it sophistication in health care

38
An Instrument Validation Study among Canadian Hospitals Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, M.D. M.S. & Ph.D. Student in Health Informatics UMN Health Informatics Journal Club (Oct. 9, 2008) Based on Paré G, Sicotte C. Information technology sophistication in health care: an instrument validation study among Canadian hospitals. Int J Med Inform. 2001 Oct;63(3):205223.

Upload: nawanan-theera-ampornpunt

Post on 07-May-2015

1.222 views

Category:

Health & Medicine


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Theera-Ampornpunt N. Article review: IT sophistication in health care - an instrument validation study among Canadian hospitals. Presented at: Health Informatics Journal Club; 2008 Oct 9; Division of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN. Invited speaker. Based on Paré G, Sicotte C. Information technology sophistication in health care: an instrument validation study among Canadian hospitals. Int J Med Inform. 2001 Oct;63(3):205-23. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7S-43P24W1-6&_user=616288&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2001&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235066%232001%23999369996%23259465%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5066&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=9&_acct=C000032378&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=616288&md5=ee026786822e5e65c12b5fcbd430386e

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: IT Sophistication in Health Care

An Instrument Validation Studyamong Canadian Hospitals

Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt, M.D.M.S. & Ph.D. Student in Health Informatics

UMN Health Informatics Journal Club (Oct. 9, 2008)

Based on Paré G, Sicotte C. Information technology sophistication in health care: an instrument validation study among Canadian hospitals. Int J Med Inform. 2001 Oct;63(3):205‐223.

Page 2: IT Sophistication in Health Care

3 Themes of Focus in Article

Concept: IT Sophistication/Adoption 

What, Why, How

Survey Instrument Evaluation

IT Sophistication Profile of Sampled Hospitals

Page 3: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Background

Health care has become increasingly complex and are in various stages of reform

IT has been shown in MIS to have positive impacts on organizational performance

Managers and clinicians are realizing the value of IT in high quality care delivery while holding down costs

Page 4: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Background

To identify effects of IT on health care delivery, IT needs to be characterized for operationalization purposes

No existing characterization and validated instrument of IT in terms of its level of sophistication in health care organizations

Such instrument would allow profiling and enable comparison

Page 5: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Study Objectives

Primary:

To develop and validate a measurement instrument of IT sophistication in hospitals

Secondary

To present and compare IT sophistication profile of Canadian hospitals

Page 6: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Existing Models

Nolan’s Stages of EDP Growth (1973, 1979)

Evolution of systems growth in stages

Introduces the concept of “IS Maturity”

The ultimate stage of computing growth in organizations where information resources are fully developed and computer‐based systems are fully integrated

Focuses on organizational information systems

Empirical validity has been contested

EDP - Electronic Data Processing IS - Information Systems

Cited in: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 7: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Existing Models

Cheney & Dickson (1982)

Investigated the relationship between “Technological Sophistication” (hardware, software, nature of application systems), “Organizational Sophistication”(information resources management activities), and system performance

Cited in: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 8: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Existing Models

Saunders & Kellers (1984)

IS maturity referred to as the “sophistication of the 

mix of applications provided by the IS function”

Raymond & Paré (1992)

IT sophistication defined as “a multi‐dimensional 

construct, which includes aspects related to 

technological support, information content, 

functional support, and IT management practices”Cited in: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 9: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

IT Sophistication in Hospitals

“The diversity of technological devices and software applications used to support patient management and patient care, clinical support, and administrative activities” as well as “the extent to which computer‐based applications are integrated (electronic and automatic transfer of information)”

Page 10: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

3 Dimensions of IT Sophistication

Technological Sophistication

○ Diversity of hardware devices (e.g. medical imaging, bar coding devices, data warehousing, wireless networks, PACS equipment)

Functional Sophistication

○ Proportion and diversity of processes or activities (e.g. vital sign recording, medication administration, staff scheduling)

Integration Sophistication

○ Degree to which computer‐based applications are integrated both internally and externally

Page 11: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

3 Health Care Activity Domains

Patient Management and Patient Care

○ Patient management, order entry/results reporting, clinical notes, care planning, vital signs recording, ER, OR, etc.

