issn:2277-7881; impact factor :6.514(2020); ic value peer

www.ijmer.in INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYEDUCATIONALRESEARCH

ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :6.514(2020); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal:VOLUME:9, ISSUE:12(6), December:2020

104

PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OF NORTH GUJARAT

1Patel Hardik and 2Solanki Hitesh 1Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Waghodiya

2Department of Botany, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad Abstract: Municipal Solid Waste can be defined as all types of solid waste generated by households and commercial establishment or activities which are managed by ULBs with proper planning. MSW management became the major issue for World, India as well as Gujarat. North Gujarat region of Gujarat State has been selected for Physical Characterizations of Municipal Solid Waste. The North Gujarat region covered five districts were Patan, Mahesana, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha andAravalli. Total 13 municipalities namely Patan, Siddhpur, Radhanpur, Mehsana, Kadi, Visnagar, Palanpur, Deesa, Dhanera, Himmatnagar, Khedbrahma, Idar and Modasa were selected for the current study. After selection of the municipalities, solid waste samples were collected from the dumping sites of each municipality for the characterizations of Physical composition. The MSW of selected municipalities of North Gujarat was containing organic waste 60 %, recyclable 33 %, reusable 6% and bio-medical waste 1% in which 76 % bio-degradable, 23 % non-biodegradable and 1 % bio-medical waste. The study revealed that the waste can be used for the composting/vermicomposting and also can generate the revenue for the municipalities. With this the volume of the waste can be reduced by the processing and treatment of waste. Key Words: MSW, Physical Characterization, North Gujarat Introduction: Waste is a burning issue for India as well as for the entire world. With the rapid urbanization, high population growth and modernization, the MSW quantities and varieties are increases in India at an alarming rate. According to the census of India, 2011, the population growth rate in India in the last decade was 17.6% (Srivastava et al., 2014). People are disposing their domestic, commercial, biomedical and other variety of toxic and domestic hazardous wastes into the streets, drains, open spaces, water bodies, etc. (Abbasi et al., 2012), and give the adverse impact on all components of the environment and human health (Rathi, 2006). If we are going on MSW fact of India, it is shocking, total municipal waste treated in the country is only 28.4%. In India, about 1, 33, 760 TPD of municipal waste is generated out of which 91,152 TDP is collected, and 25,882 TPD is treated (Counterview Report, 2014). The average 345 gm/capita/day of waste generated in Gujarat as against India generates the average of 500 gm/capita/day (Annepu, 2012) but some of the municipal corporations have higher waste generation per capita. Due to the high rate of urbanization and cities development has resulted in generating a high quantity of waste. Comparison between low, medium and high-income countries’ average waste generation per capita in Gujarat reveals that it is still lower than low-income countries (410 to 685 gms/capita/day) (UNEP, 2011). There are many categories of MSW such as food and fruit waste, rubbish, commercial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, industrial waste, construction and demolition waste, agricultural waste, sanitation and hazardous waste. MSW is having the various categories i. recyclables like paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc. and non-recyclable, ii. Toxic substances like paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines, iii. A compostable organic matter like fruit and vegetable, food waste, plant debris and iv. Soiled waste like blood-stained cotton, sanitary napkins, disposable syringes (Jha et al., 2003; Reddy et al., 1998; Khan et al., 1994). In the MSW, there is a large organic fraction up to 30 - 40 %, ash and fine earth up to 30-40 %, paper up to 3–6 % along with plastic, glass and metal (each less than 1%), with this calorific value of reject varies between 800-1000 kcal/kg and C/N ratio varies between 20 and 30 (Kumar et al., 2004).

Materials and Methodology: Study Area North Gujarat region of Gujarat State has been selected for the current research work which is situated at the Northern part of Gujarat state which is Geographically located between 23° 46' 32.6" North to 72° 36' 59.6" East (www.mapcarta.com). North Gujarat is dominant in the dairy industry and it also has the food processing, mining industry and other small-scale industries. The economy of the people is mainly dependent on the agricultural work and other are working in various industrial units and other places (Prajapati et al., 2016). North Gujarat is comprised with the five districts namely Patan, Mahesana, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Arvalli.

Selection of Municipalities There were total more than 25 municipal authorities working for the municipal solid waste management in North Gujarat but out of that total 13 municipalities were selected for the current study. These thirteen municipalities were selected on the basis of their district headquarters and population in the area. Three municipalities were selected from each district and in them; one municipality was the district headquarter municipality and other two municipalities were selected according to the highest populated municipalities of the district.



