·~it...to class domination, he had invented the magnificent phrase for it: "patricentri.c-ac

14
. ERICH FROMM, SOCIALIST HUMANIST By Rays Dunayevskaya The many articles that poured forth in 1980 when Erich Fromm died on March 18 all praiaedhhim only as a "famous psychoanalyst." The press, by no accident at all, failed to mention that he was a Socialist Humanist. Moreover, in writing Marx's Concept of Man (which succeeded in introducing Marx's Humanist essays to a wide American public}, in editing the first international symposium on Socialist Humanism, he did so, not as an academician, but as an activist. In- inviting me to participate in that dialogue between East and :::west as well as North and South, he stressed that took : ."' { ' quite a bit of courage on their (East European) part to write ·:' ·. ;: something for this volume, for no matter how diplomatic the_.,, - ·-language, they were open attacks on the soviet Union." Erich Fllomm was an original. In attempting to fuse Marx and· Freud, it wasn't so much the audaciousness of such a mo.vci·. in the 1920s that needs to be stressed, but the fact that even when he was a most orthodox Freudian, it was social psychology '• that interested himr his use of psychoanalytic mechanisms •.. ,,-,,, ·'·""' as _a sort of mediating concept between the individual and the:.:-·.- social. · In any case, as he moved away from orthodox Freudian-. •. ism to elaborate his own version, it was clear that he was . ·breaking not only with Freud but with the famous Frankfurt School and its "Critical Theory," and that, not because he

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Page 1: ·~it...to class domination, he had invented the magnificent phrase for it: "patricentri.c-ac

. ERICH FROMM, SOCIALIST HUMANIST

By Rays Dunayevskaya

The many articles that poured forth in 1980 when Erich

Fromm died on March 18 all praiaedhhim only as a "famous

psychoanalyst." The press, by no accident at all, failed to

mention that he was a Socialist Humanist. Moreover, in

writing Marx's Concept of Man (which succeeded in introducing

Marx's Humanist essays to a wide American public}, in editing

the first international symposium on Socialist Humanism, he

did so, not as an academician, but as an activist. In-

inviting me to participate in that dialogue between East and

:::west as well as North and South, he stressed that ·~it took : ."' { -~ '

quite a bit of courage on their (East European) part to write ·:' ·.

;: something for this volume, for no matter how diplomatic the_.,, -

·-language, they were open attacks on the soviet Union."

Erich Fllomm was an original. In attempting to fuse Marx

and· Freud, it wasn't so much the audaciousness of such a mo.vci·.

in the 1920s that needs to be stressed, but the fact that even

when he was a most orthodox Freudian, it was social psychology '•

that interested himr his use of psychoanalytic mechanisms II{Eir~.'i •.. ,,-,,, ·'·""'

as _a sort of mediating concept between the individual and the:.:-·.­

social. · In any case, as he moved away from orthodox Freudian-. '· •.

ism to elaborate his own version, it was clear that he was .

·breaking not only with Freud but with the famous Frankfurt

School and its "Critical Theory," and that, not because he

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was moving away from Marxism, but coming closer to it. Here

is how he put it in his intet1ecuuat autobiography:

"I consider Marx, the thinker, as being of much greater depth and scope than Freud ..• But even when a 1 1. of this is said, it would be naive to ignore Freud's importance ••• his discovery of unconscious processes and of the dynamic nature of character tral.ts is a unique contribution to the science of man which has altered the pl.cture of man for all time to come." (Beyond the chains of Illusion:- My Encounter with Marx and Freud by Erich Fromm.)

On Fromm's initiative, (and to my great surpri.se since I

kept far away from any psychoanalysts even when they laid claim

to Marxism), I received a congratulatory letter from him on

the.publication in 1958 of my Marxism and Freedom. The period

· ~: of the 1950s was a most difficult one for Marxists, what with •.·

.: ·. :.·;; ~::..·~. ~- '

·.·.":•.'

McCarthyism as ·-~ell as nuclear bomb development permeating the

land. Dr. Fromm had helped organize the National committee ..

for a Sane Nuclear Policy in 1957, but that was not what he

wrote to me about. Rather, the su~ject that then arous~d

his.pessionate interest was the restoration of Marxism in its

original fiDIIID of "a new humani.sm," cleansed of the perversion

of Russian and Chinese Communism. So magnl.ficently an

objective human being was he that he refused to be deterred

either by the fact that r l.et my hostility to psychoanalysts

show by telling him that •~orkers in Detroit shops referred to

them as "head shrinks," or even by the fact that r criticized

hill own essay on "Marx's concept of Man" as abstract. Here

is what he answered me•

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,;.

