italian cultural notes

7/23/2019 Italian Cultural Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/italian-cultural-notes 1/46

T 0067 S

IT LI N

HE DST RT



IT LI N

HE DST RT

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_-_David_%26_Lion.jpg



ONTENTS

Benvenuto

Geography

Language

History

ho Are the I ta ians?

Re igion

Ente r t a in ing

a t

Home

Dining

Out

Wines

City

Life

Enter ta inment

Sports

3

9

l

6

23

26

29

4

35

7

4



ENVENUTO WELCOME)

Fethiye Mosque and Roman columns in Athens, GreecePhoto: Eusebius

cc-by-3.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_-_Fethiye_mosque_and_roman_forum_columns.jpg


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tivoli-villaadriana03.jpg






In

s tudy ing

the I t a l i a n Headstar t course , you have shown

your awareness

o f

the

impor tan t

ro le t ha t language plays in

ge t t ing to know the people o f another country . Almost everyone

apprec ia tes

the

e f fo r t s o f a foreign v i s i t o r to speak

the

l an -

guage

of

a hos t

country ,

and

the

I t a l i a ns

are

no except ion.

Even

if your e f fo r t s

a t

f i r s t f a l l

shor t

o f

your

expec ta t ions ,

you l l

f ind

I t a l i ans

eager

to help

you.

As soon as you ve

mastered

only a few phrases , y o u l l f ind a spec ia l welcome

w i l l

be

extended

to you

pra c t i c a l l y

everywhere you

go

in

I t a l y .

Along

with

language a b i l i t y , a

genuine

i n t e r e s t in the

c u l t u ra l

l i f e o f a host

country can

a l so work wonders.

Like

people everywhere, I t a l i a ns are p leased to discover

t ha t

foreign

v i s i t o r s

are i n t e r e s t e d in t h e i r

way

o f

l i f e and

in t he i r

h i s to ry ,

t he i r

customs,

and t he i r achievements as a na t ion . In tu rn , you

w i l l discover t ha t

l ea rning about I t a l i a n

cu l tu re

w i l l

help you

in

your language

s tudy, s ince

t rue

mastery of

any language re -

qui res

an unders tanding

o f

the

people who speak

it

This bookle t

of fe r s

only a b r i e f i n t roduc t ion

to

a

r i ch and

va r i ed

cu l tu re

t ha t

has

evolved

over

many

cen tu r ies .

You w i l l

f ind

many oppor-

t un i t i e s to l e a rn more

during

your s t ay in I t a l y . To ge t s t a r t e d ,

read

through

t h i s

bookle t .

Decide

to make

the

most

o f

your

s tay

in

I t a ly by l ea rning as mush as you can about your hos t country ,

i t s people,

and

i t s language.



GEOGR PHY

Photo: Jensens

public domain

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Positano_II.jpg





The t o t a l area o f a l I

these

land masses i s ac tu a l l y much

l e s s

than t h a t o f Cal i fo rn ia .

I t a l y

has about 116 000

square

miles compared

to

C a l i fo rn i a s approximately

158 000.

The populat ion

of

I t a l y

i s about

56

mil l ion , o r roughly

one- four th

t ha t

o f

the United

Sta tes .

In

I t a ly you w i l l encoun

t e r a populat ion dens i ty t h a t i s cons iderab ly

g r ea t e r than

you

are

accustomed t o .

The squeeze may

be

four ,

f ive ,

o r more t imes

as grea t .

Most of I t a l y

i s

mountainous or a t l ea s t h i l l y ,

and in many

par t s of the country farming i s

t r u ly

uph i l l work.

In nor thern

most

I t a l y

are the Alps the

highes t

mountains in Europe so

high

t ha t

they are snow-capped the year

round.

Running almost

the e n t i r e length of the I t a l i a n pen insu la are the Apennines

a l so a

formidable range wi th

masses o f jagged c l i f f s , barren

p la teaus , and peaks

reaching near ly

10 000 fee t .

Much

o f I t a l y s

so i l i s

poor and

l i f e i s

hard fo r those

who

t ry

to make a

l i v in g from it

Much

a g r i c u l t u ra l land i s

su i ted

only

for

growing grapes

and o l ives o r for grazing sheep and

goa ts . I t a l y has

about 3 000 miles

o f coas t l ine ,

and in many

places

the

co as t a l lowlands provi de

some

good c u l t i va t ion .

The lowlands

o f

southern

I t a l y , fo r

example

are wel l

known

fo r

t he i r dependable

crops

o f c i t r us f r u i t s . But the

bes t

farmland

i s in the Po

Valley in

the

nor th .



From the Po Valley come l a rge crops of wheat r i c e ,

sugar

bee t s , and

a

wide var i e ty

of

o the r

vege tables . The

reg ion

i s

a lso

known

fo r

i t s f ine herds o f c a t t l e and

i t s

abundant orchards

of

apples

and peaches . Even so ,

I t a l y s

l a rge populat ion re -

qui res imports o f gra in and o ther foods tuffs from othe r countr ies .

About

the only

farm products

t ha t I t a l y

produces in expor tab le

quan t i t i e s are c i t r us f r u i t s ,

o l iv e

o i l ,

wines

and cheeses .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campagna_di_Soresina.jpg



Today a

l o t

of I t a l i ans make t he i r homes on the southern

s lopes

of

the

Alps overlooking the

Po Valley . Alpine I t a l y ,

as

the

region

i s ca l l ed ,

along with the Po

Valley region,

the

peninsula ,

and the

Mediterranean

i s l ands ,

forro

four

d iv i s ions

o f I t a l y along

s t r i c t l y

geographic l i ne s . Some geographers r e f e r

to these d iv i s ions

as the

four

I t a l ys . I f

the

Alps

have sepa-

r a ted the

I t a l i ans

from

the

o the r peoples of

Europe

the

Apen-

nines

have

separa ted the I t a l i a n s from each o ther . In the pas t ,

regiona l d i f fe rences

have

kept

I t a l i ans

from unifying

as

a na t ion .

Regional d i f fe rences

are

stil s t rong inf luences in I t a l i a n pol -

i t i c s

and

soc i a l

l i f e .

In some ways

they add r i ch

var i e ty

to

I t a l i a n

cu l tu re

because regions cont inue to t ake grea t pr ide in

t he i r loca l customs.

These

may inc lude a co lo r fu l

annual

f e s t i va l

ce lebra t ed nowhere e l s e in qu i te the same

way

o r a spec ia l

touch

in making wine o r cooking pas ta . But

regional ism i s

stil

the cause

o f

r i va l ry

and

p o l i t i c a l

and economie d i f fe rences .