105

15.6817.24

16.9712.90

15.9316.14

11.4415.92

12.1714.5714.43

12.1811.10

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

PatanSiddhpur

RadhanpurPalanpurDhanera

DeesaMehsana

KadiVisnagar

HimmatnagarIdar

KhedbrahmaModasa

Percentage (%)

Mun

icip

aliti

es

Availability of Plastic in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Samples Collection For the Physical characterization of Municipal Solid Waste, Approx. 10 kg of municipal solid waste collected randomly from outside and inside of the waste mass heap from each and every dumping site of all the selected municipalities of North Gujarat Region. Physical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste: The collected samples were brought to the laboratory for the further analysis. All the components like Paper, Plastic, Textile, Glass, Rubber, Metal, Biomedical, Organic matter and Inert materials were segregated from all the collected samples and weighted using weigh balance. All these components were finally calculated into a percentage (%) to find out its proportion. Results and Discussion:

The knowledge of MSW composition is especially important for a fine adapted management of urban MSW (McDougall et al., 2001; Zeng et al., 2005). It must be important to know about the composition and other related information to set up the goal and objectives for those who are responsible for MSWM system design and operation. For searching out of equipment requirements; methods for waste collection; management and preparation of the plan, information of composition of MSW required (Kamran et al., 2015).

Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste of selected municipalities was segregated into various following components.

A. Plastics:

Figure 1: Availability of Plastic in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Use of plastic is the prime requirement of modern lifestyle which may result in the generation of high Plastic waste. The average composition of Plastic was 14 % in 2013 reported by Patel and Rao but above figure 1 showing that the average composition of Plastic in North Gujarat was 14.36 % which was slightly increased. Modasa contains lowest plastic composition 11.10 % and highest in Radhanpur 16.97 % which may be due to the fewer segregation practices by rag pickers. The Standard Deviation for Plastic was ± 2.16 in municipalities of North Gujarat. Collection of waste by rag pickers may reduce the shares of plastic in waste.



106

3.08

5.52 5.03

2.301.17 1.51 1.76

2.99

5.804.39

2.53

7.92

2.28

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.008.00

10.00

Availability of Rubber in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

B. Paper and Card Board:

Figure 2: Availability of Paper and Card Board in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Paper and Card Board are biodegradable and recyclable in nature. Above figure 2 shows that composition of Paper and Card Board was fluctuating from lowest 7.84 % in Modasa to 13.20 % in Mehsana. It may be due to the rag picking activities practice or not in Municipalities. The average composition of Paper and Card Board in North Gujarat’s municipalities was 10.33 %. The Standard Deviation for it was ± 1.57 in municipalities of North Gujarat. C. Rubber:

Figure 3: Availability of Rubber in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Rubber is non-biodegradable and recyclable materials. Above figure 3 shows that the shares of Rubber were lowest 1.17 % in Dhanera and 7.92 % highest in Khedbrahma. The rag picking activity observed not more where the content was more than 5 %. The average share of Rubber in the total composition in North Gujarat’s municipal solid waste was 3.56 %. The Standard Deviation for it was ± 2.02 in municipalities of North Gujarat.



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0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.001.48

1.78

0.26

1.010.72

1.40 1.46

1.82

0.62

1.090.88

0.34

0.92

Availability of Metal in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

D. Metal:

Figure 4: Availability of Metal in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Metal is the nonbiodegradable and recyclable in nature which found less with municipal solid waste. Above figure 4 shows that composition of Metal was varied from lowest 0.26 % in Radhanpur to 1.82 % in Kadi. The average composition of Metal in North Gujarat’s municipalities was 1.06 %. The Standard Deviation for it was ± 0.51 in North Gujarat’s municipality. Metal content found less may be of having good reselling price so it may directly sold by the people to scrap vendor. E. Textile:

Figure 5: Availability of Textile in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Food, cloth and house are the requirements of survival for Human being and because of this, it is the chance to generate textile or cloth waste in good quantity. Textile can take 2-5 months for its degradation. Reusing and Recycling practices are also carried out in India and abroad. Above figure 5 shows that the shares of textile were lowest 2.82 % in Palanpur and 8.20 % in Siddhpur. The average composition of Textile in North Gujarat’s municipal waste was 6.06 %. The Standard Deviation for it was ± 1.61 in North Gujarat’s municipality.



108

0.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.00

27.27 28.15

17.06

30.8325.53

22.4326.9124.75 23.68

27.0028.9527.22

31.20

Availability of Inert and other in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

F. Glass:

Figure 6: Availability of Glass in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

Degradation time of glass cannot be determined by Parvathamma (2014) because of its non-biodegradable nature but it can be recycling. The figure 6 shows that the share of Glass was lowest 0.95 % in Dhanera and 4.93 % highest in Khedbrahma. It may be due to the less use of glass in the area because plastic is taking place. The average share of Glass in the composition of North Gujarat’s municipalities waste was 3.41 %. The Standard Deviation for Glass was ± 1.17 amongst the municipalities of North Gujarat. G. Inert and Other:

Figure 7: Availability of Inert and other in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

The inert and other material is having the good quantity in the composition of municipal solid waste at everywhere. Figure 7 shows that the share of inert and other was lowest 17.06 % in Radhanpur and 31.20 % highest in Modasa. Inert and other material found in good quantity because of the waste collected from the dumping site. The average share of inert and other in the composition of North Gujarat’s municipalities waste was 26.23 %. The Standard Deviation for Glass was ± 3.74 amongst the municipalities of North Gujarat.