L' .lo VIIUII

Page 3

"As to your critic ism of my essay t:ha t l. t is too abstract and does not dbcuss the humanism of Marxism concretely, I cannot offer any argument ... As to the substance of the points you make about the concrete na­ture of Marx's humanism, I naturally entirely agree with you. Also about·<~hat you ·~ri.te of the role of the plant psychoanalyst and Danio!!l Bell's position."*

our correspondence continued for tNO decades. II:: also

gave me rare gl imoses into the ·~hole subject of the famous

.Frankfurt School, of which he ·•as, after all, one of Usa

most famous personages, the one who influenced them all on

the "integration" of Psychoi!loalysis into Marxism. The

lengthy unabating, sharp debate with Harbert Marcuse in the

pages of Dissent over 1955 and 1956 <~as not the main issue.

He retained too much regard for Herbert Marcuse's Reason.and

·RevCitution as the semina 1 work it was. No, what did arouse .·-... . "·

• hi~··i:re most was the duality of Adorno's and Horlcheimer's

depar,ture from Marxism on the one hand, and tho attraction that

for the "New Left." Here is how he summed it up in

.a letter to me dated November 25, 1976,

··. . . "I get quite a few questions from various per•:•te who · whudy the history of the Frankfurt· School. It's rea 1 ly

a· funny ·sto.ry: Horkheimer is now quoted as the creator of the ci.ritical theory tlnd peOple '"rite about the critical 'theory as if· it <~ere a new concept discovered by liorlc.,. lfe1iner~ As far as I know, the whQle thing is a hoax,

'1)4c~use. Horkheimer <•as frightened ... of S'Deaking about Ml'irx'.s'. theory. He used general Aesopian language and . ,, l

,:., .. : •• ..;·,1·.\ . • ._. ·. ·:\:~.~·~:::it~~-:::-~~

' ,: *In another letter Fromm wrote, "My relations with collllliitrt;;;:;{;:::;;,~:(tB ,' tai:y are not good. Years ago Mr. Podhoretz rejected s011l8th~.~.g,:;:~~~)~~i~

I·ba.d written because it contradicted majority opinion of .llill(j~~,f,~~~~'%1;1 , Jewiio I wrote him a sharp letter about hie concept of freedo~.'/;?~ji,~~r~

1.'.iiff!.t).1 ··-.\:.,,..~~

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Promm Page A

spoke of critical theory in order not to say Marx's theory. I bel i<9ve that that i!;' al 1 behind this dtscovery of critical. theory theory by Hor'l<:heimer and Adorno."

As against the movement away from Marx that he sensed in

the Fran'l<:furt School., he himself tried in every possible way

to dissemi.nate Marxist-Humanism into all fields, l.ncl.uding his

own -- ~sychoanalysts. Consider his attempt to convince me --

who was in no •'lay i.nvolved in nsychology -- to ,.,r:f.te a piece

for a psychoanalytical journa' That suggestion came after

I had told him the story about Susan E. B1ow -- a Hegelian and

one of the very first ·~omen educators -- •o1ho ··•as a patient of

Dr. James .rackson Putnam, an Ameri.can pedmeer of Freudian

paychoanal.ysis. She aroused Putnam• s interest in Hegel ~an

· · · j)lif)osaphy to such a great extent that he, in turn, tried to

·interest Freud. Freud, on the other hand, was so oooose.d .tci \

· .. ,.

introducing philoso'l)hy into psychoanalysis that he criticized ··•

,any attempt to Place psychoanalysis, as he put it, "in the

.... seeyice of a 'PI!Jrticular philosophical outlook on the world."*

He_re is what Dr. Fromm wrote me:

What you wrote about Dr. PUtnam ,.,.ho became interest~~ in Hegelian .dialectics through his pa1;:ient I did nci.t · and. find it of considerable historical interest, and F.Z 'fi,il!~,,~i,~;L:;:: < reaction to Putnam's philosOPhical remarks is also an .i· n61!i~r':'• :eating historical. foot:note to Freud and the history .of,

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!'age r.

psychoana lytl c movement T4hy don' •: you •·•ri. ~e a note on this ann nub1 ish l t some··•her<!!? I have no connections with psychoanalytic journals eYcent £Q~te~~b!Y_Deyc~oa~atysis. •·•htch is T:lublished in Neoo Yor'k. I am sure they ··•ould be glad to publi.sh a note on this historical datum, and it should at the same time be "'·'"' i.shec1 in the Sol!lnieh osycho­ana'ytic journal. Revist'!,. of Nttich r am sti.1 1 formall.y the director. If you •·•ou'd be inr'ine<'l to no thi.,, r would be hll·ony to send it my.,el f to the Ne··• Yorl< and the Spanish journals. I shall al~o loo~ uo Freud's 'eeters to find the remark in ·~hich he romments on l'utnam•s 'etter, or do lmo··• to ••hom Preu<'l ···ro'e this remarl~ about outnam?