The g re a t e s t

rift o f a l I i s a

generaI

one between I t a l i ans o f

the nor th and

south .

o one knows the prec i se div id ing

l i ne

between

peoples o f

the nor th

and

south . What i s well

known

i s

t ha t most

heavy i ndus t ry ,

good farmland

and a grea te r

share

o f

the n a t i o n ' s weal th

are

concen t ra ted in

the fa r nor th . In com-

par i son

with

southerners , nor therners a re

repu ted

to be tough-

minded r e a l i s t s who

perform wel l

in business en te rp r i ses .

South-



wi th

sunny

days

much o f the

year - round

and

wi th

mild winters

withou t snow.

t can g e t very co ld

in the

mountains

in

w in te r

and

very hot along the co as t s

in summer.

S i c i l y enjoys

a

more

moderate c l imate

than some

othe r

p a r t s

o f

the coun t ry . S i c i l i a n

w i n t e r s a r e warm and sunny by

day wi th

c h i l l y nigh t s . Summers

in

S i c i l y

a re h o t but l i g h t sea breezes

blow across

the

i s l and .

Spr ing and f a l l a re about the

same

in I t a l y as in the American

l1idwest. They

a re

i d ea I seasons

fo r t r av e l i n g

which

i s why

most t o ~ r s t s choose t h ese t imes

o f year

to v i s i t I t a l y .

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alghero_Port.jpg



regions

of I t a l y , however, we are speaking of c u l tu r a l as well

as p o l i t i c a l

d iv i s ions . At one

t ime

I t a l y s

regions

were in

dependent e n t i t i e s with t he i r

own

cu i tu res and customs and

today

stil

preserve

t he i r

own

i den t i t i e s

and t r a d i t i ons .

Vatican

Ci ty - a sovereign papal state

St Peter's Square in the Vatican City

Photo: François Malan

cc-by-sa-3.0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_StPeter_Square.jpg


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/



http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milano-duomodimilano01.jpg



L NGU GE

In the

four teen th cen tu ry ,

people

from

d i f f e r e n t regions

o f

I t a l y

spoke

and

wrote

in

re l a t ed

speech

types

dia lec ts )

der ived

from La t in .

The

works o f

one

wri t e r ,

Dante

Alighie re , born in

Florence in the reg ion o f Tuscany,

gained such

p r e s t i g e

t ha t

h is

s ty l e was imi ta ted by o ther s .

Consequently,

Tuscan gradua l ly

became a model

for

speaking and wri t ing , and learned I t a l i a ns

agreed

to

use

t as a bas i s

for

an idea l i zed La t in . Today

t h i s

I t a l i an ,

ca l l ed Idea l ized

Standard

I t a l i an

ISI) ,

i s

taught

in

sehools throughout I t a l y . Although

based

on Tuscan, IS1 a l so

incorpora tes

c e r t a i n

fea tures from othe r d ia l e c t s .

I t a l i ans

pronounce

IS1

with the

accents of

t he i r

pa r t i c u l a r

regions .

These

d i f f e r e n t pronuncia t ions ,

toge ther

with

regiona l

fea tu re s o f vocabulary and grammar, cons t i tu t e

modern

d ia l e c t s .

Some

of these

d i a l e c t s

are

accepted as

s tandard

and

are

r e fe r red

to as Prac t i ca l Standard 1 t a l i a n

PS1); o ther s ,

not so

accep ted ,

are ca l l ed Nonstandard I t a l i an NSI). Many 1 t a l i a n s speak PSI

and

NSI,

but

NSI

i s

not used

with

ou t s ide rs .

The d i a l e c t s o f

NSI are so

diverse

t ha t many are mutual ly un in t e l l i g ib l e . A

Venet ian

and a Roman, fo r example, o r a

Sic i l i a n

and a Tusean,

would

have

d i f f i cu l t y

unders tanding

each

othe r

i f they

spoke

in

t he i r

loea l NSI)

d ia l e c t s .

Typieal ly

an

1 ta l i a n o f t h i s generat ion

knows

NSI, l ea rns



no d i f f e r e n t

from any othe r pIace in the world.

When a

few

Americans ge t

t oge the r , it

i s

not too

d i f f i c u l t to t e l l if

one

comes from Boston,

ew

York,

ew

Orleans , o r Chicago.

Most Sic i l i a ns , as wel l as

inhab i tan t s

o f the I t a l i a n

pen in

sula

and

the

neighboring i s l ands

belonging to the

Republic

o f

I t a l y , unders tand s tandard I t a l i a n . It i s a d i f f e r e n t s to ry ,

however,

when

they

speak the na t iona l

l anguage- - f requen t ly

you

w l l

hear di f fe rences in grammar

o r pronuncia t ion .

For

ins tance ,

in Sic i l i a n ,

many

e s

and a l I

f i na l e s

become

i s,

many o s

and

a l I f i n a l

o s

become

u s ,

double l s

usua l ly

become double d s .

The

Catanian d ia l e c t a l so has i t s own pe c u l i a r i t i e s :

i n i t i a l

g s become

y s ,

i n i t i a l

eh

sounds c fo l lowed by i o r e)

become s h s .

I t a l i a n Sic i l i a n

Catanian

dog

cane

cami

b eau t i f u l b e l l o

beddu

she

e l l a

idda

he

e g l i

ilI

Lat) iddu

from the Lat in

i l l u



ISTORY

Hadrian s

villa

S to r i e s

o f

the

I t a l i a ns

before the

founding o f Rome are a

combinat ion

o f

h i s to r y and

legend. Even s t o r i e s

about ea r ly

Rome inc lude many

myths. What

seems l i k e l y i s

t h a t

the c i t y

was

founded

in the e igh th cen tury B.C. by

L a t i n s ,

a t r i b a l people

who

had

l i ved in

I t a l y

fo r many

cen tu r i e s . The year 756

i s

the t r a d i t i o n a l date given fo r the

founding

o f

Rome,and legend

cc-by-2.0Photo: Andy Hay


http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Villa_Adriana.jpg&action=purge





s

centur ies passed, the

Roman

Empire weakened. In A.D. 476

the l a s t emperor was

overthrown

and

Rome

f e l l . At the he igh t

c f

the

empire

t

was sa id tha t a l I

roads lead

to

Rome .

