it proj report

8/8/2019 IT Proj Report

1/50

PROJECT REPORT

ON

Analysis on Sales of T.Madhava Rao stone Crusher using SPSS

SUBMITTED BY

B. Aparna

G. Monika

G. S. Nagendra Rao

Swathi Thumula

R. Krishna Chaitanya

OF

HYDERABAD

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT HYDERABAD

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. M. Daram Kumar


2/50

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We give my most sincere thanks to TMR High PowerCrusherPvt. Ltd., for giving there

inputs and guidance forourproject completion.

We would like to express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to my Project Guide

Mr. M. Daram Kumar for his valuable suggestions, scholarly guidance, constructive criticism,

and constant encouragement at every step of the project

We give my sincere thanks to the Dean Mrs. Shirani Nayar. I am particularly indebted

greatly to her.

We feel immense pleasure to thankIIPM Hyderabad for providing a platform to enrich

my experience by giving me an opportunity to work on this project.

Finally we would like to thank my family and friends for their loving support and

encouragement. We would like to express my deep appreciation for theirunstinting patience and

understanding.


3/50

DECLARATION

We here by declare that all the information that have been collected, analyzed and

documented for the project is entirely my authentic possessions. We would like to categorically

mention that the work here is not purchased nor acquired by any otherunfairmeans or from any

external source. The data and information presented in this report are accurate and updated to the

current data, to the best of my knowledge.

However for the purpose of my project, information already computed in many sources

has been utilized


4/50

* Cover page

*Preface

*Acknowledgement:

*Undertakings

*Contents

*Executive summary

*Introduction to Topic

Aim of Study

Theoretical overview

*About organization

Methodology

Data Presentation & observations

Conclusion & data Analysis

Recommendations

Limitations

*Bibliography

*Annexure


5/50

Preface

Stone Crushing Industry is an important industrial sector in the country engaged in

producing crushed stone of various sizes depending u pon the requirement which acts as raw

material for various construction activities such as construction of Roads, Highways, Bridges,

Buildings, and Canals etc. It is estimated that there are over 12,000 stone crusherunits in India.

The number is expected to grow further kee ping in view the future plans for development of

infrastructure of roads, canals and buildings that are required for overall development of the

country. In India, the Stone Crushing Industry sector is estimated to have an annual turnover of

Rs. 5000 crore (equivalent to over US$ 1 billion) and is therefore an economically important

sector. The sector is estimated to be providing direct employment to over 500,000 people

engaged in various activities such as mining, crushing plant, transportation of mined stones and

crushed products etc. Most of these personnel are from rural and economically backward areas

whereemployment opportunities are limited and therefore it carries greater significance in terms

of social importance in rural areas. It is a source ofearning foruneducated poorunskilled rural

people.

The stone crusher is one such industry that exists in the vicinity of almost all major

cities/towns throughout the country in all the states because the construction activities go on

throughout the country. As transportation of stone over long distances adds to cost of the crushed

stone products, the crushers need to be necessarily located nearer to the demand centers such as

Cities, Bridges, Canals etc. Stone Crushers also need electricity supply and large numberof man

power for its operation. It also needs access roads for the movement of mined stone as well as

crushed stone products. It is for these reason that most Stone Crushers are located along the

periphery of Cities or in the vicinity of major construction projects. In most cases the Stone

Crushers comeup in clusters of number ofunits ranging from five to fifty in one cluster. The

crushers are located nearer to the source ofraw material such as Stone mines, RiverBeds etc.

Typical Set-up & Sizes of Stone Crushers

There are large variations in the types of stone crusher setu p across the country

depending on geographical locations, type of demand for crushed products, closeness to urban


6/50

areas, type ofraw material, availability of plant and machinery locally etc. Primarily the stone

crusher industry sector could be divided in three categories small, medium & large. The typical

characteristics ofeach category of stone crushers are briefly discussed below.

Small Size Stone Crushers

There are different types of small crushers in various states with a production capacity

ranging from 3 to 25 TPH. Typically, theunits having only one Jaw type crusherused as primary

or secondary crusher along with one ormaximum 2 screens are grouped as small stone crushers.

A few most representative types of small crushers are described below.

Medium Size Crushers

Typically those crushers having than one crusher i.e., one primary and one secondary or

one/two primary & two secondary crushers along with one or more vibratory screens are

categorized as medium size crushers. The mined stones are transported mostly by

trucks/dumpers and unloaded in to elevated stone wells. The stones are fed by gravity to primary

crushers. The Crushed stones are conveyed to vibratory screens. The screened products of

various sizes are conveyed to stock piles by belt conveyors. The oversize is returned to

secondary crushers for further crushing and back to the vibratory screen. Such type of medium

type crushers have a production capacity in therange of 25 100 TPH. These type of crushers

are found in the States like Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat,

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc.

Large Stone Crushers

Those crushers typically having two or more numbers each of primary, secondary &

tertiary type crushers with at least 2 or more vibratory screens with mechanized loading,

unloading conveying operation s and producing more than 100 TPH crushed stones are

categorized as large crushers. Typically large stone crusher are owned by bigger construction

companies like L&T, Dodsal Construction, etc who have their own large construction projects


7/50

demand. Such crushers have a capacity range of 100 200 TPH. These type of crusher generally

have theirown/leased open-cast stone mines and a fleet of mechanical mining equipment , trucks

and dumpers, loaders etc. These crushers involve high capital investment and mostly operate

round the clock.


8/50

Introduction to Topic

Microsoft Access

Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a pseudo-relationaldata base management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet

Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member

of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and highereditions or

sold separately. In mid-May 2010, the current version Microsoft Access 2010 was released by

Microsoft in Office 2010; Microsoft Office Access 2007 was the prior version. Access stores

data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link

directly to data stored in otherapplications and databases.

Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop application

software, and "powerusers" can use it to build simple applications.[citation needed] Like other

Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications, an object-oriented

programming language that can reference a variety of objects including DAO (Data Access

Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in

forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA programming environment,

and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows operating-system functions. Microsoft

released Access version 1.0 on 13 November 1992, and an Access 1.1 release in May 1993 to

improve compatibility with otherMicrosoft products and include the Access Basic programming

language.

Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements for Access v2.0 as: Microsoft

Windows v3.1 with 4 MB of RAM required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available hard

disk spacerequired, 14 MB hard disk spacerecommended. The product shipped on seven 1.44

MB diske

tte

s. The

manu

al shows a 1993 copyr

ight date

. Or

iginally, the

software

wor

ke

d we

llwith relatively small databases but testing showed that some circumstances caused data

corruption. Forexample, file sizes over 10 MB proved problematic (note that most hard disks

held less than 500 MB at the time this was in wideuse), and the Getting Started manual warns

about a number of circumstances where obsolete device drivers or incorrect configurations can

cause data loss. With the phasing out ofWindows 95, 98 and ME, improved networkreliability,


9/50

and Microsoft having released 8 service packs for the Jet Database Engine, the reliability of

Access databases has been improved and it supports both more data and a larger number of

users. With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7.0 (a.k.a "Access 95") became part of the Microsoft

Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from

Access Basic to Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Since then, Microsoft has released new

versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97

(version 8.0), Access 2000 (version 9.0), Access 2002 (version 10.0), Access 2003 (version

11.5), and Access 2007 (version 12.0). The native Access database format (the Jet MDB

Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 7.0, 97, 2000,

2002, 2007, and 2010. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access

2000 format; which is not backward compatible with earlier versions of Access. At the time of

this writing, all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were

added to the Access 2002 format which can beused by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010.

