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Advances in Nutrition & Food ScienceA Survey on the Ethnobotanical uses of Plants in Mersin and Adana Provinces (Turkey)Research Article

*Corresponding authorElif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz, Department of Food technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey, E-Mail: [email protected]

Submitted: 30 Oct 2017; Accepted: 08 Nov 2017; Published: 15 Nov 2017

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017

1Mersin University, Science &Art Faculty, Biology Department, Ciftlikkoy-Mersin, Turkey

2Department of Food technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

AbstractBackground: This study presents the result of a second research on the popular medicinal plant species in the traditional markets in Mersin and Adana. This work done for the first time in 2005 was carried out again in 2012-2013. Here we conducted on the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants and this survey could be a base for future studies on the herbs that are interesting on the potential use of their metabolites. The purpose of our study is to underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and compare with other cities of Turkey and abroad ethnobotany published literature.

Methods: The informants about herbal drugs were collected between 2012-2013 by interview with herbalists and customers.

Results: A total of 175 species belonging to 57 families were reported and the plants were listed with their local and latin names. As a result, local people have used various plant species to treat many ailments and tha data indicated that these herbs have used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 %), analgesic-anodyne-emollient-sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 %), respiratory system (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological disorders (1.76 %).

Conclusion: We documented the traditional ethnobotanical data herited by local people living in Adana-Mersin region. These plants were widely preferred by local people to use treatment of many ailments. The results of this study provided preliminary knowledge about local use and aimed at a more detailed researches on the usage of herbs.

Ayse Everest1 and Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz2*

Keywords: Mersin-Adana (Mediterranean region), Turkey, Ethnobotany, Herbal markets

BackgroundEthnobotanical researches started with the studies of Ibn-i Sina in the thousands of years ago and spreaded to the whole world.It knows that, Ibn-i Sina, from Buhara (Uzbekistan, 980-1037), is one of the oldest Turkish scientists in botany and medicine and well known in Europe by the latinized name Avicenna. Ibn-i Sina, is also mathematician and philosopher, had studied the works of all the Greek philosophers and naturalists in Anatolia. He is the first philosopher that talked about the benefits and harms of plants by starting radish and lavender. Thousands of years ago, he had advised brisk walking that today all orthopedic and psychiatrists advice to people [1,2]. In Europe, such studies gained momentum in the early 1800s when John W. Harsberger, a famous botanist [3].

The herbs, the oldest friend of mankind, have been used to food, shelter and cure different ailments since ancient times The use of plants in traditional medicine of many culture have continued to play an important role in health care and pharmaceutical study [4-7]. Natural drugs and their derivates were originally discovered through

the research of folk medicine of indigenous people. By the late of the nineteenth century and development of the pharmaceutical industry, synthetic medicines dominated, though herbal drugs have never been out of scene [8,9]. However,over the past 15 years, the increases in the populated and agricultural areas, and the decrease in medicinal herbs have triggered the interest in ethno-botanical studies throughout the world [10]. The studies about ethnobotanical database, ethnographic knowledge and etymology of traditional herbs in a spesific area also have had a critical important for researchers. Therefore, many paper conserning the traditional uses of plants present local knowledge such as mountainous Wakhan and Pamir, Paphos and Larnaca countryside, Bologna, Albanian Alps as well as broad region such as Mediterranean [11-15].

Turkey has progressed parallel to this increased interest in other developed countries. Turkish people have been had a rich healing system and used them for the treatment of some daily diseases. The Taurus Mountains, the south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin provinces), are one of the centers of the Mediterranean Region with a rich plant and have diverse healing cultures and no doubt be an unique source of future herbal rediversity [16-18]. The aim of our study, research is to focus on the kinds of medical diversity found

ISSN: 2572-5971

Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 1 of 13


in the herbal markets, on the frequency of usage of the plants, and thus, to report the different treatment types that are applied in the south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin provinces).

MethodsOur chosen study area, Mersin and Adana, The Taurus Mountains’ hills are located in the south of Turkey with C4-5-6 grid squares (Mediterranean region). The plants drugs in the herbal markets are collected from the villages in the Taurus Mountains (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The Research AreaIn the villages, dominant forest species are as follows: Pinus brutia, P. nigra, Quercus coccifera, Q. cerris, Q. ithaburensis, Q. infectoria, Juniperus oxycedrus, J. excelsa, J. drupacea and Abies cilicica also Cedrus libani [19,20]. The medical plants are harvested from places

such as open areas, steppes, scrubs and roadsides and sold as dried bunches in open or pre-packed mixtures or as fresh preparations. The plants of foreign origin have also reached the herbal market by increasing numbers in these years. These dried samples in the herbal markets in Mersin and Adana have been determinated by using reference and key books [19,21]. The data were collected through direct interviews with herbalists and customers. The popular medicinal herbs used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . The samples were listed by their local and latin names by the treatment rates and by the medical health data given by WHO [22]. Voucher specimens, in duplicates, are saved both in the Research of Biology Department in Mersin (MERA).