Indeed,

Rcman engineers

had

overseen

the

cons t ruc t ion

o f

a

system

of

exce l len t roads

t ha t

extended

to some of

the

f a r the s t

reaches

of

the

empire. Like these roads, Roman

a r t

and technology

r ad ia ted

out from I t a ly . Roman

concepts

o f

law

and

p o l i t i c a l

adminis t ra -

t ion were passed

on

to the people

of

western Europe

to

become

the bas i s

of t he i r emerging c i v i l i za t i ons . The

European

Romance

languages

(Spanish, Portuguese, French, Rumanian)

developed

from

the

Lat in

of the

Romans,

and

Lat in

had

a s t rong inf luence on

othe r

European languages as wel l .

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Via_Appia_Antica_Rome_2006.jpg



The

second

grea t

e ra

during which the I t a l i a n s

did

much

to

determine

the course of western c i v i l i z a t i on

carne cen tu r ies

l a t e r .

Renaissance means

r eb i r t h ,

and

it i s the

name given to the

period of European

h is to ry

from

around

1350 to

1550

when a new

s p i r i t o f adventure and discovery t ransformed the western world .

Severa l

of

the grea t men o f h is to ry were pa r t o f the

I t a l i an

Renaissance. t was the

t ime

o f

Columbus,

Vespucci, and Marco

Polo.

Michelangelo,

da Vinci , and Raphael

a l l l i ved

during the

Renaissance .

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quadriga_Venice.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MichelangeloDavid.jpg



t

was

a t ime o f i n t r i g u e and

dip10macy

as 1eaders

sought

to

c rea te

a11iances and

main ta in

ba1ances

o f power.

Dip10mats in

o the r coun t r i e s

wou1d one day

s tudy

t h e p o 1 i t i ca1 h is to ry o f

the

I t a1 ian

Renaissance

fo r p rac t i ca1

1essons

in

s t a t e c r a f t

During the Renaissance , wea1thy pat rons

commissioned

a r t i s t s

to produce works t h a t wou1d g l o r i fy t h e i r c i t i e s The Church

paid a r t i s t s to produce works on re1 ig ious themes. n as t o n -

i sh ing amount of Renaissance

a r t

has withs tood the t e s t ofl t ime

Renaissance works are nat iona1 t r e a sure s in which I t a 1 i a n s today

t ake g r ea t p r i d e

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican-St-Peter-mosaic-angel-6621.jpg




were

pa r t l y

achieved

in

1861

when

p a r t s of I t a l y agreed to un i te

under King Victo r Emmanuel I I . Giuseppe

Gariba ld i

emerged as

a hero o f the

s t rugg le .

In

1870 the

r e s t o f I t a ly

jo ined

the

kingdom. I t a l y

had

become

a

poor

country

and

exper ienced eco

nomie hardship

in

the years t ha t fo l lowed. any

I t a l i ans

emi

gra ted

many

of them to the United Sta tes . I t a l y

jo ined

with

the

All ies

to f igh t

aga ins t

the

Germans

in

World War uch

f igh t ing

took pIace in nor thern

I t a l y and

a t the

end of

the

war ecopomic t roub le s were very

severe .

Beni to Mussol in i

took

contro l of

the

government

in

1922

and

s e t

up

a

f a sc i s t

d ic t a to r

s h i p . I t a ly ente red World War I I

on

the s ide

of

Germany, but

defea ts in

North

Africa

and

Sic i ly turned the

people agains t

Mussol in i .

Mussol in i

was removed from power, and from

1943

un t i l

the end

of

the war

I t a l y

fought

on

the

s ide

of the

Al l i es .

In

1946 I t a l i ans

voted

to

adopt a repub l ican form

of

government.

I t a l y has been a par l i amentary republ ic s ince 1946. The

head

of s t a t e i s the

pres iden t who

s

e l ec t ed by the

parl iament

for

a seven-year terme

Unlike the

pres iden t

of

the

United Sta t e s

the pres iden t

of

I t a ly does not wie ld execut ive power. Executive

power i s

in the hands of

a prime minis te r who i s a member of

par l i ament e lec ted to

t h i s

high o f f i c e by othe r members of

par l iament .

Par l iament cons i s t s of

two

houses ,

a Chamber of

Deputies

about 600

members) and a

Senate about 300

members).



W O

ARE THE T

ALIANS

The

Forum in Rome

No country

i s more a l ive with co lo r

and exci tement .

I t a l i ans

love to

ge t toge ther for

good food wine and s p i r i t e d conversa-

t i on . Speech i s

rapid

and accompanied

by

express ive ges tu re s .

Laughter comes e a s i l y

and

so does in tense argument even over

mat te rs o f

no

apparen t

s ign i f i cance

a t

a l I .

What

sounds

l i k e

the

rumblings of a murderous

feud

complete with

the

banging of f i s t s

on

t ab les can e a s i l y

prove

to be a minor disagreement

t ha t i s

Curia Julia relief - croppedPhoto: Radomił Binek

cc-by-sa-3.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wn%C4%99trze_Kurii_Forum_Romanum.jpg









of

grea tness

from t he i r long

h is to ry

are re f l ec ted upon with

qu ie t p r ide .

I t a l i ans

l i v e with

cons tant reminders

o f p a s t

g lo r i e s .

P ra c t i c a l l y

every I t a l i a n c i ty

has a t

l e a s t

one

s t ruc -

t u re

or

monument

t ha t

da tes

back

to

the

Roman

Empire

or

the

Renaissance the

two

e ra s when

I t a l i a n s

had

t he i r

g re a t e s t i n -

f luence

on western

c i v i l i za t i on .

Emperor Hadrian

Photo: Marie-Lan Nguyen

Public Domain

Arch of Susa, Piemonte ItalyPhoto: Duvilar

cc-by-sa-3.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrian_Santa_Bibiana_Massimo.jpg


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arco_di_Augusto-Susa.jpg








http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_San_Marco_-_Atrio.jpg



Every

year the number o f

fo re igne rs

who v i s i t I t a l y

i s in

the

tens o f

mil l ions .

any are

governrnent and

bus iness r ep re

sen ta t ives

who pa r t i c ipa t e

in the day- to -day

a f f a i r s

o f

the in

dus t r i a I

na t ion

t ha t

i s

modern I t a ly .

But

othe rs a re

t ou r i s t s ,

scho la r s , a r t i s t s ,

and

even p i lg r ims . Some are fun-seekers who

come

to

bask in

the

sunny

c l imate , to

savor the fabulous

cuis ine ,

o r to enjoy the glamorous n i g h t l i f e

and

the

many

oppor tun i t i e s

fo r spor t s

and r ec rea t ion .