In Access 2007, a new database format was introduced: ACCDB. The ACCDB supports

complex data types such as multivalue and attachment fields. These new field types are

essentially record sets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values in one field. With Access

2010, a new version of the ACCDB format supports hosting on a SharePoint 2010 server for

exposure to the we b. Prior to the introduction of Access, the desktop database market was

dominated by Borland with their Paradox and dBase programs, and FoxPro. Microsoft Access

was the first mass market database program forWindows. With the purchase of FoxPro and

incorporating its Rushmore query optimization routines into Access, Microsoft Access quickly

became the dominant database forWindows effectively eliminating the competition which failed

to transition from the MS-DOS world.

Access's initial codename was Cirrus; the forms engine was called Ruby. This was before

Visual Basic - Bill Gates saw the prototypes and decided that the BASIC language component

should be co-developed as a separateexpandable application, a project called Thunder. The two

projects were developed separately as theunderlying forms engines were incompatible with each

other; however, these were merged together again after VBA. Access was also the name of a

communications program from Microsoft, meant to compete with ProComm and otherprograms.


10/50

This proved a failure and was dropped. Years later, Microsoft reused the name for its database

software.

Uses:

Microsoft Access is used to create simple, as well as complex, database solutions. Access

tables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referential integrity. Access also

includes a query interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The

underlying Jet database, which contains these objects, is multiuser-aware and handles record-

locking and referential integrity including cascading, updates and deletes. Repetitive tasks can be

automated through macros with point-and-click options. Microsoft Access is very popularamong

non-programmers and professional developers alike. Non-programmers can create visually

pleasing and relatively advanced solutions on with very little or no code, while professional

developers can harness the power of Access to reach beyond what their own. It is also easy to

place a database on a network and have multipleusers share and update data without overwriting

each other's work. Data is locked at therecord level which is significantly different from Excel

which locks theentire spreadsheet.

Microsoft offers a widerange of template databases within the program and fordownload

from theirwebsite. These options are availableupon starting Access and allow users to quickly

use and enhance a database with pre-defined tables, queries, forms, reports, and macros. Popular

templates include tracking contacts, assets, issues, events, projects, and tasks. Templates do not

include VBA code. Microsoft Access also offers the ability for programmers to create solutions

using the programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is similar to

Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as Excel,

Word, Outlook and PowerPoint. Most VB6 code including theuse ofWindows API calls, can be

used in VBA. Powerusers and developers can extend basic end-user solutions to a professional

solution with advanced automation, data validation, error trapping, and multi-user support.

Database solutions created entirely in Microsoft Access are well suited for individual and

workgroup use across a network. The number of simultaneous users that can be supported

depends on the amount of data, the tasks being performed, level ofuse, and application design.

Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB)


11/50

and performs quite well with 20 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are

supported). This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access

database solution in a multi-user scenario, the application should be "split". This means that the

tables are in one file called the back-end (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the

application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file

called the front end. The linked tables in the front end point to the backend file. Each userof the

Access application would then receive theirown copy of the front end file. Applications that run

complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater bandwidth and

memory. Microsoft Access is designed to scale to support more data and users by linking to

multiple Access databases or using a back-end database like Microsoft SQL Server. With the

latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise-level solutions. Microsoft

Access' role in web development prior to version 2010 is limited. User interface features of

Access, such as forms and reports, only work in Windows. In versions 2000 through 2003 an

Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages

are no longer supported. The Microsoft Jet Database Engine, core to Access, can be accessed

through technologies such as ODBC or OLE DB. The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be

accessed by web-based applications developed in ASP.NET, PHP, orJava.

Access 2010 allows databases to be published to SharePoint 2010 we b sites running

Access Services. These web-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. In

enterprise environments, Microsoft Access is particularly appropriate for meeting end-user

database needs and forrapid application development. Microsoft Access is easy enough forend

users to create their own queries, forms and reports, laying out fields and grou pings, setting

formats, etc. This capability allows professional developers, as well as end users, to develop a

widerange of applications to fulfill the needs of an organization or commercial purpose. Many

technology departments enjoy Access's ease ofuse, thus allowing departmental users the ability

to cre

ate

highly focused applications, whil

eallowing th

etechnology d

epa

rtm

ents to foc

us on th

e

enterprise level systems that provide the information (enterprise data) to supported departments.

A compiled MDE orACCDE version of an Access database can be created to prevent users from

getting to the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. This is often used in


12/50

environments whereend-user modifications are discouraged or the application's code should be

kept private.

Microsoft offers a runtime version of Microsoft Access 2007 for download. This allows

people to create Access solutions and distribute it for use by non-Microsoft Access owners

(similar to the way DLLs or EXEs are distributed). Unlike the regular version of Access, the

runtime version allows users to use the Access application but they cannot use its design

surfaces. Microsoft also offers developer extensions for download to help distribute Access

applications, create database templates, and integrate source code control with Microsoft Visual

SourceSafe.

Features

Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with

macros. Advanced users can use VBA to writerich solutions with advanced data manipulation

and user control. The original concept of Access was forend users to be able to "access" data

from any source. Otheruses include: the import and export of data to many formats including

Excel, Outlook, ASCII, dBase, Paradox, FoxPro, SQL Server, Oracle, ODBC, etc. It also has the

ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and

reporting. This allows the existing data to change and the Access platform to always use the

latest data. It can perform heterogeneous joins between data sets stored across different

platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from enterprise level databases for

manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally. There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or

ACCDB in Access 2007) which can contain the application and data in one file. This makes it

very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in

disconnected environments.

One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is its relative

compatibility with SQL (structured query language) queries can be viewed graphically or

edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can beused directly in Macros and VBA Modules

to manipulate Access tables. Users can mix and use both VBA and "Macros" for programming

forms and logic and offers object-oriented possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries.

Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be


13/50

referenced from other programs like VB6 and .NET through DAO or ADO. From Microsoft

Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO. The desktop editions of

Microsoft SQL Servercan beused with Access as an alternative to the Jet Database Engine. This

support started with MSDE (Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of

Microsoft SQL Server2000, and continues with the SQL ServerExpress versions of SQL Server

2005 and 2008.