ResultsIn this study we reported that medical plants are used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), intestinal-digestive disorders (18.10 %), analgesic, anodyne, emollient, sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 %), respiratory system disorders (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological disorders (1.76 %) and the others; smoking addiction, mother’s milk supply, sexual stimulant, expand their consciousness eg. (3.33 %) (Table 2).

Table 1: The comparison with the other studies in TurkeyPathologies In Mersin, Adana (%) (our study) In Mersin, Adana(%) [6] In Sakarya (%) [40]

Immune system 18.96 - 18

Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 21.68 8.6

Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, sedative

15.05 4.32 -

Urinary system disorders 10.04 7.70 2.2

Heart-blood disorders 9.06 8.48 -

Arthritis 6.62 3.16 13.0

Respiratory system disorders 5.19 10.43 1.4

Skin disorders 4.25 6.48 10.1

Cancer 4.05 - -

Gynecological disorders 3.59 4.42 4.42

Mental and neurological disordersOthers (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg. )

1.76

3.33

- 2.9

Table 2: The comparison of the incidence of remedies between the region in the other countries Pathologies In Turkey (%) (our study) In Naran Walley, Pakistan (%)

[42]In North East Bosnia and

Herzegovina (%) [43]Immune system 18.96 - 3.8Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 32.76 17.3Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, sedative 15.05 - 0.4

Urinary system disorders 10.04 9.13 12.7Heart-blood disorders 9.06 7.37 7.2

Arthritis 6.62 - 7.5Respiratory system disorders 5.19 13.72 15.2Skin disorders 4.25 7.03 10.4Cancer 4.05 ≤5 -Gynecological disorders 3.59 - -Mental and neurological disordersOthers (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg.)

1.76

3.33

≤5 6.7



Table 1: List of the Medicinal Plants Recorded in the Research AreaFamily Turkish name Latin name Usage Benefits

Most treated pathologies

Origin of plant Herbal Market

Lauraceae Avakado/fruit

Persea gratissima*

Paste Leaves and fruits are used as antihypertensive agents. Leaves are also

used for constipation.

Gastrointestinal America Amz Mezitli

Brassicaceae Hardal/fruit Brassica juncea**

Paste, tablet

Regulation of the blood flow. cardiovascular

India Amz Mezitli

Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/leaveseed Simmondsia chinensis

**

Tea Anti-allergennervous

America and Mexican

Amz Mezitli

Hypericaceae Kantoron/Leave, stem

Hypericum perforatum

***

Oil As antidepressant and to inhibition microbial

growth on the wound with antiseptic

properties.

Immune system Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya

Amz Mezitli

Lamiaceae Karabaş/Leave, flower

Lavandula stoechas

****

Cosmetic product

Treatment of asthma, bronchitis, shortness

of breath, expectorant. Immune system

Mersin and Antalya Amz Mezitli

Myrtaceae Okaliptus/leave

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

**

Tea, paste Respiratory disorders. Respiratory system

Mersin, Adana and Hatay

Amz Mezitli

Oleaceae Yasemin/flower

Jasminum officinalis

*****

Tea Rheumatic pain Skeleton system Mersin and Antalya Amz Mezitli

Asteraceae Civanperçemi/leave, flower

Achillea millefolium

***

Spice, Cosmetic

Hemorrhoids and rheumatic pain

Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli

Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/rhizome

Alpinia officinarum

***

Infusion Headaches and dizziness

Nervous system Malaysia and Indonesia

Amz Mezitli

Apiaceae Kişniş/nut Coriandrum satıvum*

Spice Stabilize the blood pressure

cardiovascular Antalya Amz Mezitli

Lauraceae Tarçın/bark Cinnamum zeylanicum

****

Spice, paste

Vomiting, balance blood sugar.

Gastrointestinal India Amz Mezitli

Zingiberaceae Zencefil/rhizome

Zingiber officinale****

Tea, spice

Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Amz Mezitli

Urticaceae Isırgan/leave, stem

Urtica membranacea****

Paste, tea Blood purifier, urine enhancer, appetizing

Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli

Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma longa****

Tea As antioxidantImmune system

Pakistan, India and China

Pap Mezitli

Lamiaceae Melisa/ stem, flower Melissa officinalis****

Paste, tea As antidepressant,and to provent

stomach cramps

Immune system Mersin Pap Mezitli

Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra**** Powder,Paste, Tea

Diuretic, for anemia Gastrointestinalsystem

Aegean and Black Sea

Pap Mezitli

Lamiaceae Adaçayı/flower, stem

Salvia pinnata** Times New

Roman

Appetizing, digestiand, blood

purifier

Gastrointestinal system

Mersin and Hatay Pap Mezitli

Asteraceae Papatya/flower, leave

Matricaria chamomilla*

Capsule Sedative and agent Immune system Antalya and Aydın Pap Mezitli

Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus syriacus*****

Oil It strengthens the body and facilitates

digestion.

