issue brief economic policy institute | issue brief #405 november 5, 2015 · issue brief economic...

I S S U E B R I E FN O V E M B E R 5 , 2 0 1 5E C O N O M I C P O L I C Y I N S T I T U T E | I S S U E B R I E F # 4 0 5

CHILD CARE WORKERSAREN’T PAID ENOUGH TO

MAKE ENDS MEETB Y E L I S E G O U L D

Introduction and key findings

C hild care workers play an important role in the U.S. economy by allowing parents of young children to pursueemployment outside the home and providing children a stimulating and nurturing environment in which tolearn and grow.

In recent decades families have increasingly had to rely on child care because spending more time at work has becomean economic necessity for many. Over the last 35 years, most American workers have endured stagnant wages—a realitythat has led many two-parent households to work significantly longer hours to cover their rising expenses (Mishel et al.2012).

Despite the crucial nature of their work, child care workers’ job quality does not seem to be valued in today’s economy.They are among the country’s lowest-paid workers, and seldom receive job-based benefits such as health insurance andpensions. As with any other industry or occupation, paying decent wages and providing necessary benefits is essentialto attract and retain the best workers.

This paper directly examines child care workers’ job quality, including how much they earn, whether they receive bene-fits on the job, and whether they and their families are able to make ends meet. Key findings include:

Child care workers are 95.6 percent female, and are disproportionately workers of color.

Child care workers receive very low pay.

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The median hourly wage for child care workers is $10.31, 39.3 percent below the $17.00 median hourlywage of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child careworkers and other workers, child care workers have hourly wages 23.0 percent lower than those of similarworkers in other occupations.

Child care workers rarely receive job-based benefits.

Only 15.0 percent of child care workers receive health insurance from their job, compared with 49.9 per-cent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child careworkers and other workers, child care workers are 27.0 percentage points less likely to receive health insur-ance than similar workers in other occupations.

Only 9.6 percent of child care workers are covered by a pension plan at their job, compared with 39.0percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differences between child careworkers and other workers, child care workers are 24.1 percentage points less likely to receive employer-provided pensions than similar workers in other occupations.

Child care workers have a harder time making ends meet than workers in other occupations.

One in seven child care workers (14.7 percent) live in families with income below the official poverty line,compared with 6.7 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic differencesbetween child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 5.9 percentage points more likely tobe in poverty than similar workers in other occupations.

Over one-third (36.7 percent) of child care workers live in families with income below twice the povertyline, compared with 21.1 percent of workers in other occupations. After accounting for demographic dif-ferences between child care workers and other workers, child care workers are 10.8 percentage points morelikely than similar workers in other occupations to have family income less than twice the federal povertyline.

The typical earnings of child care workers (excluding preschool workers) only cover between 39 percent(in Honolulu) and 104 percent (in parts of rural Nevada) of the basic family budget for one person—theamount required for one person to achieve a modest yet adequate standard of living in her community.

Preschool workers’ typical earnings cover between 56 percent (in the North Carolina suburbs of VirginiaBeach-Norfolk-Newport News) and 202 percent (in Owensboro, Kentucky) of their respective one-personbudgets.

In the majority of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas across the country, more than 90 percent ofchild care workers (excluding preschool workers) cannot meet their local one-person budget.

Many preschool and child care workers cannot afford child care for their own children.

In 32 states and the District of Columbia, center-based infant care costs are equal to more than one-thirdof typical preschool worker earnings. In other words, a preschool worker’s entire pay in those states fromJanuary through at least April would be consumed by infant care costs.

EPI ISSUE BRIEF #405 | NOVEMBER 5 , 2015 PAGE 2

In 21 states and the District of Columbia, non-preschool child care workers would have to spend over halfof their annual earnings to pay for center-based infant care.

Who are child care workers?Child care workers make up a small but significant share of the overall workforce. This workforce is difficult to count. Astudy based on data from the National Survey of Early Care and Education (NSECE 2013) finds that there are approx-imately 2 million teachers and caregivers providing child care in center-based and home settings (not counting the esti-mated 2.7 million unpaid home-based teachers and caregivers).

According to our analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group data, there are 1.2 million childcare workers in the economy today, including workers caring for children in day care centers, in preschools, as nan-nies, through religious organizations, and in numerous other facilities.1 While together they only constitute about 1.1percent of all workers, they comprise a much larger share of certain groups of workers. For example, 2.3 percent of allfemale workers are child care workers.

Table 1 displays the demographic characteristics of child care workers compared with all other workers. Child careworkers are largely female; 95.6 percent are women, whereas slightly less than half (46.3 percent) of workers in otheroccupations are women. Child care workers are predominantly U.S.-born, but as compared with other workers areslightly more likely to be foreign-born. In addition, child care workers are more likely than other workers to be younger.

Most child care workers are non-Hispanic white, but are more likely to be non-white or Hispanic than workers in otheroccupations. Nearly one-fifth (19.8 percent) of child care workers are Hispanic (compared with 15.7 percent of workersin other occupations), and 14.1 percent of child care workers are black, non-Hispanic (compared with 10.6 percent ofworkers in other occupations).

Most child care workers have at least some college education, but are less likely than workers in other occupations tohave at least a college degree. About one-third (35.2 percent) of other workers have at least a college degree, versus onlyabout one in five child care workers (21.5 percent).

Child care workers receive very low hourly payWe turn now to an examination of hourly wages for child care workers. Table 2 shows median hourly wages of childcare workers and other workers, both overall and for various demographic groups. In 2014, the median hourly wage ofchild care workers was $10.31, which was 39.3 percent below the $17.00 median hourly wage of other workers.

It should be noted that our analysis is likely to overestimate child care worker wages because data are not available for asizable and particularly low-wage subset of this workforce. Specifically, Current Population Survey Outgoing RotationGroup data are not available for self-employed workers, which in this context includes those who provide child care intheir own home. They are a substantial portion (24 percent) of child care workers and are likely to have lower wagesthan other child care workers. For instance, using a different survey,2 Shierholz (2013) finds that self-employed childcare workers who provide care in their own home have 18 percent lower median hourly earnings than nannies ($7.53versus $9.23). Thus, the omission of these self-employed child care workers leads us to find a smaller wage differentialthan would be found if these lower-paid workers were included.


T A B L E 1

Demographic characteristics of child care workers, 2014Demographic Child care workers All other workers

Gender

Men 4.4% 53.7%

Women 95.6% 46.3%

Citizenship status

U.S. born 81.2% 83.5%

Naturalized U.S. citizen 8.3% 7.8%

Non-naturalized immigrant 10.5% 8.7%

Race/ethnicity*

White 60.1% 66.1%

Black 14.1% 10.6%

Hispanic 19.8% 15.7%

Asian 3.9% 5.8%

Other 2.1% 1.9%

Education

Less than high school 8.6% 8.0%

High school 30.5% 27.2%

Some college 39.4% 29.7%

Bachelor’s degree 17.7% 22.8%

Advanced degree 3.8% 12.4%

Age

18–22 15.4% 7.3%

23–49 55.7% 59.1%

50+ 29.0% 33.7%

* Race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race).

Note: To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata

Table 2 displays key wage differences by demographic group. Among child care workers, the demographic groups withthe lowest hourly wages are workers age 18–22 and those with less than a high school education. Young workers alsohave the lowest hourly wage among non-child-care workers, so the disparity between the wages of young child careworkers and young non-child-care workers is quite low. Pay increases with educational attainment among child careand non-child-care workers alike; however, the pay disparities increase as well. Wages of child care workers with a highschool degree are 28.0 percent lower than those of similarly educated non-child-care workers, while child care workerswith a bachelor’s degree have wages 44.8 percent lower than those of similarly educated non-child-care workers.

The first three columns of Table 2 demonstrate that child care workers have lower hourly wages than other workers.However, as shown in Table 1, child care workers are more likely to fall into demographic groups that have lower wageson average (e.g., women, immigrants, those with less than a college degree, and racial and ethnic minorities). In order


T A B L E 2

Real median hourly wage, child care workers versus other workers, by demographic (2014dollars)

Demographic Child care workers All other workers Percent difference Child care hourly wage penaltya

Total $10.31 $17.00 -39.3% 23.0%***

Gender

Men $10.16 $18.46 -44.9% 32.0%***

Women $10.31 $15.40 -33.0% 23.1%***

Nativity

U.S. born $10.31 $17.35 -40.6% 23.8%***

Naturalized U.S. citizen $11.86 $17.86 -33.6% 17.1%***

Non-naturalized immigrant $10.16 $12.37 -17.9% 18.5%***

Race/ethnicityb

White $10.31 $18.60 -44.6% 25.9%***

Black $10.31 $14.21 -27.4% 16.8%***

Hispanic $10.16 $12.96 -21.6% 17.3%***

Asian $11.18 $20.00 -44.1% 26.4%***

Other $10.31 $15.00 -31.3% 25.1%***

Education

Less than high school $8.89 $10.31 -13.8% 12.2%***

High school $10.08 $14.00 -28.0% 15.5%***

Some college $10.16 $15.04 -32.4% 20.0%***

Bachelor’s degree $13.26 $24.04 -44.8% 39.8%***

Advanced degree $15.64 $31.43 -50.2% 48.9%***

Age

18–22 $9.00 $9.28 -3.0% 0.5%

23–49 $11.00 $17.28 -36.3% 27.3%***

50+ $11.31 $19.55 -42.1% 29.5%***

a. Percent difference between the hourly wages earned by a child care worker and those earned by a demographically similar worker inanother occupation

b. Race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive (i.e., white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic any race).

*** indicates significance at the .01 level; ** indicates significance at the .05 level; * indicates significance at the 0.1 level.

Note: OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity,region of the country, and year. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes,this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group microdata

to ascertain the true “penalty” of holding a job in child care—the difference between the wages a child care workerreceives and what she would get if she worked in another occupation—it is important to account for the fact that childcare workers have a different demographic profile than workers in other jobs. We thus turn to a regression analysis thatcontrols for the differences in demographics between child care workers and other workers (in particular, it controls forgender, nativity, citizenship, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, and region of the


T A B L E 3

Employer-provided benefits, child care workers versus other workers, 2014All child care All others Difference Child care benefit penaltya

Health insurance coverage 15.0% 49.9% -34.9 ppt. 27.0 ppt.***

Pension coverage 9.6% 39.0% -29.4 ppt. 24.1 ppt.***

a. Percentage-point difference between the coverage rate of child care workers and that of demographically similar workers in otheroccupations


Note: OLS regressions control for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity,region of the country, and year. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes,this table draws from pooled 2012–2014 microdata.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement microdata

country). In other words, the results of this analysis demonstrate not the raw difference in hourly wages between childcare workers and other workers, but the difference between the hourly wages earned by a child care worker and thoseearned by a similar worker in another occupation. This is the “wage penalty” of child care work.

The last column in Table 2 presents the results. The top row in column 4 shows that child care workers make 23.0percent less than similar workers in other occupations. The remainder of the table shows how the wage penalty of childcare work differs for various demographic groups. The difference between what a child care worker makes and what thatworker would make if he or she were in another occupation is somewhat higher for men (32.0 percent) than for women(23.1 percent). At 18.5 percent, the child care wage penalty for immigrants who are not naturalized U.S. citizens isvery large, but is smaller than for U.S.-born citizens. Similarly, at 17.3 percent, the child care wage penalty for Hispanicworkers is large, but is smaller than for most other racial and ethnic groups.

The more education credentials a worker has, the greater the wage penalty of child care work, since workers with higherlevels of educational attainment are more able to secure higher wages in other occupations. However, while workerswithout a high school degree face the lowest child care work wage penalty of any education category, they still make12.2 percent less than similar workers in other occupations. Similarly, the older a worker is, the greater the wage penaltyof child care work, since older workers are typically able to secure higher wages in other occupations.

In short, Table 2 shows that the wages of child care jobs are low. With the sole exception of workers age 18–22, childcare workers make significantly less than similar workers in other occupations.

Very few child care workers receive job-based benefitsWe now turn to a comparison of the fringe benefits received by child care workers and those received by other work-ers. Table 3 examines the share of workers covered by employer-sponsored health insurance plans—i.e., the share cov-ered by their own employer and not a spouse’s employer—and the share of workers covered by employer-providedpension plans. Just 15.0 percent of child care workers have employer-sponsored health insurance through their own job,compared with 49.9 percent of workers in other occupations.


T A B L E 4

Poverty rates, child care workers versus other workers, 2014All child care All others Difference Child care poverty penaltya

Poverty rate 14.7% 6.7% 7.9 ppt. 5.9 ppt.***

200% poverty rate 36.7% 21.1% 15.6 ppt. 10.8 ppt.***

a. Percentage-point difference between poverty/"twice poverty" rates of child care workers and those of demographically similar work-ers in other occupations


Note: Poverty rates refer to the share of workers whose family income places them below the indicated poverty line. OLS regressionscontrol for gender, nativity, citizenship, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, age, marital status, urbanicity, region of the country, andyear. Complete regression results available from the author upon request. To ensure sufficient sample sizes, this table draws from pooled2012–2014 data.

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement data

However, to ascertain the true “penalty” of working in a child care job—a child care worker’s likelihood of receivingemployer-sponsored health insurance as compared with the likelihood she would receive this benefit if employed inanother occupation—it is important to account for the fact that child care workers have a different demographic pro-file than other workers. As before, we turn to a regression analysis that controls for these demographic differences. Theanalysis demonstrates that the employer-sponsored health insurance coverage rate is 27.0 percentage points lower forchild care workers than for similar workers in other occupations.

Table 3 also shows that just 9.6 percent of child care workers are covered by an employer-provided pension plan, com-pared with 39.0 percent of workers in other occupations. And as is true with other measures, even after controllingfor the demographic differences between child care workers and other workers, the discrepancies in employer-providedpension plan coverage are stark: Coverage is 24.1 percentage points lower for child care workers than for similar workersin other occupations. The key message of Table 3 is that child care workers are much less likely to receive fringe benefitsfrom their employers than are similar workers in other jobs.

Most child care workers do not have incomes high enough to makeends meetWe next examine how the earnings of child care workers compare with a variety of benchmarks. Table 4 shows thatchild care workers are much more likely than workers in other occupations to live in families with incomes below thepoverty line. Nearly 15 percent of child care workers live in poverty, compared with 6.7 percent of workers in otheroccupations, a 7.9 percentage-point difference. Even after controlling for demographic differences between child careworkers and other workers, the poverty rate among child care workers is still 5.9 percentage points higher than amongsimilar workers in other occupations.

Table 4 also shows the “twice-poverty rate,” the share of child care and other workers whose family income is belowtwice the official poverty line. Poverty researchers generally do not consider the poverty rate to be a sufficient measureof the share of families who cannot make ends meet, in part because the poverty thresholds were set in the 1960s and


have not evolved to reflect changing shares of spending on various necessities by low-income families. Instead, “twicepoverty” is often used as a better cutoff for whether or not a family is able to make ends meet. For reference, in 2014,the poverty threshold for a family of four (with two adults and two children) was $24,008; therefore, the “twice poverty”threshold was $48,016.

More than one-third of child care workers (36.7 percent) live in families with income below twice the poverty threshold,compared with 21.1 percent of other workers, a 15.6 percentage-point difference. Even after controlling for demo-graphic differences between child care workers and other workers, the share of child care workers living below twice thepoverty line is still 10.8 percentage points higher than that of similar workers in other occupations.

Child care worker earnings and EPI’s family budget thresholdsThe official poverty threshold (or even twice this threshold) is only one measure of earnings adequacy, and arguablya low bar. Furthermore, there are substantial differences across states and metro areas that are masked by focusing onnational-level data. Thus, perhaps the best way to evaluate the adequacy of child care worker earnings is to determinewhether these workers earn enough to attain a modest yet adequate standard of living in their community.

To make this comparison, this paper relies upon the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics(OES),3 which produces wage estimates by occupation for 625 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, andEPI’s Family Budget Calculator (Gould, Cooke, and Kimball 2015), which measures the income families need in orderto attain a modest yet adequate living standard where they live by estimating community-specific costs of housing, food,child care, transportation, health care, other necessities, and taxes, for 10 family types living in all 618 U.S. metropoli-tan and rural areas.

EPI’s basic family budget thresholds differ by location, since certain costs, such as housing, vary significantly dependingon where one resides. Geographical cost-of-living differences are built into the budget calculations by incorporatingregional, state, or local variations in prices (depending on item). Basic family budget measurements are also adjustable byfamily type because expenses vary considerably depending on the number of children in a family (if any), and whethera family is headed by a single parent or two parents. (For more on the methodology used to construct the budgets, seeGould et al. 2015.)

It is important to note that the OES calculates annual wages by multiplying the hourly mean wage by year-round, full-time hours, or 2,080 hours. To the extent that child care workers work less than 40 hours per week or fewer than 52weeks throughout the year, the annual earnings figures will overstate their actual annual earnings. Therefore, the resultscomparing local OES annual earnings with EPI’s family budgets may be biased to find greater family budget affordabil-ity—that is, a higher share of workers able to make ends meet than may occur in reality.

It is also important to point out that in the OES data, we cannot obtain an aggregated picture of child care workersas we could with the CPS data in tables 1 through 4. Here, public data are only available by individual occupation;we cannot combine data for the “preschool teacher” occupation and “child care worker” occupation to look at themtogether. Obviously, this distinction between the two occupations is somewhat arbitrary; as the U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services has pointed out, “The current SOC [Standard Occupational Classification] definitions forthe ECCE [Early Childhood Care and Education] workforce are problematic. For example, they make artificial distinc-


http://www.epi.org/resources/budget/

tions between child care workers and preschool teachers even though there is substantial overlap in between the natureof work performed in these occupations” (Brandon et al. 2014). We thus report results for both separately. When dis-cussing the results from the OES data, “other child care workers” refers to the subset of childhood educators classifiedspecifically as being in the child care worker occupation, while “preschool workers” are those classified in the preschoolworker occupation.

The comparison between the earnings data and EPI’s family budget thresholds makes clear that the income requiredto get by varies greatly across the country, and that child care and preschool workers have a difficult time making endsmeet. Figures A and B compare the pay of typical preschool and other child care workers, respectively, with the one-person budget threshold in each area across the country. The percentages displayed are the share of each one-personlocal budget threshold that can be met by median earnings in each occupation. For instance, a value of 120 percent inMinneapolis means that annual earnings of the typical preschool worker are actually 1.2 times—or 20 percent higherthan—the cost of living for one person in Minneapolis. And in Boston, a typical preschool worker salary only covers 73percent of a one-person budget.

As depicted in Figure A, preschool workers’ earnings cover between 56 percent (in the North Carolina suburbs of Vir-ginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News) and 202 percent (in Owensboro, Kentucky) of their local one-person budgets.Other child care workers’ earnings are typically lower, only covering between 39 percent (in Honolulu) and 104 percent(in parts of rural Nevada) of their respective one-person budget thresholds, as depicted in Figure B.

Another way to examine these data is to determine what share of preschool and child care workers can actually meetthe one-person budget threshold in the area where they work.4 For instance, in Anchorage, Alaska, 39 percent ofpreschool workers have annual earnings below their local one-person budget threshold. In other words, nearly two-fifthsof preschool workers in Anchorage cannot attain a modest yet adequate standard of living for one person. The shareof workers whose earnings fail to meet their local one-person budget thresholds are shown in Figures C and D forpreschool and other child care workers, respectively.

The extent to which preschool workers can meet their local one-person budget threshold varies greatly across the coun-try, as depicted in Figure C. The share of these workers who cannot afford a modest yet adequate living standard rangesfrom less than 10 percent in places such as parts of rural Kentucky, Tennessee, or Texas to more than 90 percent inplaces such as Boston; Olympia, Washington; and Idaho Falls, Idaho.

Figure D illustrates that other child care workers have a much harder time making ends meet. Only in Worcester, Mass-achusetts, and parts of rural Nevada can more than half of these workers afford a modest yet adequate standard ofliving.5 In the majority of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas across the country, more than 90 percent of non-preschool child care workers cannot meet their local one-person budget threshold. Clearly, preschool and other childcare workers would have even greater difficulty making ends meet if they were responsible for supporting others in addi-tion to themselves.

Can child care workers afford child care?Among families with children, child care costs account for a significant portion of family budgets. This burden is espe-cially heavy for child care workers, who earn considerably less than workers in other occupations. This section examines


FIGURE A

Share of local one-person budget met by local median preschoolworker earnings

Note: Budgets are the amount required for one person to secure a modest yet adequate standard of living in his or her community.Gray areas denote locales for which earnings data are unavailable.

Source: EPI analysis of EPI Family Budget Calculator (Gould, Cooke, and Kimball 2015) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics OccupationalEmployment Statistics (OES)

case_id

OES MSAname (with

MSAdivisions)