Microsoft Access is a file server-based database. Unlike clientserver relational database

management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement database triggers, stored

procedures, or transaction logging. Access 2010 includes table-level triggers and stored

procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client-server database system is not a

requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access 2010. Tables, queries,

Forms, reports and Macros can now be developed specifically forweb base application in Access

2010. Integration with Microsoft SharePoint 2010 is also highly improved.

Introduction to Microsoft Office Access 2003

INTRODUCTION TO ACCESS DATABASES

What is a relational database?

Microsoft Office Access 2003a relational databaseis used to storerelated groups of data that

users can retrieve by filtering, sorting, and combining information from separate datasheets, or

tables. This process of information retrieval is known as a query.

How is an Access database structured?

A database is madeup of different objects, such as tables, forms and queries. Listed below are

descriptions of the object types that areused to create databases.

Object Purpose:

Tables:


14/50

Where data is entered and stored. Queries Organize, combine and filter data in order to retrieve

just the information you want.

Forms:

Allow you to view, enterand update data outside of a table.

Reports: Allow you to print information assembled from Tables/Queries in a custom layout.

Pages Data displayed in a web page.

Macros Automated tasks created by a series of instructions.Modules Run Visual Basic Code. In

most applications, these objects would be saved as separate files. In Access, however, theentire

database is saved as one file, using theextension of .mdb. All objects are contained within this

file. The basic building blocks of a database are its tables, where data is initially entered. A

separate table is created for each type of information. For instance, if you were a business

kee ping track of inventory bought and sold, you might create three separate tables: one with

information about your suppliers, one with buyer information, and one listing your current

inventory. The inventory table would likely contain a list of suppliers and buyers for the items. In

this way, the inventory table shares common information with the two other tables. They are

linked.

Access vs. Excel:

Why store categories of information in separate tables? Why not create one all-inclusive

spreadsheet, using Microsoft Excel? Excel is ideally suited to storing numerical data because of

its ability to perform complex calculations and to graph data. Access, on the other hand, is

designed to manage records by means of storing related data in separate tables whose

information can then be combined and retrieved based on criteria that you define. A business

wanting to keep track of suppliers, buyers and orders would be best served by using a database,

since those three categories contain relational data.

About saving in Access:

Access automatically saves data as you move from onerecord to another. (NOTE: This

means once you type overold information, that old information is lost and youd need to re-enter


15/50

it to get it back.) Access does prompt theuser to save newly created objects before closing them

out, and to save objects to which you made structural changes. Theuser can choose to save those

changes ornot.

CREATE A NEW DATABASE

Open Access.

Click on the New button on the Database toolbar.

Select Blank Database from the New File task pane on theright-hand side of the screen.

You are prompted to create a filename and save the database.

Assign a filename, choose a location to store the database, and press

Create.

The database window appears with a list under the Objects heading of all the components that

can beused to create a database.

TABLES:

Table structure

A table in Access is basically a datasheet madeup of columns and rows. The columns contain

fields and therows contain records. A field is a category, such as unit price, phone number, user

ID, into which youenter information. A record is all the pieces of information from the various

fields that apply to on

eentity, s

uch as an

employ

ee, a d

epa

rtm

ent, o

ra v

endo

r. An

employ

ee

record, forexample, might include Employee ID, Phone, E-mail address, and Department. The

intersection of a row and a column is referred to as a cell.

Create a table:


16/50

Click on Tables under the Objects listing. To the right, youll see several methods listed for

creating a table: using Design view, using the Wizard, and by directly entering data in a

datasheet.

Methods forcreating a table:

Design view offers the most control and flexibility in the creation of your table.

Wizard Walks you through the steps, but offers less creative control to theuser.

Enter data (into a datasheet) From scratch method. Will probably need to use Design View to

refine. Design view allows you first to define the structure of your table in one area and then to

enter data in another. Even if youuse anothermethod, youll likely need to turn to Design view

to refine the structure and layout of the table. Its the most useful method to become familiar

with.

Create a tableusing Design view

Double-click Create table in Design view.

Records (sets of information stored in rows)

Fields (categories listed in columns)

Cell

The Design view screen allows you to enter field names, define the data type foreach, and add

an optional description. Field Name A category heading, such as Address orPhone NumberData

Type The type of data being entered, such as text, numbers, currency, date/time, etc.

Description Describes the category and/orhow to enterdata in a consistent way Enteryour first

field name in theupper-left cell, beneath the Field Name heading.

Press Enter to move to the Data Type field for that entry. Click on the down arrow that now

appears and choose from the list of Data Type options.


17/50

Data Type Use

Text Text and/ornumbers not used in calculations (e.g., phone numbers, street addresses,

zip codes). Limit of 255 characters perentry. Memo Text and/or numbers requiring more than

255 characters perentry (e.g., notes) NumberNumeric data being used in calculations, excluding

currency AND excluding numbers that should not berounded off during calculations. Date/Time

Date or time Currency Currency (e.g., $5.00 or$0.75) ornumbers that should not berounded off

during calculations. AutoNumber Usually sequential, auto-generated numbers, each which

uniquely identifies a record. A new number is generated as each new record is created. Yes/No

Use in fields where theentry can only be one of two values, such as Yes/No orTrue/False. OLE

Object Formatted text, long documents, images, orotherobjects created in otherapplications that

are being inserted into or linked to from Access.

Hyperlink A link usually to a website. Lookup Wizard

A field that allows you to choose an entry from another table or from a list of values that

you determine. Access will then prompt you that no primary key has been assigned and asks if

youd like to create a primary key now.

Choose No to create your own orYes to allow Access to create one for you. Its preferable to

set yo

urown, altho

ugh that is not always possibl

e. S

eebelow fo

rmo

reinfo

rmation abo

ut

primary keys.

THE LOOKUP WIZARD:

The Lookup Wizard creates whats called a lookup column. The lookup column lets you

see a drop-down list containing entries from a linked table, allowing you to click on an entry

rather than typing it in manually. Not only does this simplify data entry, it also cuts down on

typos and inconsistencies in how data is entered. Lets say youve created a Supplier table with a

SupplierName field. Next, you create an Inventory table with a SupplierName field in it. When

you click on the Supplier Name field in your Inventory Table, a combo box containing a drop-


18/50

down list of all the supplier names from the Suppliers table appears for you to choose from.

Click on yourchoice and the name appears in the field.

To use the Lookup wizard:

Choose Lookup Wizard from the Data Type list in Design view.

Choose I want the Lookup column to choose the values in a table orquery.

Select the table you want to use as your link and click Next.

Click on the field you want to link and then press > to move it into the Selected Fields window

and press Next.

To sort the listings, click on the down arrow by the first Sort Orderwindow and click on your

field.

To sort in Ascending order, click Next. To sort in Descending order, click on the Ascending

button next to the windowthis changes it to Descendingand click Next.

Click Finish.

Press Yes when prompted to save your table.