nervous Taurus and Hatay Pap Mezitli

Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ flower, nut Nigella sativa*****

Cosmetic, Tea

Immun system disorders Immune system

Mersin Pap Mezitli


Ericaceae Argan/leave Argania spinosa* Paste, oil

Skin disorders Skin Morocco Pap Mezitli

Lamiaceae Peryavşan/leave

Teucrium polium Tea,mush

Gastric pain for baby and adults

gastrointestinal Mersin Pap Mezitli

Lamiaceae Lavanta, karabaş/leave,

Lavandula angustifolia***

Spice Sedative ands and stimulants agent

Nervous system Turkey, Mediterenan

Pap Mezitli

Santalaceae Ökse otu/ leave Viscum album ** Tea immune immune system

Turkey Pap Mezitli

Lauraceae Defne/ leave Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial, antipyretic Immune system

Mersin Pap Mezitli

Piperaceae Karabiber/nut

Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizer and helps digestion

Gastrointestinal Brazil Pap Mezitli

Apiaceae Kimyon/ nut Carum carvi***** Spice Gastric distention Gastrointestinal Niğde, Mersin Pap Mezitli

Solanaceae Kırmızı Biber/ nut Capsicum annuum*****

Drugs Rheumatism and teeth pain

skeleton Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa,

Kahramanmaraş

Nmal Mezitli

Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha arandnsis****

Cosmetic Nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Nmal Mezitli

Moraceae Karadut/ fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic Anemia, stress, fatigue, insomnia

nervous Konya and Antalya Nmal Mezitli

Apiaceae Kereviz/ leave, fruit Apium graveolens***

Spice, tea

For Rheumatic pain skeleton Mediterranean Nmal Mezitli

Apiaceae Çakşır/ rhizome, fruit Ferula lycia** Drugs, tea

It increases sexual stamina

urinerysystem

Mersin, Antalya and Konya

Nmal Mezitli

Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula**** Cosmetic, tea

It helps reduce kidney stones and sand.

Urinary system Antalya Nmal Mezitli

Rosaceae Alıç/ leave, fruit Crataegus monogyna*

Oil It strengthens the heart and protects against

hardening of the arteries.

Cardiovascularsystem

Mersin and Karaman

Nmal Mezitli

Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit Elettaria cardamomum***

Tea Appetising and digestiand disorders

Gastrointestinal Srilanka, Borneo Nmal Mezitli

Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ leave, fruit

Humulus lupulus**

Tablet Appetising agent Gastrointestinal Rize and Samsun Nmal Mezitli

Brassicaceae Tere/leave Lepidium sativum****

Tea, paste It calms the nerves and relaxes the body.

nervous Hatay and Adana Nmal Mezitli

Myrtaceae Mersin, murt/ leave,fruit

Myrtus communis*****

Cosmetic For tension and insomnia

cardiovascular Mersin Nmal Mezitli

Equisetaceae Kırkkilit/ leave Equisetum arandnse***

Paste, oil For Bladder and kidney disorders

Urinary system Ankara and Aksaray

Nmal Mezitli

Linaceae Keten/ flower, nut Linum usitatissimum**

Tea, infusion

Menopause, stomach pain and constipation

Gastrointestinal Mersin and Adana Nmal Mezitli

Poaceae Ayrıkotu/ leave Elymus repens* Paste As laxative Urinary system Turkey, North Africa

Bahd Pozcu

Asteraceae Acıyavşan/Fruit, leave

Artemisia absinthum*

Paste, tablet

For stomach and diabetes

Immune system Mersin, Karaman Bahd Pozcu

Boraginaceae Hodan/ leave, flower Borago officinalis****

tea Immun system disorders Immune system

Çanakkale, Samsun Bahd

Pozcu

Piperaceae Darıl fülfül/ fruit Piper longum**** Oil Hemorrhoids Gastrointestinal AdanaBahd

Pozcu

Asteraceae Aspir otu/leave, nut Carthamus tinctorius****

Cosmetic Rheumatism - urinary system disorders

Urinary system Amasya and Kayseri Bahd

Pozcu

Caprifoliaceae Gilaburu otu/ fruit Viburnum opulus****

Tea, paste For Kidney - gallstones

Urinary system Kayseri and Kahramanmaraş Bahd

Pozcu

Rosaceae Kuşburnu/fruit Rosa canina**** Tea Immun system disorders Immune system

MediterraneanBahd

Pozcu

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Aquifoliaceae Isırgan/stem, leave Ilex colchica* Spice, cosmetic