Vis i to rs with an i n t e r e s t in

h is to ry

may fo l low an e n t i r e ly d i f f e r e n t i t i ne r a ry and

see

world-famous

ru ins

and

s t ruc tu res

t h a t

date

back

to

the

Roman

Empire

or to

the

Renaissance.

Some v i s i t o r s go on s p i r i t u a l

ques t s to s i t e s

where Chr i s t i an

t r a d i t i ons were born

and where

Roman

Catho l ic i sm

main ta ins

s tu rdy i n s t i t u t i ons t ha t have globa l ou t reach . Other

v i s i t o r s are most ly

i n t e r e s t e d in the vas t I t a l i a n con t r ibu t ion

to

western

a r t and music. For

them

I t a l y

o f fe r s

e legan t

museums

and

ga l l e r i e s

where works

o f

I t a l i a n

genius

are

preserved ,

as

wel l as concer t h a l l s and opera

houses

where

t ime-honored c l a s s i c s

by

I t a l i a n

composers

a re lov ing ly performed

by some

of the world s

f i ne s t

music ians .

Some o f

the most

knowledgeable admirers of

I t a l i a n cu l tu re choose merely to s t r o l l the

s t r e e t s

o f c i t i e s

and v i l l ages

to

t ake in the wonders o f I t a l i a n a rch i t ec tu re ,

to

pause

a t

shops

and

s t a l l s

where

craftsmen

market

t he i r

wares

and

to observe I t a l i ans

p r ac t i c in g

the

a r t

o f

l i v ing ,

I t a l i a n

s t y l e .



Actua l ly , the charm

and

dynamism o f I t a l y have lu red fo re ign

v i s i t o r s

fo r cen tu r ies ,

and I t a l i a n s

have a

t r a d i t i o n o f extending

a

hear ty

weIcome.

I t a l i ans are

an outgoing people

who enjoy

meeting

othe r

people .

Many

I t a l i a n s

speak

two

o r

t h ree o the r

European Ianguages and

take

a keen

i n t e r e s t

in w h a t s going on

in

the

r e s t o f the

world.

As an American, you

may

be su rp r i sed

a t

how

much I t a l i a n s

know about the United Sta tes . Of course , our con t inen t was

discovered

by

an

I t a l i a n from

the

c i t y o f

Genoa

(Chr i s to fo re

Colombo)

and

named

fo r

an

I t a l i a n from

the

c i t y

o f

Florence

(Amerigo Vespucci) . l o t o f I t a l i a n

fami l ies

have

branches

in

the United

Sta tes as a

r e s u l t of

immigrat ion

t ha t began

in heavy

waves

around

the turn of

the twen t ie th cen tu ry .

Today,

I t a l y

and the United Sta tes are N TO

a l l i e s

with many mutuaI i n t e r e s t s

in Europe and around the

world. EngIish

i s a popular second

l an

guage

in

I t a l y , and

many

I t a l i a ns - - e s pe c i a l l y

young

peop le-

enjoy

Arnerican

en te r t a inment

and

popular

cu l tu r e

as much as

Arnericans

do.

The family

was, and

to

a

cons iderab le

ex ten t stil i s , a

fundamental i n s t i t u t i on

in

I t a l i a n soc ie ty . One school

o f

thought

a t t r i bu t e s

t h i s f a c t

to

the p o l i t i c a l

i n s t a b i l i t y of

I t a l y

in the p as t cen tu r i e s

due

to

the

d iv i s ion o f

the

country

in to many small s t a t e s and

to

the many foreign

dominat ions.



Sometimes

young

couples

con t inue to l i v e

wi th

t h e i r p a ren t s

because they need each

o t h e r ' s coopera t ion .

Elder members o f

the

family o f t e n

need

hea l th

ass i s tance , and,

s ince

an in

creas ing

number

o f

women

work

o u t s i d e

the

home,

young

p a ren t s

need day

ca re

fo r t h e i r ch i ld ren .

However,

a l though

family u n i t y i s

stil

very s t rong there

i s never the less a

growing movement

in the

younger

genera t ion

toward

a

l e s s fami ly-based soc ie ty . Marr iage

i s

no longer

cons idered

the

only p o s s i b l e s t a t u s fo r a women. omen have

a t t a in ed l ega I

and

moral

equa l i ty ,

and

i n c reas i n g

numbers

o f

them a re

a t t a i n i n g

u n i v e r s i t y degrees

and

pursu ing ca r ee r s .

With the

increase

in

the

number

o f

working women

has come

a

decrease

in

t h e r a t e

of

b i r t h s per fami ly . The

bas i c

s t r u c tu r e

of

the

t y p i c a l

I t a l i a n fami ly ,

which

was once

very l a rge ,

i s

s lowly changing . The i n s t i t u t i o n

o f

d iv o rce , approved in 1972,

l i b e ra l i z e d

family l i f e .

However, a f t e r

an

i n i t i a l high

r a t e

o f divorce

due

to the r eg u l a r i z a t i o n

o f

long-s tand ing problems

in family s i t u a t i o n s , the r a t e

dropped

r a th e r consp icuous ly ,

l eav ing the impress ion t h a t family t i e s stil play an impor tan t

ro l e i n

I t a l i a n soc ie ty .

I t a l i a n s r ece i v e one o r more

Chr i s t i an

names a t

b i r t h .

However,

only the

first

one i s

ac tu a l l y

used ,

even

on

documents ,

excep t fo r the b i r t h c e r t i f i c a t e which

always b ea r s

a l I the

names



In

no

case does an I t a l i a n woman use the f i r s t and l a s t

names

o f her

husband,

as

an American might do in

c a l l i ng

h e r se l f

Mrs. George

Green ,

fo r

example.

Although

the re are

excep t ions ,

widows

gene ra l ly

keep

t he i r

married names

for

a l I soc i a l

purposes , but

a l I l egaI documents

w i l l

show both names as

fo l lows:

Maria Bianchi vedova

Rossi

( Maria Bianchi , widow

[of ]

Ross i ) .

I t a l i ans

love

to t a lk , but they a lso tend to be very

p a t i e n t

with

fore igners who

have

d i f f i cu l t y t ry ing to speak t he i r

l an -

guage.

At

such

t imes ,

I t a l i ans

can

be

wonderful ly

f r i end ly .

Adul ts usua l ly

address

each o ther

as

Signore (Mr.) , S ignora

(Mrs .) , o r Signor ina

(Miss) . They a l so use

the

word Signor in

connect ion wi th

a pe rson ' s l a s t name or in

connect ion with

a

person ' s

profe ss iona l t i t l e , such

as Dottore

(Doctor) , Professore

(Professor) ,

Avvocato

(Lawyer), e tc .