Fromm's eyes al•·•ay!': ··•ere on ~he future and a ne•• c'ass-less I

society on r.ru•y human i'oundat·iryns. T.,east: 1<no•·•n of his mu'ti-

dimensions' concerns ••as 1-:he re•atlonshi., of Man "r..1oman and by

no means on just a nsycho'ogica' scale. Rather i.t Has the

need for totally ne~• human relations in the Ma>cXian sense:

a gl.obal visi.on of the future m'lant also a l.oolc aack into ·b"if,/. past. Thus, he found Bachofen's studies into matriarchal

society very congenial, not because he believed in the existenCe

of matri.archal society, but because it:, at least, allo•.,ed one

a vision of an alternative soctety to this oatriarchat, stass,

alienating society in «hi.ch '"e live. In relating oatriarchy

to class domination, he had invented the magnificent phrase

for it: "patricentri.c-ac<ruisitive."

Far from remembrance of things past being a question merely

of memory. it brings into vie··• the unity of Man'Womzm, the

human baing as a tota1itv being not just a nuantitiv~ measure

but something dial.ectica 1 • v. showi.ng movement. a moveman~

for.rar<'l It ..,as •4hat Fromm stressed ,.hen, i.n creating an '. '!

"(

. ~:~.:~:J): ··,·:_.,

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............... Page r.

international forum for h' s l'<!_cial is~_Ii'!lll.!l..!!.i.~. he emohasized

that Humanism ·~as· not just an i<lea, but a movement against

•·•hst is, a g 1 imnse into the future. T,i.sten to ,.,.hat he ·-·rote

me ··•hen he heard T. ·~as re1ati.ng Rosa T,mremburg. "'emen's Libera-

tion. and Marx's l>hitosoohy of Revolution:

I feel that the male Social· Democrats never could understand Rosa Luxembuwg. nor could she acquire the influence for ••hich she had the ootential because she o.oae a ,.,oman· and the men could not become full rem1ution-

a aries because they oid not emanci,ate themselves from their male, Patriarchal. and hence dominating, character structure After all. the original exo1oit:ation is that "f ••omen by men and there isnno social , iberation so long as there isnno rev"'ution in ~he sex • .,.ar ending in ful, er.ruaU.ty Unfortunately I have l(na<m nobody "'ho . , stlll 'll::nows her oersonal 'Y What a bad breal< bet•1een the:· generations

That: 'ettor 1.,.as •·1ritten on October 26, 19"7"7. Let's not '·

1 e·.t ·another "bad brea'k beb··een generations" occur. To ore0a re

for the future one must 'll::no"' rhe revolutionary nast. Getting,_<.·

-~~~·,_··:to 'll::no•.,. Fromm as a Soc:lal.i sf: Humanist is a good ••11y to DEiglLn .• •.·•·. ••• 1" ~"I ' ... >:1.~:;'

_; .,

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!~

'•.....;:','

~;-::~.:;~ :_-i; ,_: ···~· ---.-

Prot. Dr. Lutz von Werder Paohbooh.ahule fur Soslalarbeit und Soalalpadagogik Berlin Karl-Schrader-Straaee 6 1000 Berlin .30

Dear Prof. Dr. Luts von Werder•

April 17, 1984

Your letter of March 21, requesting a contribution from •• to tho projected VOlUlile on "The Unknown ProiDIII, .. interona •• greatly becau .. tho core of my relations with Dr. Fromm over t.o dooedes revolved arcund hie unknown Marzla~ Humanist dimen­sion. .At the time of hls death none of the ~~~any articles I

.read about him mentioned •Erich Fromm, Marxin Hwlanist.• . Hei'ewith ls my contribution on that dimension to your volume. 'I ~to an earher version ot this view ae an •In Mc::criam• ,to Dr •. ~mm when he died on March 18, 1980.

. Wlth thlea I enclose alao one of the last writings tl'om : I.J:~ :pen, : a YOma:i he had written tor the Oer111an edl·Uon of my :w}eiRRi!X 'd$·:Bt!9lvtion• When Europa verlag finally publbhod ttillr Oeraan tnnslatlon of that work ln 1981, under the title ,... . . . . . .