Circulation system disorders

Cardiovascularsystem

Blacksea, AntakyaBahd

Pozcu

Lamiaceae Melisa/stem, leave Melissa officinalis****

Infusion As antidepressant and to prevent immun system disorders

Immune system MediterraneanBahd

Pozcu

Asteraceae Mayıs Papatyası/ flower

Matrcaria chamomilla*

Paste Gynecological diseases

Gynecological (urinery system)

TurkeyBahd

Pozcu

Myrtaceae Okaliptus/ leave, flower

Eucalyptus camaldulensis****

Spice Respiratory system disorders

Respiratory system

Mersin, Adana and Hatay Bahd

Pozcu

Iridaceae Safran/ Flower, root Crocus sativus* Spice, paste

Vitamin- endorfinVitamin-

endorphins

Immune system Iran, Mediterranean

Bahd Pozcu

Ginkgoaceae Gingko/ leave Gingko biloba**** Tea, spice antidepressant and memory enhancement

Nervous system China Bur Pozcu

Asteraceae Hindiba/ flower Cichorium inthybus****

Paste, tea antiallergen Nervous system Mersin Bur Pozcu

Asteraceae Aspir/ nut, leave Carthamus tinctorius*

Drugs Menstruation, laxative effect

Gynecological Amasya and Kayseri

Hek Pozcu

Elaeagnaceae İğde/ fruit Elaeagnus angustifolia*

Tea ProstateUrinary system

Interior and eastern Anatolia

Hek Pozcu

Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Cardiovascular diseases

cardiovascular Tekirdağ Hek Pozcu

Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/ fruit Peganum harmala*

Oil Diuretic effect Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Hek Pozcu

Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/rhizome

Alpinia afficinarum*

Paste, infusion

Stomach diseasesImmune system

India, Malezya and Endonezya

Hek Pozcu

Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra***** Paste, Tea Immun system disorders Immune system

Aegean and Black Sea

Hek Pozcu

Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit, nut Elettaria cardamomum*

Spice Memory Enhancement nervous India, Syria Hek Pozcu

Lamiaceae Lavanta, Karabas otu/flower, leave

Lavandula stoechas****

Cosmetic Infarction Cardiovascularsystem

Mersin and Antalya Hek Pozcu

Equisetaceae Kırkkilit otu/ leave Equisetum arandnse*

Cosmetic, infusion

Rheumatism sceleton Ankara and Aksaray

Hek Pozcu

Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus serpyllum***

Drugs Long diseasesImmune system

Mediterranean Hek Pozcu

Malvaceae Hatmi/ flower Alcea striata****

Tea For coldImmune system

Adana and Antalya Bahd Pozcu

Boraginaceae Hodan, ıspıt, kaldırık otu

Borago officinalis* Cosmetic Skin spots,Respiretory,

nervous

Nervous, Skinsystem

Istanbul and Canakkale

Koy Pozcu

Asteraceae Ekinezya/ flower, nut Echinacea purpurea****

Paste, tea Immun system disorders Immune system

America Koy Pozcu

Araliaceae Ginseng/ rhizome Panax quinquefolius*

Powder, paste

antioxidantImmune system

Korea Koy Pozcu

Ericaceae Funda/ flower, leave Erica arborea* Drugs Skin spots and hair care

Skin İzmir and Muğla Koy Pozcu

Asteraceae Papatya/ stem, flower, leave

Matricaria chamomilla****

Capsule Hair care Skin Antalya and Aydın Koy Pozcu

Ranunculaceae Mavi anemon/ flower Anemone coronaria*

Oil Skin care, aging, Hair reduction

Skin Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu

Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo/ bark, leave Gingko biloba**** Cosmetic, Tea

antidepressantand to prevent forgetfulness

Nervous(physical and

mental)

China Koy Pozcu


Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leave, flower

Ceterach officinarum*

Paste Urinary tract infections

Urinary system Turkey Koy Pozcu

Asteraceae Civanperçemi/flower, leave

Achillea millefolium****

Spice Gynecological diseases

Gynecological disorders

Turkey Koy Pozcu

Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Heart-rhythm disorder cardiovascular Tekirdağ Koy Pozcu

Asteraceae Hindiba/ fruit Cichorium inthybus*

Tea Liver disordersGastrointestinal

Mersin Koy Pozcu

Apiaceae Çakşır otu/rhizome, fruit

Ferula Lycia* Drugs Aphrodisiac effect Urinary system Antalya and Konya Koy Pozcu

Rosaceae Alıç/leave, fruit Crataegus monogyra*

Oil Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Karaman

Koy Pozcu

Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula alnus****

Cosmetic For Bowel disorders Urinary/ intestinal system

disorders

Ankara and Konya Koy Pozcu

Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/fruit, leave


Paste, tea Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Antalya Koy Pozcu

Irıdaceae Safran/ flower,bulb Crocus sativus* Powder, paste

Vitamin-endorphins Immune system Iran Koy Pozcu

Zingiberaceae Kakule/rhizome Elettaria cardamomum*

Drugs Memory exhancement Nervous (Mental and neurological)