Annualmedian

wage

One-personfamily

budget

Share ofbudgetmet by

earnings

1Anchorage, AK

metro area$35,260 $33,015 106.8%

2Fairbanks, AK

metro area$30,110 $33,042 91.1%

3

Matanuska/Susitna

Borough, AKmetro area

$35,260 $31,222 112.9%

4 Rural Alaska $36,930 $31,712 116.5%

5 Rural Alaska $40,830 $31,712 128.8%

6Anniston/Oxford, ALmetro area

$19,650 $26,457 74.3%

7Auburn/

Opelika, ALmetro area

$18,090 $27,384 66.1%

8Birmingham/

Hoover, ALmetro area

$24,200 $27,574 87.8%

9Chilton

County, ALmetro area

$24,200 $26,185 92.4%

10 Russell County $32,010 $27,046 118.4%

11Decatur, ALmetro area

$24,653

12Dothan, ALmetro area

$29,320 $24,626 119.1%

13Florence/

Muscle Shoals,AL metro area

$26,750 $26,256 101.9%

14Gadsden, ALmetro area

$23,283

15Henry County,AL metro area

$29,320 $26,330 111.4%

16Huntsville, AL

metro area$24,430 $27,156 90.0%

17Mobile, ALmetro area

$29,890 $29,786 100.3%

18Montgomery,AL metro area

$29,000 $28,404 102.1%

19 Rural Alabama $22,970 $26,875 85.5%

20 Rural Alabama $17,890 $26,875 66.6%

21 Rural Alabama $32,990 $26,875 122.8%

22 Rural Alabama $29,400 $26,875 109.4%

23 Rural Alabama $26,875

24Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$17,890 $26,028 68.7%

25Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$26,028

26Walker County,AL metro area

$24,200 $25,805 93.8%

27

Fayetteville/Springdale/Rogers, ARmetro area

$36,630 $26,216 139.7%

28Fort Smith, AR

metro area$32,480 $25,613 126.8%

29Franklin

County, ARmetro area

$32,480 $26,346 123.3%

30Grant County,AR metro area

$22,660 $26,540 85.4%

31Hot Springs,

AR metro area$23,950 $26,015 92.1%

32Jonesboro, AR

metro area$27,750 $23,835 116.4%

33

Little Rock/North Little

Rock/Conway,AR metro area

$22,660 $28,134 80.5%

34Crittenden

County$23,540 $28,537 82.5%

35Pine Bluff, AR

metro area$28,100 $25,054 112.2%

36Poinsett


$27,750 $25,078 110.7%

37 Rural Arkansas $34,870 $26,689 130.7%

38 Rural Arkansas $23,240 $26,689 87.1%

39 Rural Arkansas $29,980 $26,689 112.3%

40 Rural Arkansas $20,800 $26,689 77.9%

41Texarkana, AR

metro area$29,980 $27,397 109.4%

42Texarkana, AR

metro area$40,850 $27,397 149.1%

43Flagstaff, AZmetro area

$27,790 $30,906 89.9%

44Lake Havasu

City/Kingman,AZ metro area

$21,910 $25,797 84.9%

45Phoenix/Mesa/

Glendale, AZmetro area

$22,430 $28,187 79.6%

46Prescott, AZmetro area

$29,070 $27,396 106.1%

47 Rural Arizona $31,520 $27,604 114.2%

48 Rural Arizona $23,750 $27,604 86.0%

49Tucson, AZmetro area

$22,390 $25,899 86.5%

50Yuma, AZ

metro area$21,170 $28,072 75.4%

51Bakersfield/Delano, CAmetro area

$29,660 $29,265 101.4%

52Chico, CA

metro area$22,220 $26,887 82.6%

53El Centro, CAmetro area

$29,900 $27,933 107.0%

54Fresno, CAmetro area

$26,440 $29,592 89.3%

55Hanford/

Corcoran, CAmetro area

$30,840 $27,531 112.0%

56Los Angeles/Long Beach,

CA metro area

$29,460 $34,886 84.4%

57Madera/

Chowchilla, CAmetro area

$29,960 $28,009 107.0%

58Merced, CAmetro area

$32,420 $27,170 119.3%

59Modesto, CAmetro area

$25,090 $28,339 88.5%

60Napa, CA

metro area$28,020 $34,775 80.6%

61Oakland/

Fremont, CAmetro area

$33,870 $39,603 85.5%

62Orange

County, CAmetro area

$31,270 $40,684 76.9%

63

Oxnard/Thousand

Oaks/Ventura,CA metro area

$31,390 $37,015 84.8%

64Redding, CAmetro area

$25,540 $31,891 80.1%

65

Riverside/SanBernardino/Ontario, CAmetro area

$29,280 $32,085 91.3%

66 Rural California $42,620 $31,199 136.6%





71

Sacramento/Arden/Arcade/

Roseville, CAmetro area

$27,770 $32,023 86.7%

72Salinas, CAmetro area

$34,530 $36,264 95.2%

73San BenitoCounty, CAmetro area

$35,730 $31,942 111.9%

74

San Diego/Carlsbad/San

Marcos, CAmetro area

$33,600 $36,450 92.2%

75San Francisco,CA metro area

$34,970 $43,581 80.2%

76

San Jose/Sunnyvale/

Santa Clara, CAmetro area

$35,730 $41,386 86.3%

77

San LuisObispo/Paso

Robles, CAmetro area

$27,670 $34,424 80.4%

78

Santa Barbara/Santa Maria/

Goleta, CAmetro area

$34,030 $39,180 86.9%

79Santa Cruz/

Watsonville, CAmetro area

$28,280 $38,301 73.8%

80Santa Rosa/

Petaluma, CAmetro area

$31,010 $35,077 88.4%

81Stockton, CAmetro area

$25,110 $29,563 84.9%

82Vallejo/

Fairfield, CAmetro area

$33,910 $32,028 105.9%

83Visalia/

Porterville, CAmetro area

$27,470 $28,750 95.5%

84Yolo, CA metro

area$27,770 $32,148 86.4%

85Yuba City, CA

metro area$27,770 $26,981 102.9%

86Boulder, COmetro area

$33,040 $33,912 97.4%

87Colorado

Springs, COmetro area

$26,560 $26,899 98.7%

88

Denver/Aurora/

Broomfield, COmetro area

$28,840 $28,829 100.0%

89Fort Collins/

Loveland, COmetro area

$25,760 $28,739 89.6%

90Grand

Junction, COmetro area

$33,400 $26,865 124.3%

91Greeley, COmetro area

$26,040 $25,766 101.1%

92Pueblo, COmetro area

$28,900 $25,368 113.9%

93 Rural Colorado $26,080 $31,576 82.6%

94 Rural Colorado $28,100 $31,576 89.0%

95 Rural Colorado $33,630 $31,576 106.5%

96 Rural Colorado $27,640 $31,576 87.5%

97Teller County,CO metro area

$26,560 $29,006 91.6%

98Bridgeport, CT

metro area$31,790 $33,324 95.4%

99Colchester/

Lebanon, CTmetro area

$28,940 $34,535 83.8%

100Danbury, CTmetro area

$31,790 $40,035 79.4%

101

Hartford/WestHartford/EastHartford, CTmetro area

$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

102


$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

103


$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

104


$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

105


$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

106


$28,940 $33,080 87.5%

107

Milford/Ansonia/

Seymour, CTmetro area

$30,020 $37,214 80.7%

108New Haven/Meriden, CTmetro area

$30,020 $34,861 86.1%


$30,020 $34,861 86.1%

110Norwich/New

London, CTmetro area

$28,940 $31,751 91.1%

111Norwich/New


$28,940 $31,751 91.1%

112Rural

Connecticut$28,940 $32,612 88.7%

113Rural

Connecticut$28,940 $32,612 88.7%

114Rural

Connecticut$28,940 $32,612 88.7%

115Rural

Connecticut$28,940 $32,612 88.7%

116

SouthernMiddlesexCounty, CTmetro area

$28,940 $39,601 73.1%

117Stamford/

Norwalk, CTmetro area

$31,790 $46,074 69.0%

118Waterbury, CT

metro area$30,020 $28,926 103.8%

119Washington,

DC$32,710 $42,119 77.7%

120Dover, DE

metro area$23,460 $29,519 79.5%

121Wilmington,

DE metro area$23,620 $34,408 68.6%

122 Rural Delaware $22,280 $31,374 71.0%

123Baker County,FL metro area

$23,490 $28,156 83.4%

124Cape Coral/

Fort Myers, FLmetro area

$22,860 $31,352 72.9%

125

Crestview/FortWalton Beach/

Destin, FLmetro area

$28,090 $29,794 94.3%

126



$21,370 $29,794 71.7%

127

Deltona/Daytona

Beach/OrmondBeach, FL

metro area

$18,570 $27,384 67.8%

128Fort

Lauderdale, FLmetro area

$19,390 $31,059 62.4%

129Gainesville, FL

metro area$20,430 $30,154 67.8%

130Jacksonville, FL

metro area$23,490 $29,781 78.9%

131Lakeland/

Winter Haven,FL metro area

$24,380 $29,180 83.6%

132Miami/Miami

Beach/Kendall,FL metro area

$23,430 $31,354 74.7%

133Miami/Miami


$24,650 $31,354 78.6%

134Naples/Marco

Island, FLmetro area

$23,950 $30,925 77.4%

135

North Port/Bradenton/Sarasota, FLmetro area

$26,240 $30,901 84.9%

136Ocala, FL

metro area$21,830 $26,506 82.4%

137

Orlando/Kissimmee/Sanford, FLmetro area

$24,080 $29,951 80.4%

138

Palm Bay/Melbourne/Titusville, FLmetro area

$22,230 $27,142 81.9%

139Palm Coast, FL

metro area$22,590 $29,874 75.6%

140

Panama City/Lynn Haven/Panama City

Beach, FLmetro area

$28,090 $29,754 94.4%

141


Beach, FLmetro area

$23,700 $29,754 79.7%

142

Pensacola/Ferry Pass/

Brent, FL metroarea

$21,680 $29,309 74.0%

143Port St. Lucie,FL metro area

$24,870 $30,047 82.8%

144Punta Gorda,FL metro area

$22,030 $26,516 83.1%

145 Rural Florida $19,390 $29,488 65.8%

146 Rural Florida $28,090 $29,488 95.3%

147 Rural Florida $22,530 $29,488 76.4%

148Sebastian/Vero

Beach, FLmetro area

$25,960 $27,383 94.8%

149Tallahassee, FL

metro area$27,440 $31,524 87.0%

150

Tampa/St.Petersburg/

Clearwater, FLmetro area

$23,600 $28,316 83.3%

151Wakulla

County, FLmetro area

$27,440 $29,524 92.9%

152

West PalmBeach/Boca

Raton, FLmetro area

$24,400 $31,141 78.4%

153Albany, GAmetro area

$27,190 $29,800 91.2%

154Athens/Clarke

County, GAmetro area

$27,320 $27,787 98.3%

155

Atlanta/SandySprings/

Marietta, GAmetro area

$28,370 $31,303 90.6%

156



$34,410 $31,303 109.9%

157Augusta/

Richmond, GAmetro area

$30,210 $28,372 106.5%

158Augusta/


$28,130 $28,372 99.1%

159Brunswick, GA

metro area$37,510 $26,664 140.7%

160Butts County,

GA metro area$28,370 $31,289 90.7%

161Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$21,180 $27,027 78.4%

162Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$32,010 $27,027 118.4%

163Columbus, GA

metro area$32,010 $27,193 117.7%

164Dalton, GAmetro area

$29,930 $28,528 104.9%

165Gainesville, GA

metro area$38,240 $30,162 126.8%

166Haralson


$28,370 $27,980 101.4%

167Hinesville/Fort

Stewart, GAmetro area

$32,290 $28,685 112.6%

168Lamar County,GA metro area

$28,370 $28,553 99.4%

169Long County,

GA metro area$32,290 $28,421 113.6%

170Macon, GAmetro area

$23,400 $27,941 83.7%

171MeriwetherCounty, GAmetro area

$28,370 $28,553 99.4%

172Monroe


$23,400 $27,751 84.3%

173Murray County,GA metro area

$29,930 $29,593 101.1%

174Rome, GA

metro area$24,100 $27,064 89.0%

175 Rural Georgia $30,210 $29,863 101.2%

176 Rural Georgia $39,670 $29,863 132.8%

177 Rural Georgia $34,410 $29,863 115.2%

178 Rural Georgia $30,470 $29,863 102.0%

179Savannah, GA

metro area$28,820 $29,368 98.1%

180Valdosta, GAmetro area

$28,820 $30,741 93.7%

181Warner Robins,GA metro area

$39,670 $29,912 132.6%


$35,370 $29,912 118.2%

183Honolulu, HImetro area

$30,680 $46,308 66.3%

184 Rural Hawaii $35,020 $36,288 96.5%

185Ames, IA metro

area$27,380 $26,574 103.0%

186Benton

County, IAmetro area

$23,570 $26,506 88.9%

187Bremer County,IA metro area

$22,830 $26,841 85.1%

188Cedar Rapids,IA metro area

$23,570 $24,049 98.0%

189Davenport/Moline, IAmetro area

$23,510 $24,498 96.0%

190

Des Moines/West Des

Moines, IAmetro area

$24,030 $26,830 89.6%

191Dubuque, IAmetro area

$28,250 $25,628 110.2%

192Iowa City, IAmetro area

$28,950 $28,077 103.1%

193Jones County,IA metro area

$23,570 $24,709 95.4%

194Council Bluffs,IA metro area

$32,170 $25,976 123.8%

195 Rural Iowa $24,000 $26,478 90.6%

196 Rural Iowa $28,440 $26,478 107.4%

197 Rural Iowa $21,960 $26,478 82.9%

198 Rural Iowa $23,540 $26,478 88.9%

199Sioux City, IAmetro area

$28,440 $24,594 115.6%


$19,900 $24,594 80.9%

201WashingtonCounty, IAmetro area

$28,950 $26,825 107.9%

202Waterloo/

Cedar Falls, IAmetro area

$22,830 $26,250 87.0%

203Boise City/Nampa, IDmetro area

$24,410 $24,957 97.8%

204Coeur d’Alene,ID metro area

$26,200

205Gem County,ID metro area

$24,410 $25,220 96.8%

206Idaho Falls, ID

metro area$22,400 $24,569 91.2%

207Idaho Falls, ID

metro area$17,730 $24,569 72.2%

208Lewiston, IDmetro area

$23,100 $26,183 88.2%

209FranklinCounty

$23,350 $27,704 84.3%

210Pocatello, IDmetro area

$23,497

211 Rural Idaho $22,400 $27,557 81.3%

212 Rural Idaho $27,700 $27,557 100.5%

213 Rural Idaho $31,870 $27,557 115.7%

214 Rural Idaho $18,090 $27,557 65.6%

215 Rural Idaho $27,557

216Bloomington/

Normal, ILmetro area

$23,770 $29,540 80.5%

217Bloomington/


$32,080 $29,540 108.6%

218Bond County,IL metro area

$23,310 $27,080 86.1%

219Alexander

County$26,874

220Champaign/

Urbana, ILmetro area

$24,300 $28,634 84.9%

221Chicago/Joliet/

Naperville, ILmetro area

$27,790 $31,334 88.7%

222Chicago/Joliet/


$27,790 $31,334 88.7%

223Danville, ILmetro area

$23,450 $27,611 84.9%

224Rock Island, IL

metro area$23,510 $24,414 96.3%

225Decatur, ILmetro area

$23,220 $25,031 92.8%

226DeKalb County,

IL metro area$27,790 $27,955 99.4%

227Grundy

County, ILmetro area

$27,790 $27,296 101.8%

228Kankakee/Bradley, ILmetro area

$30,150 $25,121 120.0%

229Kendall


$27,790 $28,455 97.7%

230MacoupinCounty, ILmetro area

$23,310 $26,787 87.0%

231Peoria, IL

metro area$25,090 $25,196 99.6%

232Rockford, ILmetro area

$29,920 $26,608 112.4%

233 Rural Illinois $20,150 $27,471 73.3%

234 Rural Illinois $30,640 $27,471 111.5%

235 Rural Illinois $23,390 $27,471 85.1%

236 Rural Illinois $32,080 $27,471 116.8%

237Springfield, IL

metro area$26,750 $26,406 101.3%

238St. Louis, ILmetro area

$23,310 $27,622 84.4%

239Anderson, INmetro area

$20,110 $24,073 83.5%

240Bloomington,IN metro area

$26,390 $29,005 91.0%

241Carroll County,IN metro area

$22,860 $29,133 78.5%

242Indiana

suburbs ofCincinnati

$29,620 $26,179 113.1%

243Indiana


$22,990 $26,179 87.8%

244Columbus, IN

metro area$22,990 $29,928 76.8%

245Elkhart/

Goshen, INmetro area

$23,330 $26,563 87.8%

246Evansville, IN

metro area$24,510 $28,631 85.6%

247Fort Wayne, IN

metro area$31,470 $26,782 117.5%

248Gary, IN metro

area$23,490 $26,886 87.4%

249Gibson County,IN metro area

$24,510 $28,175 87.0%

250Greene County,IN metro area

$26,390 $26,196 100.7%

251Indianapolis, IN

metro area$23,280 $27,757 83.9%

252Jasper County,IN metro area

$23,490 $28,878 81.3%

253Kokomo, INmetro area

$43,270 $26,605 162.6%

254Lafayette, INmetro area

$22,860 $28,215 81.0%

255Indiana

suburbs ofLouisville

$24,910 $26,322 94.6%

256Indiana


$43,240 $26,322 164.3%

257Michigan City/

La Porte, INmetro area

$28,880 $25,712 112.3%

258Muncie, INmetro area

$22,480 $25,870 86.9%

259Owen County,IN metro area

$26,390 $28,049 94.1%

260Putnam

County, INmetro area

$23,280 $29,200 79.7%

261 Rural Indiana $29,620 $26,906 110.1%

262 Rural Indiana $22,990 $26,906 85.4%

263 Rural Indiana $24,910 $26,906 92.6%

264 Rural Indiana $22,280 $26,906 82.8%

265South Bend/

Mishawaka, INmetro area

$23,380 $26,747 87.4%

266Sullivan


$23,550 $29,049 81.1%

267Terre Haute, IN

metro area$23,550 $25,736 91.5%

268WashingtonCounty, INmetro area

$43,240 $26,766 161.5%

269Franklin

County, KSmetro area

$23,890 $26,759 89.3%

270Kansas City, KS

metro area$23,890 $26,939 88.7%

271Lawrence, KS

metro area$30,330 $25,214 120.3%

272Manhattan, KS

metro area$26,200 $28,277 92.7%

273 Rural Kansas $29,660 $26,279 112.9%

274St. Joseph, KS

metro area$19,200 $28,029 68.5%

275Sumner


$24,270 $27,211 89.2%

276Topeka, KSmetro area

$23,580 $24,052 98.0%

277Wichita, KSmetro area

$29,660 $24,876 119.2%


$24,270 $24,876 97.6%

279Bowling Green,KY metro area

$29,630 $25,813 114.8%


$40,710 $25,813 157.7%

281Kentucky


$22,990 $25,547 90.0%

282Christian andTrigg County

$19,740 $26,700 73.9%

283Elizabethtown,KY metro area

$43,520 $24,906 174.7%

284Henderson

County$24,510 $27,089 90.5%

285Grant County,KY metro area

$22,990 $26,282 87.5%

286Ashland, KYmetro area

$26,910 $23,835 112.9%

287Lexington/Fayette, KYmetro area

$27,060 $25,856 104.7%

288Louisville, KYmetro area

$43,240 $26,280 164.5%

289Meade County,KY metro area

$43,240 $26,596 162.6%

290Nelson County,KY metro area

$43,240 $26,168 165.2%

291Owensboro, KY

metro area$50,550 $25,039 201.9%

292 Rural Kentucky $28,910 $26,338 109.8%

293 Rural Kentucky $40,710 $26,338 154.6%

294 Rural Kentucky $33,120 $26,338 125.7%

295 Rural Kentucky $44,470 $26,338 168.8%

296Shelby County,KY metro area

$43,240 $28,198 153.3%

297Alexandria, LA

metro area$29,980 $27,566 108.8%

298Baton Rouge,LA metro area

$28,540 $27,931 102.2%

299

Houma/BayouCane/

Thibodaux, LAmetro area

$43,660 $26,519 164.6%

300Iberville Parish,LA metro area

$28,540 $26,736 106.7%

301Lafayette, LAmetro area

$45,280 $27,110 167.0%


$23,990 $27,110 88.5%

303Lake Charles,LA metro area

$27,919

304Monroe, LAmetro area

$44,260 $27,385 161.6%

305

New Orleans/Metairie/

Kenner, LAmetro area

$45,280 $30,152 150.2%

306



$34,890 $30,152 115.7%

307 Rural Louisiana $35,980 $28,558 126.0%

308 Rural Louisiana $42,900 $28,558 150.2%

309 Rural Louisiana $45,280 $28,558 158.6%

310 Rural Louisiana $34,620 $28,558 121.2%

311Shreveport/

Bossier City, LAmetro area

$34,620 $27,712 124.9%

312Shreveport/


$18,950 $27,712 68.4%

313BarnstableTown, MA

metro area

$28,160 $33,807 83.3%


metro area

$28,160 $33,807 83.3%

315Berkshire

County, MAmetro area

$26,160 $32,087 81.5%

316Berkshire


$26,160 $32,087 81.5%

317Berkshire


$26,160 $32,087 81.5%

318

Boston/Cambridge/Quincy, MAmetro area

$26,690 $39,358 67.8%

319


$28,700 $39,358 72.9%

320


$26,690 $39,358 67.8%

321


$27,640 $39,358 70.2%

322


$28,700 $39,358 72.9%

323


$27,640 $39,358 70.2%

324


$26,690 $39,358 67.8%

325


$28,700 $39,358 72.9%

326


$29,420 $39,358 74.7%

327Brockton, MA

metro area$29,420 $35,723 82.4%

328

EasternWorcester


$29,540 $32,004 92.3%

329Easton/

Raynham, MAmetro area

$29,420 $38,261 76.9%

330Fitchburg/

Leominster,MA metro area

$27,640 $27,523 100.4%

331Franklin


$29,330 $31,480 93.2%

332Franklin


$29,330 $31,480 93.2%

333Franklin


$29,330 $31,480 93.2%

334Lawrence, MA

metro area$28,700 $33,008 86.9%

335Lowell, MAmetro area

$27,640 $33,919 81.5%

336New Bedford,

MA metro area$29,420 $30,570 96.2%

337Pittsfield, MA

metro area$26,160 $27,523 95.0%

338Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$29,420 $30,797 95.5%

339Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$29,420 $30,797 95.5%

340Rural

Massachusetts$26,690 $37,807 70.6%

341Springfield, MA

metro area$29,330 $30,397 96.5%

342Springfield, MA

metro area$29,540 $30,397 97.2%

343Springfield, MA

metro area$29,540 $30,397 97.2%

344

Taunton/Mansfield/Norton, MAmetro area

$26,690 $33,235 80.3%

345

WesternWorcester


$29,540 $28,504 103.6%

346Worcester, MA

metro area$29,540 $29,922 98.7%

347Worcester, MA

metro area$29,540 $29,922 98.7%

348Worcester, MA

metro area$29,540 $29,922 98.7%

349Worcester, MA

metro area$29,540 $29,922 98.7%

350Worcester, MA

metro area$29,540 $29,922 98.7%

351Baltimore/

Towson, MDmetro area

$28,600 $33,994 84.1%

352Columbia city,MD metro area

$28,600 $38,288 74.7%

353Cumberland,

MD metro area$23,370 $24,568 95.1%

354Hagerstown,

MD metro area$28,240 $28,274 99.9%

355 Cecil County $23,620 $32,523 72.6%

356 Rural Maryland $25,730 $32,271 79.7%

357 Rural Maryland $32,271

358 Rural Maryland $28,690 $32,271 88.9%

359Salisbury, MD

metro area$25,730 $26,235 98.1%

360Salisbury, MD

metro area$34,990 $26,235 133.4%

361Somerset

County, MDmetro area

$34,990 $25,469 137.4%

362

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$30,900 $41,424 74.6%

363

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$32,710 $41,424 79.0%

364Bangor, MEmetro area

$27,710 $29,840 92.9%

365CumberlandCounty, MEmetro area

$26,470 $29,369 90.1%


$26,470 $29,369 90.1%

367Lewiston/

Auburn, MEmetro area

$27,700 $27,417 101.0%

368Lewiston/


$27,700 $27,417 101.0%

369PenobscotCounty, MEmetro area

$27,710 $26,764 103.5%


$27,710 $26,764 103.5%

371Portland, MEmetro area

$26,470 $31,848 83.1%

372 Rural Maine $27,710 $30,594 90.6%

373 Rural Maine $37,710 $30,594 123.3%

374 Rural Maine $26,470 $30,594 86.5%

375 Rural Maine $27,700 $30,594 90.5%

376 Rural Maine $26,470 $30,594 86.5%

377SagadahocCounty, MEmetro area

$27,700 $33,195 83.4%

378York County,

ME metro area$26,470 $29,354 90.2%

379York County,

ME metro area$26,470 $29,354 90.2%

380York County,

ME metro area$26,470 $29,354 90.2%

381York County,

ME metro area$26,470 $29,354 90.2%

382York/Kittery/

South Berwick,ME metro area

$26,470 $34,219 77.4%

383Ann Arbor, MI

metro area$27,910 $30,299 92.1%

384Barry County,MI metro area

$27,830 $25,527 109.0%

385Battle Creek,

MI metro area$26,380 $24,706 106.8%

386Bay City, MImetro area

$23,914

387Cass County,

MI metro area$23,380 $26,334 88.8%

388

Detroit/Warren/

Livonia, MImetro area

$27,240 $26,072 104.5%

389

Detroit/Warren/


$26,690 $26,072 102.4%

390Flint, MI metro

area$29,120 $25,033 116.3%

391Grand Rapids/Wyoming, MI

metro area

$36,070 $26,807 134.6%


metro area

$27,830 $26,807 103.8%


metro area

$18,830 $26,807 70.2%

394Holland/Grand

Haven, MImetro area

$36,070 $29,626 121.8%

395Ionia County,MI metro area

$27,830 $26,184 106.3%

396Jackson, MImetro area

$19,160 $26,642 71.9%

397Kalamazoo/Portage, MImetro area

$23,180 $26,077 88.9%

398Lansing/EastLansing, MImetro area

$24,900 $26,285 94.7%

399LivingstonCounty, MImetro area

$26,690 $26,834 99.5%

400Monroe, MImetro area

$26,390

401Muskegon/

Norton Shores,MI metro area

$31,760 $23,206 136.9%

402Newaygo

County, MImetro area

$27,830 $27,637 100.7%

403Niles/Benton

Harbor, MImetro area

$36,180 $26,098 138.6%

404 Rural Michigan $36,070 $27,949 129.1%

405 Rural Michigan $34,740 $27,949 124.3%

406 Rural Michigan $32,340 $27,949 115.7%

407 Rural Michigan $30,170 $27,949 107.9%

408

Saginaw/Saginaw

TownshipNorth, MI

metro area

$21,700 $24,658 88.0%

409Duluth, MNmetro area

$29,680 $24,143 122.9%

410 Clay County $28,030 $23,801 117.8%

411 Polk County $30,650 $27,256 112.5%

412HoustonCounty

$26,490 $27,542 96.2%

413

Mankato/North

Mankato, MNmetro area

$24,190 $24,999 96.8%

414

Minneapolis/St. Paul/

Bloomington,MN metro area

$35,430 $27,224 130.1%

415



$28,440 $27,224 104.5%

416



$32,650 $27,224 119.9%

417



$32,650 $27,224 119.9%

418Rochester, MN

metro area$28,440 $28,857 98.6%

419Rochester, MN

metro area$33,100 $28,857 114.7%

420Rural

Minnesota$35,430 $25,872 136.9%

421Rural

Minnesota$34,850 $25,872 134.7%

422Rural

Minnesota$28,440 $25,872 109.9%

423Rural

Minnesota$31,050 $25,872 120.0%

424St. Cloud, MN

metro area$28,960 $27,278 106.2%

425Wabasha

County, MNmetro area

$33,100 $27,144 121.9%

426Bates County,

MO metro area$23,890 $25,876 92.3%

427Calloway

County, MOmetro area

$40,560 $27,750 146.2%

428Cape

Girardeau, MOmetro area

$24,667

429Columbia, MO

metro area$19,960 $27,620 72.3%

430Dallas County,MO metro area

$18,700 $25,712 72.7%

431Jefferson City,

MO metro area$40,560 $24,330 166.7%

432Joplin, MOmetro area

$28,740 $25,464 112.9%

433Kansas City,

MO metro area$23,890 $27,373 87.3%

434McDonald


$36,630 $26,930 136.0%

435Moniteau


$40,560 $26,256 154.5%

436Polk County,

MO metro area$18,700 $25,781 72.5%

437 Rural Missouri $21,240 $26,634 79.7%

438 Rural Missouri $35,480 $26,634 133.2%

439 Rural Missouri $25,920 $26,634 97.3%

