ITGD3101Modern Telecommunications

Lecture7- Second-Generations Mobile Systems

week 7- S1/ 2009-2010

Dr. Anwar Mousa

University of PalestineFaculty of Information Technology

Today, we are going to talk about:

Second-Generations Mobile Systems

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

2.2. SECOND GENERATIONSECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS GSM-OverviewGSM-Overview General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

OUTLINEOUTLINE

GENERATIONGENERATION MOBILE SYSTEMMOBILE SYSTEM

1G: 1G: (AMPS), ((AMPS), (NMTNMT), and (), and (TACSTACS).).

2G : GSM , 2G : GSM , iDENiDEN , ,D-AMPSD-AMPS 2.5G : GPRS, 2.5G : GPRS, WiDENWiDEN 2.75G: EDGE 2.75G: EDGE (EGPRS)(EGPRS)

3G : W-CDMA , UMTS,3G : W-CDMA , UMTS, CDMA2000CDMA2000 3.5G : HSDPA 3.5G : HSDPA 3.75G : HSUPA , HSOPA3.75G : HSUPA , HSOPA

[WI-MAX ([WI-MAX (HIPERMANHIPERMAN), WI-FI (), WI-FI (HIPERLANHIPERLAN)])] 3GPP UMTS LTE3GPP UMTS LTE, Ultra Mobile Broadband, Ultra Mobile Broadband

(UMB) (UMB) , , WiBroWiBro

1. MOBILE SYSTEMS1. MOBILE SYSTEMSEVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

Almost all were Almost all were analog systemsanalog systems voicevoice was considered to be the main traffic. was considered to be the main traffic.

Year Year Mobile System Mobile System 1981 1981 Nordic Mobile TelephoneNordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450 (NMT) 450 1983 1983 American Mobile Phone SystemAmerican Mobile Phone System

(AMPS) (AMPS) 1985 1985 Total Access Communication SystemTotal Access Communication System

(TACS) (TACS) 1986 1986 Nordic Mobile TelephonyNordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900(NMT) 900

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FIRST GENERATIONFIRST GENERATION

1.1. Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMPS)Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMPS) Made available in USA in 1983Made available in USA in 1983 40MHz40MHz of spectrum was allocated from the of spectrum was allocated from the

800MHz 800MHz bandband Offered Offered 832 channels832 channels, with a data rate of , with a data rate of 10 kbps10 kbps 7-cell reuse factor for SIR 18db 7-cell reuse factor for SIR 18db

2.2. Total Access Communications System Total Access Communications System (TACS)(TACS)

Was introduced in Europe with Was introduced in Europe with 1000 channels1000 channels and a data rate of and a data rate of 8 kbps8 kbps

AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM)(FM) technique for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed technique for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed

onto an onto an FDMAFDMA system system

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FIRST GENERATIONFIRST GENERATION

In Europe:In Europe: GSMGSM Cordless Telephone (Cordless Telephone (CT2)CT2) Personal Access Communications Systems Personal Access Communications Systems

((PACSPACS)) Digital European Cordless Telephone (Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECTDECT)) Digital AMPS (D-AMPS-TDMA)Digital AMPS (D-AMPS-TDMA) Personal Digital Communication (Personal Digital Communication (PDCPDC). ). General Packet Radio ServiceGeneral Packet Radio Service ( (GPRSGPRS) ) Enhanced Data rate for GSM EvolutionEnhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution ( (EDGEEDGE))

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION SECOND GENERATIONSECOND GENERATION

in USA:in USA: (TDMA) based standard ((TDMA) based standard (IS-136IS-136)) (CDMA) based standard ((CDMA) based standard (IS-95IS-95) ) GSM derivative, Personal Communication Services (GSM derivative, Personal Communication Services (PCSPCS) )

1900.1900.

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION SECOND GENERATIONSECOND GENERATION

Improved transmission qualityImproved transmission quality Higher system capacityHigher system capacity Better system coverageBetter system coverage More services: fax, short message, and More services: fax, short message, and

data transmissions data transmissions Security: authentication and encryptionSecurity: authentication and encryption Better spectral efficiencyBetter spectral efficiency

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION ADVANTAGES OF 2-G OVER 1-GADVANTAGES OF 2-G OVER 1-G

Basically a linear enhancement of 2G Basically a linear enhancement of 2G systems.systems.