Syria Koy Pozcu

Lauraceae Avakado, fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Capsule Antioxidant agent sceleton America Koy Pozcu

Cucurbitaceae Kudret narı/fruit Momordica charantia*

Oil Stomach disordersImmune system

India Koy Pozcu

Solanaceae Altın çilek/fruit Physalis alkekengi*

Cosmetic, tea

Bowel ailments urinery/ intestinal system

Antalya and Karaman

Koy Pozcu

Oleaceae Zeytin ağacı/ fruit, leave

Olea europaea* Paste, yağ tension cardiovascular system

Mersin, Aegean Koy Pozcu

Lamiaceae Adaçayı/flower, leave

Salvia pinnata**** Tea Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu

Apiaceae Anason/ nut Pimpinella anisum****

oil Stomach disordersImmune system

Denizli and Kocaeli

Koy Pozcu

Lamiaceae Biberiye/ leave Rosmarium officinalis*****

Tea Circulation system ailments

cardiovascular Mediterranean Koy Pozcu


Tea Cancer Immune (cancer) Pakistan, India, China

Koy Pozcu

Poaceae Ayrık otu/ leave Elytrigia repens* oil Bowel disorders Immune system North Africa Yon Pozcu

Caryophyllaceae Karamuk’ nut Agrostema githago*

Cosmetic Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Kütahya and Muğla

Yon Pozcu

Asphodelaceae Sarısabır/ leave Aloe aristata* Cosmetic Liver, skin disorders Gastrointestinal Africa, America Yon Pozcu

Arecaceae Besbase/ fruit Cocus nucifera* Oil, tea Cardiovascular cardiovascular Tropical countries Yon Pozcu

Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula alnus****

Oil Bowel disorders Urinary system disorders

Ankara and Konya Yon Pozcu

Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ flower, leave

Achillea millefolium****

Tea Gynecological diseases


Turkey Yon Pozcu

Zygophyllaceae Çoban çökerten/ stem, fruit

Tribulus terrestris* Drugs Circulation Heart-blood disorders

Ankara and Aksaray

Yon Pozcu

Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ nut Nigella sativa**** Tea, paste Cancer Immune (Cancer) Mersin Yon Pozcu

Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula* Cosmetic Urinary system Urinary system disorders

Mediterranean Yon Pozcu

Araliaceae Gingseng/ rhizome Panax quinquefolius*

Paste, aromatic

As antidepressant and antioxidant Nervous/Immune

system

South Korea, America

Yon Pozcu

Arecaceae Hazanbel/ root Acorus calamus* Tea, infusion

Pains of pregnancy Gynecological IndiaHek

Pozcu

Verbenaceae Hayıt/fruit, leave, flower

Vitex agnus castus*

Tea Heart diseases cardiovascular Mersin and HatayHek

Pozcu


Malvaceae Tıbbi hatmi/ flower Althaea officinalis****

Cosmetic Treatment of Cough and as expectorant respiratory

system

Erzincan and Diyarbakır

Bur Pozcu

Boraginaceae Sığır dili/ flower, leave

Anchusa italica* Paste, tea Treatment of allergen immunesystem

Mersin and Niğde Bur Pozcu

Asteraceae Solucan otu/ flower Tanacetum vulgare*

Powder , paste

Menstruration regulator and appetizing


Middle Anatolia Bur Pozcu

Polyporaceae Reishi mantarı/ stem Ganoderma lucidum*

Drugs For immune system disorders and

treatment of cancerImmune system

Cancer)

Africa Bur Pozcu

Cyperaceae Topalak otu/ root Cyperus rotundus* Capsule Menstruration pain Gynecological Antalya and Mersin

Bur Pozcu

Hypericaceae Sarı kantaron/ stem, leavei flower

Hypericum perforatum*

Oil As antidepressantand To prevent Gynecological

diseases

nervous European Bur Pozcu

Fabaceae Harnup, keçiboynuzu/ fruit,

leave

Ceratonia siliqua*****

Cosmetic, tea

Urinary system disorders

Urinary system Mersin Bur Pozcu

Plantaginaceae Sinirli ot/ leave Plantago lanceolata*

Paste Respiratory system disorders

Respiratory system disorders

Adana and Hatay Bur Pozcu

Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum zeylanicum*****

Spice Respiratory system disorders

Respiratory system disorders

India Bur Pozcu

Apiaceae Rezene/ fruit, nut Foeniculum vulgare****

Spice Digestive disorders Gastrointestinal Mediterranean Bur Pozcu

Theaceae Yeşilçay/ leave Camellia sinensi****

Tea Circulation system disorders

cardiovascular Artvin and Rize Bur Pozcu

Piperaceae Karabiber/ nut Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizing, it facilitates digestion

Gastrointestinal Brazil Koy Metropol

Apiaceae Kimyon/ stem, nut Cuminum cyminum*****

Spice Stomach swellingImmune system

Turkey Hekm Metropol

Solanaceae Kırmızıbiber, nut Capsicum annum*****

Spice It is used for Rheumatism and it reduces toothache

sceleton Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa

Koy Metropol

Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha arandnsis****

Spice It reduces nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Lok Metropol

Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus syriacus*****

Spice It strengthens the body and facilitates

digestion.

nervous Mersin, Hatay, Mediterranean

Koy Metropol

Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra* Tea As sedatiand nervous Aegean and Black Sea

Koy Metropol

Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum zeylanicum****

Spice, cosmetic

It preandnts vomiting , balance blood sugar.