The word

Lei (you)

i s

a

formaI

usage

which

connotes r espec t fu lnes s .

Addressing a

person by

h i s

o r

her f i r s t

name

o r

by

the

word

Tu (you) connotes

fami l i a r i ty , and

such usages a re l imi t ed

to

very c lose

f r i ends ,

family members,

and

ch i ld ren .

hen

address ing

a wai t re s s

o r

a s t o r e

a t tendan t , I t a l i a ns

may use

Signor ina o r

Signora

on

the

bas i s

o f the women's

age

ra the r than

on

her ac tua l mari ta I s t a tus .

I t a l i ans shake

hands qu i te r ead i ly ,

not

only when they

are



I t a l i a ns go out o f t h e i r way

to

be he lp fu l and courteous to

fo re igne rs .

Courtesy

d i c t a t e s t ha t

you

o f fe r t i p s to p o r t e r s

wai te r s

cabdr ive rs be l lboys and othe rs

in

se rv ice occupat ions .

However of fe r ing t i p s to o th e r s

s imply because

they

have been

kind enough to o f fe r

as s i s t an ce

can

be

cons idered an i n su l t .



R LIGION

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orvieto_Duomo_1.JPG



Not a l I

I t a l i a n

Catho l ics

are

prac t ic ing

Catho l i c s . Some

go to church

only

on

impor tan t

hol idays such

as

Christmas

and

Eas te r . t would

appear t ha t

some

I t a l i ans

are Catho l i c more

out of

t r a d i t i on

than because

of persona l

convic t ions .

However,

whether

because o f

conv ic t ions o r r espec t fo r t r a d i t i on , most

I t a l i a ns marry in church,

bapt ize

t he i r

ch i ld ren in the Cathol ic

r i t u a l ,

rece ive

F i r s t

Communion, and

are

bur ied according to

Cathol ic precep t s .

In

recen t years young people have displayed

a

new i n t e r e s t in

re l ig ion ,

and mcre

youngsters

are seen in

church

fo r

Sunday

mass,

espec ia l ly

the

l e ss

t r a d i t i ona l

mass

during

which

more

modern

music i s played and ins t ruments othe r

than the organ are used. Since

the papacy

o f Pope Paul VI,

the

mass

has

been

ce lebra ted

in

I t a l i a n

r a th e r

than La t in .

re l ig ious phenomenon t ha t takes

pIace

every Sunday in

Rome

i s

the

ga ther ing o f thousands

of

people with

a

wjde range o f

backgrounds

and

re l ig ious

be l i e f s

to rece ive

the Pope s

ble ss ing

in St .

P e t e r s Square .

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petersdom_Rom_Kirchenschiff.jpg



n i n t e r e s t i ng t r a d i t i on

i s the fes t a

de l

pat rono . Each

c i t y ,

town,

o r

v i l l age has

a

pat ron s a in t

to whom the town i s

pa r t i c u l a r ly devoted.

On

the day ded ica ted to

t he i r s a i n t ,

the

townspeople

ce lebra te

with

bands,

process ions ,

f i reworks ,

and

of ten a

f a i r .

Unt i l

r ecen t ly ,

each town

could

cla im

the

day

o f

t he i r pat ron s a in t as

a

l ega I

hol iday. ow

most re l ig ious

hol idays , inc luding

fes t a de l patrono,

are

no longer l egaI

hol idays , but

the

t r a d i t i on remains even

in

l a rge

c i t i e s . In

Milan, for

ins tance , the opera season a t La Scala Opera House

(which i s

one

of

the

most

important

soc ia l

events)

always

s t a r t s

on St .

Ambrose s

Day, the

day of Milan s pa t ron sa i n t .

I f you

v i s i t a

church o r ca thedra l , t i s important to

dress

appropr ia te ly .

Even though dress s tandards have re laxed somewhat,

you w i l l not

be

permit ted

to en te r

in shor t s ,

T-s h i r t s , o r a

dress t ha t

i s

considered immodeste



ENTERT INING T HOM

I t a l i a n s enjoy company,and they of t en spend

t he i r

evenings

en te r ta in ing .

Although

t he re a re d i f fe rences o f

s t y l e between

the

American

and

the I t a l i a n ways o f

en t e r t a in in g , none

o f

these i s so s t r i k i n g

as to cause embarrassment. Those

who

not i ce these di f fe rences

w i l l

usua l ly

f ind

them

i n t e r e s t i n g .

The

f i r s t

th ing an American

may not i ce

a t an

I t a l i a n pa r ty

even an

informaI

one) i s t h a t

it

i s l e s s cas u a l than an American

pa r ty .

For

example, the

b u f f e t

dinner ,

which

i s popular

in

the

United Sta tes , i s almost unknown in I t a l y . This

does

not

mean

t h a t

I t a l i ans are sti

and

formaI,

but t h a t

t he i r t r a d i t i ona l

way

o f

en t e r t a in in g

i s

d i f fe ren te

I t a l i a n s do

not , however,

expect

to

be

en te r ta ined so formal ly in

an

American home. They

enjoy the more re laxed way, but they

usua l ly

reserve l e s s formaI

en t e r t a in in g

to smal l groups o f very c lose f r i ends .

Dress fo r

en t e r t a in in g a t

home

i s a l so

a

b i t more formaI than

in

the

United

Sta tes .

The hos t w i l l

probably

wear

a

s u i t

and

the

hos tess a

co ck t a i l

d res s .

At a

sea ted d inner , es p ec i a l l y

when the re

i s

more

than one

t ab le ,

an

I t a l i a n husband and

h is

wife

may

be

disappoin ted

in

be ing separa ted . They o f t e n expect to sit toge ther , not only

a t

the

same

t ab l e

but a l so nex t

to

each o ther .

This

i s

not because



The sa lad in an

I t a l i a n dinner

may be served with the

main

course

or

sepa ra t e ly af te rwards , bu t

never as f i r s t course .

Spaghet t i

i s

ro l l ed on o n e s fork

wi thou t

the

ass i s tance

o f

spoon

in

the

othe r

hand.

I t a l i ans dr ink water and /or

wine with t h e i r meals . For

informaI dinners ,

usua l ly only

one

kind

o f wine

i s

served. For

more e labora t e dinners

depending

on the menu), both white

and

red

wine

may be

served .

One smal l but important de t a i l to remember

i s

t ha t

when

pour ing

wine,

I t a l i a n s

make

sure t ha t they pour it

with

the

palm

o f

the

hand

facing

downward.