440 Rural Missouri $27,370 $26,634 102.8%

441 Rural Missouri $19,960 $26,634 74.9%

442Springfield,

MO metro area$18,700 $25,141 74.4%

443St. Joseph, MO

metro area$19,200 $27,572 69.6%

444St. Louis, MOmetro area

$23,310 $27,683 84.2%

445WashingtonCounty, MOmetro area

$23,310 $27,979 83.3%

446Gulfport/Biloxi,MS metro area

$20,860 $32,435 64.3%


$28,010 $32,435 86.4%

448Hattiesburg,

MS metro area$18,610 $29,078 64.0%

449Jackson, MSmetro area

$22,270 $26,877 82.9%


$24,410 $26,877 90.8%

451Marshall

County, MSmetro area

$23,540 $28,245 83.3%

452Mississippisuburbs ofMemphis

$28,340 $29,399 96.4%


$23,540 $29,399 80.1%

454Pascagoula, MS

metro area$19,380 $31,891 60.8%

455Pascagoula, MS

metro area$28,010 $31,891 87.8%

456Rural

Mississippi$24,230 $28,181 86.0%

457Rural

Mississippi$28,340 $28,181 100.6%

458Rural

Mississippi$19,380 $28,181 68.8%

459Rural

Mississippi$22,270 $28,181 79.0%

460Simpson


$24,410 $26,077 93.6%

461Tate County,

MS metro area$23,540 $29,850 78.9%

462Tunica County,MS metro area

$23,540 $29,231 80.5%

463Billings, MTmetro area

$24,040 $25,823 93.1%


$21,440 $25,823 83.0%


$21,440 $25,823 83.0%

466Great Falls, MT

metro area$25,300 $25,939 97.5%

467Missoula, MTmetro area

$26,670 $29,517 90.4%

468 Rural Montana $24,040 $27,606 87.1%

469 Rural Montana $24,260 $27,606 87.9%

470 Rural Montana $23,520 $27,606 85.2%

471 Rural Montana $24,900 $27,606 90.2%

472Anson County,NC metro area

$23,730 $28,842 82.3%

473Asheville, NC

metro area$26,300 $26,338 99.9%

474Burlington, NC

metro area$21,760 $27,890 78.0%

475Charlotte/

Gastonia, NCmetro area

$23,730 $30,485 77.8%

476Charlotte/


$23,970 $30,485 78.6%

477Durham/

Chapel Hill, NCmetro area

$26,770 $29,041 92.2%

478Fayetteville, NC

metro area$22,710 $31,393 72.3%

479Goldsboro, NC

metro area$18,980 $27,613 68.7%

480Greene County,NC metro area

$19,850 $28,829 68.9%

481Greensboro/

High Point, NCmetro area

$19,850 $28,083 70.7%

482Greenville, NC

metro area$19,850 $28,491 69.7%

483Haywood

County, NCmetro area

$26,300 $28,052 93.8%

484

Hickory/Lenoir/

Morganton, NCmetro area

$19,580 $28,357 69.0%

485Hoke County,NC metro area

$22,710 $30,049 75.6%

486Jacksonville,

NC metro area$30,350

487Pender County,NC metro area

$21,380 $27,456 77.9%

488Person County,NC metro area

$26,770 $27,785 96.3%

489Raleigh/Cary,

NC metro area$26,310 $30,209 87.1%

490RockinghamCounty, NCmetro area

$19,850 $27,431 72.4%

491Rocky Mount,NC metro area

$25,910 $28,686 90.3%

492Rural North

Carolina$28,440 $29,438 96.6%

493Rural North

Carolina$27,000 $29,438 91.7%

494Rural North

Carolina$23,970 $29,438 81.4%

495Rural North

Carolina$23,730 $29,438 80.6%

496

Virginia Beach/Norfolk/

Newport News,NC metro area

$28,440 $38,355 74.1%

497



$21,620 $38,355 56.4%

498Wilmington,

NC metro area$21,380 $30,785 69.4%

499Winston/Salem, NCmetro area

$23,970 $29,144 82.2%


$22,830 $29,144 78.3%

501Bismarck, ND

metro area$24,000 $26,353 91.1%

502Bismarck, ND

metro area$26,353

503Fargo, ND

metro area$28,030 $24,775 113.1%

504Grand Forks,

ND metro area$30,650 $25,176 121.7%

505Rural North

Dakota$39,120 $30,007 130.4%

506Rural North

Dakota$37,970 $30,007 126.5%

507Rural North

Dakota$30,007

508Rural North

Dakota$30,007

509Lincoln, NEmetro area

$18,500 $24,765 74.7%

510Omaha, NEmetro area

$32,170 $25,988 123.8%

511 Rural Nebraska $32,650 $25,748 126.8%

512 Rural Nebraska $19,330 $25,748 75.1%

513 Rural Nebraska $34,350 $25,748 133.4%

514 Rural Nebraska $30,970 $25,748 120.3%

515Saunders

County, NEmetro area

$32,170 $26,566 121.1%

516Seward


$18,500 $24,624 75.1%

517Sioux City, NE

metro area$19,900 $25,904 76.8%

518Rockinghamand Strafford

Counties

$24,870 $39,711 62.6%

519HillsboroughCounty, NHmetro area

$24,830 $32,439 76.5%


$24,830 $32,439 76.5%


$24,830 $32,439 76.5%


$24,830 $32,439 76.5%


$24,830 $32,439 76.5%

524

NewHampshiresuburbs of

Lawrence, MA

$24,870 $31,526 78.9%

525Manchester,

NH metro area$24,870 $28,961 85.9%

526Manchester,

NH metro area$24,870 $28,961 85.9%

527Manchester,

NH metro area$24,870 $28,961 85.9%

528Nashua, NHmetro area

$24,870 $32,974 75.4%

529Portsmouth/

Rochester, NHmetro area

$24,870 $30,978 80.3%

530Rural NewHampshire

$25,760 $31,558 81.6%


$25,760 $31,558 81.6%


$24,830 $31,558 78.7%


$25,760 $31,558 81.6%


$25,760 $31,558 81.6%

535

WesternRockinghamCounty, NHmetro area

$24,870 $37,676 66.0%

536


$24,870 $37,676 66.0%

537


$24,870 $37,676 66.0%

538Atlantic City/Hammonton,NJ metro area

$28,410 $34,022 83.5%

539Bergen/

Passaic, NJmetro area

$43,420 $40,774 106.5%

540Bergen/


$33,600 $40,774 82.4%

541Jersey City, NJ

metro area$43,420 $38,518 112.7%

542

Middlesex/Somerset/

Hunterdon, NJmetro area

$29,630 $37,012 80.1%

543Monmouth/

Ocean, NJmetro area

$29,630 $36,764 80.6%

544Newark, NJmetro area

$33,600 $39,133 85.9%

545Ocean City, NJ

metro area$29,740 $29,662 100.3%

546Camden, NJmetro area

$28,570 $34,109 83.8%


$23,620 $34,109 69.2%

548Trenton/Ewing,NJ metro area

$37,850 $36,450 103.8%

549

Vineland/Millville/

Bridgeton, NJmetro area

$53,530 $32,847 163.0%

550Warren County,NJ metro area

$30,330 $32,023 94.7%

551Albuquerque,

NM metro area$23,420 $26,287 89.1%

552Farmington,

NM metro area$27,610 $26,387 104.6%

553Las Cruces, NM

metro area$23,530 $26,061 90.3%

554Rural New

Mexico$30,070 $27,182 110.6%

555Rural New

Mexico$29,280 $27,182 107.7%

556Rural New

Mexico$24,490 $27,182 90.1%

557Rural New

Mexico$27,540 $27,182 101.3%

558Santa Fe, NM

metro area$29,940 $31,357 95.5%

559Carson City, NV

metro area$28,521

560Las Vegas/

Paradise, NVmetro area

$21,980 $29,546 74.4%

561Reno/Sparks,

NV metro area$25,140 $28,667 87.7%

562 Rural Nevada $24,830 $29,034 85.5%

563 Rural Nevada $20,920 $29,034 72.1%

564

Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY metro

area

$25,650 $31,547 81.3%

565Binghamton,

NY metro area$22,680 $29,037 78.1%

566Buffalo/

Niagara Falls,NY metro area

$23,690 $28,048 84.5%

567Elmira, NYmetro area

$32,130 $29,013 110.7%

568Glens Falls, NY

metro area$20,720 $30,767 67.3%

569Ithaca, NYmetro area

$27,580 $34,919 79.0%

570Kingston, NYmetro area

$27,850 $31,375 88.8%

571Nassau/Suffolk,NY metro area

$28,350 $40,573 69.9%

572New York, NY

metro area$28,350 $43,519 65.1%

573New York, NY

metro area$43,420 $43,519 99.8%

574

Poughkeepsie/Newburgh/

Middletown,NY metro area

$26,060 $36,952 70.5%

575Rochester, NY

metro area$26,890 $28,774 93.5%

576Rochester, NY

metro area$26,400 $28,774 91.7%

577 Rural New York $33,260 $30,684 108.4%

578 Rural New York $31,540 $30,684 102.8%

579 Rural New York $22,160 $30,684 72.2%

580 Rural New York $26,890 $30,684 87.6%

581Syracuse, NYmetro area

$24,860 $28,994 85.7%

582Utica/Rome,

NY metro area$26,890 $30,909 87.0%

583Utica/Rome,

NY metro area$27,930 $30,909 90.4%

584WestchesterCounty, NYmetro area

$43,420 $39,515 109.9%

585Akron, OHmetro area

$21,220 $25,990 81.6%

586Brown County,OH metro area

$22,990 $25,107 91.6%

587Canton/

Massillon, OHmetro area

$23,350 $24,511 95.3%

588Cincinnati/

Middleton, OHmetro area

$22,990 $25,403 90.5%

589Cleveland/

Elyria/Mentor,OH metro area

$25,460 $26,106 97.5%

590Columbus, OH

metro area$19,500 $27,193 71.7%

591Columbus, OH

metro area$25,510 $27,193 93.8%

592Columbus, OH

metro area$23,830 $27,193 87.6%

593Dayton, OHmetro area

$21,010 $26,777 78.5%

594Lawrence

County$26,910 $24,172 111.3%

595Lima, OH

metro area$21,050 $26,238 80.2%

596Mansfield, OH

metro area$30,680 $25,657 119.6%

597Marietta, OHmetro area

$34,210 $25,230 135.6%

598Preble County,OH metro area

$21,010 $26,035 80.7%

599 Rural Ohio $25,510 $26,608 95.9%

600 Rural Ohio $27,000 $26,608 101.5%

601 Rural Ohio $19,500 $26,608 73.3%

602 Rural Ohio $23,320 $26,608 87.6%

603Sandusky, OH

metro area$24,350 $25,927 93.9%

604Springfield, OH

metro area$25,990 $26,495 98.1%

605Steubenville/Weirton, OHmetro area

$30,870 $24,749 124.7%

606Toledo, OHmetro area

$21,660 $24,324 89.0%

607Union County,OH metro area

$23,830 $26,882 88.6%

608Wheeling, OH

metro area$31,740 $25,545 124.3%

609

Youngstown/Warren/

Boardman, OHmetro area

$24,340 $25,567 95.2%

610Sequoyah

County$26,150 $26,318 99.4%

611Sequoyah

County$30,200 $26,318 114.8%

612Sequoyah

County$32,480 $26,318 123.4%

613Grady County,OK metro area

$23,380 $23,156 101.0%

614Lawton, OKmetro area

$32,420 $25,927 125.0%


$30,530 $25,927 117.8%

616Le Flore

County, OKmetro area

$32,480 $25,013 129.9%

617Lincoln


$23,380 $25,048 93.3%

618Oklahoma City,OK metro area

$23,380 $25,304 92.4%

619OkmulgeeCounty, OKmetro area

$32,040 $24,212 132.3%

620Pawnee


$32,040 $24,650 130.0%

621Rural

Oklahoma$34,430 $25,618 134.4%

622Rural

Oklahoma$26,150 $25,618 102.1%

623Rural

Oklahoma$30,200 $25,618 117.9%

624Rural

Oklahoma$32,420 $25,618 126.6%

625Tulsa, OK

metro area$32,040 $25,315 126.6%

626Bend, OR

metro area$29,800 $28,053 106.2%

627Corvallis, ORmetro area

$22,600 $26,498 85.3%

628Eugene/

Springfield, ORmetro area

$27,200 $26,958 100.9%

629Medford, ORmetro area

$25,050 $29,284 85.5%

630

Portland/Vancouver/

Hillsboro, ORmetro area

$26,980 $30,833 87.5%

631 Rural Oregon $27,240 $27,240 100.0%

632 Rural Oregon $27,280 $27,240 100.1%

633 Rural Oregon $24,210 $27,240 88.9%

634 Rural Oregon $22,820 $27,240 83.8%

635Salem, ORmetro area

$24,630 $28,142 87.5%

636

Allentown/Bethlehem/Easton, PAmetro area

$30,330 $30,315 100.0%

637Altoona, PAmetro area

$19,230 $26,709 72.0%

638ArmstrongCounty, PAmetro area

$23,790 $23,005 103.4%

639Erie, PA metro

area$24,690 $24,535 100.6%

640Harrisburg/Carlisle, PAmetro area

$22,810 $28,511 80.0%

641Johnstown, PA

metro area$18,740 $24,974 75.0%

642Lancaster, PA

metro area$26,440 $29,056 91.0%

643Lebanon, PAmetro area

$24,334

644Philadelphia,PA metro area

$24,830 $33,765 73.5%

645Pike County, PA

metro area$33,600 $36,348 92.4%

646Pittsburgh, PA

metro area$23,790 $27,124 87.7%

647Reading, PAmetro area

$29,410 $26,925 109.2%

648Rural

Pennsylvania$30,880 $27,357 112.9%

649Rural

Pennsylvania$32,500 $27,357 118.8%

650Rural

Pennsylvania$25,470 $27,357 93.1%

651Rural

Pennsylvania$37,410 $27,357 136.7%

652Scranton/

Wilkes/Barre,PA metro area

$23,730 $25,761 92.1%

653Sharon, PAmetro area

$24,340 $25,766 94.5%

654State College,PA metro area

$24,000 $30,015 80.0%

655Williamsport,PA metro area

$23,780 $25,209 94.3%

656York/Hanover,PA metro area

$28,980 $26,339 110.0%

657

Newport/Middleton/

Portsmouth, RImetro area

$29,420 $35,425 83.0%

658Providence/FallRiver, RI metro

area

$29,420 $30,522 96.4%

659

Westerly/Hopkinton/

NewShoreham, RI

metro area

$29,420 $29,778 98.8%

660Anderson, SC

metro area$18,710 $27,497 68.0%

661Aiken andEdgefieldCounties

$28,130 $28,109 100.1%

662

Charleston/North

Charleston/Summerville,SC metro area

$22,680 $31,920 71.1%

663

Rock Hill,Chester,

Lancaster, andYork Counties

$29,410 $30,109 97.7%

664

Rock Hill,Chester,


$23,730 $30,109 78.8%

665Columbia, SC

metro area$21,320 $29,676 71.8%

666DarlingtonCounty, SCmetro area

$18,210 $27,308 66.7%

667Florence, SCmetro area

$18,210 $27,190 67.0%

668

Greenville/Mauldin/Easley, SC

metro area

$19,240 $27,039 71.2%

669Kershaw

County, SCmetro area

$21,320 $26,527 80.4%

670Laurens


$19,240 $23,982 80.2%

671

Myrtle Beach/North Myrtle

Beach/Conway,SC metro area

$23,220 $30,194 76.9%

672Rural South

Carolina$20,730 $28,423 72.9%

673Rural South

Carolina$44,180 $28,423 155.4%

674Rural South

Carolina$22,740 $28,423 80.0%

675Rural South

Carolina$29,410 $28,423 103.5%

676Spartanburg,SC metro area

$29,410 $25,242 116.5%


$26,530 $25,242 105.1%

678Sumter, SCmetro area

$18,470 $28,625 64.5%

679Meade County,SD metro area

$28,470 $26,142 108.9%

680Rapid City, SD

metro area$27,610 $26,172 105.5%

681Rapid City, SD

metro area$28,470 $26,172 108.8%

682Rural South

Dakota$29,590 $26,554 111.4%

683Rural South

Dakota$28,550 $26,554 107.5%

684Rural South

Dakota$27,610 $26,554 104.0%

685Sioux City, SD

metro area$19,900 $25,429 78.3%

686Sioux Falls, SD

metro area$29,260 $26,677 109.7%

687Chattanooga,TN metro area

$21,180 $24,054 88.1%

688Clarksville, TN

metro area$19,740 $25,258 78.2%

689Cleveland, TN

metro area$18,940 $23,618 80.2%

690Hickman

County, TNmetro area

$24,150 $25,531 94.6%

691Jackson, TNmetro area

$26,350 $23,182 113.7%


$41,530 $23,182 179.1%

693Johnson City,TN metro area

$35,150 $23,634 148.7%

694Kingsport/Bristol, TNmetro area

$34,040 $23,612 144.2%

695Knoxville, TNmetro area

$19,650 $24,964 78.7%


$19,470 $24,964 78.0%


$24,640 $24,964 98.7%


$34,910 $24,964 139.8%

699Macon County,TN metro area

$24,150 $24,432 98.8%

700Memphis, TN

metro area$23,540 $26,774 87.9%

701Morristown, TN

metro area$34,910 $23,458 148.8%

702

Nashville/Davidson/

Murfreesboro/Franklin, TNmetro area

$32,360 $27,597 117.3%

703

Nashville/Davidson/


$24,150 $27,597 87.5%

704Rural

Tennessee$19,650 $24,444 80.4%

705Rural

Tennessee$24,640 $24,444 100.8%

706Rural

Tennessee$32,360 $24,444 132.4%

707Rural

Tennessee$41,530 $24,444 169.9%

708Smith County,TN metro area

$24,150 $24,388 99.0%

709Stewart


$19,740 $23,887 82.6%

710Abilene, TXmetro area

$43,970 $25,480 172.6%

711Amarillo, TXmetro area

$24,460 $24,475 99.9%


$40,140 $24,475 164.0%

713Aransas

County, TXmetro area

$42,740 $25,452 167.9%

714Atascosa


$30,860 $24,920 123.8%

715Austin County,TX metro area

$31,110 $26,245 118.5%

716

Austin/RoundRock/San

Marcos, TXmetro area

$26,280 $29,904 87.9%

717Beaumont/Port

Arthur, TXmetro area

$40,640 $26,206 155.1%

718Beaumont/Port


$43,790 $26,206 167.1%

719Brazoria


$31,110 $28,620 108.7%

720Brownsville/

Harlingen, TXmetro area

$46,160 $24,120 191.4%

721Calhoun


$37,660 $27,345 137.7%

722College

Station/Bryan,TX metro area

$25,730 $29,553 87.1%

723Corpus Christi,TX metro area

$42,740 $26,554 161.0%

724Dallas, TX

metro area$35,240 $27,617 127.6%

725Dallas, TX

metro area$38,250 $27,617 138.5%

726El Paso, TXmetro area

$45,910 $26,413 173.8%


$40,720 $26,413 154.2%

728Fort Worth/

Arlington, TXmetro area

$24,760 $28,388 87.2%

729

Houston/Baytown/SugarLand, TX metro

area

$31,110 $27,803 111.9%

730Kendall


$30,860 $27,622 111.7%

731

Killeen/Temple/Fort

Hood, TXmetro area

$49,840 $26,136 190.7%

732LampasasCounty, TXmetro area

$49,840 $25,913 192.3%

733Laredo, TXmetro area

$26,819

734Longview, TX

metro area$34,600 $28,362 122.0%

735Lubbock, TXmetro area

$40,140 $25,657 156.4%


$36,270 $25,657 141.4%

737

McAllen/Edinburg/

Mission, TXmetro area

$44,400 $23,838 186.3%

738Medina


$30,860 $26,019 118.6%

739Midland, TXmetro area

$40,140 $26,339 152.4%


$27,310 $26,339 103.7%

741Odessa, TXmetro area

$20,570 $28,596 71.9%

742 Rural Texas $43,960 $26,235 167.6%

743 Rural Texas $40,640 $26,235 154.9%

744 Rural Texas $34,640 $26,235 132.0%

745 Rural Texas $38,250 $26,235 145.8%

746 Rural Texas $40,140 $26,235 153.0%

747 Rural Texas $40,720 $26,235 155.2%

748Rusk County,

TX metro area$34,600 $25,222 137.2%

749San Angelo, TX

metro area$24,576

750San Antonio/

New Braunfels,TX metro area

$30,860 $26,416 116.8%

751Sherman/

Denison, TXmetro area

$45,820 $25,427 180.2%

752Texarkana, TX

metro area$40,850 $23,782 171.8%

753Tyler, TX metro

area$27,720 $27,949 99.2%

754Victoria, TXmetro area

$37,660 $26,145 144.0%

755Waco, TX

metro area$43,960 $24,683 178.1%

756Waco, TX

metro area$29,020 $24,683 117.6%

757Wichita Falls,

TX metro area$19,920 $23,882 83.4%

758Wise County,

TX metro area$24,760 $24,923 99.3%

759Logan, UTmetro area

$23,350 $27,472 85.0%

760Ogden/

Clearfield, UTmetro area

$25,986

761Ogden/


$24,080 $25,986 92.7%

762Provo/Orem,

UT metro area$19,380 $26,215 73.9%

763 Rural Utah $33,520 $27,816 120.5%

764 Rural Utah $27,816



767Salt Lake City,UT metro area

$22,070 $28,544 77.3%

768St. George, UT

metro area$19,160 $26,283 72.9%

769Summit

County, UTmetro area

$22,070 $30,684 71.9%

770Tooele County,UT metro area

$22,070 $27,273 80.9%

771

Blacksburg/Christiansburg/

Radford, VAmetro area

$33,620 $27,437 122.5%

772



$28,310 $27,437 103.2%

773Charlottesville,VA metro area

$27,020 $29,921 90.3%


$42,850 $29,921 143.2%

775Danville, VAmetro area

$18,210 $24,248 75.1%

776Franklin

County, VAmetro area

$29,730 $25,314 117.4%

777Giles County,

VA metro area$33,620 $28,168 119.4%

778Harrisonburg,VA metro area

$18,390 $28,353 64.9%

779Bristol, VAmetro area

$34,040 $25,317 134.5%

780Louisa County,VA metro area

$36,670 $29,833 122.9%

781Lynchburg, VA

metro area$40,200 $27,056 148.6%

782Pulaski County,VA metro area

$33,620 $28,849 116.5%

783Richmond, VA

metro area$36,670 $33,289 110.2%

784Roanoke, VAmetro area

$29,730 $27,273 109.0%

785 Rural Virginia $28,680 $28,610 100.2%

786 Rural Virginia $29,610 $28,610 103.5%

787 Rural Virginia $42,850 $28,610 149.8%

788 Rural Virginia $28,310 $28,610 99.0%

789


Newport News,VA metro area

$21,620 $36,671 59.0%

790Warren County,VA metro area

$32,710 $32,981 99.2%

791

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$29,610 $42,815 69.2%

792

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$32,710 $42,815 76.4%

793Winchester, VA

metro area$24,200 $28,478 85.0%

794

Burlington/South

Burlington, VTmetro area

$27,240 $38,039 71.6%

795

Burlington/South


$27,240 $38,039 71.6%

796 Rural Vermont $27,240 $32,574 83.6%

797 Rural Vermont $31,990 $32,574 98.2%

798 Rural Vermont $27,240 $32,574 83.6%

799Bellingham,

WA metro area$28,970 $27,611 104.9%

800Bremerton/

Silverdale, WAmetro area

$29,110 $27,782 104.8%

801

Kennewick/Pasco/

Richland, WAmetro area

$27,820 $26,558 104.8%

802 Asotin County $23,100 $25,434 90.8%

803Longview, WA

metro area$27,370 $24,404 112.2%

804Mount Vernon/Anacortes, WA

metro area

$23,830 $28,379 84.0%

805Olympia, WAmetro area

$21,240 $30,854 68.8%

806

Portland/Vancouver/

Hillsboro, WAmetro area

$26,980 $30,141 89.5%

807Rural

Washington$24,680 $26,752 92.3%

808Rural

Washington$27,850 $26,752 104.1%

809Rural

Washington$27,760 $26,752 103.8%

810Rural

Washington$25,310 $26,752 94.6%

811Seattle/

Bellevue, WAmetro area

$29,350 $32,122 91.4%

812Spokane, WA

metro area$27,850 $24,913 111.8%

813Spokane, WA

metro area$22,560 $24,913 90.6%

814Tacoma, WAmetro area

$24,980 $29,224 85.5%

815

Wenatchee/East

Wenatchee,WA metro area

$28,680 $25,508 112.4%

816Yakima, WAmetro area

$26,730 $25,178 106.2%

817Appleton, WI

metro area$22,940 $24,218 94.7%

818Columbia

County, WImetro area

$26,830 $26,006 103.2%

819DouglasCounty

$29,680 $27,854 106.6%

820Eau Claire, WI

metro area$28,240 $27,112 104.2%

821Fond du Lac,

WI metro area$19,020 $24,425 77.9%

822Green Bay, WI

metro area$20,690 $25,024 82.7%

823Iowa County,WI metro area

$26,830 $28,580 93.9%

824Janesville, WI

metro area$22,730 $25,778 88.2%

825Kenosha


$27,790 $30,930 89.8%

826La Crosse, WI

metro area$26,490 $25,126 105.4%

827Madison, WImetro area

$26,830 $29,422 91.2%


$21,000 $29,422 71.4%

829

Milwaukee/Waukesha/

West Allis, WImetro area

$22,870 $28,099 81.4%

830Oconto


$20,690 $27,424 75.4%

831Oshkosh/

Neenah, WImetro area

$21,160 $25,734 82.2%

832Racine, WImetro area

$27,850 $28,016 99.4%

833Rural

Wisconsin$24,840 $27,645 89.9%

834Rural

Wisconsin$38,310 $27,645 138.6%

835Rural

Wisconsin$21,000 $27,645 76.0%

836Rural

Wisconsin$22,460 $27,645 81.2%

837Rural

Wisconsin$36,160 $27,645 130.8%

838Sheboygan, WI

metro area$21,460 $26,264 81.7%

839Wausau, WImetro area

$22,720 $26,532 85.6%

840Boone County,WV metro area

$37,590 $27,073 138.8%

841Charleston, WV

metro area$37,590 $28,331 132.7%

842 Mineral County $23,370 $27,209 85.9%

843Huntington,

WV metro area$37,590 $23,893 157.3%

844Huntington,

WV metro area$26,910 $23,893 112.6%

845Jefferson

County, WVmetro area

$32,710 $29,609 110.5%

846Martinsburg,

WV metro area$28,240 $26,282 107.4%

847Morgantown,

WV metro area$22,690 $29,334 77.4%

848Parkersburg/Vienna, WVmetro area

$34,210 $25,436 134.5%

849Rural West

Virginia$20,550 $27,774 74.0%

850Rural West

Virginia$34,630 $27,774 124.7%

851Steubenville/Weirton, WVmetro area

$30,870 $25,158 122.7%

852Wheeling, WV

metro area$31,740 $25,931 122.4%

853Winchester,

WV metro area$24,200 $29,831 81.1%

854Casper, WYmetro area

$31,580 $27,725 113.9%

855Cheyenne, WY

metro area$25,240 $27,945 90.3%

856 Rural Wyoming $37,160 $30,553 121.6%

857 Rural Wyoming $22,650 $30,553 74.1%

858 Rural Wyoming $33,090 $30,553 108.3%

859 Rural Wyoming $32,480 $30,553 106.3%

the share of preschool and other child care workers’ median earnings that would be needed to pay for center-based infantand 4-year-old care for their own children. Figures E and F compare preschool worker wages to infant and 4-year-oldcare costs, respectively, on a statewide basis. Figures G and H do the same for other child care workers’ typical wages.6

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ official affordability threshold for child care costs is 10 percent orless of a family’s income (Office of the President 2014). Typical preschool workers’ wages are not sufficient to meet thataffordability standard anywhere. The share of their earnings going to center-based infant care ranges from 17 percentin Louisiana to 66 percent in D.C., as shown in Figure E. In 32 states and D.C., it takes more than one-third of totalearnings to cover infant care costs. That means that a preschool worker’s entire pay in those states from January throughat least April would be consumed by infant care costs.

Four-year-old care is slightly less expensive than infant care, primarily because of the lower teacher-to-child ratios. TheNational Association for the Education of Young Children recommends a 1:4 staffing ratio for infants, compared with a



FIGURE B

Share of local one-person budget met by local median earningsof other child care workers

Note: Budgets are the amount required for one person to secure a modest yet adequate standard of living in his or her community.Gray areas denote locales for which earnings data are unavailable.


case_id

OES MSAname (with

MSAdivisions)