Clinical Support

○ Laboratory, pharmacy, radiology

Administrative

○ Billing & finance, HR, materials management

Page 12: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 13: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

Technological Sophistication

Office automation systems

Human‐computer interaction devices

Storage and compression devices

Data distillation systems

Connectivity devices

Each of these can be used in different activities

Page 14: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

Functional Sophistication

Technology alone doesn’t measure an 

organization’s IT sophistication well

One technology can be used for different 

activities, each of which has varying impact 

on care

Can be viewed as the level of 

computerization in the work processes

Page 15: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conceptual Framework

Integration Sophistication

Electronic and automatic transfer of 

information

Internal Integration

○With other systems in the hospital

External Integration

○With external entities’ systems

Page 16: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Instrument Evaluation

Validity

An instrument does what it is intended to 

do (Nunnally, 1978)

The degree to which a test measures what it 

was designed to measure (Wikipedia, 2008)

The degree to which the measurement 

measures what the investigator wants to 

measure (Friedman & Wyatt, 2005)

Page 17: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Instrument Validation

ReliabilityThe extent to which measurements are repeatable, by different persons, on different occasions , with alternative instruments for measuring the same thing (Nunnally, 1978)

The consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument (Wikipedia, 2008)

The degree to which measurement is consistent or reproducible (Friedman & Wyatt, 2005)

Page 18: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Validity vs. Reliability

Source: http://ibis.health.state.nm.us/resources/ReliabilityValidity.html

Page 19: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Types of ReliabilityTest‐retest reliability

Does the measure deliver the same answer when 

applied in different time periods?

Internal consistency reliability

Multi‐item instrument

○ Does the measure yield consistent results across 

different indicators (items)?

Multiple raters: Inter‐rater reliability

○ Does the measure yield consistent results when different 

observers rate the same thing?Source: Neuman (2005)

Page 20: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Types of Validity

Face Validity

On the face of it, do people believe that the 

definition and method of measurement fit?

Source: Neuman (2005)

Page 21: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Types of Validity

Content Validity

Is the full content of a definition 

represented in a measure?

Source: Neuman (2005)

Page 22: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Types of ValidityConstruct Validity

Do the various indicators operate in a consistent 

manner?

Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity

Source: Neuman(2005)

Page 23: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Types of Validity

Criterion Validity

Does a measure correlate with some 

standard or criterion?

Concurrent Validity, Predictive Validity

Source: Neuman (2005)

Page 24: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Methods: Content Validity

20 in‐depth interviews with health care and IT 

specialists at the Montreal Jewish Hospital (MJH)

Respondents asked to identify technologies and 

computer‐based applications in their organization and 

elsewhere, processes supported by the systems, & 

degree of integration

Inputs used to modify instrument

Pretest with 3 HIS directors with in‐depth interviews 

to refine instrument (mostly cosmetic)

Page 25: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Methods: Reliability, Construct & Concurrent Validity

Survey of HIS directors in 2 of the largest Canadian provinces 

Sampling frame: a government list of names, addresses, and phone numbers of each medical center in Quebec (n = 80) and Ontario (n = 106)

Subjects contacted by phone to request participation (10 refused)

Mail survey with 6‐week follow‐up letter

Total period: 4 months 

Page 26: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsResponse rate 62.4% (Quebec 73.8%, Ontario 53.8%)

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 27: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Results

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 28: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsReliability: Cronbach’s alpha for the technological, 

functional, and integration dimensions of each 

activity domain and for overall dimensions

○ Low: items don’t measure the same thing or too few items

○ High (usually > 0.70): items “internally consistent”