•)u,n. glr RmlUlpn, they did not include Dr. Pl'ollla' s YOJ'tiO~t. 'l-~~· .•. ··- <":'(~' ' ,.._ ._.._- - '- .·· - . . : - ':

·.Zt'8\liopriHd me they they did aot .fUIRp at the chance to puUillh' : ·:.:.l-;.~ ~ - ,: -_· : -' . '- -, ' - . . ' .. ·:~-~-. 1bls· b~h~ eapresslon by him on Jlar:d.st Jfulllanisa. I 8111 uasd:,:to . -tha'· illalnter.st in Marxi• on the part of Alllerioan publlahva~· 111* , n Ulaced ~~ to sse that dislnterut in a Oel'llan publisher _;;, . e.;.

.. "ol!llly when one .of the chapters of Pbllp!Ophy. y4 Reyolplol!lg.liiis · ... , .... -·;· .. I .. . ·. ···.·•.•: . ~-._ .. &.~.·. ·~ liapreaaed Dr. rro .. that he had hurried to include a too ...

· ; )li)out it in hb own 1973 work, the •tou p( !f!rrn pe"'"'iW... ·: }f'~~·· as a too'Wto on p. 2621 •thla 1a the oruoial J»t:n~ :,lit 1fblo~ ''·~i~~ ua ntver ~ underetood or intel&"atod Nan• • ~\llht•

:'tl'rlNr to ooablno ••senUaU:v wluntarlltio theor:v with IIU'X.'a ·.~ec,Z,. of hhtor:v. at, the exoellent orltlque of sartre ir,v Bar• ~eveka:'fa,(PDrthaoainr.)•

sinoerel:v yours,

I

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t .. -

Fachhochschule fur Sozialarbeit und Sozialpadagogik Berlin BERl~N

Prof,Dr.Lutz von·Werder 21.3.04

Fachhochschule fUr Sozlalarbelt und SozlalpDdagogik Berlin Kari·Schradar•Stra8a 6, 1000 Berlin 30

Herrn Raya Dunayeskaya c/o News and letters

2832 East Grand Boulevard Detroit, Michigan

Sehr geehrter Herr Dunayeskaya,

Qflsch. Z. (bnl Anlw>~rl blilo nngebon)

Fornruf: Vorm!ltlung (030) 21 05·1

Appnrot:

Ourchwnhl21 05·

lnlorn 9932 •

Zlmme'r:

Datum

icH leite iri Berlin ei~ Projekt, das das Leben und Werk von Erich ~''"''C·''··'•:'o'if'•roomm erforsche.n will. Als ersten Beitrag wollen wir zum 85. Gebul:'htag

' '

Fromms einen Band mit Beitr~gen von Freunden und Bekannten,Eti6h -~Fro~ms herausbringen zum Thema''Der unbekannto Fromm." Nun moine Fraga~: ;,·,,,·,·. . ..

·Ist as Ihnen m~glich zu diesam Band etwas zu Fromme Laban ala Marxist '· . . ·in dan USA baizusteuern? Fromm muG doch auch ala ·humanistisch~r · in ein~r mehr antikommunistischen Gesellschaft erhebliche Schwiori

· '" ... kaitan gahabt haben. Kcnnte er ale niadergslassener Analy!iker Ubar':\:, ~/iJ~Jbt~.:>_; .. haupt genUgend Patiantan gewinnen mit dam marxistischen Image?Wi

Sis, 'ob dar Marxismus i nlseiner analytischen Praxis sine Rolla sp.i. Fromm muata sich ja stark mit dan Marxisten vom Institut fUr Sozia ~~rschung, auseinandersstzen(Marcuse,ndorno) gab as fUr Fromm auch ~ndero Ausainandersotzungen mit anderen ~rxistiochoro Str6mungon in··· den USAY Er war ja kurz Mitglied in dar Sozialistischen Parte! dar spielte dort dar humanistische Marxismus cine Rollo? .Es gibt .also viola Fragan.Vielleicht kennan Sio die eino odor :Antwort, Ihr Manuskript. bra~chte erst im Mtlrz 1985 vorzuliogon. ~~ch wOrds im Herbst 1985 arscheinon. Vialon Dank.

Olo Unlorrlchlsrhume o o• t 'I'· I.

Fnhrvnrhlnduno: " ... ' ' .

, I '' I

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r ' r j.

I I I

. ' . I

. '· i .'

I !

I . I i !