Annualmedian

wage

One-personfamily

budget

Share ofbudgetmet by

earnings

345 N/A 1

328Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

1Anchorage, AK

metro area$23,890 $33,015 72.4%

2Fairbanks, AK

metro area$28,410 $33,042 86.0%

3

Matanuska/Susitna


$23,890 $31,222 76.5%

4 Rural Alaska $24,980 $31,712 78.8%

5 Rural Alaska $24,640 $31,712 77.7%


$17,740 $26,457 67.1%

7Auburn/


$17,930 $27,384 65.5%

8Birmingham/


$18,170 $27,574 65.9%

9Chilton


$18,170 $26,185 69.4%

10 Russell County $17,790 $27,046 65.8%


$17,450 $24,653 70.8%


$17,910 $24,626 72.7%

13Florence/


$17,550 $26,256 66.8%


$17,650 $23,283 75.8%


$17,910 $26,330 68.0%

16Huntsville, AL

metro area$17,720 $27,156 65.3%


$18,140 $29,786 60.9%


$18,010 $28,404 63.4%

19 Rural Alabama $18,350 $26,875 68.3%

20 Rural Alabama $17,800 $26,875 66.2%

21 Rural Alabama $17,700 $26,875 65.9%

22 Rural Alabama $18,070 $26,875 67.2%

23 Rural Alabama $18,180 $26,875 67.6%

24Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$17,800 $26,028 68.4%

25Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$18,180 $26,028 69.8%


$18,170 $25,805 70.4%

27


$17,930 $26,216 68.4%

28Fort Smith, AR

metro area$17,600 $25,613 68.7%

29Franklin


$17,600 $26,346 66.8%


$18,050 $26,540 68.0%

31Hot Springs,

AR metro area$18,330 $26,015 70.5%

32Jonesboro, AR

metro area$17,850 $23,835 74.9%

33



$18,050 $28,134 64.2%

34Crittenden

County$18,120 $28,537 63.5%

35Pine Bluff, AR

metro area$17,520 $25,054 69.9%

36Poinsett


$17,850 $25,078 71.2%

37 Rural Arkansas $17,790 $26,689 66.7%

38 Rural Arkansas $17,960 $26,689 67.3%

39 Rural Arkansas $18,030 $26,689 67.6%

40 Rural Arkansas $18,080 $26,689 67.7%

41Texarkana, AR

metro area$18,030 $27,397 65.8%

42Texarkana, AR

metro area$17,950 $27,397 65.5%


$19,230 $30,906 62.2%

44Lake Havasu


$18,660 $25,797 72.3%

45Phoenix/Mesa/


$19,000 $28,187 67.4%


$20,010 $27,396 73.0%

47 Rural Arizona $19,270 $27,604 69.8%

48 Rural Arizona $21,240 $27,604 76.9%


$18,830 $25,899 72.7%

50Yuma, AZ

metro area$19,900 $28,072 70.9%


$21,660 $29,265 74.0%

52Chico, CA

metro area$21,960 $26,887 81.7%


$18,430 $27,933 66.0%


$20,440 $29,592 69.1%

55Hanford/


$20,310 $27,531 73.8%


CA metro area

$21,940 $34,886 62.9%

57Madera/


$22,090 $28,009 78.9%


$19,590 $27,170 72.1%


$22,900 $28,339 80.8%

60Napa, CA

metro area$26,060 $34,775 74.9%

61Oakland/


$22,510 $39,603 56.8%

62Orange


$25,420 $40,684 62.5%

63

Oxnard/Thousand


$22,230 $37,015 60.1%


$23,520 $31,891 73.8%

65


$22,280 $32,085 69.4%

66 Rural California $31,199





71



$22,250 $32,023 69.5%


$23,630 $36,264 65.2%


$30,040 $31,942 94.0%

74



$24,180 $36,450 66.3%


$32,810 $43,581 75.3%

76

San Jose/Sunnyvale/


$30,040 $41,386 72.6%

77

San LuisObispo/Paso


$22,280 $34,424 64.7%

78



$26,970 $39,180 68.8%

79Santa Cruz/


$25,950 $38,301 67.8%

80Santa Rosa/


$26,390 $35,077 75.2%


$24,310 $29,563 82.2%

82Vallejo/


$22,890 $32,028 71.5%

83Visalia/


$26,790 $28,750 93.2%

84Yolo, CA metro

area$22,250 $32,148 69.2%

85Yuba City, CA

metro area$21,660 $26,981 80.3%


$23,300 $33,912 68.7%

87Colorado


$21,170 $26,899 78.7%

88

Denver/Aurora/


$24,510 $28,829 85.0%

89Fort Collins/


$20,610 $28,739 71.7%

90Grand


$21,420 $26,865 79.7%


$19,300 $25,766 74.9%


$18,900 $25,368 74.5%

93 Rural Colorado $18,910 $31,576 59.9%

94 Rural Colorado $20,710 $31,576 65.6%

95 Rural Colorado $24,090 $31,576 76.3%

96 Rural Colorado $21,650 $31,576 68.6%


$21,170 $29,006 73.0%

98Bridgeport, CT

metro area$21,850 $33,324 65.6%

99Colchester/


$21,600 $34,535 62.5%


$21,850 $40,035 54.6%

101


$22,890 $33,080 69.2%

102


$21,610 $33,080 65.3%

103


$22,890 $33,080 69.2%

104


$21,610 $33,080 65.3%

105


$21,610 $33,080 65.3%

106


$22,890 $33,080 69.2%

107

Milford/Ansonia/


$22,090 $37,214 59.4%


$22,090 $34,861 63.4%


$22,090 $34,861 63.4%

110Norwich/New


$21,600 $31,751 68.0%

111Norwich/New


$21,600 $31,751 68.0%

112Rural

Connecticut$22,330 $32,612 68.5%

113Rural

Connecticut$22,330 $32,612 68.5%

114Rural

Connecticut$22,330 $32,612 68.5%

115Rural

Connecticut$22,330 $32,612 68.5%

116


$21,610 $39,601 54.6%

117Stamford/


$21,850 $46,074 47.4%

118Waterbury, CT

metro area$22,090 $28,926 76.4%

119Washington,

DC$21,520 $42,119 51.1%

120Dover, DE

metro area$20,300 $29,519 68.8%

121Wilmington,

DE metro area$19,930 $34,408 57.9%

122 Rural Delaware $19,000 $31,374 60.6%


$19,440 $28,156 69.0%

124Cape Coral/


$21,030 $31,352 67.1%

125



$21,710 $29,794 72.9%

126



$18,520 $29,794 62.2%

127

Deltona/Daytona


metro area

$19,250 $27,384 70.3%

128Fort


$20,620 $31,059 66.4%

129Gainesville, FL

metro area$18,640 $30,154 61.8%

130Jacksonville, FL

metro area$19,440 $29,781 65.3%

131Lakeland/


$18,470 $29,180 63.3%

132Miami/Miami


$18,650 $31,354 59.5%

133Miami/Miami


$19,210 $31,354 61.3%

134Naples/Marco


$20,840 $30,925 67.4%

135


$21,590 $30,901 69.9%

136Ocala, FL

metro area$20,400 $26,506 77.0%

137


$19,300 $29,951 64.4%

138


$21,790 $27,142 80.3%

139Palm Coast, FL

metro area$21,400 $29,874 71.6%

140


Beach, FLmetro area

$21,710 $29,754 73.0%

141


Beach, FLmetro area

$19,100 $29,754 64.2%

142


Brent, FL metroarea

$18,690 $29,309 63.8%


$21,110 $30,047 70.3%


$19,250 $26,516 72.6%

145 Rural Florida $20,620 $29,488 69.9%

146 Rural Florida $21,710 $29,488 73.6%

147 Rural Florida $20,900 $29,488 70.9%

148Sebastian/Vero

Beach, FLmetro area

$18,840 $27,383 68.8%

149Tallahassee, FL

metro area$19,220 $31,524 61.0%

150



$18,840 $28,316 66.5%

151Wakulla


$19,220 $29,524 65.1%

152

West PalmBeach/Boca

Raton, FLmetro area

$20,850 $31,141 67.0%


$18,110 $29,800 60.8%

154Athens/Clarke


$18,320 $27,787 65.9%

155



$19,960 $31,303 63.8%

156



$19,370 $31,303 61.9%

157Augusta/


$17,830 $28,372 62.8%

158Augusta/


$17,820 $28,372 62.8%

159Brunswick, GA

metro area$17,910 $26,664 67.2%

160Butts County,

GA metro area$19,960 $31,289 63.8%

161Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$17,930 $27,027 66.3%

162Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$17,790 $27,027 65.8%

163Columbus, GA

metro area$17,790 $27,193 65.4%


$20,130 $28,528 70.6%

165Gainesville, GA

metro area$18,900 $30,162 62.7%

166Haralson


$19,960 $27,980 71.3%

167Hinesville/Fort


$17,530 $28,685 61.1%


$19,960 $28,553 69.9%

169Long County,

GA metro area$17,530 $28,421 61.7%


$17,830 $27,941 63.8%


$19,960 $28,553 69.9%

172Monroe


$17,830 $27,751 64.3%


$20,130 $29,593 68.0%

174Rome, GA

metro area$17,840 $27,064 65.9%

175 Rural Georgia $17,830 $29,863 59.7%

176 Rural Georgia $17,620 $29,863 59.0%

177 Rural Georgia $19,370 $29,863 64.9%

178 Rural Georgia $17,910 $29,863 60.0%

179Savannah, GA

metro area$17,710 $29,368 60.3%


$17,710 $30,741 57.6%


$17,620 $29,912 58.9%


$17,580 $29,912 58.8%


$18,000 $46,308 38.9%

184 Rural Hawaii $18,920 $36,288 52.1%

185Ames, IA metro

area$19,190 $26,574 72.2%

186Benton


$18,480 $26,506 69.7%


$17,790 $26,841 66.3%


$18,480 $24,049 76.8%


$18,680 $24,498 76.3%

190

Des Moines/West Des


$19,660 $26,830 73.3%


$18,180 $25,628 70.9%


$18,700 $28,077 66.6%


$18,480 $24,709 74.8%


$19,140 $25,976 73.7%

195 Rural Iowa $17,600 $26,478 66.5%

196 Rural Iowa $17,720 $26,478 66.9%

197 Rural Iowa $17,760 $26,478 67.1%

198 Rural Iowa $17,470 $26,478 66.0%


$17,720 $24,594 72.1%


$18,050 $24,594 73.4%


$18,700 $26,825 69.7%

202Waterloo/


$17,790 $26,250 67.8%


$17,700 $24,957 70.9%


$17,710 $26,200 67.6%


$17,700 $25,220 70.2%

206Idaho Falls, ID

metro area$17,680 $24,569 72.0%

207Idaho Falls, ID

metro area$18,220 $24,569 74.2%


$19,500 $26,183 74.5%

209FranklinCounty

$20,600 $27,704 74.4%


$17,990 $23,497 76.6%

211 Rural Idaho $17,680 $27,557 64.2%

212 Rural Idaho $19,050 $27,557 69.1%

213 Rural Idaho $18,620 $27,557 67.6%

214 Rural Idaho $18,100 $27,557 65.7%

215 Rural Idaho $17,990 $27,557 65.3%

216Bloomington/


$19,050 $29,540 64.5%

217Bloomington/


$20,250 $29,540 68.6%


$19,390 $27,080 71.6%

219Alexander

County$18,220 $26,874 67.8%

220Champaign/


$19,590 $28,634 68.4%

221Chicago/Joliet/


$23,680 $31,334 75.6%

222Chicago/Joliet/


$22,370 $31,334 71.4%


$18,880 $27,611 68.4%

224Rock Island, IL

metro area$18,680 $24,414 76.5%


$21,260 $25,031 84.9%

226DeKalb County,

IL metro area$23,680 $27,955 84.7%

227Grundy


$23,680 $27,296 86.8%


$21,700 $25,121 86.4%

229Kendall


$23,680 $28,455 83.2%


$19,390 $26,787 72.4%

231Peoria, IL

metro area$19,350 $25,196 76.8%


$19,020 $26,608 71.5%

233 Rural Illinois $20,790 $27,471 75.7%

234 Rural Illinois $20,310 $27,471 73.9%

235 Rural Illinois $19,100 $27,471 69.5%

236 Rural Illinois $20,250 $27,471 73.7%

237Springfield, IL

metro area$19,580 $26,406 74.2%


$19,390 $27,622 70.2%


$18,400 $24,073 76.4%


$17,820 $29,005 61.4%


$20,410 $29,133 70.1%

242Indiana


$18,490 $26,179 70.6%

243Indiana


$20,700 $26,179 79.1%

244Columbus, IN

metro area$24,510 $29,928 81.9%

245Elkhart/


$18,960 $26,563 71.4%

246Evansville, IN

metro area$18,430 $28,631 64.4%

247Fort Wayne, IN

metro area$19,900 $26,782 74.3%

248Gary, IN metro

area$19,060 $26,886 70.9%


$18,430 $28,175 65.4%


$17,820 $26,196 68.0%

251Indianapolis, IN

metro area$20,440 $27,757 73.6%


$19,060 $28,878 66.0%


$18,210 $26,605 68.4%


$20,410 $28,215 72.3%

255Indiana


$19,330 $26,322 73.4%

256Indiana


$18,550 $26,322 70.5%

257Michigan City/


$17,710 $25,712 68.9%


$18,530 $25,870 71.6%


$17,820 $28,049 63.5%

260Putnam


$20,440 $29,200 70.0%

261 Rural Indiana $18,490 $26,906 68.7%

262 Rural Indiana $20,700 $26,906 76.9%

263 Rural Indiana $19,330 $26,906 71.8%

264 Rural Indiana $17,630 $26,906 65.5%

265South Bend/


$19,340 $26,747 72.3%

266Sullivan


$17,640 $29,049 60.7%

267Terre Haute, IN

metro area$17,640 $25,736 68.5%


$18,550 $26,766 69.3%

269Franklin


$18,670 $26,759 69.8%

270Kansas City, KS

metro area$18,670 $26,939 69.3%

271Lawrence, KS

metro area$18,760 $25,214 74.4%

272Manhattan, KS

metro area$17,910 $28,277 63.3%

273 Rural Kansas $18,190 $26,279 69.2%

274St. Joseph, KS

metro area$17,890 $28,029 63.8%

275Sumner


$18,850 $27,211 69.3%


$20,600 $24,052 85.6%


$18,190 $24,876 73.1%


$18,850 $24,876 75.8%


$18,450 $25,813 71.5%


$18,860 $25,813 73.1%

281Kentucky


$20,700 $25,547 81.0%


$17,750 $26,700 66.5%


$17,970 $24,906 72.2%

284Henderson

County$18,430 $27,089 68.0%


$20,700 $26,282 78.8%


$18,250 $23,835 76.6%


$18,800 $25,856 72.7%


$18,550 $26,280 70.6%


$18,550 $26,596 69.7%


$18,550 $26,168 70.9%

291Owensboro, KY

metro area$18,460 $25,039 73.7%

292 Rural Kentucky $18,090 $26,338 68.7%

293 Rural Kentucky $18,860 $26,338 71.6%

294 Rural Kentucky $19,490 $26,338 74.0%

295 Rural Kentucky $18,270 $26,338 69.4%


$18,550 $28,198 65.8%

297Alexandria, LA

metro area$17,780 $27,566 64.5%


$17,970 $27,931 64.3%

299

Houma/BayouCane/


$18,090 $26,519 68.2%


$17,970 $26,736 67.2%


$18,280 $27,110 67.4%


$18,540 $27,110 68.4%


$17,950 $27,919 64.3%


$17,670 $27,385 64.5%

305



$18,280 $30,152 60.6%

306



$19,270 $30,152 63.9%

307 Rural Louisiana $17,690 $28,558 61.9%

308 Rural Louisiana $17,540 $28,558 61.4%

309 Rural Louisiana $18,280 $28,558 64.0%

310 Rural Louisiana $17,790 $28,558 62.3%

311Shreveport/


$17,790 $27,712 64.2%

312Shreveport/


$18,420 $27,712 66.5%


metro area

$26,820 $33,807 79.3%


metro area

$26,820 $33,807 79.3%

315Berkshire


$21,690 $32,087 67.6%

316Berkshire


$21,690 $32,087 67.6%

317Berkshire


$21,690 $32,087 67.6%

318


$26,220 $39,358 66.6%

319


$21,350 $39,358 54.2%

320


$26,220 $39,358 66.6%

321


$25,660 $39,358 65.2%

322


$21,350 $39,358 54.2%

323


$25,660 $39,358 65.2%

324


$26,220 $39,358 66.6%

325


$21,350 $39,358 54.2%

326


$20,720 $39,358 52.6%

327Brockton, MA

metro area$20,720 $35,723 58.0%

329Easton/


$20,720 $38,261 54.2%

330Fitchburg/


$25,660 $27,523 93.2%

331Franklin


$26,440 $31,480 84.0%

332Franklin


$26,440 $31,480 84.0%

333Franklin


$26,440 $31,480 84.0%

334Lawrence, MA

metro area$21,350 $33,008 64.7%


$25,660 $33,919 75.7%

336New Bedford,

MA metro area$20,720 $30,570 67.8%

337Pittsfield, MA

metro area$21,690 $27,523 78.8%

338Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$20,720 $30,797 67.3%

339Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$20,720 $30,797 67.3%

340Rural

Massachusetts$19,960 $37,807 52.8%

341Springfield, MA

metro area$26,440 $30,397 87.0%

342Springfield, MA

metro area$22,330 $30,397 73.5%

343Springfield, MA

metro area$22,330 $30,397 73.5%

344


$26,220 $33,235 78.9%

346Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

347Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

348Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

349Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

350Worcester, MA

metro area$30,510 $29,922 102.0%

351Baltimore/


$19,830 $33,994 58.3%


$19,830 $38,288 51.8%

353Cumberland,

MD metro area$18,980 $24,568 77.3%

354Hagerstown,

MD metro area$18,240 $28,274 64.5%

355 Cecil County $19,930 $32,523 61.3%

356 Rural Maryland $20,830 $32,271 64.5%


358 Rural Maryland $19,310 $32,271 59.8%

359Salisbury, MD

metro area$20,830 $26,235 79.4%

360Salisbury, MD

metro area$20,170 $26,235 76.9%

361Somerset


$20,170 $25,469 79.2%

362

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$24,120 $41,424 58.2%

363

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$21,520 $41,424 52.0%


$21,660 $29,840 72.6%


$21,960 $29,369 74.8%


$21,960 $29,369 74.8%

367Lewiston/


$19,240 $27,417 70.2%

368Lewiston/


$19,240 $27,417 70.2%


$21,660 $26,764 80.9%


$21,660 $26,764 80.9%


$21,960 $31,848 69.0%

372 Rural Maine $22,560 $30,594 73.7%

373 Rural Maine $22,560 $30,594 73.7%

374 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9%

375 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9%

376 Rural Maine $19,240 $30,594 62.9%


$19,240 $33,195 58.0%

378York County,

ME metro area$19,240 $29,354 65.5%

379York County,

ME metro area$19,240 $29,354 65.5%

380York County,

ME metro area$19,240 $29,354 65.5%

381York County,

ME metro area$19,240 $29,354 65.5%

382York/Kittery/


$21,960 $34,219 64.2%

383Ann Arbor, MI

metro area$19,920 $30,299 65.7%


$20,370 $25,527 79.8%

385Battle Creek,

MI metro area$18,010 $24,706 72.9%


$18,180 $23,914 76.0%

387Cass County,

MI metro area$19,340 $26,334 73.4%

388

Detroit/Warren/


$20,900 $26,072 80.2%

389

Detroit/Warren/


$21,630 $26,072 83.0%

390Flint, MI metro

area$19,060 $25,033 76.1%


metro area

$26,807


metro area

$20,370 $26,807 76.0%


metro area

$20,820 $26,807 77.7%

394Holland/Grand

Haven, MImetro area

$29,626


$20,370 $26,184 77.8%


$20,660 $26,642 77.5%


$18,060 $26,077 69.3%


$19,560 $26,285 74.4%


$21,630 $26,834 80.6%


$18,950 $26,390 71.8%

401Muskegon/


$19,240 $23,206 82.9%

402Newaygo


$20,370 $27,637 73.7%

403Niles/Benton


$21,040 $26,098 80.6%

404 Rural Michigan $27,949

405 Rural Michigan $18,030 $27,949 64.5%

406 Rural Michigan $19,180 $27,949 68.6%

407 Rural Michigan $19,460 $27,949 69.6%

408

Saginaw/Saginaw

TownshipNorth, MI

metro area

$18,520 $24,658 75.1%


$18,740 $24,143 77.6%

410 Clay County $18,350 $23,801 77.1%

411 Polk County $18,940 $27,256 69.5%

412HoustonCounty

$17,930 $27,542 65.1%

413

Mankato/North


$18,690 $24,999 74.8%

414



$19,200 $27,224 70.5%

415



$18,690 $27,224 68.7%

416



$23,090 $27,224 84.8%

417



$23,090 $27,224 84.8%

418Rochester, MN

metro area$18,690 $28,857 64.8%

419Rochester, MN

metro area$22,620 $28,857 78.4%

420Rural

Minnesota$19,200 $25,872 74.2%

421Rural

Minnesota$20,660 $25,872 79.9%

422Rural

Minnesota$18,690 $25,872 72.2%

423Rural

Minnesota$18,840 $25,872 72.8%

424St. Cloud, MN

metro area$19,270 $27,278 70.6%

425Wabasha


$22,620 $27,144 83.3%

426Bates County,

MO metro area$18,670 $25,876 72.2%

427Calloway


$18,490 $27,750 66.6%

428Cape


$18,220 $24,667 73.9%

429Columbia, MO

metro area$18,730 $27,620 67.8%


$18,040 $25,712 70.2%

431Jefferson City,

MO metro area$18,490 $24,330 76.0%


$17,710 $25,464 69.5%

433Kansas City,

MO metro area$18,670 $27,373 68.2%

434McDonald


$17,930 $26,930 66.6%

435Moniteau


$18,490 $26,256 70.4%

436Polk County,

MO metro area$18,040 $25,781 70.0%

437 Rural Missouri $18,260 $26,634 68.6%

438 Rural Missouri $18,400 $26,634 69.1%