PRIMARY KEYS:

A primary key is used to establish links between tables that allow you to combine and

retrieve data from them. It is a field (or multiple fields) that uniquely identifies each record in

your table. A SSN field, for instance, could be used as a primary key field in an employee

database, since no two people have the same one. A primary key is all but essential for your

database to operateefficiently.

Create a primary key:


19/50

Once you save a table, Access prompts you that no primary key has been defined, and

asks if youd like to create one. You can either set a primary key yourself, oryou can let Access

do it foryou.

Which should you choose?

If your table contains a field, such as employee IDs, that guarantees no duplicateentries,

you should use that field as your primary key. If all your fields could potentially contain

duplicateentries, let Access create a primary key for you. The program creates an ID field with

automatically generated, consecutive numbers. A new number is generated each time you create

a record. Because these numbers are meaningless, exce pt to identify uniquely each individual

record in your table, you should always try to create a primary key from amongst your table

fields. If Access prompts you that a primary key has not been defined,

Click Yes if you want Access to assign one. Access inserts an ID field above all your other

fields. Its data type is AutoNumber. An image of a key appears in the gray boxcalled a row

selectorto the left of the ID field name. (TIP: You can rename this field name by clicking in

the cell, deleting the text, and typing yourown text in its place.)

Click No if you plan to assign yourown primary key.

To assign a primary key, click anywhere on the field name you plan to use.

Click on the key icon from the Database toolbar. An image of a key appears in therow selector.

Click once inside the gray cell to the left of that row.

Click again in the cell and hold down the left mouse button.

Drag therow to its new location and release the mouse button.

Field Properties in the Design view screen:

Field properties allow you to control even further how data is entered in the fields of your table.

If, for instance, youve set a data type to Date/Time, you can dictate in Field properties exactly


20/50

how a date should be typed. Forexample, you may want all years to be typed out completely

rather than entered using only the last two digits (2006, rather than 06).

INPUT MASK

The input mask sets rules for how non-calculated numbers such as dates and phone

numbers areentered in a field.

To select an input mask for a field

In Design view, click in the Data Type window for the field to which you want to apply the

input mask.

In the Field Properties window below, click on Input Mask and then click on the Build button

that now appears.

The Input MaskWizard appears. Scroll through the list of input masks.

Select the appropriate one and click Finish.

The input mask field now displays a series of characters representing how text/numbers are to

beentered.

RELATIONSHIPS:

Setting up relationships between tables links them so that you can combine the data

stored in each. One way of linking tables was already mentioned: the Lookup Wizard. Another

way to establish relationships is to choose Relationships from the Tools menu on the menu bar.

But first, In orderto set up relationships,

Two tables must have a field in common. Note theexample below.

List of tables created thus far

The field in one table is usually designated as the primary key (each entry in that field uniquely

identifies its record).

The matching field in the second tablereferences that in the first, and is known as a foreign key.


21/50

In the Supplier table above, the Supplier field is the primary key. In the Inventory table beneath

it, the

Supplier field is a foreign key.

One-to-many relationship

This relationship is an example of the most common type in Access: the one-to-many

relationship. That is, the item chalk only has one supplier, Demco. But Demco may supply many

additional products to the business setting u p this database. Demco may supply erasers,

chalkboards, pens and pencils, each of which would appear in the Item column, with Demco

listed in the next column overas its supplier.

Set up relationships between tables

Close out any tables that are currently open. Relationships cannot be set u p while tables are

open.

Select Tools from the Menu Barand choose Relationships

The field lists from the tables in your database will appear side-by-side in the Relationships

window. If during the creation of any tables, you used the Looku p wizard to create a lookup

column in a data type field in Design view (see page 5), then youll see a join line that connects

the tables. Access has in this case already set up a relationship between the two tables.

If no relationship exist between tables,

Position your mouse pointer on the field name in common in one of the field lists, hold down

the left mouse button and drag it over the same field name in the other field list. (TIP: If the field

name in either or both field lists isnt displaying, use the vertical scroll bar to scroll down until

you see the field name displayed.)

The line that appears connecting the two represents the link between tables.

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY


22/50

You will likely want to maintain the consistency of the link between tables by enforcing

referential integrity. This rule ensures that a record cannot be added to the foreign key field

unless the record already exists in the primary key field. When enforcing referential integrity,

you should also choose to enforce therule by which any changes made to records in the primary

keye.g., change in a suppliers name listed in the fieldwill also be changed automatically in

the linked table. This rule is known as: Cascade Update Related Fields. AnotherruleCascade

Delete Related Recordsguarantees that any deletions made to entries in the primary key field

will also be deleted in linked tables. To enforce referential integrity, as well as the cascading

options,

Place the mouse pointer tip directly on any part of the join line between field lists.

Double-click on the line to open the Edit Relationships window.

In the Edit Relationships window, the fields in common will appear side-by-side.

Checkmark the three boxes: Enforce, Cascade Update, and Cascade Delete Then click

OK.

You will see a 1 on oneend of the join line and the symbol at the other in the Relationships

window. These designate the link as a one-to-many relationship. (An item in an inventory can

only have one supplier, forexample, but the supplier may supply multiple items to the business

managing the inventory.)

Press Save and close out the Relationships window.

To delete a relationship

Position the mouse pointer tip anywhere on the join line in the Relationships window and

rightmouse click.

Choose Delete from the pop-up menu.

Choose Yes to confirm the deletion.

Relationships window and repeating the steps listed above.


23/50

FORMS

Forms allow for easier data entry and editing than tables do. In a large table, with so

many rows and columns, its possible to type information in the wrong column or in the wrong

row accidentally. Forms allow you to edit and add data in a format that displays fields for justonerecord at-a-time.

TIP: If youd ratherenter all your data in a form than type it directly in the source table,

feel free. Simply set up your field names, data types, and field properties in the tables Design

view, save and close the table, and then create your form. As information is entered into the

form, it is added automatically to the source table.

Create a form

In the Database window, choose Forms from the Objects menu.

Choose New on the Database window toolbar.

Auto Form: Columnar is the fastest and simplest method to use in designing a form.

Use Auto Form: Columnar to create a form

Click on AutoForm: Columnar in the New Form dialog box.

Click on the down arrow by the Choose table orquery window and select the table youd like

to base your form on. Then click OK.

All the fields from the source table appear in columnar format.

Type yourdata, pressing enterbetween fields.

To bring u p a new record, press Enter after youve completed the last field of the current

record.

Create form by using wizard:

The Form wizard is another method for creating a form. In contrast to using AutoForm,

the Form wizard allows you to determine whether or not all fields appear in the form. If, for


24/50

instance, your form contains an auto-numbered ID field, you might not want it to appearon your

form if otherusers are adding data. They might think they need to enter a value in that field, not

realizing that numbers are generated automatically.

Use the Form wizard to create a form:

Double-click Create form by using wizard from the Database window.

Select tables/queries:

Click on the down arrow beside the Tables/Queries selection window and choose the table or

query youreusing to create your form.