3/21/84

Fachhochschule fur Sozialarbeit und Sozialpadagogik Berlin (social work and social education theory) Prof. Dr. Lutz von W~rder Karl-Schrader-Strasse 6 1000 Berlin 30

Mr. Rays Dunayevskaya Cfo N&L

Dear Hr. Dunayevskaya:

I am exploring a project in Berlin on the life and work of Erich Fromm. As the first contribution we want to bring out a volume of contributions from Erich Fromm's friends and acquaintances on the theme of "The Unknown

~ groJ!l!ll," Now my question: Is it possible for you to contribute something to this volume on Fromm's life as .!LllaLXj,s_!: .. i'! the USA? .

Fromm must have had consideralu.,e difficuldes··a.s·ai.lUmanist Marxist in a most anti-communist society('\A~1a permanent resident an~~t, could

. he attract sufficient 'Patients~ witli s MarxistreputaH.Ori?-Do you know 'Wnetner Marxism playea!Crole in his analytical praxis? Fromm had to come to terms with~ Marxists of the Institute for·Social Research

,1?-(Marcuse, Adorno), bu did Fromm also find a place with other Marxist cur­. , rents i the USA? e was briefly a member of the Socialist Party of the

USA:_ id humanist Marxism play aJ2le theg There are thus many_ ques­tions. er spa you-know tne·-answer-to-cfile-·ar another. Your manuscript would need to be submitted in March, 1985. The book would appear in the fall of 1985. Many thanks.

With friendly greetings,

Prof. Dr. Lutz von Werder

I'

"

I I ' !

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55

Raya Dunayevskaya

ERICH FROMM ALS SOZJALISTISCHER HUMANIST

Die vlelen Artlkel, die 1980, als Erich Fromm am 18. Milrz starb, massenweise erschlenen, lobten ihn nur als "hervorragenden Psychoanalytiker". Die Presse versiiumte nlcht 1 ufilllig zu erwlihnen, daB er ein soziallstlscher Humanist war, Als er ferner "Marx's Concepl of Man" schrleb (welchem es gelang, die humanistiscben Essays von Marx

. elner brei ten amerikanisc:hen tlffentlichkelt zuzufi.ihren), das erste lnternatlonale Symposium uber "soziallstlschen Humanismus" organisierte, tat er dies nlcht als Akademiker, sondern als Aktivlst. Als er mic:h dazu elnlud, ah dlesem Dialog zwischen· Ost und West sowie Nord und Sud teflzunehmen, betonte er, daB "es nicht wenlg Mut von ihrer (der osteuroplilschen)Selte kostete, etwas fur diesen Band zu sc:hreiben, glelc:h, wie dlplomatlsch die Sprac:he sei, waren sie fur Angriffe auf dle Sowjetunlon off en."

Erich Fromm war eln Original. Ais er versuchte, Marx u.nd Freud zu verbinden, w11r es nicht so sehr die Ki.ihnheit emes solchen ·Unternehmens In den 20er Jahren, die betont werden muB; sondern die Tatsache, daB, obwohl lhn Sozlalpsychologle interessierte, er eln uberaus

.· orthodoxer Freudianer war; seln Oebrauch von psychoanaiytlschen Mec:hanlsmen war wla elne Art vermlttelndes Konzept zwischen dem Individuum und der Oesellschaft, Als er slch vom orthodoxen Freudlanlsmus entfernte, urn seine elgene Version auszuarbelten, war es jedenfalls klar, daB er nlcht nur mit Freud brach, sondern auch mit der berOhmten Frankfurter Schule und lhrer "Krltlschen Theorle" und dies,. nlcht well er slch vom Marxismus entfernte, sondern lhm nllher kam, lr•

· 1elner lntellektuellen Autoblographie schrleb er dies so:

· ·_ · .~lch betrac:hte Marx als Denker von groBerer flefe und Relchwelte als .. Freud, Aber obwohl lch das sage, darf Freuds Wichtlgkelt nlcht

Obersehen warden... seine Entdeckung unbewuBter Prozesse und der dynamlschen Natur des Charakters 1st ein einzlgartlger Beitrag zur Wlssenschaft vom Menschen, welc:her das Blld vom Menschen fOr aile

· i!elten gellndert hat. "

Auf Fromms Initiative lund zu meiner groBen Uberraschung, da ich mich allen Psychoanalytlkern welt ferntilelt, sogar wenn sle Anspruch auf

erhoben) erhlelt ich von ihm elnen Cratulatlonsbrief ri.ir Velroffe1ntllchunn melnes Suches "Marxism and Freedom". Ole Zeit der

.~:E~~~~::~~~elne der schwierlgsteh fOr Marxlsten, tells· durch die Me sowle durch die Entwlcklung der Afombombe, die das