Based on Based on twotwo parallel backbone parallel backbone

infrastructures:infrastructures:

1.1.Circuit switched nodes, Circuit switched nodes,

2.2.Packet oriented nodes.Packet oriented nodes.

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION THIRDTHIRD GENERATION GENERATION

This process of standard harmonization This process of standard harmonization produced three modes of operation: produced three modes of operation:

CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) based on based on UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) based on based on CDMA2000 CDMA2000

CDMA-TDDCDMA-TDD (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) based on UMTS TDD based on UMTS TDD

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION THIRDTHIRD GENERATION GENERATION

In general, In general, A NEW GENERATIONA NEW GENERATION is defined by the is defined by the result of technology changes over a result of technology changes over a 10–15 year10–15 year time frame. time frame.

Thus, Thus, 4G4G refers to whatever is deployed in the refers to whatever is deployed in the 2010–2015 2010–2015 period, period,

assuming 3G deployment spans the 2000–2009 period. assuming 3G deployment spans the 2000–2009 period.

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

Typically, Typically, a new standarda new standard means means a new air-a new air-interfaceinterface with with

higher datahigher data rates in the least, rates in the least, change in the way change in the way data transportdata transport is handled end-to- is handled end-to-

end.end.

The The infrastructureinfrastructure and the and the terminalsterminals will have will have almost almost all the all the standards from 2G to 3Gstandards from 2G to 3G implemented.implemented.

The infrastructure will however only be The infrastructure will however only be packet basedpacket based, all-IP, all-IP..

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

The system will also serve as an The system will also serve as an Open PlatformOpen Platform where where New innovations can go with itNew innovations can go with it

Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G systems aresystems are

WiMaxWiMax, , WWorldwide orldwide IInteroperability for nteroperability for MMicrowave icrowave AccAccessess WiBroWiBro, , The Koreans alternative to 3.5G or 4G cellular The Koreans alternative to 3.5G or 4G cellular

systemssystems 3GPP3GPP LTELTE 3G Partnership Project Long Term Evolution 3G Partnership Project Long Term Evolution

release 8 of the UMTSrelease 8 of the UMTS work-in-progress technologies work-in-progress technologies such as such as HSOPA.HSOPA. (HSDPA, HSUPA)(HSDPA, HSUPA)

MOBILE SYSTEMS MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION FOURTHFOURTH GENERATION GENERATION

OUTLINEOUTLINE

1.1. Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-OverviewOverview

2.2. General Packet Radio Service General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) (GPRS)

3.3. Enhanced Data rate for GSM Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)Evolution (EDGE)

2. SECOND GENERATION2. SECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

Global System for Mobile com. Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-Overview(GSM)-Overview

Phase 1Phase 1 of the standardization of GSM900 of the standardization of GSM900

Was completed by (Was completed by (ETSIETSI) in ) in 19901990 and included and included all all necessary definitionsnecessary definitions for the GSM network for the GSM network operations. operations.

Several Several tele-servicestele-services have been defined have been defined data transmission up to data transmission up to 9.6 kbps9.6 kbpsbut only some very but only some very basic supplementary basic supplementary

servicesservices were offered. were offered.

(GSM)-Overview(GSM)-Overview

Phase 2Phase 2 GSM standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995) GSM standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995)

to incorporate a large variety of to incorporate a large variety of supplementary servicessupplementary services that were comparable to that were comparable to ISDNISDN

Phase 2+Phase 2+ ETSI decided to further enhance GSM in GSM Phase 2+ to ETSI decided to further enhance GSM in GSM Phase 2+ to introduced important introduced important 3G features3G features such as: such as:

Customized application for mobile enhanced logic Customized application for mobile enhanced logic (CAMEL), VHI(CAMEL), VHI

intelligent network intelligent network (IN)(IN) services services– CAMEL enables worldwide access to operator-specific IN applications CAMEL enables worldwide access to operator-specific IN applications

such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision.such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision.

(GSM)-Overview(GSM)-Overview

Enhanced speech compression/decompression Enhanced speech compression/decompression (CODEC)(CODEC)

High-speed circuit-switched data High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD)(HSCSD)– HSCSD offers data rates up to 115 kbits/s. It uses multiple time slots (up HSCSD offers data rates up to 115 kbits/s. It uses multiple time slots (up

to eight time slots) of GSM time division multiple access structure. to eight time slots) of GSM time division multiple access structure.