Add fields:

All the fields from your selected tables/queries appear in the Available Fields: window.

Use the button to add fields to the Selected Fields window, one-at-a-time.

Use the button to move all available fields into the Selected Fields window.

To remove individual fields from Selected Fields, click on each field and press .

To remove all fields, press.

When done, click Next.

Choose a layout

Choose from the various layout options and click Next.

Choose a style

Select a style foryour form from the list and click Next.

Assign a title

Assign a title to your form, oraccept the default already entered at the top.


25/50

Make sure that Open the Form to view orenter information is selected and then click Finish to

view your form.

Therecord navigatorat the bottom of the form allows you to move from record to record,

or to create a new record into which you can enter information. Navigate through a form Move

forward orbackward between records. Move to the first or last record. Create a new record. Type

a record number and press Enter to locate that record. The total number of records currently

entered. To change the look of your form you can change the look of your form, as well as the

placement of fields within the form.

Label Text Box

Controls - Controls: To move a label control and its text box control elsewhere on the form,

Click and hold down the left mouse button anywhere insideeither. The mouse pointer changes

to an open black hand.

Drag the controls to a new location and release the mouse button.

To move either a label control or its text box control separately:

Click once insideeither.

Then position the mouse pointer tip on the largeupper left corner handle by the item and click

and hold down the left mouse button.

Drag the control to a new location and release the mouse button.

NOTE: Yourworkspace may not appearwideenough to move yourcontrols around in.

To create more horizontal space to work in:

Drag your label control and/or text box control to theright; the background will automatically

expand to accommodate the new placement.

To create more vertical space to work in:


26/50

Position the mouse pointer tip at the bottom edge of your section, where it meets the Form

Footersection selectoruntil the mouse pointerchanges to a two-sided arrow.

Hold down the left mouse button and drag vertically to stretch your form background area.

Release the mouse button when done.

To make further changes to the formatting or to other properties of a control,

Click on the control so that handles appeararound it.

Click on the Properties icon on the Form Design toolbar.

Navigate the Properties window and make any desired changes before closing out the window.

Choose Select All from Edit on the menu bar. All controls are now selected. Any changes you

make in the Properties window will apply across the board.

To see the changes in Form view:

Press Save to store changes to the structure and layout of your form in Form Design view.

Click on the Form view icon on the Form Design toolbar.

To exit a form:

You only need to press Save if youve made changes to the physical design of the form. Data

entries are automatically saved.

Press Save if necessary.

Close out the form by clicking on thered x in the forms upperright corner.

A list of created forms appears in the Database window when you select Forms from the Objects

menu.

To delete a form

Right mouse click on the form and choose Delete.


27/50

Click Yes to confirm the deletion.

QUERIES

Queries in Access allow you to combine data from multiple tables (and/or other queries) into a

new datasheet. It also allows you to extract data from an individual table or other query. Users

can create a numberof different types of queries, but this section will focus on the most common

type:

Select Queries.

To create a query, choose Query from the Objects menu in the Database window.

Double-click on Create query in Design view.

The Show Table window appears.

Click on the Tables, Queries, orBoth tab, depending upon what youre basing yourquery on.

A list of tables and/orqueries appears.

Double-click on each query/table from which youd like to build your query. As you double-

click on each, a list of field names for them appears in the upper pane of the Select Query

window.

Close the Show Table window.

To choose fields to appear in your query, double-click on each field you want to include from

each list.

As you double-click, field names appear below in the Field window, one beside the other, and

the tables/queries they come from are listed in therow beneath.

Close your query:


28/50

Click on thex in theupperright cornerof the Query window.

All queries youve created so far appear in a list beneath the Create query options in the

Database window.

To delete a query:

Right mouse click on the table listing and choose Delete.

Click Yes to confirm the deletion.

SORTING RECORDS:

To sort records in a datasheet in ascending or descending order (either alphabetically or

numerically) by a particular field,

Click on the column selectorabove the column whose field you wish to sort on.

Choose the Sort Ascending button or the Sort Descending button.

SWITCHBOARDS:

A switchboard is a navigational form that uses buttons to link you to various parts of your

Access database. You decide what buttons appear on it and which forms, reports, queries, etc.,

they open. Switchboards commonly appear as greeting screens when you open up a database.

Their direct link capability to designated objects in the database helps prevent users from

accidentally going to a part of the database that mustnt be tampered with.

Create a switchboard:

On the Tools menu, click on Database Utilities, and then select Switchboard Manager.

If Microsoft Access prompts you that a valid switchboard has not been found and then asks if

youd like to create one, say Yes.

Click New.

Entera name for the new switchboard and click OK.


29/50

Microsoft Access now lists your switchboard in the

Switchboard Pages window:

Click on the new switchboard and choose Edit.

Click on New

You can link to forms, reports, orother switchboards.

Click on the down arrow by the Command window and choose from the list of options.

Command window:

Select eitherOpen Form in Add Mode orOpen Form in Edit Mode.

Depending on the command you select, Microsoft Access asks in the bottom window of the

dialog box which form/report/switchboard/etc. you want to link to.

Make your selection from the list.

To create a label for your switchboard command:

Entera label in the Text box and click OK.

Repeat the process until youve finished adding items foryour switchboard.

To edit or delete an item, click on it in the Items On This Switchboard window. Then choose

the Edit orDelete button.

If you want to reorderhow items are listed on the switchboard, click on an item in the box and

click on the Move Up orMove Down button.

Once you have finished creating the switchboard, click Close.

To make the switchboard appear automatically u pon opening the database, click on the

switchboard name in the Switchboard Managerwindow and choose Make Default.

Click Close when done.


30/50

Choose Startup from Tools on the menu bar.

In the Startu p window, click on the down arrow beneath the Display Form/Page option and

click on Switchboard. Then click OK.

To delete a switchboard,

Choose Database Utilities from Tools on the menu barand then click on Switchboard Manager.

In the Switchboard Manager window, choose the switchboard you want to delete and press

Delete.

Click Close when done.

Click on Main Switchboard.

Click on Make Default.

Now press Delete and then Close.

IMPORT AN EXCEL FILE INTO ACCESS:

Choose File from the menu bar.

Choose Get External Data and then select Import.

Under Files of type in the Import window, choose Microsoft Excel in order to display only

Excel files.

Choose your file and click on Import.

Access launches the Import Spreadsheet Wizard.

The first ste p of the wizard asks you to select the worksheet or named range youd like to

import from the Excel file (usually a worksheet is selected). Data from the worksheet is partially

displayed below. Do not be concerned by its appearance in this window. It wont look like this in

Access.

Click Next.


31/50

If your first rows are headings, click on the First row contains column headings option and they

will be converted to field names in Access.

Click Next.

Choose whether the data is going into a new table or an existing one (a combo box lets you

select the table).

The next screen lets you specify information about your fields. (You can change the field names

here as well.)

When done with this screen, click Next.