439 Rural Missouri $18,560 $26,634 69.7%

440 Rural Missouri $18,270 $26,634 68.6%

441 Rural Missouri $18,730 $26,634 70.3%

442Springfield,

MO metro area$18,040 $25,141 71.8%

443St. Joseph, MO

metro area$17,890 $27,572 64.9%


$19,390 $27,683 70.0%


$19,390 $27,979 69.3%


$18,190 $32,435 56.1%


$17,600 $32,435 54.3%

448Hattiesburg,

MS metro area$17,900 $29,078 61.6%


$18,050 $26,877 67.2%


$18,310 $26,877 68.1%

451Marshall


$18,120 $28,245 64.2%


$17,690 $29,399 60.2%


$18,120 $29,399 61.6%

454Pascagoula, MS

metro area$17,800 $31,891 55.8%

455Pascagoula, MS

metro area$17,600 $31,891 55.2%

456Rural

Mississippi$17,670 $28,181 62.7%

457Rural

Mississippi$17,690 $28,181 62.8%

458Rural

Mississippi$17,800 $28,181 63.2%

459Rural

Mississippi$18,050 $28,181 64.1%

460Simpson


$18,310 $26,077 70.2%

461Tate County,

MS metro area$18,120 $29,850 60.7%


$18,120 $29,231 62.0%


$19,290 $25,823 74.7%


$18,980 $25,823 73.5%


$19,080 $25,823 73.9%

466Great Falls, MT

metro area$20,060 $25,939 77.3%


$18,650 $29,517 63.2%

468 Rural Montana $19,290 $27,606 69.9%

469 Rural Montana $18,890 $27,606 68.4%

470 Rural Montana $18,980 $27,606 68.8%

471 Rural Montana $19,020 $27,606 68.9%


$20,770 $28,842 72.0%

473Asheville, NC

metro area$22,930 $26,338 87.1%

474Burlington, NC

metro area$17,820 $27,890 63.9%

475Charlotte/


$20,770 $30,485 68.1%

476Charlotte/


$19,230 $30,485 63.1%

477Durham/


$21,150 $29,041 72.8%

478Fayetteville, NC

metro area$18,170 $31,393 57.9%

479Goldsboro, NC

metro area$18,450 $27,613 66.8%


$18,820 $28,829 65.3%

481Greensboro/


$18,750 $28,083 66.8%

482Greenville, NC

metro area$18,820 $28,491 66.1%

483Haywood


$22,930 $28,052 81.7%

484

Hickory/Lenoir/


$18,420 $28,357 65.0%


$18,170 $30,049 60.5%

486Jacksonville,

NC metro area$18,220 $30,350 60.0%


$19,320 $27,456 70.4%


$21,150 $27,785 76.1%

489Raleigh/Cary,

NC metro area$19,760 $30,209 65.4%


$18,750 $27,431 68.4%


$17,640 $28,686 61.5%

492Rural North

Carolina$18,200 $29,438 61.8%

493Rural North

Carolina$19,170 $29,438 65.1%

494Rural North

Carolina$19,230 $29,438 65.3%

495Rural North

Carolina$18,400 $29,438 62.5%

496



$18,200 $38,355 47.5%

497



$18,080 $38,355 47.1%

498Wilmington,

NC metro area$19,320 $30,785 62.8%


$19,230 $29,144 66.0%


$18,680 $29,144 64.1%

501Bismarck, ND

metro area$18,890 $26,353 71.7%

502Bismarck, ND

metro area$20,400 $26,353 77.4%

503Fargo, ND

metro area$18,350 $24,775 74.1%

504Grand Forks,

ND metro area$18,940 $25,176 75.2%

505Rural North

Dakota$21,940 $30,007 73.1%

506Rural North

Dakota$18,480 $30,007 61.6%

507Rural North

Dakota$18,150 $30,007 60.5%

508Rural North

Dakota$20,400 $30,007 68.0%


$18,850 $24,765 76.1%


$19,140 $25,988 73.6%

511 Rural Nebraska $17,640 $25,748 68.5%

512 Rural Nebraska $20,240 $25,748 78.6%

513 Rural Nebraska $17,700 $25,748 68.7%

514 Rural Nebraska $18,570 $25,748 72.1%

515Saunders


$19,140 $26,566 72.0%

516Seward


$18,850 $24,624 76.6%

517Sioux City, NE

metro area$18,050 $25,904 69.7%


Counties

$21,250 $39,711 53.5%


$18,450 $32,439 56.9%


$18,450 $32,439 56.9%


$18,450 $32,439 56.9%


$18,450 $32,439 56.9%


$18,450 $32,439 56.9%

524


Lawrence, MA

$21,250 $31,526 67.4%

525Manchester,

NH metro area$19,250 $28,961 66.5%

526Manchester,

NH metro area$19,250 $28,961 66.5%

527Manchester,

NH metro area$19,250 $28,961 66.5%


$21,250 $32,974 64.4%

529Portsmouth/


$21,250 $30,978 68.6%


$21,250 $31,558 67.3%


$19,250 $31,558 61.0%


$18,450 $31,558 58.5%


$19,250 $31,558 61.0%


$21,250 $31,558 67.3%

535


$21,250 $37,676 56.4%

536


$21,250 $37,676 56.4%

537


$21,250 $37,676 56.4%


$21,610 $34,022 63.5%

539Bergen/


$26,540 $40,774 65.1%

540Bergen/


$21,090 $40,774 51.7%

541Jersey City, NJ

metro area$26,540 $38,518 68.9%

542

Middlesex/Somerset/


$22,280 $37,012 60.2%

543Monmouth/

Ocean, NJmetro area

$22,280 $36,764 60.6%


$21,090 $39,133 53.9%

545Ocean City, NJ

metro area$23,130 $29,662 78.0%


$22,130 $34,109 64.9%


$19,930 $34,109 58.4%


$20,130 $36,450 55.2%

549

Vineland/Millville/


$20,340 $32,847 61.9%


$18,870 $32,023 58.9%

551Albuquerque,

NM metro area$18,250 $26,287 69.4%

552Farmington,

NM metro area$18,180 $26,387 68.9%

553Las Cruces, NM

metro area$18,330 $26,061 70.3%

554Rural New

Mexico$17,970 $27,182 66.1%

555Rural New

Mexico$18,870 $27,182 69.4%

556Rural New

Mexico$18,070 $27,182 66.5%

557Rural New

Mexico$27,182

558Santa Fe, NM

metro area$21,630 $31,357 69.0%

559Carson City, NV

metro area$18,120 $28,521 63.5%

560Las Vegas/


$18,940 $29,546 64.1%

561Reno/Sparks,

NV metro area$22,860 $28,667 79.7%

562 Rural Nevada $20,090 $29,034 69.2%

563 Rural Nevada $30,160 $29,034 103.9%

564


area

$20,410 $31,547 64.7%

565Binghamton,

NY metro area$18,740 $29,037 64.5%

566Buffalo/


$19,170 $28,048 68.3%


$18,890 $29,013 65.1%

568Glens Falls, NY

metro area$19,240 $30,767 62.5%


$22,630 $34,919 64.8%


$21,130 $31,375 67.3%


$27,010 $40,573 66.6%

572New York, NY

metro area$27,010 $43,519 62.1%

573New York, NY

metro area$26,540 $43,519 61.0%

574



$23,530 $36,952 63.7%

575Rochester, NY

metro area$18,660 $28,774 64.9%

576Rochester, NY

metro area$19,160 $28,774 66.6%

577 Rural New York $19,100 $30,684 62.2%

578 Rural New York $21,140 $30,684 68.9%

579 Rural New York $29,330 $30,684 95.6%

580 Rural New York $18,660 $30,684 60.8%


$20,840 $28,994 71.9%

582Utica/Rome,

NY metro area$18,660 $30,909 60.4%

583Utica/Rome,

NY metro area$20,180 $30,909 65.3%


$26,540 $39,515 67.2%


$19,480 $25,990 75.0%


$20,700 $25,107 82.4%

587Canton/


$18,270 $24,511 74.5%

588Cincinnati/


$20,700 $25,403 81.5%

589Cleveland/


$19,130 $26,106 73.3%

590Columbus, OH

metro area$18,560 $27,193 68.3%

591Columbus, OH

metro area$18,830 $27,193 69.2%

592Columbus, OH

metro area$20,750 $27,193 76.3%


$18,880 $26,777 70.5%

594Lawrence

County$18,250 $24,172 75.5%

595Lima, OH

metro area$18,820 $26,238 71.7%

596Mansfield, OH

metro area$18,970 $25,657 73.9%


$17,710 $25,230 70.2%


$18,880 $26,035 72.5%

599 Rural Ohio $18,830 $26,608 70.8%

600 Rural Ohio $19,560 $26,608 73.5%

601 Rural Ohio $18,560 $26,608 69.8%

602 Rural Ohio $18,810 $26,608 70.7%

603Sandusky, OH

metro area$19,610 $25,927 75.6%

604Springfield, OH

metro area$21,630 $26,495 81.6%


$17,630 $24,749 71.2%


$19,020 $24,324 78.2%


$20,750 $26,882 77.2%

608Wheeling, OH

metro area$18,230 $25,545 71.4%

609

Youngstown/Warren/


$19,150 $25,567 74.9%

610Sequoyah

County$17,680 $26,318 67.2%

611Sequoyah

County$20,400 $26,318 77.5%

612Sequoyah

County$17,600 $26,318 66.9%


$18,500 $23,156 79.9%


$18,150 $25,927 70.0%


$18,870 $25,927 72.8%

616Le Flore


$17,600 $25,013 70.4%

617Lincoln


$18,500 $25,048 73.9%


$18,500 $25,304 73.1%


$18,910 $24,212 78.1%

620Pawnee


$18,910 $24,650 76.7%

621Rural

Oklahoma$18,180 $25,618 71.0%

622Rural

Oklahoma$17,680 $25,618 69.0%

623Rural

Oklahoma$20,400 $25,618 79.6%

624Rural

Oklahoma$18,150 $25,618 70.8%

625Tulsa, OK

metro area$18,910 $25,315 74.7%

626Bend, OR

metro area$20,680 $28,053 73.7%


$19,300 $26,498 72.8%

628Eugene/


$21,370 $26,958 79.3%


$21,510 $29,284 73.5%

630

Portland/Vancouver/


$21,410 $30,833 69.4%

631 Rural Oregon $22,120 $27,240 81.2%

632 Rural Oregon $22,460 $27,240 82.5%

633 Rural Oregon $22,290 $27,240 81.8%

634 Rural Oregon $19,400 $27,240 71.2%


$19,470 $28,142 69.2%

636


$18,870 $30,315 62.2%


$17,890 $26,709 67.0%


$19,310 $23,005 83.9%

639Erie, PA metro

area$18,460 $24,535 75.2%


$20,680 $28,511 72.5%

641Johnstown, PA

metro area$18,090 $24,974 72.4%

642Lancaster, PA

metro area$19,410 $29,056 66.8%


$18,910 $24,334 77.7%


$20,100 $33,765 59.5%

645Pike County, PA

metro area$21,090 $36,348 58.0%

646Pittsburgh, PA

metro area$19,310 $27,124 71.2%


$18,680 $26,925 69.4%

648Rural

Pennsylvania$18,240 $27,357 66.7%

649Rural

Pennsylvania$21,490 $27,357 78.6%

650Rural

Pennsylvania$17,770 $27,357 65.0%

651Rural

Pennsylvania$18,480 $27,357 67.6%

652Scranton/


$18,080 $25,761 70.2%


$19,150 $25,766 74.3%


$18,920 $30,015 63.0%


$18,160 $25,209 72.0%


$18,350 $26,339 69.7%

657

Newport/Middleton/


$20,720 $35,425 58.5%


area

$20,720 $30,522 67.9%

659

Westerly/Hopkinton/

NewShoreham, RI

metro area

$20,720 $29,778 69.6%

660Anderson, SC

metro area$18,120 $27,497 65.9%


$17,820 $28,109 63.4%

662

Charleston/North


$17,800 $31,920 55.8%

663

Rock Hill,Chester,


$18,100 $30,109 60.1%

664

Rock Hill,Chester,


$20,770 $30,109 69.0%

665Columbia, SC

metro area$17,970 $29,676 60.6%


$17,920 $27,308 65.6%


$17,920 $27,190 65.9%

668


metro area

$17,600 $27,039 65.1%

669Kershaw


$17,970 $26,527 67.7%

670Laurens


$17,600 $23,982 73.4%

671



$17,740 $30,194 58.8%

672Rural South

Carolina$18,040 $28,423 63.5%

673Rural South

Carolina$17,840 $28,423 62.8%

674Rural South

Carolina$18,970 $28,423 66.7%

675Rural South

Carolina$18,100 $28,423 63.7%


$18,100 $25,242 71.7%


$19,710 $25,242 78.1%


$17,580 $28,625 61.4%


$18,580 $26,142 71.1%

680Rapid City, SD

metro area$18,130 $26,172 69.3%

681Rapid City, SD

metro area$18,580 $26,172 71.0%

682Rural South

Dakota$17,890 $26,554 67.4%

683Rural South

Dakota$19,720 $26,554 74.3%

684Rural South

Dakota$18,130 $26,554 68.3%

685Sioux City, SD

metro area$18,050 $25,429 71.0%

686Sioux Falls, SD

metro area$18,420 $26,677 69.0%


$17,930 $24,054 74.5%

688Clarksville, TN

metro area$17,750 $25,258 70.3%

689Cleveland, TN

metro area$17,650 $23,618 74.7%

690Hickman


$20,400 $25,531 79.9%


$18,540 $23,182 80.0%


$17,820 $23,182 76.9%


$17,560 $23,634 74.3%


$17,970 $23,612 76.1%


$18,050 $24,964 72.3%


$18,090 $24,964 72.5%


$18,160 $24,964 72.7%


$18,470 $24,964 74.0%


$20,400 $24,432 83.5%

700Memphis, TN

metro area$18,120 $26,774 67.7%

701Morristown, TN

metro area$18,470 $23,458 78.7%

702

Nashville/Davidson/


$18,090 $27,597 65.5%

703

Nashville/Davidson/


$20,400 $27,597 73.9%

704Rural

Tennessee$18,050 $24,444 73.8%

705Rural

Tennessee$18,160 $24,444 74.3%

706Rural

Tennessee$18,090 $24,444 74.0%

707Rural

Tennessee$17,820 $24,444 72.9%


$20,400 $24,388 83.6%

709Stewart


$17,750 $23,887 74.3%


$17,900 $25,480 70.3%


$18,400 $24,475 75.2%


$18,000 $24,475 73.5%

713Aransas


$18,240 $25,452 71.7%

714Atascosa


$18,690 $24,920 75.0%


$18,590 $26,245 70.8%

716



$20,580 $29,904 68.8%

717Beaumont/Port


$18,420 $26,206 70.3%

718Beaumont/Port


$17,970 $26,206 68.6%

719Brazoria


$18,590 $28,620 65.0%

720Brownsville/


$18,400 $24,120 76.3%

721Calhoun


$17,720 $27,345 64.8%

722College


$18,210 $29,553 61.6%


$18,240 $26,554 68.7%

724Dallas, TX

metro area$19,820 $27,617 71.8%

725Dallas, TX

metro area$17,810 $27,617 64.5%


$18,000 $26,413 68.1%


$18,470 $26,413 69.9%

728Fort Worth/


$19,140 $28,388 67.4%

729


area

$18,590 $27,803 66.9%

730Kendall


$18,690 $27,622 67.7%

731

Killeen/Temple/Fort

Hood, TXmetro area

$17,640 $26,136 67.5%


$17,640 $25,913 68.1%


$18,920 $26,819 70.5%

734Longview, TX

metro area$18,410 $28,362 64.9%


$18,000 $25,657 70.2%


$18,000 $25,657 70.2%

737

McAllen/Edinburg/


$18,070 $23,838 75.8%

738Medina


$18,690 $26,019 71.8%


$18,000 $26,339 68.3%


$18,350 $26,339 69.7%


$18,270 $28,596 63.9%

742 Rural Texas $18,110 $26,235 69.0%

743 Rural Texas $18,420 $26,235 70.2%

744 Rural Texas $18,150 $26,235 69.2%

745 Rural Texas $17,810 $26,235 67.9%

746 Rural Texas $18,000 $26,235 68.6%

747 Rural Texas $18,470 $26,235 70.4%

748Rusk County,

TX metro area$18,410 $25,222 73.0%

749San Angelo, TX

metro area$17,590 $24,576 71.6%

750San Antonio/


$18,690 $26,416 70.8%

751Sherman/


$18,000 $25,427 70.8%

752Texarkana, TX

metro area$17,950 $23,782 75.5%

753Tyler, TX metro

area$18,420 $27,949 65.9%


$17,720 $26,145 67.8%

755Waco, TX

metro area$18,110 $24,683 73.4%

756Waco, TX

metro area$18,090 $24,683 73.3%

757Wichita Falls,

TX metro area$18,560 $23,882 77.7%

758Wise County,

TX metro area$19,140 $24,923 76.8%


$20,600 $27,472 75.0%

760Ogden/


$18,220 $25,986 70.1%

761Ogden/


$17,810 $25,986 68.5%

762Provo/Orem,

UT metro area$19,010 $26,215 72.5%

763 Rural Utah $18,930 $27,816 68.1%

764 Rural Utah $18,220 $27,816 65.5%

765 Rural Utah $18,620 $27,816 66.9%

766 Rural Utah $18,450 $27,816 66.3%


$21,770 $28,544 76.3%

768St. George, UT

metro area$18,960 $26,283 72.1%

769Summit


$21,770 $30,684 70.9%


$21,770 $27,273 79.8%

771



$19,090 $27,437 69.6%

772



$18,030 $27,437 65.7%


$21,160 $29,921 70.7%


$17,950 $29,921 60.0%


$17,580 $24,248 72.5%

776Franklin


$18,140 $25,314 71.7%

777Giles County,

VA metro area$19,090 $28,168 67.8%


$19,100 $28,353 67.4%


$17,970 $25,317 71.0%


$18,460 $29,833 61.9%

781Lynchburg, VA

metro area$18,040 $27,056 66.7%


$19,090 $28,849 66.2%

783Richmond, VA

metro area$18,460 $33,289 55.5%


$18,140 $27,273 66.5%

785 Rural Virginia $18,300 $28,610 64.0%

786 Rural Virginia $19,540 $28,610 68.3%

787 Rural Virginia $17,950 $28,610 62.7%

788 Rural Virginia $18,030 $28,610 63.0%

789



$18,080 $36,671 49.3%


$21,520 $32,981 65.3%

791

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$19,540 $42,815 45.6%

792

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$21,520 $42,815 50.3%

793Winchester, VA

metro area$19,550 $28,478 68.6%

794

Burlington/South


$23,240 $38,039 61.1%

795

Burlington/South


$23,240 $38,039 61.1%

796 Rural Vermont $22,520 $32,574 69.1%

797 Rural Vermont $23,350 $32,574 71.7%

798 Rural Vermont $22,520 $32,574 69.1%

799Bellingham,

WA metro area$20,920 $27,611 75.8%

800Bremerton/


$21,100 $27,782 75.9%

801

Kennewick/Pasco/


$19,700 $26,558 74.2%

802 Asotin County $19,500 $25,434 76.7%

803Longview, WA

metro area$21,610 $24,404 88.6%


metro area

$21,850 $28,379 77.0%


$19,660 $30,854 63.7%

806

Portland/Vancouver/


$21,410 $30,141 71.0%

807Rural

Washington$26,752

808Rural

Washington$26,752

809Rural

Washington$19,760 $26,752 73.9%

810Rural

Washington$19,950 $26,752 74.6%

811Seattle/


$23,300 $32,122 72.5%

812Spokane, WA

metro area$24,913

813Spokane, WA

metro area$21,190 $24,913 85.1%


$22,590 $29,224 77.3%

815

Wenatchee/East


$22,880 $25,508 89.7%


$25,178

817Appleton, WI

metro area$20,600 $24,218 85.1%

818Columbia


$22,020 $26,006 84.7%

819DouglasCounty

$18,740 $27,854 67.3%

820Eau Claire, WI

metro area$19,490 $27,112 71.9%

821Fond du Lac,

WI metro area$18,710 $24,425 76.6%

822Green Bay, WI

metro area$21,060 $25,024 84.2%


$22,020 $28,580 77.0%

824Janesville, WI

metro area$18,250 $25,778 70.8%

825Kenosha


$22,370 $30,930 72.3%

826La Crosse, WI

metro area$17,930 $25,126 71.4%


$22,020 $29,422 74.8%


$20,090 $29,422 68.3%

829

Milwaukee/Waukesha/


$20,420 $28,099 72.7%

830Oconto


$21,060 $27,424 76.8%

831Oshkosh/


$19,020 $25,734 73.9%


$19,870 $28,016 70.9%

833Rural

Wisconsin$19,840 $27,645 71.8%

834Rural

Wisconsin$20,230 $27,645 73.2%

835Rural

Wisconsin$20,090 $27,645 72.7%

836Rural

Wisconsin$19,650 $27,645 71.1%

837Rural

Wisconsin$18,880 $27,645 68.3%

838Sheboygan, WI

metro area$19,520 $26,264 74.3%


$20,030 $26,532 75.5%


$17,990 $27,073 66.4%

841Charleston, WV

metro area$17,990 $28,331 63.5%

842 Mineral County $18,980 $27,209 69.8%

843Huntington,

WV metro area$17,990 $23,893 75.3%

844Huntington,

WV metro area$18,250 $23,893 76.4%

845Jefferson


$21,520 $29,609 72.7%

846Martinsburg,

WV metro area$18,240 $26,282 69.4%

847Morgantown,

WV metro area$18,310 $29,334 62.4%


$17,710 $25,436 69.6%

849Rural West

Virginia$17,980 $27,774 64.7%

850Rural West

Virginia$18,280 $27,774 65.8%


$17,630 $25,158 70.1%

852Wheeling, WV

metro area$18,230 $25,931 70.3%

853Winchester,

WV metro area$19,550 $29,831 65.5%


$21,850 $27,725 78.8%

855Cheyenne, WY

metro area$18,510 $27,945 66.2%

856 Rural Wyoming $20,100 $30,553 65.8%

857 Rural Wyoming $20,780 $30,553 68.0%

858 Rural Wyoming $18,510 $30,553 60.6%

859 Rural Wyoming $26,650 $30,553 87.2%

1:10 ratio for 4-year-olds (CCAA 2013). Even so, when it comes to 4-year-old care, in no state are typical preschool orother child care workers’ earnings sufficient to meet the HHS 10 percent affordability standard. Child care costs rangefrom 14 percent of total earnings in Louisiana to 52 percent of earnings in D.C., as shown in Figure F. A preschoolteacher in D.C. would have to devote half her annual earnings to 4-year-old care.