, Dr. Fromm half 1857 du Nationai..C.Qmmlttee for a Sane aufzubauen, aber nlcht derOber . schrleb er m,.r. Du

... ~_;· \:~±&~iJ:.:~~~~J:~ . . \;

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55

Theina, das dunn seln leldenschaftllches lnterosse weckte, war d1e Wlederherstellung des Marxlsmus In seiner ursprungllchen Form "elru~s neuen Humanlsmus", der von der Perversion des russlschen ut1d chlneslschen Kommunlsmus gereinlgt 1st. Er w .. r so eln groBartig objekllver Mensch, dall er slch welgerte, sich weder von der Tatsache abschrecken zu lassen, daB lch melne Feindsellgkelt gegenOber Psychoanalytlkern zeigte, indem lch lhm mlttelite, daB Arbeiter in Ceschliften von Detroit iiber sle als "head shrinks'' sprachen, noc:h von der Tatsache, daB h:h sein eigenes Essay Ober "Marx's Concept of Man" als abstrakt kritlsierte. Er antwortete mir folgendes

"Was lhre Kritik melnes Essays betrifft, wonach e~ zu abstrakt sei urrd den .Humanlsmus des Marxlsmus nicht konkret diskutiere, so kann ich kein Argument entgegensetzen •.. Was den lnhalt der Punkte betrifft, die Sle Obert die konkrete Natur des Humanlsmus von Marx machen, so stimme lch natOrlic:h. volllg mit Ihnen ubereln. Auch daruber, was Sie iiber die Rolle der Psychoanalytiker und den Standpunkt Daniel Bell~ schrelben." 1)

Unser Brlefwechsel wurde zwei Jahrzehnte lang fortgefOhrt. Er gab mir auch seltene Einbllcke In das gesamte Ceblet der beruhmten Frankfurter Schule, von der er schlleBIIch elne der beruhmtesten Personllchkeiten war, dlejenlge, die aile mit der "Integration" der Psychoanalyse In den Marxlsmus beelnfluBte. Die langwlerige, nlcht nachlassende scharfe

. Debatte mlt Herbert Marcuse In den pages of Dissent uber 1955 und 1956 war nlcht das Hauptproblem. Er nahm zuvlel Ruckslcht auf Herbert Marcuses Such "Vernunft und Revolution" als elnem grundlegenden .Werk.

Nein, was seinen Zorn am melsten erregte, war die Dualltlit des Abwendens von Adorno und Horkhelmer vom Marxlsmus elnerseite, und die AttraktlviUit, die er fUr die "Neue Linke" hatte. In einem Brief an mich vom 25. November 1976 faBte er dies so zusammen: 11

lch bekomme nlcht wenlge Anfragen von verschiedenen Lauten, die die Cieschlchte der Frankfurter Schute studleren. Es ist wlrkllch elne iustlge Cieschlchte; Horkhelmer wird jetzt als Schapfer der Kritischen Theorie bezelchnet, unci man schrelbt uber die Krltlsche Theorle, als wenn sle eln n-aues, von Horkheimer entdecktes Konzept wlire. Sowelt ich weiB, ist die ganze Sache eln Wltz, well Horkhelmer Angst davor hatte, von der

· Marxschen Theorle zu sprec:hen. Er benutzte allgemeln die Aesoplsche · Sprache und sprach von der. Krltlschen Theorie, um nlcht Marxsche Theorle zu sagen. lch glaube, daB dies alles rst, was hinter dieser Entdeckung der Kritlschen Theorle durch Horkhelmer und Adorno steckt. 11

lm Cegensatz zu der Bewegung weg von Marx, die er In d.er Frankfurter . Schute wahrtlahm, versuchte er selber, den marxlstlschen Humanism us auf jede mogllche Weise auf aile Ceble·te zu verbrelten, seln elgenes. elngeschlosaen - die Psychoanalyse, Man beachte selnen Versuch, mich ·· die lch In keiner Weise etwas mit Psychoanalyse zu tun hatte - da.zu z u llberreden,--etwas fOr elne psychoanalytlsche Zelt~~hrlft zu schreoben,

·oteaer· Vorachlag kam, nachdem lch lhm die Ceschlchte von Susan E. B ,-l!lner Hegellanerln und elne der ersten Erzleherlnnen - mltgeteilt

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hatte, die Patient von Dr. James Jackson Putnam war, etnem amerlkanlschen Planter Freudschar Psychoanalyse. Sle weckte Putnams Interesse an Hegellanlscher Phllosophle In so hohem Ma6e, daB er selnerselts versuchte, Fr·eud daran zu lnteressleren, Freud Jedoch war ao sehr dagegen, Phllosophle In die Psychoanalyse elnzufOgen, daB er )eden Versuch krltlslarte, die Psychoanalyse anders als er "In den Dienst elner besonderen phllosophlschen Weltanschauung 2) zu stellen".