Gastrointestinal India Oz Metropol


Tea, spice As antioxidantImmune system

Pakistan, India and China

Yus Metropol

Urticaceae Isırgan/ leave, stem Urtica membranacea****

Spice, Paste

Increasing urine, blood purifier and

appetizing.

Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol

Zingiberaceae Zencefil/ rhizome Zingiber officinalis****

Spice For Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Yes Metropol

Lauraceae Avakado/ fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Drugs Leaves and fruits are used as antihypertensiv-e

agents. Leaves are also used for constipation.

Gastrointestinal America Koy Metropol

Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/ leave, flower


Cosmetic For treatment of asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath,

expectorant.Immune system

Mersin, Antalya, Mediterranean

Hekm Metropol


Rubiaceae Kınakına/ bark Cinchona pubescens***

Paste It protect people against Malaria and influenza infection.

Immune systemTurkey Koy Metropol

Apiaceae Çakşır/ root, fruit Ferula Lycia*** Paste, tablet

For sexual failure Urinery system Antalya and Konya Yes Metropol

Brassicaceae Hardal/ leave, nut Brassica juncea*** Tea To regulate blow flow cardiovascular India Koy Metropol

Hypericaceae Kantoron/ stem, leave

Hypericum perforatum***

Oil As antidepressant and antiseptic nervous

Mersin, İzmir, Mediterranean

Koy Metropol

Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ fruit Nigella sativa*****

Cosmetic It strengthens the immun system. Immune system

Mersin Koy Metropol

Rosaceae Alıç/ flower, leave Crataegus monogyna*

Tea, paste It strengthens the cardiovascular system.

cardiovascular Mersin and Karaman

Koy Metropol

Onagraceae Yakıotu/ leave, flower

Epilobium parviflorum***

Tea For Diuretic and cantipation

Gastrointestinal Konya, Hatay and Mersin

Koy Metropol

Ericaceae funda/leave Erica arborea* Spice, cosmetic

It reduces irritation and inflammation in

the skin.

Skin İzmir, Muğla, Mediterranean

Koy Metropol

Fabaceae Sinameki, çin tarçını/bark

Cassia angustifolia*

Infusion It regulates stomach and bowels. Immune system

North Africa Koy Metropol

Linaceae Keten/flower, nut Linum usitatissimum***

Paste For Menstration, stomach pain and

cantipation

Gynecological Mersin and Adana Oz Metropol

Asclepiadaceae Bodur otu/flower Cyprinia gracilis* Spice Stomach and intestinal gas Immune system

Turkey Oz Metropol

Brassicaceae Çobançantası/leave, fruit

Capsella bursa- pastoris***

Spice, paste

It regulates blood circulation.

cardiovascular Turkey, Greece Yus Metropol

Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach officinasum***

Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol

Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/nut,,leave Simmondsia chinensis***

Tea, paste Anti-allergennervous

America and Mexica

Koy Metropol

Apiaceae Kereviz/stem, nut, leave

Apium graaveolens***

Spice For rheumatic pain sceleton Mediterranean Koy Metropol

Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ leave,fruit

Humulus lupulus***

Paste, tea As appetizing nervous Rize and Samsun Lok Metropol

Lamiaceae Fesleğen/leave, flower

Ocimum basilicum*****

Powder , paste

As Sedation agent nervous Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol

Fabaceae Keçiboynuzu/fruit Ceratonia siliqua*****

Drugs For shortness of breath İmmune/nervous Manavgat, Anamur and Silifke

Lok Metropol

Lauraceae Metropol Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial and antipyretic Immune system

Mersin, Mediterranean

Koy Metropol

Myrtaceae Okaliptus/leave Eucalyptus camaldulensis***

Oil Respiratory disorders Respiratory system

Mediterranean Oz Metropol

Moraceae Karadut/fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic, tea

Anemia, stress, fatigue, sleep

disordersİmmune/nervous

Konya and Antalya Yus Metropol

Apiaceae Rezene/fruit Foeniculum vulgare***

Paste Increasing the mother’s milk

Secretory system Mediterranean Hekm

Hekm Metropol

Caryophyllaceae Karanfil/flower Syszygium aromaticum***

Spice Antimicrobial and sedative Immune/nervous

system

Indonesia, Malaysia and

Brazil

Koy Metropol

Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach officinarum***

Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol

Asteraceae Ekinezya/flower Echinacea purpurea***

Tea Immune systemImmune system

America Lok Metropol

Lamiaceae Lavanta/flower, leave Lavandula angustifolia***

Cosmetic Sedative and stimulate nervous France, Spain Koy Metropol

Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/fruit Peganum harmala***

oil Diuretic and urinary system disorders

Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Oz Metropol


Loranthaceae Çekem/ leave Viscum album* Cosmetic Sedative nervous Egypt and Turkey Yus Metropol