Child care is even more out of reach for other child care workers. To pay for center-based infant care, these workers in21 states and the District of Columbia would have to set aside over half of their annual earnings, as illustrated in FigureG. In all but five states, these workers need to spend more than one-third of their earnings on infant care. Four-year-oldcare is slightly more affordable, but in every state the cost of this care is equal to or exceeds one-fourth of these workers’typical earnings, as depicted in Figure H.

Of course, many preschool and other child care workers cannot afford to spend a quarter or a third of their earnings onchild care when they also have to put a roof over their head and feed their families. Many rely on informal or family



FIGURE C

Share of preschool workers who cannot afford their localone-person budget

Note: Budgets are the amount required for one person to secure a modest yet adequate standard of living in his or her commu-nity. The OES earnings data provide wages for substate areas at several points in the wage distribution: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th,and 90th percentiles. To calculate the percent of the worker wage distribution that falls below the local one-person family budget,we linearly interpolate between the two values surrounding the appropriate family budget threshold. For family budget thresholdsthat lie above the 90th percentile of the wage distribution, we cannot reasonably estimate without stronger distribution assumption.Therefore, we simply characterize those areas as ones where at least 90 percent of workers have earnings below their local familybudget threshold, or less than 10 percent are above. Gray areas denote locales for which earnings data are unavailable.


case_id

OES MSAname (with

MSAdivisions)

