enDoye *ea.ypatronae assistin wa7-in $ients#

(a) 2*at roe $an Attorney ;o.ato pay in sma $aims$ases w*en awyers are not aowe to appear as $ounse int*ese $ases:

A# ,ma $aims $ases are o.erne &y t*e Rue o"ro$eure or ,ma Caims Cases# Atty# ;o.ato may assistany one o t*e parties in $ompyin wit* t*e rues t*ereinpro.ie# He *as t*e ea trainin to ee$ti.ey o so# 0orinstan$e' *e may assist a party in t*e preparation annotariGation o *is or *er peains# T*e Rue o "ro$eure or,ma Caims Cases re1uires t*at ony a$ts o ire$t persona7nowee o t*e aiants w*i$* are amissi&e in e.ien$emay &e state in t*e aia.it# %Sec. 8, 7ule of (rocedure forSmall Claims Cases)A awyer 7nows or ou*t to 7now w*att*ese a$ts are#

(&) 2*at ea remey' i any' may Attorney ;o.ato pursueor a $ient w*o oses in a sma $aims $ase an &eore w*i$*tri&una or $ourt may t*is &e pursue:

A# He may not appea rom any e$ision o t*e $ourt# T*ee$ision is ina an unappeaa&e# %Sec. :3, 7ule of(rocedure for Small Claims Cases).

He may not aso assai t*e .aiity o t*e e$ision t*rou*a petition or $ertiorari uner Rue # T*e Rue o "ro$eureor ,ma Caims Cases pro*i&its t*e iin o a motion or

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re$onsieration o t*e Dument' w*i$* is a re1uirement &eoreone may a.ai o t*e remey o a petition or $ertiorari#