109

H. Organic Material:

Figure 8: Availability of Organic Material in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities The share of organic materials helps to choose the proper method for processing and treatment of waste. Organic materials can be used for Composting, Vermicomposting, and Biogas etc. Here figure 8 indicating that the municipalities of North Gujarat having the good enough organic waste in its composition. The highest organic waste 38.13 % found in Modasa and lowest 26.47 % found in Siddhpur. The average share of organic waste in overall waste was 33.64 % in selected municipalities Municipal Solid Waste. The Standard Deviation of Organic Waste was ± 3.58 in North Gujarat’s municipality. High amount observed due to the agricultural, tree debris, fruit and vegetable waste used more. I. Bio-Medical Waste:

Figure 9: Availability of Bio-medical Waste in the Waste of North Gujarat’s Selected Municipalities

According to the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, bio-medical waste should not be mixed and dispose of with the Municipal Solid Waste but here figure 9 revealed that the bio-medical waste found with municipal solid waste in all the municipalities of North Gujarat. Palanpur and Patan found the highest bio-medical waste contents in the composition may be due to the numbers of hospitals was higher in city and Dhanera and Kadi found lowest bio-medical waste in



110

14%

10%

6%

4%

1%4% 1%

34%

26%

Average Physical Composition of MSW of Selected Municipalities

Plastics Paper and Card Board TextileRubber Metal Glass

76%

23%1%

Nature of Waste in Selected Municipalities

Bio Degradable Non-Bio Degradable Bio-Medical

its composition. The average composition of bio-medical waste in North Gujarat’s municipal solid waste was 1.36 %. The Standard Deviation for it was ± 0.55 in North Gujarat’s municipality.

J. Average Physical Composition of MSW:

Figure 10: Average Physical Composition of MSW of Selected Municipalities

Above figure 10 shows that the average municipal solid waste of North Gujarat contains organic waste 34 % followed by inert and other 26 %, plastic 14 %, Paper and Card Board 10 %, Textile 6 %, rubber 4 %, glass 4 %, metal 1 % and biomedical waste was 1% in over composition of MSW.

K. Nature of Waste:

Figure 11:

Nature of Waste in Selected Municipalities

Nature of waste is important to decide for its proper disposal method and its sustainability in the environment. Here, figure 11 revealed that the nature of municipal solid waste of North Gujarat region was 76 % bio-degradable, 23 % nonbiodegradable and 1 % bio-medical waste.



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L. Category Wise Classification of Municipal Solid Waste:

Figure 12: Category wise classification of municipal solid waste for Selected Municipalities

The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of Inert (Ranjith, 2012). Here figure 12 shows that the quantity of organic waste 60 %, recyclable 33 %, reusable 6% and bio-medical waste 1% found in the municipal solid waste of North Gujarat which was increased and varies with compare to 2012 of urban Indian composition of MSW defined by Ranjith (2012).

Conclusion:

Municipal Solid Waste in selected municipalities contains a good amount of organic waste which can be used for composting and vermicomposting process and with this, waste also contains recyclable waste in good quantity so it can generate good revenue that can be used for better solid waste management. Variation in composition occurred due to the rag picking activities at dumping sites of selected municipalities which may result in higher components of an organic and inert material which cannot be collected by rag pickers for selling purpose. References:

Srivastava, R., Krishna, V. and Sonkar, I. (2014). Characterization and management of municipal solid waste: a case study of Varanasi city, India. International Journal of currant Research and academic review, 2(8): 10-16.

Abbasi, T., Tauseef, S. M. and Abbasi, S. A. (2012). Anaerobic digestion for global warming control and energy generation-An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 3228-3242.

Rathi, S. (2006). Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Journal of Waste Management, 26(10): 1192–1200.

Counterview (2014). Planning Commission report points towards Gujarat’s poor performance in treating municipal waste generated in urban areas. counterview.org.

Annepu, R. K. (2012). Sustainable solid waste management in India. Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT). http://www.seas.columbia.edu/ earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable% 20Solid% 20Waste%20 Management%20in%20 India_Final.pdf

UNEP (2011), Waste–Investing in resource and energy efficiency, Towards a Green Economy,www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/GER_8_Waste.pdf

Jha, M. K., Sondhi, O. A. and Pansare, M., (2003). Solid waste management –a case study. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 23 (10): 1153–1160.

60%

33%

6% 1%

Category wise classification of waste for Selected Municipalities

Organic Recyclable Reusable Bio-Medical



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