Localone-person

budget

Sharewho

cannotaffordtheirlocal

budget

1Anchorage, AK

metro area$33,015 39.2%

2Fairbanks, AK

metro area$33,042 62.9%

3

Matanuska/Susitna


$31,222 30.5%

4 Rural Alaska $31,712 32.5%

5 Rural Alaska $31,712 32.4%


$26,457 83.7%

7Auburn/


$27,384 morethan 90percent

8Birmingham/


$27,574 65.4%

9Chilton


$26,185 59.1%

10 Russell County $27,046 39.9%


$24,653


$24,626 lessthan 10percent

13Florence/


$26,256 47.5%


$23,283


$26,330 20.3%

16Huntsville, AL

metro area$27,156 57.8%


$29,786 49.8%


$28,404 46.6%

19 Rural Alabama $26,875 57.7%




23 Rural Alabama $26,875

24Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$26,028 80.1%

25Tuscaloosa, AL

metro area$26,028


$25,805 57.3%

27


$26,216 18.2%

28Fort Smith, AR

metro area$25,613 20.3%

29Franklin


$26,346 23.1%


$26,540 57.4%

31Hot Springs,

AR metro area$26,015 54.3%

32Jonesboro, AR

metro area$23,835 32.8%

33



$28,134 60.5%

34Crittenden

County$28,537 57.6%

35Pine Bluff, AR

metro area$25,054 33.2%

36Poinsett


$25,078 38.3%

37 Rural Arkansas $26,689 32.9%




41Texarkana, AR

metro area$27,397 36.8%

42Texarkana, AR

metro area$27,397 less

than 10percent


$30,906 60.9%

44Lake Havasu


$25,797 70.4%

45Phoenix/Mesa/


$28,187 71.5%


$27,396 43.1%

47 Rural Arizona $27,604 39.4%

48 Rural Arizona $27,604 67.4%


$25,899 65.0%

50Yuma, AZ

metro area$28,072 68.2%


$29,265 48.3%

52Chico, CA

metro area$26,887 67.2%


$27,933 38.5%


$29,592 61.0%

55Hanford/


$27,531 39.0%


CA metro area

$34,886 64.1%

57Madera/


$28,009 43.3%


$27,170 29.0%


$28,339 54.3%

60Napa, CA

metro area$34,775 78.7%

61Oakland/


$39,603 76.6%

62Orange


$40,684 78.2%

63

Oxnard/Thousand


$37,015 58.9%


$31,891 79.2%

65


$32,085 59.9%

66 Rural California $31,199 28.9%





71



$32,023 75.4%


$36,264 52.8%


$31,942 32.9%

74



$36,450 60.5%


$43,581 78.0%

76

San Jose/Sunnyvale/


$41,386 70.6%

77

San LuisObispo/Paso


$34,424 79.7%

78



$39,180 67.2%

79Santa Cruz/


$38,301 85.8%

80Santa Rosa/


$35,077 61.2%


$29,563 68.1%

82Vallejo/


$32,028 42.0%

83Visalia/


$28,750 54.0%

84Yolo, CA metro

area$32,148 75.5%

85Yuba City, CA

metro area$26,981 46.1%


$33,912 54.1%

87Colorado


$26,899 50.9%

88

Denver/Aurora/


$28,829 49.9%

89Fort Collins/


$28,739 69.4%

90Grand


$26,865 35.3%


$25,766 48.7%


$25,368 39.8%

93 Rural Colorado $31,576 77.1%





$29,006 56.7%

98Bridgeport, CT

metro area$33,324 70.6%

99Colchester/


$34,535 61.2%


$40,035 70.6%

101


$33,080 66.6%

102


$33,080 66.6%

103


$33,080 66.6%

104


$33,080 86.6%

105


$33,080 66.6%

106


$33,080 66.6%

107

Milford/Ansonia/


$37,214 70.7%


$34,861 70.7%


$34,861 70.7%

110Norwich/New


$31,751 61.2%

111Norwich/New


$31,751 61.2%

112Rural

Connecticut$32,612 64.7%

113Rural


114Rural


115Rural


116


$39,601 86.6%

117Stamford/


$46,074 70.6%

118Waterbury, CT

metro area$28,926 70.7%

119Washington,

DC$42,119 76.5%

120Dover, DE

metro area$29,519 76.1%

121Wilmington,

DE metro area$34,408 88.1%

122Rural Delaware $31,374 more

than 90percent


$28,156 77.4%

124Cape Coral/


$31,352 77.8%

125



$29,794 54.1%

126




127

Deltona/Daytona


metro area


128Fort


$31,059 80.1%

129Gainesville, FL

metro area$30,154 87.0%

130Jacksonville, FL

metro area$29,781 85.3%

131Lakeland/


$29,180 57.0%

132Miami/Miami


$31,354 78.3%

133Miami/Miami


$31,354 75.0%

134Naples/Marco


$30,925 76.3%

135


$30,901 75.4%

136Ocala, FL

metro area$26,506 67.4%

137


$29,951 75.9%

138


$27,142 78.1%

139Palm Coast, FL

metro area$29,874 more

than 90percent

140


Beach, FLmetro area

$29,754 54.0%

141


Beach, FLmetro area


142


Brent, FL metroarea

$29,309 80.3%


$30,047 78.3%


$26,516 78.3%

145 Rural Florida $29,488 78.2%

146 Rural Florida $29,488 53.4%

147 Rural Florida $29,488 78.5%

148Sebastian/Vero

Beach, FLmetro area

$27,383 59.4%

149Tallahassee, FL

metro area$31,524 65.8%

150



$28,316 73.7%

151Wakulla


$29,524 58.1%

152

West PalmBeach/Boca

Raton, FLmetro area

$31,141 76.8%


$29,800 64.2%

154Athens/Clarke


$27,787 51.9%

155



$31,303 58.5%

156



$31,303 40.5%

157Augusta/


$28,372 42.9%

158Augusta/


$28,372 50.5%

159Brunswick, GA

metro area$26,664 22.9%

160Butts County,

GA metro area$31,289 58.4%

161Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$27,027 71.7%

162Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties

$27,027 39.9%

163Columbus, GA

metro area$27,193 40.2%


$28,528 45.5%

165Gainesville, GA

metro area$30,162 24.5%

166Haralson


$27,980 47.9%

167Hinesville/Fort


$28,685 37.7%


$28,553 50.5%

169Long County,

GA metro area$28,421 36.8%


$27,941 61.0%


$28,553 50.5%

172Monroe


$27,751 60.5%


$29,593 48.9%

174Rome, GA

metro area$27,064 62.8%

175 Rural Georgia $29,863 48.7%

176 Rural Georgia $29,863 20.6%

177 Rural Georgia $29,863 36.1%

178 Rural Georgia $29,863 47.2%

179Savannah, GA

metro area$29,368 51.6%


$30,741 55.5%


$29,912 20.7%


$29,912 20.8%



184 Rural Hawaii $36,288 52.8%

185Ames, IA metro

area$26,574 47.3%

186Benton


$26,506 61.7%


$26,841 83.6%


$24,049 51.9%


$24,498 55.1%

190

Des Moines/West Des


$26,830 61.4%


$25,628 15.0%


$28,077 45.3%


$24,709 54.5%


$25,976 32.8%

195 Rural Iowa $26,478 54.6%

196 Rural Iowa $26,478 38.2%

197 Rural Iowa $26,478 61.3%

198 Rural Iowa $26,478 61.5%


$24,594 26.8%


$24,594 75.5%


$26,825 38.6%

202Waterloo/


$26,250 81.6%


$24,957 52.5%


$26,200


$25,220 53.7%

206Idaho Falls, ID

metro area$24,569 55.0%

207Idaho Falls, ID


than 90percent


$26,183 67.8%

209FranklinCounty

$27,704 60.5%


$23,497

211 Rural Idaho $27,557 61.9%

212 Rural Idaho $27,557 48.7%

213 Rural Idaho $27,557 42.4%

214 Rural Idaho $27,557 87.2%

215 Rural Idaho $27,557

216Bloomington/


$29,540 72.4%

217Bloomington/


$29,540 43.2%


$27,080 65.8%

219Alexander

County$26,874

220Champaign/


$28,634 66.1%

221Chicago/Joliet/


$31,334 61.7%

222Chicago/Joliet/


$31,334 57.9%


$27,611 57.8%

224Rock Island, IL

metro area$24,414 54.6%


$25,031 56.1%

226DeKalb County,

IL metro area$27,955 50.5%

227Grundy


$27,296 47.7%


$25,121 31.8%

229Kendall


$28,455 52.2%


$26,787 64.6%

231Peoria, IL

metro area$25,196 50.4%


$26,608 36.6%

233 Rural Illinois $27,471 65.3%




237Springfield, IL

metro area$26,406 48.2%


$27,622 68.1%


$24,073 58.8%


$29,005 70.5%


$29,133 70.8%

242Indiana


$26,179 29.9%

243Indiana


$26,179 64.5%

244Columbus, IN

metro area$29,928 86.6%

245Elkhart/


$26,563 58.3%

246Evansville, IN

metro area$28,631 64.0%

247Fort Wayne, IN

metro area$26,782 36.4%

248Gary, IN metro

area$26,886 67.3%


$28,175 62.5%


$26,196 48.9%

251Indianapolis, IN

metro area$27,757 72.4%


$28,878 77.7%


$26,605 16.0%


$28,215 67.8%

255Indiana


$26,322 56.7%

256Indiana


$26,322 21.5%

257Michigan City/


$25,712 38.3%


$25,870 77.9%


$28,049 63.0%

260Putnam


$29,200 76.9%

261 Rural Indiana $26,906 34.1%

262 Rural Indiana $26,906 67.8%

263 Rural Indiana $26,906 59.5%

264 Rural Indiana $26,906 65.0%

265South Bend/


$26,747 62.3%

266Sullivan


$29,049 71.7%

267Terre Haute, IN

metro area$25,736 58.6%


$26,766 22.6%

269Franklin


$26,759 56.5%

270Kansas City, KS

metro area$26,939 56.9%

271Lawrence, KS

metro area$25,214 23.0%

272Manhattan, KS

metro area$28,277 53.4%

273 Rural Kansas $26,279 37.3%

274St. Joseph, KS

metro area$28,029 72.1%

275Sumner


$27,211 54.7%


$24,052 51.7%


$24,876 32.0%


$24,876 51.0%


$25,813 36.3%


$25,813 17.8%

281Kentucky


$25,547 61.6%


$26,700 75.2%


$24,906 14.8%

284Henderson

County$27,089 58.8%


$26,282 64.9%


$23,835 35.9%


$25,856 43.7%


$26,280 21.4%


$26,596 22.2%


$26,168 21.1%

291Owensboro, KY


than 10percent

292 Rural Kentucky $26,338 39.9%



295Rural Kentucky $26,338 less

than 10percent


$28,198 25.8%

297Alexandria, LA

metro area$27,566 42.8%


$27,931 48.4%

299

Houma/BayouCane/


$26,519 16.2%


$26,736 45.3%




$27,110 62.6%


$27,919


$27,385 25.7%

305



$30,152 13.7%

306



$30,152 41.1%

307 Rural Louisiana $28,558 34.3%

308Rural Louisiana $28,558 less

than 10percent



311Shreveport/


$27,712 25.1%

312Shreveport/


$27,712 64.3%


metro area

$33,807 74.4%


metro area

$33,807 74.4%

315Berkshire


$32,087 71.8%

316Berkshire


$32,087 71.8%

317Berkshire


$32,087 71.8%

318


$39,358 80.0%

319



320


$39,358 80.0%

321



322



323



324


$39,358 80.0%

325



326


$39,358 76.7%

327Brockton, MA

metro area$35,723 76.7%

328

EasternWorcester


$32,004 60.4%

329Easton/


$38,261 75.9%

330Fitchburg/



331Franklin


$31,480 60.1%

332Franklin


$31,480 60.1%

333Franklin


$31,480 60.1%

334Lawrence, MA


than 90percent



336New Bedford,

MA metro area$30,570 75.9%

337Pittsfield, MA

metro area$27,523 71.8%

338Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$30,797 75.9%

339Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$30,797 75.9%

340Rural

Massachusetts$37,807 60.9%

341Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 55.0%

342Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 53.6%

343Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 53.6%

344


$33,235 80.0%

345

WesternWorcester


$28,504 60.4%

346Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 60.4%

347Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 60.4%

348Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 60.4%

349Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 60.4%

350Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 60.4%

351Baltimore/


$33,994 68.5%


$38,288 79.0%

353Cumberland,

MD metro area$24,568 52.3%

354Hagerstown,


355 Cecil County $32,523 83.7%

356 Rural Maryland $32,271 77.9%


358 Rural Maryland $32,271 62.7%

359Salisbury, MD

metro area$26,235 52.7%

360Salisbury, MD

metro area$26,235 23.4%

361Somerset


$25,469 21.3%

362

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$41,424 78.0%

363

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$41,424 75.9%


$29,840 55.5%


$29,369 86.3%


$29,369 86.3%

367Lewiston/


$27,417 48.6%

368Lewiston/


$27,417 48.6%


$26,764 55.5%


$26,764 55.5%


$31,848 86.3%

372 Rural Maine $30,594 57.5%

373 Rural Maine $30,594 20.6%

374 Rural Maine $30,594 75.9%

375 Rural Maine $30,594 63.3%

376 Rural Maine $30,594 75.9%


$33,195 75.2%

378York County,

ME metro area$29,354 68.9%

379York County,


380York County,


381York County,


382York/Kittery/


$34,219 86.3%

383Ann Arbor, MI

metro area$30,299 57.9%


$25,527 37.9%

385Battle Creek,

MI metro area$24,706 38.5%


$23,914

387Cass County,

MI metro area$26,334 60.8%

388

Detroit/Warren/


$26,072 44.1%

389

Detroit/Warren/


$26,072 46.8%

390Flint, MI metro

area$25,033 33.4%


metro area

$26,807 18.3%


metro area

$26,807 44.6%


metro area


394Holland/Grand

Haven, MImetro area

$29,626 24.8%


$26,184 41.4%


$26,642 69.8%


$26,077 61.1%


$26,285 54.4%


$26,834 50.7%


$26,390

401Muskegon/


$23,206 28.0%

402Newaygo


$27,637 49.0%

403Niles/Benton


$26,098 17.9%

404 Rural Michigan $27,949 20.9%




408

Saginaw/Saginaw

TownshipNorth, MI

metro area

$24,658 60.9%


$24,143 30.2%

410 Clay County $23,801 29.4%

411 Polk County $27,256 37.5%

412HoustonCounty

$27,542 51.4%

413

Mankato/North


$24,999 51.3%

414



$27,224 25.0%

415



$27,224 44.3%

416



$27,224 26.3%

417



$27,224 42.8%

418Rochester, MN

metro area$28,857 51.5%

419Rochester, MN

metro area$28,857 28.7%

420Rural

Minnesota$25,872 21.2%

421Rural


422Rural


423Rural


424St. Cloud, MN

metro area$27,278 41.6%

425Wabasha


$27,144 21.0%

426Bates County,

MO metro area$25,876 54.5%

427Calloway


$27,750 31.7%

428Cape


$24,667

429Columbia, MO

metro area$27,620 89.1%


$25,712 83.4%

431Jefferson City,



$25,464 24.4%

433Kansas City,


434McDonald


$26,930 20.3%

435Moniteau


$26,256 29.6%

436Polk County,


437 Rural Missouri $26,634 61.4%





442Springfield,


443St. Joseph, MO

metro area$27,572 71.0%


$27,683 68.4%


$27,979 69.6%


$32,435 70.2%


$32,435 65.8%

448Hattiesburg,

MS metro area$29,078 85.5%


$26,877 66.2%


$26,877 55.7%

451Marshall


$28,245 57.2%


$29,399 55.1%


$29,399 59.0%

454Pascagoula, MS

metro area$31,891 82.2%

455Pascagoula, MS

metro area$31,891 63.9%

456Rural

Mississippi$28,181 59.6%

457Rural


458Rural


459Rural


460Simpson


$26,077 53.9%

461Tate County,

MS metro area$29,850 59.6%


$29,231 58.7%


$25,823 60.4%


$25,823 62.5%


$25,823 62.5%

466Great Falls, MT

metro area$25,939 54.4%


$29,517 81.1%

468 Rural Montana $27,606 70.7%

469 Rural Montana $27,606 61.5%

470 Rural Montana $27,606 73.0%

471 Rural Montana $27,606 66.0%


$28,842 75.8%

473Asheville, NC

metro area$26,338 50.2%

474Burlington, NC

metro area$27,890 77.7%

475Charlotte/


$30,485 79.7%

476Charlotte/


$30,485 80.0%

477Durham/


$29,041 58.3%

478Fayetteville, NC

metro area$31,393 77.5%

479Goldsboro, NC

metro area$27,613 78.3%


$28,829 80.4%

481Greensboro/


$28,083 77.6%

482Greenville, NC

metro area$28,491 79.2%

483Haywood


$28,052 59.4%

484

Hickory/Lenoir/


$28,357 85.9%


$30,049 75.7%

486Jacksonville,

NC metro area$30,350


$27,456 77.9%


$27,785 53.7%

489Raleigh/Cary,

NC metro area$30,209 67.8%


$27,431 76.5%


$28,686 68.7%

492Rural North

Carolina$29,438 53.0%

493Rural North

Carolina$29,438 57.3%

494Rural North

Carolina$29,438 77.2%

495Rural North

Carolina$29,438 69.0%

496



$38,355 77.7%

497



$38,355 78.5%

498Wilmington,

NC metro area$30,785 81.5%


$29,144 76.4%


$29,144 78.6%

501Bismarck, ND

metro area$26,353 58.1%

502Bismarck, ND

metro area$26,353

503Fargo, ND

metro area$24,775 34.2%

504Grand Forks,

ND metro area$25,176 29.8%

505Rural North

Dakota$30,007 31.0%

506Rural North

Dakota$30,007 24.5%

507Rural North

Dakota$30,007

508Rural North

Dakota$30,007


$24,765 60.2%


$25,988 32.8%

511 Rural Nebraska $25,748 37.6%




515Saunders


$26,566 34.4%

516Seward


$24,624 60.0%

517Sioux City, NE

metro area$25,904 78.0%


Counties



$32,439 76.8%


$32,439 76.8%


$32,439 76.8%


$32,439 76.8%


$32,439 76.8%

524


Lawrence, MA


525Manchester,

NH metro area$28,961 70.6%

526Manchester,


527Manchester,




529Portsmouth/




$31,558 73.8%


$31,558 73.8%


$31,558 75.9%


$31,558 73.8%


$31,558 73.8%

535



536



537




$34,022 55.6%

539Bergen/


$40,774 45.1%

540Bergen/


$40,774 66.5%

541Jersey City, NJ

metro area$38,518 40.9%

542

Middlesex/Somerset/


$37,012 64.4%

543Monmouth/

Ocean, NJmetro area

$36,764 63.9%


$39,133 62.7%

545Ocean City, NJ

metro area$29,662 49.7%


$34,109 55.3%


$34,109 87.4%


$36,450 45.1%

549

Vineland/Millville/


$32,847 29.9%


$32,023 52.7%

551Albuquerque,

NM metro area$26,287 57.7%

552Farmington,

NM metro area$26,387 43.0%

553Las Cruces, NM

metro area$26,061 61.6%

554Rural New

Mexico$27,182 41.6%

555Rural New

Mexico$27,182 44.9%

556Rural New

Mexico$27,182 56.8%

557Rural New

Mexico$27,182 48.1%

558Santa Fe, NM

metro area$31,357 53.8%

559Carson City, NV

metro area$28,521

560Las Vegas/


$29,546 71.5%

561Reno/Sparks,

NV metro area$28,667 63.4%

562 Rural Nevada $29,034 59.0%

563 Rural Nevada $29,034 77.8%

564


area

$31,547 77.8%

565Binghamton,

NY metro area$29,037 79.7%

566Buffalo/


$28,048 69.5%


$29,013 41.6%

568Glens Falls, NY

metro area$30,767 86.9%


$34,919 82.6%


$31,375 67.0%


$40,573 78.7%

572New York, NY

metro area$43,519 81.3%

573New York, NY

metro area$43,519 50.1%

574



$36,952 83.2%

575Rochester, NY

metro area$28,774 54.4%

576Rochester, NY

metro area$28,774 55.5%

577 Rural New York $30,684 40.7%

578 Rural New York $30,684 47.4%

579 Rural New York $30,684 73.5%

580 Rural New York $30,684 58.8%


$28,994 74.3%

582Utica/Rome,


583Utica/Rome,



$39,515 42.8%


$25,990 70.2%


$25,107 59.6%

587Canton/


$24,511 54.8%

588Cincinnati/


$25,403 60.9%

589Cleveland/


$26,106 53.1%

590Columbus, OH

metro area$27,193 71.4%

591Columbus, OH

metro area$27,193 54.6%

592Columbus, OH

metro area$27,193 66.6%


$26,777 78.7%

594Lawrence

County$24,172 37.4%

595Lima, OH

metro area$26,238 53.0%

596Mansfield, OH

metro area$25,657 29.2%


$25,230 27.4%


$26,035 76.8%

599 Rural Ohio $26,608 53.0%

600 Rural Ohio $26,608 48.2%

601 Rural Ohio $26,608 69.8%

602 Rural Ohio $26,608 63.5%

603Sandusky, OH

metro area$25,927 53.9%

604Springfield, OH

metro area$26,495 52.7%


$24,749 30.2%


$24,324 61.6%


$26,882 65.1%

608Wheeling, OH

metro area$25,545 38.1%

609

Youngstown/Warren/


$25,567 53.6%

610Sequoyah

County$26,318 50.4%

611Sequoyah

County$26,318 41.7%

612Sequoyah

County$26,318 23.0%


$23,156 48.6%


$25,927 37.0%


$25,927 40.1%

616Le Flore


$25,013 18.0%

617Lincoln


$25,048 53.8%


$25,304 54.4%


$24,212 28.4%

620Pawnee


$24,650 29.7%

621Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 30.8%

622Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 48.3%

623Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 40.2%

624Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 36.4%

625Tulsa, OK

metro area$25,315 31.5%

626Bend, OR

metro area$28,053 40.1%


$26,498 80.4%

628Eugene/


$26,958 48.4%


$29,284 63.0%

630

Portland/Vancouver/


$30,833 61.4%

631 Rural Oregon $27,240 50.0%

632 Rural Oregon $27,240 49.8%

633 Rural Oregon $27,240 65.6%

634 Rural Oregon $27,240 75.9%


$28,142 71.0%

636


$30,315 50.0%


$26,709 77.6%


$23,005 43.5%

639Erie, PA metro

area$24,535 48.9%


$28,511 77.3%

641Johnstown, PA

metro area$24,974 76.9%

642Lancaster, PA

metro area$29,056 66.3%


$24,334


$33,765 85.8%

645Pike County, PA

metro area$36,348 56.3%

646Pittsburgh, PA

metro area$27,124 62.7%


$26,925 41.0%

648Rural

Pennsylvania$27,357 34.8%

649Rural


650Rural


651Rural


652Scranton/


$25,761 57.9%


$25,766 54.2%


$30,015 75.4%


$25,209 53.5%


$26,339 39.0%

657

Newport/Middleton/


$35,425 53.6%


area

$30,522 53.6%

659

Westerly/Hopkinton/

NewShoreham, RI

metro area

$29,778 54.1%

660Anderson, SC

metro area$27,497 78.1%


$28,109 49.9%

662

Charleston/North


$31,920 76.0%

663

Rock Hill,Chester,


$30,109 50.9%

664

Rock Hill,Chester,


$30,109 78.8%

665Columbia, SC

metro area$29,676 60.6%


$27,308 87.7%


$27,190 87.5%

668


metro area

$27,039 65.0%

669Kershaw


$26,527 56.6%

670Laurens


$23,982 59.1%

671



$30,194 62.1%

672Rural South

Carolina$28,423 65.0%

673Rural South

Carolina$28,423 12.7%

674Rural South

Carolina$28,423 55.9%

675Rural South

Carolina$28,423 47.7%


$25,242 40.1%


$25,242 43.0%


$28,625 85.1%


$26,142 35.6%

680Rapid City, SD

metro area$26,172 39.1%

681Rapid City, SD

metro area$26,172 35.7%

682Rural South

Dakota$26,554 19.9%

683Rural South

Dakota$26,554 31.8%

684Rural South

Dakota$26,554 42.0%

685Sioux City, SD

metro area$25,429 77.1%

686Sioux Falls, SD

metro area$26,677 29.0%


$24,054 60.7%

688Clarksville, TN

metro area$25,258 70.7%

689Cleveland, TN

metro area$23,618 72.8%

690Hickman


$25,531 52.1%


$23,182 35.4%






$23,612 28.2%


$24,964 57.9%


$24,964 65.9%


$24,964 50.5%




$24,432 50.4%

700Memphis, TN

metro area$26,774 54.9%

701Morristown, TN


than 10percent

702

Nashville/Davidson/


$27,597 41.4%

703

Nashville/Davidson/


$27,597 55.2%

704Rural

Tennessee$24,444 57.1%

705Rural


706Rural


707Rural

Tennessee$24,444 less

than 10percent


$24,388 50.4%

709Stewart


$23,887 65.5%




$24,475 50.0%


$24,475 15.3%

713Aransas


$25,452 22.0%

714Atascosa


$24,920 33.5%


$26,245 39.2%

716



$29,904 56.1%

717Beaumont/Port



718Beaumont/Port


$26,206 14.3%

719Brazoria


$28,620 44.5%

720Brownsville/



721Calhoun


$27,345 19.6%

722College


$29,553 55.6%


$26,554 24.0%

724Dallas, TX

metro area$27,617 31.7%

725Dallas, TX


than 10percent


$26,413 19.7%


$26,413 15.7%

728Fort Worth/


$28,388 66.5%

729


area

$27,803 42.7%

730Kendall


$27,622 41.0%

731

Killeen/Temple/Fort

Hood, TXmetro area





$26,819

734Longview, TX

metro area$28,362 35.0%


$25,657 16.9%


$25,657 19.2%

737

McAllen/Edinburg/


$23,838 11.5%

738Medina


$26,019 36.6%


$26,339 17.8%


$26,339 46.0%


$28,596 61.3%

742Rural Texas $26,235 less

than 10percent


than 10percent

744 Rural Texas $26,235 33.9%


than 10percent

746 Rural Texas $26,235 17.7%

747 Rural Texas $26,235 14.6%

748Rusk County,

TX metro area$25,222 27.5%

749San Angelo, TX

metro area$24,576

750San Antonio/


$26,416 37.7%

751Sherman/



752Texarkana, TX


than 10percent

753Tyler, TX metro

area$27,949 50.9%


$26,145 18.3%

755Waco, TX


than 10percent

756Waco, TX

metro area$24,683 33.8%

757Wichita Falls,


758Wise County,



$27,472 59.9%

760Ogden/


$25,986

761Ogden/


$25,986 55.5%

762Provo/Orem,

UT metro area$26,215 78.6%

763 Rural Utah $27,816 34.8%





$28,544 64.8%

768St. George, UT


than 90percent

769Summit


$30,684 69.6%


$27,273 61.9%

771



$27,437 27.7%

772



$27,437 47.1%


$29,921 58.1%


$29,921 29.8%


$24,248 77.3%

776Franklin


$25,314 23.6%

777Giles County,

VA metro area$28,168 30.3%




$25,317 31.8%


$29,833 39.7%

781Lynchburg, VA

metro area$27,056 31.6%


$28,849 32.8%

783Richmond, VA

metro area$33,289 44.9%


$27,273 33.9%

785 Rural Virginia $28,610 49.8%




789



$36,671 77.7%


$32,981 50.9%

791

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$42,815 83.9%

792

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC

$42,815 77.0%

793Winchester, VA

metro area$28,478 56.9%

794

Burlington/South


$38,039 82.5%

795

Burlington/South


$38,039 82.5%

796 Rural Vermont $32,574 76.9%

797 Rural Vermont $32,574 52.5%

798 Rural Vermont $32,574 76.9%

799Bellingham,

WA metro area$27,611 38.4%

800Bremerton/


$27,782 43.9%

801

Kennewick/Pasco/


$26,558 41.0%

802 Asotin County $25,434 63.4%

803Longview, WA

metro area$24,404 34.9%


metro area

$28,379 64.0%



806

Portland/Vancouver/


$30,141 59.4%

807Rural

Washington$26,752 56.8%

808Rural


809Rural


810Rural


811Seattle/


$32,122 61.5%

812Spokane, WA

metro area$24,913 34.0%

813Spokane, WA

metro area$24,913 64.1%


$29,224 68.5%

815

Wenatchee/East


$25,508 16.4%


$25,178 42.2%

817Appleton, WI

metro area$24,218 57.9%

818Columbia


$26,006 45.5%

819DouglasCounty

$27,854 43.5%

820Eau Claire, WI

metro area$27,112 45.5%

821Fond du Lac,

WI metro area$24,425 76.3%

822Green Bay, WI

metro area$25,024 78.9%


$28,580 62.1%

824Janesville, WI

metro area$25,778 63.1%

825Kenosha


$30,930 57.0%

826La Crosse, WI

metro area$25,126 44.8%


$29,422 67.9%


$29,422 88.2%

829

Milwaukee/Waukesha/


$28,099 74.1%

830Oconto


$27,424 85.3%

831Oshkosh/




$28,016 50.7%

833Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 53.8%

834Rural


835Rural


836Rural


837Rural


838Sheboygan, WI

metro area$26,264 79.5%


$26,532 70.7%


$27,073 35.3%

841Charleston, WV

metro area$28,331 37.1%

842 Mineral County $27,209 57.5%

843Huntington,

WV metro area$23,893 30.8%

844Huntington,


845Jefferson


$29,609 40.5%

846Martinsburg,


847Morgantown,



$25,436 27.9%

849Rural West

Virginia$27,774 75.5%

850Rural West

Virginia$27,774 27.6%


$25,158 31.5%

852Wheeling, WV

metro area$25,931 38.9%

853Winchester,



$27,725 40.3%

855Cheyenne, WY

metro area$27,945 71.3%

856 Rural Wyoming $30,553 33.5%

857 Rural Wyoming $30,553 76.6%

858 Rural Wyoming $30,553 37.0%

859 Rural Wyoming $30,553 44.7%

care to meet their child care needs. And some rely on resources other than wages to make ends meet. Nearly half (46percent) of child care workers are in families that rely on one or more public support program each year, compared with25 percent of the overall workforce (Whitebook, Phillips, and Howes 2014).7 However, only one-quarter of child careworkers with hourly wages of at least $15.00 participated in a public support program.

ConclusionThis paper has detailed that child care workers receive compensation so low that many are unable to make ends meet.At the same time, it has been well documented that the cost of high-quality child care puts it out of reach of many



FIGURE D

Share of other child care workers who cannot afford their localone-person budget

Note: Budgets are the amount required for one person to secure a modest yet adequate standard of living in his or her commu-nity. The OES earnings data provide wages for substate areas at several points in the wage distribution: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th,and 90th percentiles. To calculate the percent of the worker wage distribution that falls below the local one-person family budget,we linearly interpolate between the two values surrounding the appropriate family budget threshold. For family budget thresholdsthat lie above the 90th percentile of the wage distribution, we cannot reasonably estimate without stronger distribution assumption.Therefore, we simply characterize those areas as ones where at least 90 percent of workers have earnings below their local familybudget threshold, or less than 10 percent are above. Gray areas denote locales for which earnings data are unavailable.


case_id

OES MSAname (with

MSAdivisions)

