Itrsquos a Grolar the climatendashchange polar bear

By Rachel Fritzman

Polar bears and Grizzlies

bull For the first time grizzly bears and polar bears are mating with each other in the wild

Discovered

bull This was first discovered in 2006 when a hunter shot what he thought was a polar bear After genetic testing it was discovered that it was a hybrid of a grizzly bear father and a polar bear mother

Why is this happening

bull Grizzly Bears are traditionally found in Alaska western Canada and northwestern America

bull More and more Grizzlies are being spotted in eastern Canada which was previously dominated by polar bears and hundreds of miles north on Canadian Arctic islands

Why is this happening

bull The loss of habitat for polar bears is also driving them to land where they may come into contact with grizzlies

bull Due to global warming as Arctic sea ice melts closely related species in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are able to come into contact with each other and as a result they can interbreed

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Polar bears and Grizzlies

bull For the first time grizzly bears and polar bears are mating with each other in the wild

Discovered

bull This was first discovered in 2006 when a hunter shot what he thought was a polar bear After genetic testing it was discovered that it was a hybrid of a grizzly bear father and a polar bear mother

Why is this happening

bull Grizzly Bears are traditionally found in Alaska western Canada and northwestern America

bull More and more Grizzlies are being spotted in eastern Canada which was previously dominated by polar bears and hundreds of miles north on Canadian Arctic islands

Why is this happening

bull The loss of habitat for polar bears is also driving them to land where they may come into contact with grizzlies

bull Due to global warming as Arctic sea ice melts closely related species in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are able to come into contact with each other and as a result they can interbreed

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Discovered

bull This was first discovered in 2006 when a hunter shot what he thought was a polar bear After genetic testing it was discovered that it was a hybrid of a grizzly bear father and a polar bear mother

Why is this happening

bull Grizzly Bears are traditionally found in Alaska western Canada and northwestern America

bull More and more Grizzlies are being spotted in eastern Canada which was previously dominated by polar bears and hundreds of miles north on Canadian Arctic islands

Why is this happening

bull The loss of habitat for polar bears is also driving them to land where they may come into contact with grizzlies

bull Due to global warming as Arctic sea ice melts closely related species in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are able to come into contact with each other and as a result they can interbreed

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Why is this happening

bull Grizzly Bears are traditionally found in Alaska western Canada and northwestern America

bull More and more Grizzlies are being spotted in eastern Canada which was previously dominated by polar bears and hundreds of miles north on Canadian Arctic islands

Why is this happening

bull The loss of habitat for polar bears is also driving them to land where they may come into contact with grizzlies

bull Due to global warming as Arctic sea ice melts closely related species in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are able to come into contact with each other and as a result they can interbreed

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Why is this happening

bull The loss of habitat for polar bears is also driving them to land where they may come into contact with grizzlies

bull Due to global warming as Arctic sea ice melts closely related species in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are able to come into contact with each other and as a result they can interbreed

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

How is this possible

bull When bears come into contact with each other they usually tend to act very aggressive towards each other

bull Even bears of the same species will often view each other as prey

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

How is this possiblebull However these rules

change during mating season

bull Grizzly bears mate from May to July

bull Polar Bears mate from April to June

bull Because they are now coming in contact and their mating seasons overlap this makes it possible

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

How is this possible

bull Both species require an extended mating ritual in order to reproduce

bull Females are only able to ovulate after spending several days with a male

bull During this time they mate several times over several days to ensure fertilization

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

So this is no accident

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Similarities

bull Polar bears are believed to have evolved from grizzly bears during the ice age when they were cut off in an area of Alaska

bull As a result their DNA is very similar

bull This allows their offspring to be fertile

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Characteristics of offspring

bull Longer necks found on polar bears

bull Shoulder hump found on grizzly bears

bull Soles of feet partially covered in hair

bull White fur with brown patches

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Is this happening with other arctic species YES

bull Hybridization has already happened between harp and hooded seals narwhal and beluga whales and is very likely between North Pacific right whales and bowhead whales

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasion

bull There are at least 22 Arctic marine mammals are at risk from hybridization

bull Many of these animals are already threatened or endangered without this risk

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasion

bull Because of hybridization and invasion of species some southern marine mammals are also bringing diseases that Arctic marine mammals have no immunity to

bull This possibility was realized when a parasitic roundworm found in polar bears and arctic fox began to spread to walrus and then to humans who had eaten uncooked the walrus meat

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasion

bull Another disease being spread due to this is brucellosis a bacterial disease found in cattle dogs wild animals and humans which has been linked to reproductive failure in dolphins and baleen whales

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasion

bull The greatest life threatening disease that could spread to the arctic is phocine distemper

bull This disease was first found in 1988 when it killed 20000 harbor seals in northwestern Europe

bull Since then it has spread to seals in Russia striped dolphin in the Mediterranean and other marine mammals around the world

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasionbull No one is sure how this disease was introduced

to marine life but it is closely related to canine distemper so it is believed the the remains of an infected animal were dumped into the ocean

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Consequences of invasion

bull Narwhals and beluga whales have no immunity to this disease so if it gets introduced to the North American Arctic with 80000 narwhal and 150000 belugas most of the year there would be a massive die off that would be incredibly destructive to the arctic community

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Stopping invasion and interbreeding

bull Global warming has hit the Arctic region two to three times harder than it has hit other areas of this climate

bull Because of this polar bears along with other arctic species are being forced out of their normal hunting grounds

bull The only thing that we can do to slow the disappearance of ice caps is drastically reduce our carbon dioxide emissions

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species

Bibliography bull Clisset Christine When Polar Bears and Grizzlies Breed They Can Produce Fertile Offspring Why Cant

Other Species - Slate Magazine Homepage - Slate Magazine The Slate Group a Division of the Washington Post Company 7 May 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwslatecomarticlesnews_and_politicsexplainer201005pizzly_bearshtml

bull Inter-species Mating Could Doom Polar Bear - Environment - The Independent The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper 19 Dec 2010 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwindependentcoukenvironmentinterspecies-mating-could-doom-polar-bear-2164807html

bull Leake Jonathan ldquoItrsquos a grolar the climate-change polar bearrdquo The Times The Sunday Times Times + The Sunday Times 22 Nov 2009 Web 4 Oct 2011

bull httpwwwtimesonlinecouktolnewssciencearticle6926954ece

bull Roach John Grizzly-Polar Bear Hybrid Found -- But What Does It Mean Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News National Giographic 16 May 2006 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpnewsnationalgeographiccomnews200605polar-bears_2html

bull Struzik Ed Warming Arctic Brings Invasion of Southern Species | Environment | Guardiancouk Latest News Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian The Gaurdian 14 Feb 2011 Web 24 Oct 2011 httpwwwguardiancoukenvironment2011feb14warming-arctic-southern-species