You can specify a primary key (a combo box lets you select which field) or you can have

Access create one for you. (NOTE: If you assign the primary key, make sure all entries in that

field areunique.)

Click Next.

Choose a name for the table and click Finish.

ONLINEHELP

Choose Help from the menu barand then select Microsoft Office Access Help.

Entera topic in the Search window and press Enter.

Choose from the list of topics offered to see help foryourquestion orproblem.

Close Online Help when done.

BACK UP YOURDATABASE

Save and close all objects in the database.

Choose Back Up Database from File on the menu bar.

In the Save Backu p As dialog box, Access adds to your filename the current date. You can

accept that as yourbackup filename oryou can assign a different one.


32/50

Choose where to save the backup and press Save.

OPEN AN ACCESS FILE

Choose Open from File on the menu bar.

Locate your fileusing the Look in window, click on the file, and then choose Open.

SPSS

SPSS is a comprehensive and flexible statistical analysis and data management system.

SPSS can take data from almost any type of file and use them to generate tabulated reports,

charts, and plots of distributions and trends, descriptive statistics, and conduct complex statistical

analyses. SPSS is available from several platforms; Windows, Macintosh, and the UNIX

systems. SPSS forWindows, brings the full power of the mainframe version of SPSS to the

personal computerenvironment. It will enable you to perform many analyses on your PC that

were once possible only on much largermachines. SPSS forWindows provides a user interface

that makes statistical analysis more intuitive forall levels ofusers. Simple menus and dialog box

selections make it possible to perform complex analyses without typing a single line of command

syntax. The built-in SPSS Data Editor offers a simple and efficient spreadsheet-likeutility for

entering data and browsing the working data file. High-resolution, presentation-quality charts

and plots can be created and edited. Using the SPSS Viewer, you can handle the output with

greater flexibility. SPSS for Windows also reads data files from a variety of file formats

including Excel, dBASE, Lotus, and SAS.

Hardware and Software Requirements:

The minimum hardware and softwarerequirements forSPSS forWindows are:

Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/XP.

Pentium orPentium-class processor32 MB minimum forWin 98/ME, 64 MB minimum forWin NT/2000/XP

100 MB hard disk space

CD-ROM drive

SVGA (800x600 resolution) graphics card


33/50

Data Editor window

This window displays the contents of the data file. You may create new data files, or

modify existing ones with the Data Editor. The Data Editor window opens automatically when

you\ start an SPSS session.

Viewer window

The Viewer window displays the statistical results, tables, and charts from the analysis

you performed (e.g., descriptive statistics, correlations, plots, charts). A Viewer window opens

automatically when yourun a procedure that generates output. In the Viewerwindows, you can

edit, move, delete and copy yourresults in a Microsoft Explorer-likeenvironment.

Draft Viewer window

You can display output as simple text (instead of interactive pivot tables) in the Draft Viewer.

Pivot Table Editor window:

Output displayed in pivot tables can be modified in many ways with the Pivot Table

Editor. You can edit text, swap data in rows and columns, add color, create multidimensional

tables, and selectively hide and show results.

Chart Editor window:

You can modify and save high-resolution charts and plots in chart windows. You can

change the colors, select different type fonts or sizes, switch the horizontal and vertical axes,

rotate 3- D scatterplots, and even change the chart type.

Text Output Editor window:

Text output not displayed in pivot tables can be modified with the Text Output Editor.

You can edit the output and change font characteristics (type, style, color, size).

Syntax Editor window:


34/50

You can paste your dialog box choices into a Syntax Editor window, where your

selections appear in the form of command syntax. You can then edit the command syntax to

utilize special features of SPSS not available through dialog boxes. If you are familiarwith SPSS

softwareunder other operating systems (e.g., Unix), you can open up a Syntax Editor window

and enter SPSS commands exactly as you did under those platforms and execute the job. You

can save these commands in a file foruse in subsequent SPSS sessions.

Script Editor window:

Scripting and OLE automation allow you to customize and automate many tasks in SPSS.

Use the Script Editor to create and modify basic scripts. If you have more than one open Viewer

window, output is routed to the designated Viewer window. If you have more than one open

Syntax Editor window, command syntax is pasted into the designated Syntax Editor window.

(Paste feature will beexplained later.) The designated windows are indicated by an exclamation

point (!) in the status bar at the bottom ofeach SPSS window. You can change the designated

window at any time by selecting it (making it active) and clicking the highlighted pushbutton on

the toolbar. An active window is the currently selected window which appears in the foreground.

An active window may not be a designated window until you instruct SPSS to make it a

designated window (by clicking the icon on the toolbar).

Menus in SPSS for Windows:

Many of the tasks you may want to perform with SPSS start with menu selections. Each window

in SPSS has its own menu barwith menu selections appropriate for that window type. TheDataEditor window, forexample, has the following menu with its associated toolbar:

Most menus are common for all windows and some are found in certain types of windows.

Common menus


35/50

File

Use the File menu to create a new SPSS system file, open an existing system file, read in

spreadsheet or database files created by other software programs (you can read data into SPSS

from any database format forwhich you have an ODBC [Open Database Connectivity] driver),

read in an external ASCII data file from the Data Editor; create a command file, retrieve an

already created SPSS command file into the Syntax Editor; open, save, and print output files

from the Viewer and Pivot Table Editor; and save chart templates and export charts in external

formats in the Chart Editor, etc.

Edit

Use the Edit menu to cut, copy, and paste data values from the Data Editor; modify or

copy text from the Viewer orSyntax Editor; copy charts for pasting into other applications from

the Chart Editor, etc.

View

Use the View menu to turn toolbars and the status bar on and off, and turn grid lines on

and off from all window types; and control the display of value labels and data values in the Data

Editor.

Analyze

This menu is selected for various statistical procedures such as crosstabulation, analysis

of variance, correlation, linearregression, and factoranalysis.

Graphs

Use the Graphs menu to create bar charts, pie charts, histograms, scatterplots, and other

fullcolor, high-resolution graphs. Some statistical procedures also generate graphs. All graphs

can be customized with the Chart Editor.

Utilities


36/50

Use the Utilities menu to display information about variables in the working data file and

control the list of variables from all window types; change the designated Viewer and Syntax

Editor, etc.

Window

Use theWindow menu to switch between SPSS windows or to minimize all open SPSS

windows.

Help

This menu opens a standard Microsoft Help window containing information on how to

use the many features of SPSS. Context-sensitive help is available through the dialog boxes.

Data Editorspecific menus

Data

Use the Data menu to make global changes to SPSS data files, such as transposing

variables and cases, or creating subsets of cases for analysis, and merging files. These changes

are only temporary and do not affect the permanent fileunless you save the file with the changes.

Transform

Use the Transform menu to make changes to selected variables in the data file and to

compute new variables based on the values ofexisting ones. These changes are temporary and do

not affect the permanent fileunless you save the file with changes.

Draft View specific menus

Insert

Use the Insert menu to change the page breaks.