Viscaceae Ökse otu/leave Viscum album *** Tea For treatment of disturbances of

hormone balance.

nervous Turkey Koy Metropol

Malvaceae Amber çiçeği/flower Alcea rematiflora***

Tea, cosmetic

Constipation Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Yus Metropol

Cornaceae Kızılcık/fruit Cornus mas*** Tea Anti-diarrhea Gastrointestinal Mersin and Antalya Hekm Metropol

Oleaceae Yasemin/flower Jasminum fruticans*****

Tea It reduces the pain of rheumatism

skeleton Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol

Zingiberaceae Kakule/fruit,nuts Elettaria cardamomum***

Spice Appetizing, digestiand disorders

nervous Syria Yes Metropol

Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ flower,leave

Achillea millefolium***

Cosmetic Hemorrhoids and rheumatism

Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol

Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/nut Peganum harmala*

Spice It stimulates the nervous system

nervous Konya and Aksaray Acey Adana

Lobeliaceae Lobelya/ stem,leave Lobelia inflata*** Paste, tea It helps to quit smoking and used for

ulcers

nervous Tropic countries Cer Adana

Rosaceae Üvez/fruit Sorbus torminalis* Powder, paste

For constipation and tension

Gastrointestinal Adana and Hatay Acey Adana

Combretaceae Sarıhalile/fruitTerminalia

chebula****

Drugs It strengthens the nerands and

propagating semen

Urinary system NortheastAsia Sas Adana

Verbenaceae Hayıt/flower, leave Vitex agnus- castus***

Tea Regulate menstruation, indigestion


Mersin and Hatay Acey Adana

Lamiaceae Zulfa otu/flower, leave

Hyssopus officinalis****

Oil Diuretic, It is useful in child deandlopment

Gastrointestinal Karaman and Mersin

Acey Adana

Polygonaceae Kuzukulağı/leaves Rumex acetosella* Cosmetic, tea

For Itching and it strengthens the body İmmune/nervous

Mersin, Bolu and İstanbul

Bitc Adana

Fabaceae Ratanya/rhizom Tkrameria triandra*

Paste Diarrhea Gastrointestinal Black Sea region Bitc Adana

Solanaceae Tatula/nut Datura stramonium***

Spice For spasms and period nervous Mediterranean Acey Adana

Loganiaceae Yohimbe/leave, bark Pausinystalia yohimbe***

Spice Reducing stress, anxiety and feandr nervous

West Africa Sas Adana

Pinaceae Mürsafi, acı reçine/ bark

Pinus brutia Gummi, Tea

Stimulating, cough Immune system Turkey Cer Adana

Lythraceae Hevhulma/ flower Lythrum salicaria****

Cosmetic Stop the bleeding and relieand hemorrhoids

Gastrointestinal Turkey Sas Adana

Rosaceae Abdest bozan otu/ flower

Sarcopoterium spinosum***

oil Tonsils and phlegm Immune system Mersin, İzmir and Mediterranean

Acey Adana

Asteraceae Andız otu/ flower Inula helenium****

Cosmetic Asthma, cholesterol, aphrodisiac effect Immune system

Mediterranean Cer Adana

Polypodiaceae Baldırı kara/ leave Asplenium adiantum-nigrum*

Paste, tea Urine enhancer and colds urinery system

Turkey Sas Adana

Piperaceae Kebabiye/fruit Piper cubebae*** Spice Appetizing and colds Immune system India, China Acey Adana

The popular medicinal herbs used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . Kör Yusuf: Koy; Amazon: Amz: Papatya: Pap; Naturel Malatya: Nmal; Baharat dünyası: Bahd; Burcu: Bur; Hekimoğlu:Hek; Yonca:Yon; Yusuf Aysu; Yus; Özderman:Oz; Lokman Hekim:Lok; Hekimhan:Hekm; Yesilay:Yes; Adana çerçi Yusuf: Acey; Bitki cenneti:Bitc; Çerkez İbo:Cer; Saimbeyli Sürmeneli Ayşe:Sas


According to the information obtained from some of the herbalists; the most common complaints have been reported as asthma, allergic, rhinitis (immune system); gastric, reflux, gastritis, hemorrhoid (intestinal-digestive disorders); low back pain, migraine, acute, aphrodisiac (analgesic, anodyne, emollient); muscle force, rheumatism (disorders of arthritis); cholesterol (heart-blood, vascular disorders); pharyngitis, laryngitis, tricheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, sputum, sinusitis,

tonsilitis (respiratory system disordes); dermatitis (skin disorders); depression, sleep disturbances (mental and neurological disorders). In addition, many people have looked for herbs to quit smoking, increase mother’s milk supply and expand their consciousness.