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 29: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsConstruct validity: interdimension correlations and correlations 

with an adjusted overall dimension score (after removing scales 

of that dimension)

○ Interpretation: High & significant correlation means consistent results 

between different measures (dimensions + domains) of IT sophistication, 

thus construct validity

Source:Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 30: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsCriterion validity: correlation of each dimension and 6 

other variables: the hospital’s present stage of IT maturity 

based on Nolan’s 5‐stage model, annual budget, annual IT 

budget, number of IT staff, HIS director’s educational level 

and IT management experience

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 31: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsOverall functional sophistication ‐ Not significant between Quebec & Ontario

Some significant variations exist e.g.

○ Higher percentage of electronic signature for medical chart documentation in Ontario

○ Higher percentage of OR computerized processes in Ontario

Medication administration, staff scheduling, order transcription, and historical record keeping are most computerized nursing activities in both provinces

Vital signs recording and other nursing activities are among the least computerized ones

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 32: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsBoth provinces exhibit low level of technological 

sophistication overall (not significant different)

Telemedicine, expert systems, voice recognition systems 

for notes transcription are not available in most hospitals

Smaller percentages of Quebec hospitals installed 

workstations in the hallways or at bedside or used 

portable devices

PACS are diffused more widely in Ontario

Lower number of Quebec hospitals have a Web site

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 33: IT Sophistication in Health Care

ResultsLow level of systems integration overall, with Quebec 

significantly less integrated.

ER and OR systems are somewhat less integrated than 

ADT, scheduling

In many clinical support departments (labs, radiology, 

pharmacy), systems are mostly stand‐alone

In general, clear sign of lack of internal and external 

integration

Source: Paré & Sicotte (2001)

Page 34: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Conclusion

Instrument is reliable and valid

Findings support breakdown of IT sophistication into technological, functional, and integration dimensions

IT sophistication instrument is helpful for

○ Describing a hospital’s state of IT sophistication(cross‐sectional, longitudinal)

○ Diagnosis of aspects with low sophistication within a hospital for future improvements

○ Comparisons between groups of hospitals

Page 35: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Limitations/Critique*

IT Adoption has 2 aspects: Depth & Breadth

○ Depth: Level of functionalities computerized

○ Breadth: Extent of adoption across organization

○ IT Sophistication instrument focuses only on depth

Instrument developed and validated in 2001

Internal consistency reliability among items may not be 

appropriate for heterogeneous (“formative/causal”) 

indicators. Instead, should use inter‐rater reliability or test‐

retest reliability

* Presenter’s own opinion. Not discussed in the original article

Page 36: IT Sophistication in Health Care

References

Friedman CP, Wyatt JC. Evaluation methods in biomedical 

informatics. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Springer; 2005, c2006. 

386 p.

Neuman WL. Social research methods: qualitative and 

quantitative approaches. 6th ed. Boston (MA): Allyn & Bacon; 

2005, c2006. 592 p.

Nunnally JC. Psychometric theory. 2nd ed. New York (NY): 

McGraw‐Hill; c1978. 701 p.

Paré G, Sicotte C. Information technology sophistication in health 

care: an instrument validation study among Canadian 

hospitals. Int J Med Inform. 2001 Oct;63(3):205‐223.

Page 37: IT Sophistication in Health Care

References

Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. 5th ed. New York (NY): Free 

Press; 2003. 551 p.

Wikipedia [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation; 

c2001‐2008. Reliability (statistics); [modified 2008 Sep 16; 

cited 2008 Oct 5]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)

Wikipedia [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): Wikimedia Foundation; 

c2001‐2008. Validity (statistics); [modified 2008 Aug 30; cited 

2008 Oct 5]; [about 7 screens]. Available from: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)

Page 38: IT Sophistication in Health Care

Appendix

What is Health IT?

Can be viewed as a subset of innovations

What is Adoption?

Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory (1962‐2003)

Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implement-ation Confirmation

AdoptionRejectionSource: Rogers (2003)