Espec ia l ly in

the

south ,

any o t h e r way

o f pouring

wine

may

br ing

about

il f ee l ings .

Popular be l i e f has it t ha t persons condemned by the

Mafia

were

warned

o f

t h e i r impending death

by be ing of fe red dr ink

poured

with

the palm o f the hand facing

upward.

Without

the h o s t e s s s approvaI , gues t s do not smoke a t the

t ab l e

u n t i l

the

end

o f

the

meal

when

cof fee

i s

served .

For very

formaI

recept ions or fo r

f i r s t i n v i t a t i o n ,

guests

do

not

usua l ly

br ing

pre sen t s

in persone Ins t ead , p lan t

o r

bouquet o f

cu t

f lowers i s usua l ly sent few hours in advance

o f the even t .

This

gives the hos tess

chance to

s e t

up the

p lan t

o r

f lowers ,

thus adding decora t ion to

her

house. I f not

sen t

before the even t ,

it

i s

a l so

accep tab le to

send

f lowers

the

fo l lowing

day

with thank-you note . Chrysanthemums are never



Before a

dinner

p a r t i c u Ia r Iy a

sea ted

one

I t a l i a n s o f fe r

a

drink with t i d b i t s such as o l i v e s t iny crackers

o r

pre t z e l s

but no t

the

cheeseba l l s ch ips

vegetabIes wi th

d i p s o r hot

appe t i ze r s

t h a t

Americans

are

accustomed

t o .

Fancy

co ck t a i l s

are

generaI Iy

not

served in I t a l i a n homes.

At a formaI dinner the guests do not compliment the hos tess

on the food

but r a th e r on the i n t e r e s t i n g and

plea san t

company.

An i n v i t a t i o n fo r d inner usuaIIy asks guests

to

a r r ive a t

p.m.

o r I a t e r

and the

meal may

be

served anywhere from

h a l f

an

hour

to

an

hour

a f t e r

t ha t .



INING UT

n

inexpens ive , family-run

r e s t au r an t

i s

ca l l ed

a

t r a t t o r i a

o r os t e r i a .

The

word r i s t o r an t e

usua l ly

r e f e r s

to

a

r es tau ran t

t h a t

i s both more

e legant

and

more expensive than a

t r a t t o r i a .

The

r i s t o r an t e

usua l ly

has

a

longer

menu,

a

wine

list

and

a

more formaI atmosphere . Both

the

r i s t o ran t e and the t r a t t o r i a /

Friulian meats - Antica Trattoria Osteria Al Montone near Tarvisio in Friuli-Venezia Giulia / Italy

Photo: Joadl

cc-by-sa-3.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camporosso_Trattoria_Al_Montone_04.JPG







Water and wine a re

served in p i t cher s o r

bo t t l e s ,

never in

g las ses .

But te r i s

served only in

formaI

res t au ran t s ,

usua l ly

those

frequented

by

Americans.

se rv ice

charge

o f

12

to

15

percent

i s

added

to

the

se rv ice

included ( se rv iz io compreso)

b i l I .

I f the se rv ice was very good,

t

i s customary to leave another 10 percen t . recen t

law

has

es tab l i shed t ha t a l I r es tau ran t s must

give

pat rons

an

i temized

b i l I

( r icevuta f i sca l e ) .

The r i c evu ta i s

for

the r e s t a u ra n t ' s

bookkeeping.

Patrons are requi red to

show

the

r i cevu ta

f i sca le

upon

reques t

to the

t ax inspec tors

who

run

spo t

checks

a t

r e s t au

r a n t ex i t s . I f you do not

have

a

rece ip t , both you and

the

r e s t au r an t

could be

f ined .

Except

fo r

very

exc lus ive

r es tau ran t s

o r some o f the more

e legant

ho te l din ing rooms, men a re

not requi red to

wear t i e s

o r

j acke t s , e spe c ia l ly in the summer.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ristorante_dell%27agnolo.JPG



f i l l e d with chicken, salmon,

mushrooms,

and othe r d e l i c ac i e s

a re

exce l len t sandwiches fo r quick lunch. Also ex ce l l en t a re the

suppl i i ( la rge r i c e croque t tes

f i l l e d with mozzarel la

cheese

and

b i t s

o f

ground

meat ,

chicken

g ib l e t s ,

mushrooms,

e t c . ,

and

dipped

in

ba t t e r of eggs and bread crumbs and deep f r i ed in oi l ) •

Suppl i i probably from the French word fo r t lsurprisetl)

are

a l so

r e fe r red to as s u p p l i

a l

f i l o o r s u p p l i

a l t e le fono s ince ,

when ea t ing

them,

the

long s t r i n g s

o f

mozzarel la

cheese

remind

one

o f

te lephone

cord ( f i l o ) .

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OsteriaConCucinaDante-restaurant.jpg



In I t a l y , a p izze r i a

i s

a

r e s t au r an t

with a l imi t ed menu but

a

v a r i e ty

o f pizzas .

Pizzas ,

un l ike those

in

the United

S ta t e s ,

are

as

l a rge

as

~ i n n r p l a t e s and a re not served precu t . I t a l i a n

pizzas

a l so

have fewer

topp ings .

Also

be aware

t ha t

pepperoni

( the sausage) does not e x i s t in I t a l y and should not be confused

with peperon i , peppers .

In I t a l y

a bar i s ac tu a l l y what we

would

c a l I a café . t i s

an i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t i s d ea r

to

the

h e a r t s o f

modern

I t a l i a n s .

I t a l i a ns

who l i v e

abroad miss

it

a

g r ea t

dea l . n I t a l i a n may

go

to

a

bar

a lone

o r

with

othe r

people .

The

bar

i s

used

as

a

pIace

to meet

f r i ends

before going

somewhere

e l s e

fo r

the evening.

In

smal l towns

it i s

a

pIace to spend

the

evening watching

t e l ev i s ione

In smal le r

towns, p a r t i c u l a r l y in S i c i l y , it i s

not adv i sab le

fo r a woman to

go

a lone . Even in a group, a woman should

not

acknowledge

the presence o f I t a l i a n men,

no

mat te r how hard

they

s t a r e

o r

a t tempt

to

make

conversa t ion .

woman s

a t t e n t i o n

to a man to whom she has not been proper ly in t roduced can

encourage a f a m i l i a r i t y t ha t she may

not want and may have

d i f -

f i c u l t y

g e t t i n g

out o f .

During a normal day many I t a l i a n s

v i s i t

a bar

severa l

t imes.