Format

Use the Format menu to change font characteristics, underline, and bold. Pivot Table Editor

specific menus

Insert


37/50

Use the Insert menu to insert titles, captions, and footnotes; and to create table breaks.

Pivot

Use the Pivot menu to perform basic pivoting tasks, to turn pivoting trays on and off, and to go

to specific layers in a multidimensional pivot table.

Format

Use the Format menu to modify table and cell properties; to apply and change Table Look

formats; and to change font characteristics, footnote markers, and the width of data cells.

Chart Editorspecific menus

Gallery

Use the Galley menu to change the chart type.

Chart

Use the Chart menu to modify layout and labeling characteristics of yourchart.

Series

Use the Series menu to select data series and categories to display oromit.

Format

Use the Format menu to select fill patterns, colors, line styles, bar style, bar label styles,

interpolation type, and text fonts and sizes. You can also swap axes of plots, explode one ormore

slices of a pie chart, change the treatment of missing values in lines, and rotate 3-D scatterplots.

Text Output Editor specific menu

Insert

Use the Insert menu to change the page breaks. Syntax Editorspecific menu

Run

Use the Run menu to run the selected commands. Script Editorspecific menu

Debug

Use the Debug menu to step through your code, executing one line or subroutine at a time and

viewing theresult. You can also insert a break point in tht script to pause theexecution at the line

that contains the break point.

Toolbars in SPSS for Windows:


38/50


39/50

Click the tabs for the settings you want to change.

Change the settings.

ClickOKorApply.

Forexample, within variable list boxes in dialogs, you have the option to display the variable

name as always or theentire variable label (up to 256 characters) can be displayed.

ClickGeneral from theOptions dialog box

ClickeitherDisplay labels orDisplay names under theVariable Lists

ClickOK


40/50

Preparing Your Data for Analysis

Organizing Your Data for Analysis

Suppose you have three test scores collected from a class of 10 students (5 males, and 5

females) during a semester. Each student was assigned an identification number. The information

foreach student you have is an identification number, genderofeach student, and scores for test

one, test two, and test three (the full data set is displayed toward theend of this section foryou to

view).

Your first task is to present the data in a form acceptable to SPSS forprocessing. SPSS uses data

organized in rows and columns. Cases arerepresented in rows and variables arerepresented in

columns.

Data Editor to enteryourdata. However, this example is for illustration purposes. Open up your

editorsession, orword processing session, and enter the variable values into appropriate columns

as outlined in the code book. If you areusing a word processor, make sure to save your data in

text format. Yourcompleted data file will appearas follows. (Note: The first line is included as a

column marker line and is not part of the data. It must be removed before saving orusing the

data foranalysis.)

Data Editor: To define the variables, click on theVariable View tag at the lower left cornerof

the Data Editor window and: Type in the variable name, id, at the first row under the column

Name.Press theTab key to fill-in the variable's attributes with default settings. SPSS considers

all variables as numeric variables by default. Since id is a numeric variable you do not have to

redefine the variable type for id. However, you may want to change the current format for

decimal places

Select Save... orSave As... from theFile menu. A dialog box appears

ClickOK


41/50

The data will be saved as an SPSS format file which is readable only by SPSS forWindows.

Note that the data file, grade.dat, you saved earlier and the file, sample1.sav, you saved now are

in different formats. Even after saving the data file, the data will still be displayed on your

screen. If not, select sample1-SPSS Data Editor from theWindow menu.

Descriptive Data Analysis:

Suppose that you have the data set, sample1.sav, still displayed on your screen. If not,

select SPSS Data Editor - sample1 from theWindow menu. The next step is to run some basic

statistical analysis with the data you entered. The commands you use to perform statistical

analysis are developed by simply pointing and clicking the mouse to appropriate menu options.

This frees you from typing in your command lines. However, you may paste the command

selections you made to a Syntax Editor window. The command lines you paste to theSyntax

Editor window may beedited and used for subsequent analysis, or saved for lateruse. Use the

Pastepushbutton to paste your dialog box selections into a Syntax Editor window. If you don't

have an open Syntax Editor window, one opens automatically the first time you paste from a

dialog box. Click thePaste button only if you want to view the command lines you generated.

Once you click the Paste pushbutton the dialog selections are pasted to the Syntax Editor

window, and this window becomes active. To execute the pasted command lines, highlight them

and clickrun. You can always get back to theData Editor window by selecting sample1-SPSS

Data Editor from theWindow menu.

Generating a New Variable:

Before computing the descriptive statistics, we want to calculate the mean score from the

three tests foreach student. To compute the mean score:

Select Compute f

rom th

eTransform m

enu.


42/50

A dialog box appears. In the box below theTarget Variable: type in average as the variable

name you want to assign to the mean score.

Move the pointer to the box titled Numeric Expression: and type: mean (test1, test2, test3)

ClickOK

A new column titled average will be displayed in theData Editor window with the

values of the mean score foreach case. The numberof decimal places in a newly created variable

can be tailored by selecting Edit/Options/Data/Display format for new numeric variables

prior to creating new variables. This display format setting affects the formats of all new

subsequent numeric variables.

FREQUENCIES

To run the FREQUENCIES procedure:

Select Descriptive Statistics from Analyze menu

ChooseFrequencies...

A dialog box appears. Names of all the variables in the data set appear on the left side of the

dialog box.


43/50

Select the variablesex from the list. It is highlighted.

Click the arrow button right to the selected variable.

Now the selected variable appears in a box on theright and disappears from the left box.

When the Statistics... dialog box appears, make appropriate selections and click

Continue. In this instance, we are interested only in frequency counts.

ClickOK

The output appears on the Viewer screen

Frequencies

DESCRIPTIVES

Ournext task is to run the DESCRIPTIVES procedure on the fourcontinuous variables in

the data set.

Select Descriptive Statistics from theAnalyze menu

Choos

eD

escriptives...A dialog box appears. Names of all the numeric variables in the data set appearon the left

side of the dialog box.

Click the variableaverage and click the arrow button to theright of the selected variable

Do the same thing for the variables test1 through test3


44/50

Now the selected variables appear in the box on theright and disappear from the box on

the left. The mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum are displayed by default. The

variables are displayed, by default, in the order in which you selected them. ClickOptions... for

other statistics and display order.

ClickOK

The following output will be displayed on the Viewer screen.

Descriptive:

MEANSSuppose you want to obtain the above results for males and females separately. The

MEANS procedure displays means, standard deviations, and grou p counts for dependent

variables based on grou ping variables. In our data set sex is the grou ping variable and test1,

test2, test3, and average are the dependent variables.

To run the MEANS procedure:

Select Analyze/Compare Means/Means...

Select test1, test2, test3, and average as the dependent variables

Select sex as the independent variable

ClickOptions...