General packet radio service General packet radio service (GPRS)(GPRS)

Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). (EDGE).

GSM network architecture

General packet radio serviceGeneral packet radio service (GPRS)(GPRS) Additional NodesAdditional Nodes

GSMGSM network requires network requires two newtwo new network network elementselements for for GPRSGPRS::

SGSN and GGSNSGSN and GGSN

1.1. The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) performs security functionsperforms security functions mobility management and access control.mobility management and access control. resides at the same hierarchical level as a resides at the same hierarchical level as a

visited visited MSC (VMSC)/VLRMSC (VMSC)/VLR

General packet radio serviceGeneral packet radio service (GPRS)(GPRS) Additional NodesAdditional Nodes

2.2. The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

used for inter-working with external used for inter-working with external packet-packet-switched networksswitched networks. .

has functions comparable to a gateway has functions comparable to a gateway MSC MSC (GMSC).(GMSC).

performs comparable functions such asperforms comparable functions such as routing routing and and mobility managementmobility management. .

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Architecture

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General DescriptionGeneral Description

GPRS is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds GPRS is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds packet-switching packet-switching protocols.protocols.

Packet switchingPacket switching is a technique whereby the information is a technique whereby the information (voice or data) to be sent is broken up into packets, (voice or data) to be sent is broken up into packets,

of at most a few Kbytes eachof at most a few Kbytes each are routed by the network between different destinations are routed by the network between different destinations based on addressing data within each packet.based on addressing data within each packet.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General DescriptionGeneral Description

Use of network resources is Use of network resources is optimizedoptimized As the resources are needed As the resources are needed onlyonly during the handling of each packet. during the handling of each packet.

The possibility to The possibility to chargecharge by the amount of data sent by the amount of data sent, rather than , rather than connection time.connection time.

Packets from different users get transmitted Packets from different users get transmitted concurrentlyconcurrently and instead of and instead of having a dedicated connection it is having a dedicated connection it is a virtual connectiona virtual connection. .

Thus Thus enables enables better utilizationbetter utilization of radio resources of radio resources

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont…General Description cont…

Circuit switchedCircuit switched requires the requires the dedication of a radio channeldedication of a radio channel to a mobile data user for a fixed period of timeto a mobile data user for a fixed period of time

resulting in theresulting in the lossloss of valuable bandwidth. of valuable bandwidth.

GPRS radio channel reservation and allocation is done GPRS radio channel reservation and allocation is done flexible from flexible from 1 to 81 to 8 radio interface radio interface timeslotstimeslots per per TDMA frameTDMA frame

GSM Carriers and TDMA Frames

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont…General Description cont…

timeslots are timeslots are sharedshared by all the active users. by all the active users.

timeslots are timeslots are shared dynamicallyshared dynamically between between data and data and speechspeech services according to: services according to:operator's preferenceoperator's preference base station loadbase station load. .

Up and downlink are allocated Up and downlink are allocated separatelyseparately..

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)Coding SchemesCoding Schemes

4 Coding Schemes (CS1, CS2,CS3,and CS4) 4 Coding Schemes (CS1, CS2,CS3,and CS4) exist for exist for GPRSGPRS: :

CS1CS1 provides connectivity under provides connectivity under "all conditions""all conditions" and delivers a and delivers a user throughput of up to user throughput of up to 9.05 kbits/s9.05 kbits/s,,

CS2CS2 delivers a user throughput of up to delivers a user throughput of up to 13.4 kbits/s13.4 kbits/s CS3CS3 delivers a user throughput of up to delivers a user throughput of up to 15.6 kbits/s15.6 kbits/s While While CS4CS4 requires excellent radio signal requires excellent radio signal (Carrier to (Carrier to

Interference ration of 27 dB)Interference ration of 27 dB) and delivers a user throughput of and delivers a user throughput of up to up to 21.4 kbits/s21.4 kbits/s. .

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) AdvantagesAdvantages

GPRS allows the efficient use of GPRS allows the efficient use of scarce radio resourcesscarce radio resources among a among a larger numberlarger number of users of users

Full Full inter-working inter-working with the existing Internet, with the existing Internet,

any service available on the fixed Internet today any service available on the fixed Internet today can be supported by GPRS can be supported by GPRS

Allow a reduction in Allow a reduction in peak time signallingpeak time signalling channel channel loadingloading

by sending by sending short messagesshort messages over GPRS channels over GPRS channels instead instead

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Advantages cont…Advantages cont…

Strict separation between the radio subsystem and network Strict separation between the radio subsystem and network subsystem is maintained.subsystem is maintained.