Folgendes schrleb mlr Dr. Fromm:

· "Was Sle mlr uber· Dr. Putnam schrleben, . der durch seine Patientln Interesse an Hegellanlscher Dlalektlk bekam, wunte lch nlcht 1.1nd halte es fur von betriichtllchem hlstorlschen Interesse, und Freuds Reaktion auf Putnams phllosophlsche Anmerkungen 1st auch elne Interessante hlstorlsche FuBnote zu Freud und .der Geschlchte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung. M&hten Sle nlcht etwas dar!iber schrelben und .es lrgendwo verOffentllchen? lch habe keine Beziehungen zu psychoanalytischen Zeltschrlften auBer .zu "Contemporary Psychoanalysis", die In New York herausgegeben wlrd. lch bin slcher, daB sie slch freuen. wurden, etwas zu dleser hlstorischen Tatsache zu veroffentllchen, und es sollte glelchzeltlg In der spanischen psychoar'lalytl~chen Zeitschrift "Revista" veroffentllcht werden, deren Direktor ich formal noch bin.

· Wenn·Sle berelt wliren, dies zu tun, wOrde ich mich freuen, es selbst New. Yorker .und der spanischen Zeltschrlft zuzusenden •. I ell w~rde

:c:.a,uch Frauds Brlefe durchsehen, um die Bemerkung zu suchen, mit der 'l~wti~-'7:f~;c·:a~~i~~~~c.kh~,z~gu Putnams Brief aunert, oder wlssen Sie, wem Freud dlese ti uber Putnam schrieb 7"

Fromms Augen waren immer aur die Zulcunft und elne neue klassenlose .. ·· q~sellschaft auf wirkllch humanen Grundlagen gerichtet. Am wenigsten : .. ~ekannt von selnen multldimensionalen In teres sen war die Bezlehung

. ··•.Mann/Frau und kelneswegs nur psychologlsch gesehen. Es; war·eher das . :Bedl.lrfnls nach vtllllg neuen menschllcr.en Beziehungen im Marxschen

. Shine: Elne globale Vision in die Zukunft bedeutete auch einen Bilek · . zur:,Ock In die Vergangenhelt. Deshalb . waren lhm die Studlen von

.l!'(lcJ:!Ofen Ober matrlari:hallsche Gesetlschaften sehr sympathlsch, nlcht 't!ill 11r an die Exlstenz matrlarchallscher Gesellschaft glaubte, sondern

· .. well .. es elnem elne VIsion elner alternatlven Gesellschaft zu dleser , petrlarchallsc:hen entfremdeten Klassengesellschaft ermilgllcht, In der wlr ···.'Ieber~. Als er das Patriarchal mit Klassenherrschaft In Verblndung

braj:hte, hatte er den hervorragenden Begriff dafur . erfunden: . "pati'Jc:entrlc-acqusitlve" • . . . :

.·Welt von der Erkenntnis entfernt, daB vergangene Dinge nur elne Frage ··· .:der Erlnnerung selen, wlrd dadurch die Elnheit von Mann und .Frau

deutllch: der, Mensch als Cesamthelt, der nl.cht nur quantlta.tlv mefibar 1st, sondern etwas Dlalektlscher., das Bewegung zeigt, elne Bewegung nach \•orn. Dies betonte Fromm, als er bel der Grundung eines

. liiternatlonalen Forums fOr selnen "Sozlallstlso::hen Humanism us" · · · herv~~hob, daB der Humanlsmus nlcht nur elne Idee war, sondern elne

Bewegung gegen die vorherrschenden Zustllnde, oin fliichtlger Bilek In · dht . Zukunft. Hllren Sic, was er mlr sc::hrleb, al~ er von ... d.t:n drcl

· "Tellen'' .hOrte, die .. lch In melnem letzten Werle ''Rosa Luxemburg~ Women's Llberatlon,-and Marx's Philosophy of Revolution" erzllhlt. hatte:

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"lch glaube, daB die mlinnlichen Sozlaldemokraten nle Rosa luxemburg verstehen konnten, noch kol)nte sie den EinfiuB erlangen, fUr den sie das Potential hatte, well sie elne Frau war; und die Mllnner konnten kelne wahren Revolutlonlire Werden, well sie slch nlcht von lhrer mlinnllchen, patrlarchalen und folgllch domlnierenden Charakterstruktur emalizlplerten. SchlieBiich 1st die urspriingllche Ausbeutung die der Frau durch den Mann, und es gibt kelne sozlale Befreiung, solange es keine Revolution lm Krieg der Geschlechter glbt, die zu vtilllger Glelchheit fiihrt • • • Leider habe lch. nlemanden kennengelernt, der sle noch persiinlfch kennengelernt hat. Was fOr ein schllmmer Bruch zwischen den Generatlonen. 11

Dleser Brief wurde am 26. Oktober i 977 geschrleben. Lassen wlr nicht noch elnen "schllmmen Bruch zwischen den Generatlonen" geschehen. Urn die Zukunft vorzuberelten, muB man die revolutionare Vergangenhelt kennen. Fromm als Soziallstlschen Humanlsten kennenzulernen, ist eln guter Anfang.

FUSSNOTEN

1) l.n elnem anderen Brief schrieb Fromm: " Meine Bedehungen zu "Commen:­tary" sind nlcht gut •. Vor Jahren wles Herr Podhoretz etwas zuruck,w,as' · ich geschrleben hatte, well es der Melnung dar Mehrheit dar amerlkanl-'·

·. schen Juden wldersprach. lch schrieb lhm elnen s_charfen Brief .uber' seln Fr.elheltskonzept ••• "

'::z)_>~ale Nathan G., Herausgeber, ."James Jackson Putnam and Psychoanaly-, , " 'Sill."' ( Harvartl University Press; Cambridge, Mass. , 1971), :?· 43. ·

Obersetzung: Michael Krahl, Berlin, Ma'l 19&6

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My dear Simon•

Because you are a multldlllendonal pereon. ·I'a eure fOU will \UlCI.ttratand the heav1nen (1n aore reepec~·h than QJ.ch'\) that beare del• on one who movee once 1n 30 years, while ••""line 1lo thiRk et hu'nlt as a 19th, 20th, 21st century -an llarzido-Hilllanbt revolu­t!GDIII'J• An4 eo you will forgive ae tor tirn now acknclwledgl.ng yo\&' Pft81'01UI letter ot July 12, which enoloaad a pft et """"Ut:y •Q!l JfttlftCY by Peter Leanar4.

l1nfltriuna11ely, (Y817 soo4 al.e.....-na) .. 11 on]J .

F.-'"'JIWDanis11 to knp., 4111tanee ft."oa aey afta171:la e?en when they oall thtllselna Jlafttin. A.llltw

, Ullller the aircuanancea, w tell you ~ ._ ctol'7 a11eut IQ' s .. -lD«l:r oelltra4ie1:ory 30-;reu Man4all1p wi~ one a •• a II'Ut een­trilnrtlon toward 1nc:t1Da pii)'Ohoanal:rab wltll Jlllhi•• and teaehJas that 111 tile enttre, ua h'antfurt Sobaol - Moll P:rran. I kept a;r 4latanoe 4ast~i1a e tact that he wnt wrJ aiiOJa out ot hle way 110t ~\tn to pra1ae my aonvibutiona to Mlll':d.lii, ilw 1iio w llll hoHiOuld · io ao.mince bo\ll'geoia publhhera to pu.blieh ... He even vied to oonv1noe - to write for a pQollelosloal 3ourna1, laeoau• he waa 10 iapreaaocl with. what I had 41aoovere4 about Dr. PlltDao the tirat J'J:'eu41an in this countrJ, who had tried to pernade Freu« htanlt a'bo\l11 Hegelian dialaaUoa. FreUd, however, raalMd fti'J bDatilo 'to Hegel and wrote to others to dieauada Dr. :l'a1lftall fl'oa bo0811ing 1ft Xosollan. I could never cenYlnoe l'roiDIII that it waa not onlJ bocaueo lt waa not ._, tiold that I waa koepJ.nc ay 4lllttln0o floOII pQohoanal;yala. He Clll1\l.n\lad. our tr1 untU tho very end. Hie wU'oe Annlae waa • patohl tor 117 out that be wu a Sooialln HIIDianln - .... o~ the haYlfts aon'tlone4 At - that llbe oon-dtel'e4 a:J •• h• ~a'ftzolte 1n 'the •Uecticn ibat waa ptbU8he4 a death. Indeed, tho o:nodn'. Dr. Rainer hdl: • atb4 •• my corzoeapon4ofteo with PrCIIIII, and I sladll' dDnated lt aU 1lo .Archina.

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