45/50

Select Mean, Number of cases, and Standard Deviation. Normally these options are selected

by default. If any otheroptions are selected, deselect them by clicking them

ClickContinue

ClickOK

The output will be displayed on the Viewer screen:

Means

There may be other situations in which you want to select a specific category of cases

from a grouping variable (e.g., ethnic background, socio-economic status, education). To do so,

choose

Data/Select Cases... to select the cases you want and do the analysis (e.g., from the grouping

variableeducate, select cases without a college degree). However, make sure youreset yourdata

if you want to include all the cases for subsequent data analysis. If not, only the selected cases

will appear in subsequent analysis. To reset your data chooseData/Select Cases.../All Cases,

and clickOK.

SPSS Output:

Working with OutputWhen yourun a procedure in SPSS, the results are displayed in theViewer window in

the order in which the procedures wererun. In this window, you can easily navigate to whichever

part of output you want to see. You can also manipulate the output and create a document that

contains precisely the output you want, arranged and formatted appropriately. You can use the

Viewer to:

Browse output results or show orhide selected tables and charts

Change the display orderof output by moving selected items

Access thePivot Table Editor, Text Output Editor, orChart Editor formodifying output

Move items between SPSS and otherapplications

The Viewer is divided into two panes. The left pane contains an outline view of the

output contents. Theright pane contains statistical tables, charts, and text output. You can use the


46/50

scroll bars to browse the results, or you can click an item in the outline to go directly to the

corresponding table orchart. Suppose you want to copy the Descriptives table into another.

Windows application, such as a word processing program ora spreadsheet.

Click theDescriptives table

Select Edit/Copy

Switch to target application

From the menus in the target application you can chooseeitherEdit/Paste orEdit/Paste

Special...

If you chooseEdit/Paste Special... select the type of object you want to paste

Edit/Paste Special... allows you to paste the SPSS output as an embedded object into the target

application. The pasted object can be activated in place by double-clicking then edited as if in

SPSS.


47/50

Manipulating Pivot Tables:

Much of the output in SPSS is presented in tables that can be pivoted interactively. You

can rearrange the rows, columns, and layers. To edit a pivot table, double-click the pivot table

and this activates the

Pivot Table Editor: Or click the right mouse button on the pivot table and from the context

menu, choose SPSS Pivot Table Object/Open and the pivot table will be ready to edit in its

own separatePivot Table Editor window. The second feature is especially useful for viewing

and editing a wide and long table that otherwise cannot be viewed at a full scale.

Further Data Analysis:

So far, we'veused SPSS to develop a basic idea about how SPSS forWindows works.

Next ste p is to examine a few other data analysis techniques (CORRELATIONS,

REGRESSION, TTEST, ANOVA). All the statistical procedures available under a mini or

mainframe version of SPSS are available from SPSS forWindows.

Sample Data Set:

Now we will turn to another data set with more variables and cases. In this example, you

will read an ASCII data file, clas.dat, created with a word processor and saved as a text file into

the SPSS session. The data collected from 40 middle school students contains 26 variables

including the following:

id (student identification number)

sex (genderof the student)

exp (previous computerexperience in months/yrs)

school (name of school system)

C1 thruC10 (10 scores on the computeranxiety scale)

M1 thruM10 (10 scores on the math anxiety scale)

mathscor (math score for the same testing period)

compscor (computer test score fora given testing period)


48/50

The first four variables (id, sex, exp, school) are background variables. The variable sex

has two levels (M=male, F=female). Ex p (prior computerexperience) has three levels (1=less

than one year, 2=1-2 years, 3=more than 2 years), school (type of school system) has three levels

(1=rural, 2=subur ban school, 3=ur ban school). The next 20 variables (C1..C10, M1..M10) are

likert type responses to computer opinion and math anxiety surveys. The remaining variables

(mathscor, compscor) are scores on the math test and computer test.

Correlations

Simple Linear Regression a correlation coefficient tells you that some sort of relation

exists between the variables, but it does not tell you much more than that. For example, a

correlation of 1.0 means that thereexists a positive linearrelationship between the two variables,

but it does not say anything about the form of the relation between the variables. When the

observations are not perfectly correlated, many different lines may be drawn through the data. To

select a line that describes the data, as close as possible to the points, youemploy the Regression

Analysis which is based on the least- squares principle. In the following task you will perform a

simple regression analysis with compscor as the dependent variable, and mathscor as the

independent variable.

ChooseAnalyze/Regression/Linear... The LinearRegression dialog box appears.

Choosecompscor (Score in ComputerScience), as the dependent variable

Choosemathscor (Score in Mathematics), as the independent variable

ClickOK

The output will now be displayed on the screen as shown below:

Regression

T-test

T-test is a data analysis procedure to test the hypothesis that two population means are

equal. SPSS can compute independent (not related) and dependent (related) t-tests. For

independent t-tests, you must have a grou ping variable with exactly two values (e.g., male and


49/50

female, pass and fail). The variable may either be numeric or character. Suppose you have a

grou ping variable with more than two categories. You may use the RECODE

(Transform/Recode) command to collapse the categories into two grou ps. For example, a

variable, exp, has 3 categories. You want to collapse this into two categories (1 = < 1 yr. exp, 2 =

one ormore yrs.) and create a new variable, newexp.

RECODE is a powerful SPSS command for data transformation with both numeric and

string variables. In the following task, we will perform an independent t-test. The test variables

are mathscor (Score in Mathematics), and compscor (Score in Computer Science), and the

grouping variable is newexp.

Select Analyze/Compare Means/Independent-Samples T-test...

Select compscor, and mathscor as theTest Variables

Select newexp as theGrouping Variable.

Click on Define Groups...

Type1 forGroup 1, and 2 forGroup 2.

ClickContinue

ClickOK

The output will now be displayed on the screen as shown below:

T-Test:

A t-test with two related variables is performed using thePaired-Samples T-Test from

theAnalyze/Compare Means menu. The paired T-test is applicable for data collected in a pre-

post (before and after) kind of situation.

One-way Analysis of Variance:

The statistical techniqueused to test the null hypothesis that several population means are

equal is called analysis of variance. It is called that because it examines the variability in the

sample, and based on the variability, it determines whether there is a reason to believe the

population means are not equal. The statistical test for the null hypothesis that all of the groups

have the same mean in the population is based on computing the ratio of within and between


50/50

grou p variability estimates, called the F statistic. A significant F value only tells you that the

population means are probably not all equal. It does not tell you which pairs of groups appear to

have different means. To pinpoint exactly where the differences are, multiple comparisons may

be performed. In the following exercise you will perform a One-Way ANOVA with compopi

(Total for Comp Survey) as the dependent variable, and exp (Yrs of Comp Experience) as the

factorvariable.

Select Analyze/Compare Means/One-Way ANOVA...

Select compopi for the dependent variable

Select exp for the factorvariable

ClickPost Hoc...

Select L.S.D. (Least-significant difference)

ClickContinue

ClickOptions...

Select descriptive

ClickContinue

ClickOK

it proj report

Documents