Allowing the network subsystem to be reused with Allowing the network subsystem to be reused with other radio access technologies. other radio access technologies.

Minimal overhead of deploying it in a pre-existing GSM Minimal overhead of deploying it in a pre-existing GSM network network

GPRS does not mandate changes to an installed MSC GPRS does not mandate changes to an installed MSC base.base.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitationslimitations

Radio resources are Radio resources are simultaneouslysimultaneously shared with shared with voice callsvoice calls

thus reducing the cell capacity thus reducing the cell capacity

However, GPRS is capable of However, GPRS is capable of dynamicallydynamically managing managing channel allocationchannel allocation

To reach the maximal transmission data rate a single user must To reach the maximal transmission data rate a single user must utilize utilize all eight slotsall eight slots,,

unrealistic in a practical GPRS installationunrealistic in a practical GPRS installation

The actual data rate is much lower.The actual data rate is much lower.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitations, cont…limitations, cont…

GPRS suffers from severe GPRS suffers from severe transit delaystransit delays as: as:

GPRSGPRS packets packets are sent in are sent in different directionsdifferent directions to to

reach the same destination. reach the same destination.

This opens up the potential for one or some of This opens up the potential for one or some of those packets to be those packets to be lost or corruptedlost or corrupted

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

General characteristics

Allows GSM operators to use existing GSM radio bands to offer wireless multimedia IP-based services and applications.

EDGE lets operators function without a 3G license and compete with 3G networks offering similar data services.

Theoretical maximum speeds of more than 470 kbps with a bit-rate of 59.2 kbps per timeslot in good radio conditions.

EDGE uses (8-PSK), rather than normal GSM (GMSK).

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Deployment Scenario

GPRS backbone

SGSN

GGSN

GGSN

BG

PublicInternet

Backbone

router

router

serverrouter

SGSN

Edge

Edge

GPRS backbone

GGSN

GGSNBG

SGSN

WCDMA

Inter-operator GPRS

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM EvolutionEDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Channel coding schemes (in addition to GPRS)Channel coding schemes (in addition to GPRS) SchemeScheme ModulationModulation Peak Rate per Peak Rate per

slot (kbps)slot (kbps) CodeCode

RateRate

MCS-1MCS-1MCS-2MCS-2MCS-3MCS-3MCS-4MCS-4MCS-5MCS-5MCS-6MCS-6MCS-7MCS-7MCS-8MCS-8MCS-9MCS-9

GMSKGMSKGMSKGMSKGMSKGMSKGMSKGMSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK8-PSK

8.88.811.211.214.814.817.617.617.617.617.617.617.617.654.554.559.259.2

.5.5.66.66.75.751.01.01.01.0.37.37.49.49.76.761.01.0

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution General characteristics cont…

Relatively painless implementation:

Requires relatively small changes to network hardware and software as it uses

the same TDMA frame structure, logic channel 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks.

Just one EDGE transceiver unit to be added to each cell

with the base stations receiving remote software upgrades.

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution General characteristics cont…

EDGE requires higher radio signal quality than GSM network before higher data throughput can be reached.

This means more base stations and infrastructure build-out for established GSM operators that wish to migrate to EDGE.

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EDGE benefits

Faster connection Greater data volumes achieved greater network capacity Can interoperate with GSM networks for global

coverage

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

Transmission Rate per time-slot

// EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution System parameters

Modulation: GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) & 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

8 PSK modulation automatically adapts to local radio conditions, offering the fastest transfer rates near the base stations in good conditions.

Multiple Access :Combination of TDMA & FDMA

Transmit Frequency bands Downlink    Reverse ch. 890 - 915 MHz uplink Forward ch. 935 - 960 MHz    

// EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution System parameters cont… Duplex seperation 45 MHz RF carrier spacing     200 kHz Number of TDMA slots on each carrier     8   Channel allocation     1 to 8 time slots per TDMA   One time slot (Physical channel)     0.577 ms Frame Interval:     4.615 ms Asymmetric data traffic different time slots for Uplink and

downlink Connectivity: Packet switched data networks such as IP and X.25

  Added nodes  Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) and

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)  Channel coding schemes : CS-1 through CS-4, MCS1-MCS9

شكرا لكم

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