Localone-person

budget

Sharewho

cannotaffordtheirlocal

budget

1Anchorage, AK


than 90percent

2Fairbanks, AK

metro area$33,042 73.58%

3

Matanuska/Susitna



4 Rural Alaska $31,712 76.37%

5 Rural Alaska $31,712 77.56%



7Auburn/



8Birmingham/



9Chilton



10Russell County $27,046 more

than 90percent




$24,626 88.92%

13Florence/







16Huntsville, AL


than 90percent





19 Rural Alabama $26,875 77.69%

20Rural Alabama $26,875 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

24Tuscaloosa, AL


than 90percent

25Tuscaloosa, AL


than 90percent



27



28Fort Smith, AR


than 90percent

29Franklin





31Hot Springs,

AR metro area$26,015 more

than 90percent

32Jonesboro, AR


than 90percent

33




34Crittenden

County$28,537 more

than 90percent

35Pine Bluff, AR


than 90percent

36Poinsett



37Rural Arkansas $26,689 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

41Texarkana, AR


than 90percent

42Texarkana, AR


than 90percent



44Lake Havasu



45Phoenix/Mesa/





47Rural Arizona $27,604 more

than 90percent

48 Rural Arizona $27,604 84.97%



50Yuma, AZ


than 90percent


$29,265 86.72%

52Chico, CA

metro area$26,887 76.09%





55Hanford/




CA metro area


57Madera/


$28,009 86.19%


$27,170 83.65%


$28,339 78.84%

60Napa, CA

metro area$34,775 87.66%

61Oakland/



62Orange



63

Oxnard/Thousand





65


$32,085 81.02%

66 Rural California $31,199

67Rural California $31,199 more

than 90percent

68Rural California $31,199 more

than 90percent



71



$32,023 87.14%




$31,942 59.32%

74






76

San Jose/Sunnyvale/



77

San LuisObispo/Paso


$34,424 88.26%

78




79Santa Cruz/



80Santa Rosa/


$35,077 81.97%


$29,563 72.84%

82Vallejo/



83Visalia/


$28,750 69.76%

84Yolo, CA metro

area$32,148 87.49%

85Yuba City, CA

metro area$26,981 76.28%



87Colorado


$26,899 80.17%

88

Denver/Aurora/


$28,829 71.64%

89Fort Collins/


$28,739 84.12%

90Grand


$26,865 81.16%




$25,368 82.59%

93Rural Colorado $31,576 more

than 90percent





$29,006 86.10%

98Bridgeport, CT


than 90percent

99Colchester/





101


$33,080 84.66%

102



103


$33,080 84.66%

104



105



106


$33,080 84.66%

107

Milford/Ansonia/


$37,214 88.85%


$34,861 88.85%


$34,861 88.85%

110Norwich/New



111Norwich/New



112Rural


113Rural


114Rural


115Rural


116



117Stamford/



118Waterbury, CT

metro area$28,926 88.85%

119Washington,

DC$42,119 more

than 90percent

120Dover, DE


than 90percent

121Wilmington,

DE metro area$34,408 more

than 90percent

122Rural Delaware $31,374 more

than 90percent


$28,156 88.18%

124Cape Coral/



125




126




127

Deltona/Daytona


metro area

$27,384 88.31%

128Fort



129Gainesville, FL


than 90percent

130Jacksonville, FL


than 90percent

131Lakeland/



132Miami/Miami



133Miami/Miami



134Naples/Marco



135


$30,901 83.31%

136Ocala, FL

metro area$26,506 78.65%

137



138


$27,142 84.31%

139Palm Coast, FL


than 90percent

140


Beach, FLmetro area


141


Beach, FLmetro area


142


Brent, FL metroarea





$26,516 76.61%

145Rural Florida $29,488 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

148Sebastian/Vero

Beach, FLmetro area


149Tallahassee, FL


than 90percent

150




151Wakulla



152

West PalmBeach/Boca

Raton, FLmetro area




154Athens/Clarke



155




156




157Augusta/



158Augusta/



159Brunswick, GA


than 90percent

160Butts County,

GA metro area$31,289 more

than 90percent

161Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties


162Catoos, Dade,

and WalkerCounties


163Columbus, GA


than 90percent


$28,528 86.87%

165Gainesville, GA


than 90percent

166Haralson


$27,980 86.56%

167Hinesville/Fort




$28,553 88.15%

169Long County,

GA metro area$28,421 more

than 90percent




$28,553 88.15%

172Monroe




$29,593 89.39%

174Rome, GA


than 90percent

175Rural Georgia $29,863 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

179Savannah, GA


than 90percent









184Rural Hawaii $36,288 more

than 90percent

185Ames, IA metro

area$26,574 more

than 90percent

186Benton









190

Des Moines/West Des











195Rural Iowa $26,478 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent







202Waterloo/









206Idaho Falls, ID


than 90percent

207Idaho Falls, ID


than 90percent



209FranklinCounty



$23,497 87.65%

211Rural Idaho $27,557 more

than 90percent

212 Rural Idaho $27,557 75.34%

213 Rural Idaho $27,557 79.27%


than 90percent


than 90percent

216Bloomington/



217Bloomington/


$29,540 89.27%


$27,080 89.57%

219Alexander

County$26,874 more

than 90percent

220Champaign/



221Chicago/Joliet/


$31,334 85.59%

222Chicago/Joliet/





224Rock Island, IL


than 90percent


$25,031 77.11%

226DeKalb County,

IL metro area$27,955 73.03%

227Grundy


$27,296 69.48%


$25,121 77.61%

229Kendall


$28,455 75.48%


$26,787 88.51%

231Peoria, IL


than 90percent



233 Rural Illinois $27,471 89.57%

234 Rural Illinois $27,471 85.93%

235 Rural Illinois $27,471 77.55%

236 Rural Illinois $27,471 84.19%

237Springfield, IL

metro area$26,406 83.76%









242Indiana



243Indiana


$26,179 80.50%

244Columbus, IN

metro area$29,928 86.30%

245Elkhart/


$26,563 80.21%

246Evansville, IN


than 90percent

247Fort Wayne, IN


than 90percent

248Gary, IN metro

area$26,886 more

than 90percent





251Indianapolis, IN


than 90percent






$28,215 86.33%

255Indiana



256Indiana


$26,322 82.21%

257Michigan City/







260Putnam



261Rural Indiana $26,906 more

than 90percent

262 Rural Indiana $26,906 82.68%


than 90percent


than 90percent

265South Bend/



266Sullivan



267Terre Haute, IN


than 90percent


$26,766 83.05%

269Franklin



270Kansas City, KS


than 90percent

271Lawrence, KS


than 90percent

272Manhattan, KS


than 90percent

273 Rural Kansas $26,279 84.58%

274St. Joseph, KS


than 90percent

275Sumner




$24,052 82.68%


$24,876 82.32%


$24,876 87.36%





281Kentucky


$25,547 78.60%





284Henderson

County$27,089 more

than 90percent


$26,282 80.81%




$25,856 84.01%


$26,280 82.13%


$26,596 82.73%


$26,168 81.92%

291Owensboro, KY

metro area$25,039 89.45%

292Rural Kentucky $26,338 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


$28,198 85.77%

297Alexandria, LA


than 90percent



299

Houma/BayouCane/








$27,110 88.27%





305




306




307Rural Louisiana $28,558 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

311Shreveport/



312Shreveport/




metro area

$33,807 70.08%


metro area

$33,807 70.08%

315Berkshire


$32,087 87.49%

316Berkshire


$32,087 87.49%

317Berkshire


$32,087 87.49%

318


$39,358 86.46%

319



320


$39,358 86.46%

321


$39,358 62.22%

322



323


$39,358 62.22%

324


$39,358 86.46%

325



326



327Brockton, MA


than 90percent

328

EasternWorcester


$32,004 47.34%

329Easton/


$38,261 88.47%

330Fitchburg/


$27,523 62.22%

331Franklin


$31,480 73.33%

332Franklin


$31,480 73.33%

333Franklin


$31,480 73.33%

334Lawrence, MA


than 90percent


$33,919 62.22%

336New Bedford,

MA metro area$30,570 88.47%

337Pittsfield, MA

metro area$27,523 87.49%

338Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$30,797 88.47%

339Providence/Fall

River, MAmetro area

$30,797 88.47%

340Rural

Massachusetts$37,807 more

than 90percent

341Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 68.32%

342Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 80.49%

343Springfield, MA

metro area$30,397 80.49%

344


$33,235 86.46%

345

WesternWorcester


$28,504 47.34%

346Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 47.34%

347Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 47.34%

348Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 47.34%

349Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 47.34%

350Worcester, MA

metro area$29,922 47.34%

351Baltimore/





353Cumberland,


354Hagerstown,

MD metro area$28,274 more

than 90percent

355Cecil County $32,523 more

than 90percent

356Rural Maryland $32,271 more

than 90percent


358Rural Maryland $32,271 more

than 90percent

359Salisbury, MD

metro area$26,235 79.41%

360Salisbury, MD


than 90percent

361Somerset



362

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC

$41,424 88.73%

363

Marylandsuburbs of

Washington,DC



$29,840 72.15%





367Lewiston/


$27,417 88.62%

368Lewiston/


$27,417 88.62%


$26,764 72.15%


$26,764 72.15%



372 Rural Maine $30,594 89.20%

373 Rural Maine $30,594 89.20%

374Rural Maine $30,594 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent



378York County,

ME metro area$29,354 more

than 90percent

379York County,


than 90percent

380York County,


than 90percent

381York County,


than 90percent

382York/Kittery/



383Ann Arbor, MI


than 90percent


$25,527 72.90%

385Battle Creek,

MI metro area$24,706 more

than 90percent



387Cass County,

MI metro area$26,334 more

than 90percent

388

Detroit/Warren/


$26,072 76.35%

389

Detroit/Warren/


$26,072 78.42%

390Flint, MI metro

area$25,033 more

than 90percent


metro area

$26,807


metro area

$26,807 76.65%


metro area


394Holland/Grand

Haven, MImetro area

$29,626


$26,184 75.38%






$26,285 78.79%


$26,834 80.30%


$26,390 84.07%

401Muskegon/


$23,206 78.69%

402Newaygo


$27,637 78.35%

403Niles/Benton


$26,098 76.66%

404 Rural Michigan $27,949

405Rural Michigan $27,949 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

408

Saginaw/Saginaw

TownshipNorth, MI

metro area



$24,143 79.56%

410 Clay County $23,801 86.73%

411Polk County $27,256 more

than 90percent

412HoustonCounty


413

Mankato/North


$24,999 78.26%

414




415




416



$27,224 74.90%

417




418Rochester, MN


than 90percent

419Rochester, MN

metro area$28,857 81.65%

420Rural

Minnesota$25,872 more

than 90percent

421Rural

Minnesota$25,872 81.19%

422Rural

Minnesota$25,872 more

than 90percent

423Rural

Minnesota$25,872 82.24%

424St. Cloud, MN

metro area$27,278 88.95%

425Wabasha


$27,144 75.28%

426Bates County,


427Calloway


$27,750 89.77%

428Cape



429Columbia, MO


than 90percent



431Jefferson City,




433Kansas City,

MO metro area$27,373 more

than 90percent

434McDonald



435Moniteau


$26,256 85.96%

436Polk County,


than 90percent

437 Rural Missouri $26,634 86.19%

438Rural Missouri $26,634 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

442Springfield,


than 90percent

443St. Joseph, MO


than 90percent









448Hattiesburg,

MS metro area$29,078 more

than 90percent





451Marshall







454Pascagoula, MS


than 90percent

455Pascagoula, MS


than 90percent

456Rural

Mississippi$28,181 more

than 90percent

457Rural


than 90percent

458Rural


than 90percent

459Rural


than 90percent

460Simpson



461Tate County,

MS metro area$29,850 more

than 90percent




$25,823 83.57%


$25,823 77.76%



466Great Falls, MT


than 90percent



468 Rural Montana $27,606 89.06%

469Rural Montana $27,606 more

than 90percent

470 Rural Montana $27,606 80.20%

471 Rural Montana $27,606 83.31%



473Asheville, NC

metro area$26,338 65.72%

474Burlington, NC


than 90percent

475Charlotte/



476Charlotte/



477Durham/


$29,041 85.96%

478Fayetteville, NC


than 90percent

479Goldsboro, NC


than 90percent



481Greensboro/



482Greenville, NC


than 90percent

483Haywood


$28,052 73.63%

484

Hickory/Lenoir/





486Jacksonville,

NC metro area$30,350 more

than 90percent




$27,785 83.38%

489Raleigh/Cary,


than 90percent





492Rural North

Carolina$29,438 more

than 90percent

493Rural North


than 90percent

494Rural North


than 90percent

495Rural North


than 90percent

496




497




498Wilmington,


than 90percent




$29,144 82.16%

501Bismarck, ND

metro area$26,353 80.43%

502Bismarck, ND

metro area$26,353 75.33%

503Fargo, ND


than 90percent

504Grand Forks,

ND metro area$25,176 more

than 90percent

505Rural North

Dakota$30,007 82.63%

506Rural North

Dakota$30,007 more

than 90percent

507Rural North

Dakota$30,007 more

than 90percent

508Rural North

Dakota$30,007 88.19%





511Rural Nebraska $25,748 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

515Saunders



516Seward



517Sioux City, NE


than 90percent


Counties












524


Lawrence, MA


525Manchester,


526Manchester,


527Manchester,




529Portsmouth/






$31,558 87.25%




$31,558 87.25%



535



536



537





539Bergen/



540Bergen/



541Jersey City, NJ


than 90percent

542

Middlesex/Somerset/



543Monmouth/

Ocean, NJmetro area




545Ocean City, NJ


than 90percent







549

Vineland/Millville/





551Albuquerque,

NM metro area$26,287 more

than 90percent

552Farmington,

NM metro area$26,387 more

than 90percent

553Las Cruces, NM


than 90percent

554Rural New

Mexico$27,182 more

than 90percent

555Rural New

Mexico$27,182 more

than 90percent

556Rural New

Mexico$27,182 more

than 90percent

557Rural New

Mexico$27,182

558Santa Fe, NM

metro area$31,357 80.30%

559Carson City, NV

metro area$28,521 77.93%

560Las Vegas/



561Reno/Sparks,

NV metro area$28,667 79.59%

562 Rural Nevada $29,034 88.80%

563 Rural Nevada $29,034 47.51%

564


area

$31,547 87.48%

565Binghamton,

NY metro area$29,037 more

than 90percent

566Buffalo/


$28,048 87.34%


$29,013 88.62%

568Glens Falls, NY


than 90percent







572New York, NY


than 90percent

573New York, NY


than 90percent

574




575Rochester, NY

metro area$28,774 83.90%

576Rochester, NY


than 90percent

577Rural New York $30,684 more

than 90percent

578Rural New York $30,684 more

than 90percent

579 Rural New York $30,684 55.69%

580 Rural New York $30,684 86.22%


$28,994 85.49%

582Utica/Rome,


583Utica/Rome,

NY metro area$30,909 more

than 90percent




$25,990 75.47%


$25,107 77.27%

587Canton/



588Cincinnati/


$25,403 78.17%

589Cleveland/


$26,106 84.77%

590Columbus, OH


than 90percent

591Columbus, OH


than 90percent

592Columbus, OH

metro area$27,193 87.24%



594Lawrence

County$24,172 more

than 90percent

595Lima, OH


than 90percent

596Mansfield, OH

metro area$25,657 82.37%





599Rural Ohio $26,608 more

than 90percent

600 Rural Ohio $26,608 73.40%

601Rural Ohio $26,608 more

than 90percent

602 Rural Ohio $26,608 89.82%

603Sandusky, OH


than 90percent

604Springfield, OH

metro area$26,495 61.38%




$24,324 75.52%


$26,882 86.19%

608Wheeling, OH


than 90percent

609

Youngstown/Warren/


$25,567 81.77%

610Sequoyah

County$26,318 more

than 90percent

611Sequoyah

County$26,318 84.54%

612Sequoyah

County$26,318 more

than 90percent


$23,156 84.88%





616Le Flore



617Lincoln






$24,212 84.56%

620Pawnee


$24,650 89.65%

621Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 more

than 90percent

622Rural


than 90percent

623Rural

Oklahoma$25,618 82.19%

624Rural


than 90percent

625Tulsa, OK

metro area$25,315 89.65%

626Bend, OR

metro area$28,053 82.33%



628Eugene/


$26,958 85.95%


$29,284 77.10%

630

Portland/Vancouver/



631 Rural Oregon $27,240 84.71%

632 Rural Oregon $27,240 76.72%

633 Rural Oregon $27,240 78.87%

634Rural Oregon $27,240 more

than 90percent



636






$23,005 72.37%

639Erie, PA metro

area$24,535 more

than 90percent



641Johnstown, PA


than 90percent

642Lancaster, PA


than 90percent





645Pike County, PA


than 90percent

646Pittsburgh, PA

metro area$27,124 85.51%


$26,925 87.00%

648Rural


649Rural


650Rural

Pennsylvania$27,357 more

than 90percent

651Rural

Pennsylvania$27,357 more

than 90percent

652Scranton/




$25,766 82.29%







657

Newport/Middleton/


$35,425 87.85%


area

$30,522 87.85%

659

Westerly/Hopkinton/

NewShoreham, RI

metro area

$29,778

660Anderson, SC


than 90percent



662

Charleston/North



663

Rock Hill,Chester,



664

Rock Hill,Chester,



665Columbia, SC


than 90percent





668


metro area


669Kershaw



670Laurens



671




672Rural South


than 90percent

673Rural South


than 90percent

674Rural South

Carolina$28,423 85.43%

675Rural South


than 90percent


$25,242 85.90%







680Rapid City, SD


than 90percent

681Rapid City, SD


than 90percent

682Rural South

Dakota$26,554 more

than 90percent

683Rural South

Dakota$26,554 more

than 90percent

684Rural South

Dakota$26,554 more

than 90percent

685Sioux City, SD


than 90percent

686Sioux Falls, SD


than 90percent


$24,054 89.14%

688Clarksville, TN


than 90percent

689Cleveland, TN


than 90percent

690Hickman


$25,531 77.93%


$23,182 82.68%














$24,964 82.16%


$24,432 75.78%

700Memphis, TN

metro area$26,774 89.44%

701Morristown, TN

metro area$23,458 79.75%

702

Nashville/Davidson/


$27,597 86.58%

703

Nashville/Davidson/


$27,597 81.97%

704Rural

Tennessee$24,444 more

than 90percent

705Rural


than 90percent

706Rural

Tennessee$24,444 82.05%

707Rural


than 90percent


$24,388 75.70%

709Stewart









713Aransas


$25,452 88.42%

714Atascosa


$24,920 85.80%



716



$29,904 89.82%

717Beaumont/Port



718Beaumont/Port



719Brazoria



720Brownsville/



721Calhoun



722College





724Dallas, TX

metro area$27,617 87.46%

725Dallas, TX


than 90percent




$26,413 76.52%

728Fort Worth/



729


area


730Kendall



731

Killeen/Temple/Fort

Hood, TXmetro area






734Longview, TX


than 90percent





737

McAllen/Edinburg/



738Medina


$26,019 89.78%




$26,339 89.17%



742Rural Texas $26,235 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

747 Rural Texas $26,235 76.20%

748Rusk County,

TX metro area$25,222 more

than 90percent

749San Angelo, TX


than 90percent

750San Antonio/



751Sherman/



752Texarkana, TX


than 90percent

753Tyler, TX metro

area$27,949 more

than 90percent



755Waco, TX


than 90percent

756Waco, TX


than 90percent

757Wichita Falls,


than 90percent

758Wise County,


than 90percent



760Ogden/



761Ogden/



762Provo/Orem,

UT metro area$26,215 more

than 90percent

763Rural Utah $27,816 more

than 90percent


than 90percent


than 90percent

766 Rural Utah $27,816 85.91%


$28,544 80.57%

768St. George, UT


than 90percent

769Summit


$30,684 85.90%


$27,273 77.40%

771



$27,437 87.45%

772





$29,921 88.39%





776Franklin


$25,314 86.35%

777Giles County,

VA metro area$28,168 89.80%







781Lynchburg, VA


than 90percent



783Richmond, VA


than 90percent



785Rural Virginia $28,610 more

than 90percent

786 Rural Virginia $28,610 85.36%


than 90percent


than 90percent

789





$32,981 85.67%

791

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC


792

Virginiasuburbs of

Washington,DC


793Winchester, VA


than 90percent

794

Burlington/South



795

Burlington/South



796Rural Vermont $32,574 more

than 90percent

797 Rural Vermont $32,574 86.68%

798Rural Vermont $32,574 more

than 90percent

799Bellingham,

WA metro area$27,611 more

than 90percent

800Bremerton/


$27,782 85.58%

801

Kennewick/Pasco/


$26,558 82.68%

802Asotin County $25,434 more

than 90percent

803Longview, WA

metro area$24,404 73.68%


metro area




806

Portland/Vancouver/


$30,141 88.69%

807Rural

Washington$26,752

808Rural

Washington$26,752

809Rural


810Rural

Washington$26,752 more

than 90percent

811Seattle/


$32,122 85.13%

812Spokane, WA

metro area$24,913

813Spokane, WA

metro area$24,913 87.42%


$29,224 86.58%

815

Wenatchee/East


$25,508 61.57%


$25,178

817Appleton, WI

metro area$24,218 77.46%

818Columbia


$26,006 71.52%

819DouglasCounty


820Eau Claire, WI


than 90percent

821Fond du Lac,

WI metro area$24,425 83.92%

822Green Bay, WI

metro area$25,024 75.41%


$28,580 78.99%

824Janesville, WI

metro area$25,778 87.14%

825Kenosha



826La Crosse, WI


than 90percent


$29,422 80.73%



829

Milwaukee/Waukesha/


$28,099 87.68%

830Oconto


$27,424 83.32%

831Oshkosh/




$28,016 82.10%

833Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 more

than 90percent

834Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 82.72%

835Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 88.39%

836Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 88.31%

837Rural

Wisconsin$27,645 more

than 90percent

838Sheboygan, WI


than 90percent





841Charleston, WV


than 90percent

842 Mineral County $27,209 78.46%

843Huntington,

WV metro area$23,893 more

than 90percent

844Huntington,


than 90percent

845Jefferson


$29,609 77.93%

846Martinsburg,


847Morgantown,


than 90percent



849Rural West

Virginia$27,774 more

than 90percent

850Rural West

Virginia$27,774 more

than 90percent



852Wheeling, WV


than 90percent

853Winchester,


than 90percent


$27,725 87.38%

855Cheyenne, WY


than 90percent

856 Rural Wyoming $30,553 88.69%

857Rural Wyoming $30,553 more

than 90percent

858Rural Wyoming $30,553 more

than 90percent

859 Rural Wyoming $30,553 73.69%

workers and their families (Gould and Cooke 2015). It is abundantly clear that the unaffordability of child care is notdriven by excessively lavish pay in the sector.

As society looks for ways to make child care more affordable for American families, it is crucial to keep in mind that inthe child care sector—unlike in other sectors—it is impossible to improve productivity (and hence decrease costs) with-out lowering quality. For example, increasing the ratio of children to the workers who care for them would register as aproductivity improvement in a narrow-minded accounting framework, but boosting this ratio would conflict with thedesire to provide high-quality care. Simply put, high-quality, dependable child care is not an inexpensive proposition,



FIGURE E

Share of median preschool worker earnings required to pay forcenter-based infant care


State

Annualmedian

wage

Annualinfantcarecost

Infantcare asa share

ofannualmedian

wage

Annual4-year-oldcare cost

4-year-oldcare as ashare ofannualmedian

wage

Alabama $25,700 $5,664 22.0% $5,993 23.3%

Alaska $35,260 $10,497 29.8% $8,458 24.0%

Arizona $22,570 $9,359 41.5% $7,489 33.2%

Arkansas $26,440 $6,058 22.9% $5,048 19.1%

California $31,190 $11,873 38.1% $8,270 26.5%

Colorado $28,740 $13,420 46.7% $10,079 35.1%

Connecticut $30,500 $13,520 44.3% $11,238 36.8%

Delaware $23,280 $9,249 39.7% $7,360 31.6%

WashingtonD.C.

$34,070 $22,411 65.8% $17,669 51.9%

Florida $23,580 $8,553 36.3% $6,787 28.8%

Georgia $28,920 $7,173 24.8% $6,072 21.0%

Hawaii $30,920 $11,996 38.8% $9,003 29.1%

Idaho $22,590 $6,620 29.3% $6,514 28.8%

Illinois $27,380 $12,833 46.9% $9,496 34.7%

Indiana $24,030 $8,456 35.2% $6,584 27.4%

Iowa $24,100 $9,379 38.9% $8,071 33.5%

Kansas $26,590 $11,014 41.4% $7,776 29.2%

Kentucky $36,960 $6,325 17.1% $6,097 16.5%

Louisiana $34,390 $5,774 16.8% $4,985 14.5%

Maine $27,750 $9,557 34.4% $8,495 30.6%

Maryland $28,330 $14,190 50.1% $9,690 34.2%

Massachusetts $32,430 $16,898 52.1% $12,580 38.8%

Michigan $27,520 $9,929 36.1% $8,124 29.5%

Minnesota $32,770 $14,288 43.6% $11,040 33.7%

Mississippi $23,400 $5,612 24.0% $4,901 20.9%

Missouri $23,640 $8,920 37.7% $6,202 26.2%

Montana $24,640 $9,045 36.7% $7,970 32.3%

Nebraska $28,330 $9,292 32.8% $7,964 28.1%

Nevada $22,850 $10,308 45.1% $8,381 36.7%

NewHampshire

$26,980 $12,152 45.0% $9,826 36.4%

New Jersey $32,400 $11,777 36.3% $9,747 30.1%

New Mexico $26,070 $7,682 29.5% $7,013 26.9%

New York $34,000 $14,814 43.6% $12,539 36.9%

NorthCarolina

$24,160 $9,299 38.5% $7,628 31.6%

North Dakota $29,930 $8,037 26.9% $7,298 24.4%

Ohio $23,420 $7,935 33.9% $6,624 28.3%

Oklahoma $29,400 $7,904 26.9% $5,882 20.0%

Oregon $26,370 $11,312 42.9% $8,797 33.4%

Pennsylvania $24,810 $10,691 43.1% $8,911 35.9%

Rhode Island $29,980 $12,929 43.1% $10,619 35.4%

SouthCarolina

$21,910 $6,506 29.7% $5,499 25.1%

South Dakota $28,680 $5,688 19.8% $5,431 18.9%

Tennessee $23,770 $5,980 25.2% $4,610 19.4%

Texas $31,800 $8,801 27.7% $6,783 21.3%

Utah $22,300 $8,222 36.9% $6,237 28.0%

Vermont $28,670 $10,316 36.0% $10,280 35.9%

Virginia $31,780 $10,239 32.2% $7,858 24.7%

Washington $27,420 $12,592 45.9% $9,502 34.7%

West Virginia $26,950 $7,964 29.6% $6,902 25.6%

Wisconsin $23,530 $11,581 49.2% $9,498 40.4%

Wyoming $26,200 $9,428 36.0% $8,081 30.8%

and this is especially true if we care about the quality of the child care workforce and their economic security. Yet thishigh-quality care is something every child and family in the United States deserves.

Policies to solve the dual problem of low child care worker pay and issues of access and affordability, while ensuringhigh-quality care, should be considered at all levels of government. Possible solutions should be at the scale of the prob-lem, and can include strategies such as more-widely-available income-based subsidies or the public provision of high-quality child care. Such solutions would ensure that high-quality child care is widely accessible, and would provide theresources to raise wages and improve job quality for the nation’s child care workers.



FIGURE F

Share of median preschool worker earnings required to pay forcenter-based 4-year-old care


— This paper would not be possible without the outstanding research assistance in a multitude of areas provided by Tanyell

Cooke and Will Kimball, and Chris Frazier for his map creation skills. The author would also like to acknowledge Dan

Essrow for his acute skill at encouraging the display of understandable facts and Heidi Shierholz for the example set by herpaper on in-home workers.

About the authorElise Gould, senior economist, joined EPI in 2003 and is the institute’s director of health policy research. Her researchareas include wages, poverty, economic mobility, and health care. She is a co-author of The State of Working America,12th Edition. In the past, she has authored a chapter on health in The State of Working America 2008/09; co-authored a



FIGURE G

Share of median earnings of other child care workers required topay for center-based infant care


State

Annualmedian

wage

Annualinfant

care cost

Infantcare asa share

ofannualmedian

wage

Annual4-year-oldcare cost

4-year-oldcare as ashare ofannualmedian

wage

Alabama $17,990 $5,663.92 31.5% $5,992.71 33.3%

Alaska $24,090 $10,496.69 43.6% $8,457.60 35.1%

Arizona $19,020 $9,359.21 49.2% $7,488.59 39.4%

Arkansas $17,940 $6,058.06 33.8% $5,048.21 28.1%

California $23,090 $11,873.11 51.4% $8,269.72 35.8%

Colorado $22,970 $13,420.04 58.4% $10,079.07 43.9%

Connecticut $21,840 $13,520.11 61.9% $11,237.99 51.5%

Delaware $20,210 $9,248.93 45.8% $7,359.94 36.4%

WashingtonD.C.

$24,990 $22,410.64 89.7% $17,668.75 70.7%

Florida $19,230 $8,552.56 44.5% $6,787.11 35.3%

Georgia $18,910 $7,173.08 37.9% $6,072.36 32.1%

Hawaii $18,230 $11,995.64 65.8% $9,002.85 49.4%

Idaho $17,950 $6,619.65 36.9% $6,514.48 36.3%

Illinois $21,820 $12,832.92 58.8% $9,496.03 43.5%

Indiana $19,040 $8,455.55 44.4% $6,583.92 34.6%

Iowa $18,260 $9,378.61 51.4% $8,070.61 44.2%

Kansas $18,860 $11,014.38 58.4% $7,775.52 41.2%

Kentucky $18,660 $6,324.56 33.9% $6,096.86 32.7%

Louisiana $18,190 $5,774.20 31.7% $4,984.91 27.4%

Maine $20,660 $9,557.30 46.3% $8,495.38 41.1%

Maryland $20,500 $14,189.93 69.2% $9,690.04 47.3%

Massachusetts $25,050 $16,897.84 67.5% $12,579.69 50.2%

Michigan $19,640 $9,928.97 50.6% $8,123.70 41.4%

Minnesota $22,200 $14,287.96 64.4% $11,039.91 49.7%

Mississippi $17,970 $5,611.85 31.2% $4,901.18 27.3%

Missouri $18,580 $8,920.15 48.0% $6,202.03 33.4%

Montana $19,070 $9,044.72 47.4% $7,969.52 41.8%

Nebraska $18,790 $9,291.82 49.5% $7,964.42 42.4%

Nevada $19,670 $10,307.79 52.4% $8,381.02 42.6%

NewHampshire

$21,310 $12,151.86 57.0% $9,825.84 46.1%

New Jersey $21,510 $11,777.12 54.8% $9,747.22 45.3%

New Mexico $18,330 $7,681.58 41.9% $7,012.77 38.3%

New York $25,100 $14,813.81 59.0% $12,538.85 50.0%

NorthCarolina

$19,430 $9,298.97 47.9% $7,628.48 39.3%

North Dakota $18,780 $8,036.91 42.8% $7,297.65 38.9%

Ohio $19,500 $7,934.80 40.7% $6,623.74 34.0%

Oklahoma $18,580 $7,904.17 42.5% $5,882.44 31.7%

Oregon $20,850 $11,311.51 54.3% $8,796.59 42.2%

Pennsylvania $19,220 $10,690.70 55.6% $8,910.96 46.4%

Rhode Island $20,300 $12,928.90 63.7% $10,619.22 52.3%

SouthCarolina

$17,950 $6,506.31 36.2% $5,498.51 30.6%

South Dakota $18,580 $5,688.43 30.6% $5,431.12 29.2%

Tennessee $18,530 $5,980.46 32.3% $4,610.17 24.9%

Texas $18,730 $8,800.68 47.0% $6,783.03 36.2%

Utah $19,540 $8,221.73 42.1% $6,236.75 31.9%

Vermont $23,050 $10,315.96 44.8% $10,280.22 44.6%

Virginia $19,030 $10,239.38 53.8% $7,858.22 41.3%

Washington $22,130 $12,591.95 56.9% $9,502.16 42.9%

West Virginia $18,180 $7,964.42 43.8% $6,902.49 38.0%

Wisconsin $20,100 $11,581.08 57.6% $9,498.08 47.3%

Wyoming $20,690 $9,427.62 45.6% $8,080.82 39.1%

book on health insurance coverage in retirement; published in venues such as The Chronicle of Higher Education, Chal-lenge Magazine, and Tax Notes; and written for academic journals including Health Economics, Health Affairs, Journal ofAging and Social Policy, Risk Management & Insurance Review, Environmental Health Perspectives, and International Jour-nal of Health Services. She holds a master’s in public affairs from the University of Texas at Austin and a Ph.D. in eco-nomics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison.

Endnotes1. Child care workers in the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS ORG) and CPS Annual Social and

Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) are defined using occupation and industry classification systems. Child care workers include



FIGURE H

Share of median earnings of other child care workers required topay for center-based 4-year-old care


two major occupations: “child care workers” and “preschool and kindergarten teachers.” In an attempt to retain only preschoolworkers from the latter occupational category, we eliminate those in the “preschool and kindergarten teachers” occupation whoare also in the “elementary and secondary schools” industry. Admittedly, this is an imperfect match, as some preschool workersare found in that industry and some kindergarten teachers are found in other industries that we retain. The distinction betweenpreschool workers and child care workers is often without merit, and the goal of this paper is to characterize and assess theadequacy of earnings among the broad category of workers who care for young children.

To ensure adequate sample sizes for demographic characterization and wage analysis, we combine three years of data in the CPSORG, merging 2012 through 2014 data years. In the resulting sample of 4,740 workers, every demographic subgroup retains atleast 150 workers. The weighted sample contains 73 percent of workers from the “child care workers” occupation with the



remaining 27 percent from the “preschool and kindergarten teacher” occupations outside of the elementary and secondaryschools industry.

2. Shierholz (2013) uses the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

3. Using data merged from 2011 through 2014 to achieve reliable sample sizes, hourly wages are reported at the 10th, 25th, 50th,75th, and 90th percentiles of the wage distribution. We match our 618 family budget areas with the 625 OES data areas usingcounty-level coding. In some cases—for instance, the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area—EPI has three distinct familybudgets for the D.C., Maryland, and Virginia components of the metro area, while the OES data has one. Conversely, forexample, there are four distinct rural area wage measures for rural Ohio, whereas EPI has only one family budget for rural Ohio.We keep as much disaggregated data for either the wage or budget side as possible, which add to 859 areas of comparison. Thereare a few instances of missing wage data: 10 local areas are without corresponding data for child care workers, and 25 local areasare without corresponding data for preschool workers (these areas are shown in light grey on the maps).

4. The OES data provided wages for substate areas at several points in the wage distribution: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90thpercentiles. To calculate the percent of the worker wage distribution that falls below the local one-person family budget, welinearly interpolate between the two values surrounding the appropriate family budget threshold. For example, in the Anchorage,Alaska, metro area, the one-person family budget threshold of $33,015 lies between the 25th and 50th percentile of the wagedistribution, which are represented by $30,070 and $35,260, respectively. Our linear interpolation between these points suggestsan estimate of 39 percent of workers fall below. That is, 61 percent of workers have wages above the family budget threshold. Forfamily budget thresholds that lie above the 90th percentile of the wage distribution, we cannot reasonably estimate withoutstronger distribution assumption. Therefore, we simply characterize those areas as ones where at least 90 percent of workers haveearnings below their local family budget threshold or less than 10 percent are above.

5. In Worcester, Massachusetts, 47 percent cannot afford their one-person family budget; in rural Nevada, 48 percent cannot.

6. In EPI’s family budgets, child care costs are statewide averages (CCAA 2014). To compare at a similar level of aggregation, we useOES state-level occupational wage data.

7. These programs include the federal Earned Income Tax Credit, Medicaid, SNAP (food stamps), and TANF.

ReferencesBrandon, Richard, Margaret Burchinal, Fran Kipnis, Robert Weber, Marcy Whitebrook, and Martha Zaslow. 2014. ProposedRevisions to the Definitions for Early Childhood Workforce in the Standard Occupational Classification. White paper commissioned bythe Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S. Department of Labor). Various years. Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) tables.

Child Care Aware of America (CCAA). 2013. We Can Do Better: Child Care Aware of America’s Ranking of State Child Care CenterRegulations and Oversight, 2013 Update.

Child Care Aware of America (CCAA). 2014. Parents and the High Cost of Child Care: 2014 Report.

Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement microdata. Various years. Survey conducted by the Bureau ofthe Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics [machine-readable microdata file]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.http://www.bls.census.gov/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch


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Gould, Elise, and Tanyell Cooke. 2015. High Quality Child Care Is Out of Reach for Working Families. Economic Policy Institute,Issue Brief #404.

Gould, Elise, Tanyell Cooke, and Will Kimball. 2015. “Family Budget Calculator.” Economic Policy Institute.

Gould, Elise, Tanyell Cooke, Alyssa Davis, and Will Kimball. 2015. Economic Policy Institute 2015 Family Budget Calculator:Technical Documentation. Economic Policy Institute, Working Paper No. 299.

Mishel, Lawrence, Josh Bivens, Elise Gould, and Heidi Shierholz. 2012. The State of Working America, 12th Edition. An EconomicPolicy Institute book. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

National Survey of Early Care and Education (NSECE). 2013. Number and Characteristics of Early Care and Education (ECE)Teachers and Caregivers: Initial Findings from the National Survey of Early Care and Education.

Office of the President. 2014. The Economics of Early Childhood Investments.

Shierholz, Heidi. 2013. Low Wages and Scant Benefits Leave Many In-Home Workers Unable to Make Ends Meet. Economic PolicyInstitute, Briefing Paper No. 369.

Whitebook, Marcy, Deborah Phillips, and Carollee Howes. 2014. Worthy Work, STILL Unlivable Wages: The Early ChildhoodWorkforce 25Years after the National Child Care Staffing Study. Center for the Study of Child Care Employment, Institute forResearch on Labor and Employment, University of California, Berkeley.


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