They

go in the

morning

fo r espresso , the s trong black co f fee

drawn

from

a

machine and

se rved

h o t

in

a smal l

cup,

o r

cappuccino ,

the same black brew served

hot

with cream in a glasse

They

go



ext ra l i r e to

the

bar tender

ensures

f a s t se rv i ce . hen

one

i s

served

it

i s

customary to

give

a 50- l i r e t i p or a b i t more

for a

la rge par ty .

Sof t

dr inks

are

served

without

i c e

but

it

may

be

reques ted

i des i r ed .

In many cafés t he re i s a

r e s t

room t ha t may be used by e i t he r

men or women.

Exterior

and

interior

of Italian bar

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harrysbar.jpg



WIN S

I t a l i a n wines are

many

and va r i ed . They d i f f e r markedly

from the wines o f o ther coun t r i e s and from each

o th e r .

While

some

I t a l i a n wines are

produced from s ing le type

of

grape

many

are

made from prec i se ly spec i f i ed var ie ty

o f grapes .

I t a l y produces more wine

than

any o ther

country in

the

world--more

than

two b i l l i o n ga l lons

per year

o f

which

more

than

280

mil l ion

ga l lons

are exported .

I t a l y produces more

than

3 500 va r i e t i e s o f

wine. Most

of

them

are

known only

l oca l ly but some 200 va r i e t i e s

are

wel l known among wine connoisseurs around the world . They

include e legan t

wines to

accompany f ine

din ing

robus t

t ab le

wines l i gh t wines

dry

wines

stil

wines and

sparkl ing

wines.

I t a l i ans genera l ly

f ee l

t ha t l i g h t wines go

b es t with

l i gh t

foods

heavy wines go b es t with heavy

foods

and sweet

wines

go bes t

with

desse r t . Thus

white wines

which are genera l ly

l i gh t usua l ly accompany f i sh

and white meat. Red

wines

which

a re usua l ly s t ronge r a re usua l ly served with red meat.

I t a l i ans

know

t ha t

aging i s

not always guarantee o f

supe r io r qua l i ty in wines.

t i s in f a c t

of negat ive

value

with whi te and

l i gh t -bod ied

red wines.

I t a l i ans

l i ke to serve the white wines c h i l l e d and the

red wines a t room temperature .



ITY LIFE

Downtown Milan

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

Photo: Sergio Calleja (Life is a trip)cc-by-sa-2.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:McDonalds_Milan.jpg







any

o f the I t a l i a n c i t i e s long

ago

reached

the I imi t s

to

which they

could extend t he i r

boundar ies .

As

a

r e s u I t ,

housing

development

has been e s s e n t i a l l y

ve r t i c a l , and

today

most urban

I t a l i a ns l i ve

in

apar tments . t

i s

es t imated

t ha t

about

60 pe r

cen t o f

the urban dweI lers

own

t h e i r

own

lodg ings ,and t h a t

about

40 percen t r e n t .

Forms

o f ownership include cooperat ives

genera l ly

the

owners

are people

who belong

to

the same pro-

fe s s iona l

f i e ld ) and condominiums. The

two have spec i f i c

laws

t ha t regu la t e

them.

Publ ic housing

i s found in most

l a rge

c i t i e s ,

and

the

government

r en t s

apar tments

to

low-income

fami l i e s .

Fur ther urban development due

to

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n

has given

r i s e to

vas t

housing

complexes

usual ly

in

the form o f apar tment

bui ld ings on

the o u t sk i r t s o f c i t i e s ) .

Apartments can range

from

one room and bathroom caIIed

monolocale) to very l a rge apar tments with as many rooms and

bathrooms

as

in

American

houses.

Unfurnished

apar tments

are

very

bare , with no

l i gh t

f ix tu res not even

l i gh t bulbs ) ,

no

washer and

drye r ,

no

cabine ts

in ki tchen and bathrooms,and

no

ki tchen

appl iances . Few

c lose t s no

walk- in

c lose t s )

are

found,

and then only in

the more modern bui ld ings .

I t a l i a n s

stil shop

fo r grocer ies severa l t imes

a

week,

p r e f e r r i n g f re sh

vegetab les

and

nonfrozen foods.

I t a l i a n

ki tchens

are

not very Ia rge ,and I t a l i a n ki tchen app l iances

are



ENTERT INMENT

Photo: Peter Geymayer

Public Domain

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teatro_olimpico.jpg





For sea t ing

purposes ,

the t hea te r i s divided i n to the

fo l low-

ing

sect ions : upper

balcony ( loggione) , balcony (ga l l e r i a ) ,

upper

dress c i rc l e seconda ga l l e r i a ) , balcony dress c i r c l e

prima

ga l l e r i a ) , box

(pa lco) ,

orches t r a

(p la t ea ) ,

s t a l l

(po l t rone ) ,

and f ron t

s t a l l (pol t roniss ime) . The

usher i s r e f e r r ed

to as

la

maschera and

i s genera l ly t ipped.

Programs and

re f reshments

can

usua l ly

be bought in the lobby

during

in te rmiss ion

( i n t e rv a l l o ) .

In l a rge c i t i e s t he re

are few

English language t hea te rs .

Opera and

Bal le t

Photo: Dan Kamminga

cc-by-2.0

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Milano-La_Scala.jpg


http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Scala_interior.jpg





Movies

Very few

movie

theaters show movies in the i r originaI

lan

guage ~ versione or ig ina le . Most movies

are

dubbed

(doppiati) in

I ta1ian.

Tickets

cannot be bought in advance, but

usual ly

there is no

1ine outside

theaters . Schedules

are

posted for the

s t a r t of

a movie,

but

you can

enter

the theater a t any time. Movies

general ly run continuous1y. The usher (maschera) is general ly

t ipped

from

5

to 1,000

l i r e

depending on

the

number of people

in your

party.

In the l a rger

I ta1ian

c i t i e s , there are

di f fe ren t

categories

(visioni) of movie theaters . · There

are

those tha t show f i r s t -

run

features

(prima

visione) ,

those tha t show second

run

features

(seconda

visione) ,

and

others .

Sale parrochia1i

are small

movie

theaters

at tached to

churches, often serving

local

groups

of

people. The Cineclub

shows c lass ic

or avant-garde movies.

Films

are c lass i f ied as follows:

br i l lante

comico

commedia

(a

episodi)

documentario

l ight comedy

comical

comedy

(short

stor ies

documentary



Theater-Shows

Large

c i t i e s

o f f e r

a

form o f en te r t a inment

ca l l ed

the t e a t ro

caba re t .

These

en te r t a inments a re o f fe red

in

smal l

h a l l s

o r

t hea te rs .

Avant-garde

in

s ty l e ,

they

are

most ly

ded ica ted

to

p o l i t i c a l

and s o c i a l s a t i r e .

Sometimes

spec ta to rs

may have

dinner

o r dr inks dur ing

the

show.

Nightc lubs and

Discotheques

The t r a d i t i ona l nigh tc lub loca le not turno) belongs to the

pas t ,

even

if

a

few

stilI

o f f e r

to

a

nos ta lg i e

publ ic the

t h r i l l

o f a l i ve band.

What has taken the pIace

o f

the n igh tc lub i s

the discotheque di sco teca ) . Discotheques are e i the r publ ic o r

p r iv a t e

fo r members only) and have di sc jockeys

who

s e l e c t the

music.

It i s

not unusual

fo r men

o r women

withou t dates

to ge t

on the dance f loor

s ing ly

o r

in

p a i r s and rear range in to male

female

couples

dur ing

the

dance.

Telev i s ion

The t h ree major t e l ev i s ion s t a t ions Rate l Rate

2,

Rate

3)

are

owned and

operated

by the

R I

Radio Televis ione

I t a l i ana ) ,

a

government

e n t i t y which,up to a few years ago,had a monopoly

on

both t e l ev i s ion

and

rad io

communications . ow

a

number o f

pr iva te

s t a t i o n s

t r ansmi t

programs

t h a t a re

of ten

o f

uneven

qua l i ty .



SP RTS

The

na t iona l

spor t in

I t a l y

i s soccer ( ca lc io ) . Every Sunday

from September

through

January the grea t

stadiums

o f

the

country

a re f i l l e d with cheer ing crowds. Youngsters

can

be

seen dr ibbl ing

a b a l l

on

almost every back s t r e e t , but , in the

f i n a l

ana lys i s ,

c a l c io as

a

spor t i s

prac t i ced almost exc lus ive ly

by

profe ss iona l s .

In

1982

the I t a l i a n Nat ional Soccer team

won the

coveted World

Soccer Championship

in

Madrid.

This

was the t h i rd t ime t ha t

I t a l y has won the

championship

cup, the

most

recen t prev ious

v ic to ry having been

in 1938. The

e n t i r e count ry

l i t e r a l l y

c losed

down to

ce l eb r a t e .

Another

popular

I t a l i a n

spor t i s bicyc le - rac ing ,

both

on

roads

and on

rac ing

t r acks .

The most

popular

race

i s

the Giro

d I t a l ia , w h i c h l a s t s 21 days. Contes tan t s c r i s s c ro s s the

count ry

in

every d i rec t ion , of ten cl imbing

d i f f i c u l t

mountain

passes .

In recen t yea rs , more

emphasis has been

put on the phys ica l

b en e f i t s t ha t a re

derived from

spor t s

and,

as a r e s u l t , many

parents

enro l l t h e i r ch i ld ren

e i the r

in p r iva te spor t

clubs

o r

in

C.O.N.I . Comitato Olimpico

Nazionale

I t a l i a no) .

C.O.N.I.

prov ides

the f a c i l i t i e s

and equipment

fo r hundreds of clubs and

organiza t ions

and

t r a ins a t h l e t e s

in

32 d i f f e r e n t

spor t s .

I t s

pr ices a re moderate and t has a very l a rge membership.



Appendix – List of Images

PDF

Page(s)

Document

Page(s)

Image Link License Modifications

2 Title page http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence__!a"id_#_Lion.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2.'/

( ) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_

_Fethi&e_mos*+e_and_roman_for+m_col+mns.$pg

http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

( ) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ti"oli"illaadriana',.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&/2.'/

( ) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-oman_For+m_from_northwest_,.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

2 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-oman_%ridge_at_angas_)_com.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

0 , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1ositano_II.$pg 1+%lic !omain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ampagna_di_3oresina.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

)' 4 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alghero_1ort.$pg 1+%lic !omain

)) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5atican_3t1eter_3*+are.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

)) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6ilanod+omodimilano').$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2.'/

)( )) http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php7

title8File:5illa_Adriana.$pg#action8p+rge


licenses/%&/2.'/

) )2 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5ia_Appia_Antica_-ome_2''0.$pg Attri%+tion

)0 ), http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:9+adriga_5enice.1; http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

)0 ), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6ichelangelo!a"id.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

)4 )( http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5atican3t1etermosaicangel002).$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

)< )0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:=n>tr?e_@+rii_For+m_-oman+m.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

cropped

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_-_David_&_Lion.jpg










http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Forum_from_northwest_3.jpg



http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_bridge_at_Cangas_1_com.jpg































http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_-_David_&_Lion.jpg










http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Forum_from_northwest_3.jpg

































http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_bridge_at_Cangas_1_com.jpg



2' )4 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:adrian_3anta_Bi%iana_6assimo.$pg 1+%lic !omain

2' )4 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arco_di_A+g+sto3+sa.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

2' )4 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5illa_3an_6arco__Atrio.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

2) ) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6+sei_5aticani._Braccio_C+o"o.1; http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

20 2, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr"ieto_!+omo_).1; http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

24 2( http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1etersdom_-om_@irchenschiff.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

,' 24 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_shop_in_"ene?ia.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&/2.'/

cropped

,2 2< http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:amporosso_Trattoria_Al_6ontone_'(.1

;


licenses/%&sa/,.'/

,, ,' http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-istorante_dellEagnolo.1; http://creati"ecommons.org/licenses/%&sa/,.'/

,( ,) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dsteriaon+cina!anteresta+rant.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/,.'/

,0 ,, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:arr&s%ar.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2.'/

,0 ,, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:arr&sBar_5enice.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2.'/

faces %l+rred

, , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6c!onalds_6ilan.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2.'/

(' ,4 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teatro_olimpico.$pg 1+%lic !omain

() , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6ilanoLa_3cala.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&/2.'/

() , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_3cala_interior.$pg http://creati"ecommons.org/

licenses/%&sa/2./








http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musei_Vaticani._Braccio_Nuovo.JPG









http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_shop_in_venezia.jpg







http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ristorante_dell'agnolo.JPG









http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HarrysBar_Venice.jpg




























http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_shop_in_venezia.jpg







http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ristorante_dell'agnolo.JPG











http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HarrysBar_Venice.jpg











http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musei_Vaticani._Braccio_Nuovo.JPG

italian cultural notes

Documents