We found that the most commonly usage of plants are spice, tea, paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder,

vegetable oils (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Percentile distribution of herbal preparations

The most common usage is spice with the rate of 47,8 %. Tea, paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder, vegetable oils are 19,2 %, 12,7 %, 9,7 %, 4,7 %, 3,24 %, 1,8 % and 0,9 respectively.

While, Crataegus monogyna, Gingko biloba, Lavandula stoechas, Salvia pinnata, Achillea millefolium, Nigella sativa, Borago officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, Viburnum opulus, Rosa canina, Melissa officinalis, Cichorium inthybus, Zingiber officinale, Urtica membranacea, Tilia rubra, Erica sicula, Viscum album, Lepidium sativum are used for making tea in the villages of the research area, nowadays usage of tea plants such as Jasminum fruticans, Rosmarinus officinalis, Curcuma longa, Ceratonia siliqua, Camellia sinensis, Tilia rubra, Alcea striata, Jasminum fruticans, Nigella sativa are rather popular. They are mostly used for immune system disorders, colds, stomach disorders, blood clots, circulation, heart, liver, nervous, gynecological diseases, diseases, allergy, kidney-gall stones, prostate, memory enhancement, cancer, constipation, eczema, hormonal problems, appetite angle urine diuretic, swelling, pain.

The local people of Mersin and Adana mostly use spices, oil or paste form of plants; Lavandula stoechas for asthma, bronchitis, expectorant up; Cinnamum zeylanicum for vomiting to prevent, regulate blood sugar; Zingiber officinale for nausea, bloating; Urtica membranacea for cleanse the blood, urine to dismantle; Curcuma longa for antioxidant; Melissa officinalis and Mentha arvensis for stomach cramps; Tilia rubra for anemia; Thymus syriacus for fatigue, indigestion; Nigella sativa and Echinacea purpurea for fatigue, weak immune system; Piper nigrum for appetite and digestion problems; Carum carvi and Cuminum cyminum for stomach swelling; Capsicum annuum for rheumatism, toothache; Mentha arvensis for pain, Lepidium sativum for muscular, nervous disorders; Myrtus communis for nervous disorders and insomnia; Ceterach officinasum for eczama; Cornus mas for diarrhea; Lobelia inflata for ulcer and addiction to smoking; Terminalia chebula for nerve disease and semen problems; Hyssopus officinalis for physical development in children; Lythrum salicaria and Piper longum for hemorrhoids; Inula helenium for cholesterol and asthma; Althaea officinalis for cough, sputum; Thymus serpyllum for lung diseases; Carthamus tinctorius for rheumatism, urinary system diseases; Borago officinalis for skin spots; Ocimum basilicum for sedative effect; Ceratonia siliqua for shortness of breath; Peganum harmala for kidney and bladder pain.

According to our results in Table 1 (see additional file), the families that have maximum number of species are Lamiaceae (9.71 %); Zingiberaceae and Apiaceae (6.29 %); Lauraceae (4.57 %); Rosaceae

(3.43 %); Ericaceae and Fabaceae (2.86 %); Brassicaceae, Myrtaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceaea and Zygophyllaceae (2.29%); Boraginaceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae and Tiliaceae (1.71%); Araliaceae, Arecaceae, Aspleniaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ginkgoceae, Iridaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Polyporaceae, Santalaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae (1.14 %). Other families (0.57 % each) are Aquifoliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Lobeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Loranthaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rubiaceae, Soanaceae and Theaceae.

DiscussionTable 2 shows clearly that in Mersin and Adana, the plants were used mainly for pathologies of the digestive, immune system, respiratory, heart-blood-liver, arthritis, urinary, skin system disorders, inflammatory and related ailments, cancer, gynecological disorders, nerve and related ailments.

The uses of some plants found commonly in the herbal market in Cyprus are the same as ours such as; Cuminum cyminum for intestinal pains; Achillea millefolium for haemorrhoids, Matricaria chamomilla for anti-inflammatory Lavandula angustifolia for calmative, depression, Ocimum basilicum for headache, insomnia, memory stimulant Laurus nobilis for igmoritis, throat ache rheumatisms; Vitex agnus-castus for menstruation disorders [23]. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), marketed commonly for Alzheimers disease, hypertension, Coronery artery disorders in the World, is used mainly for memory loss and memory expanding in our region [24]. We reported that Ganoderma lucidum, Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa were used to treat cancer while reported that in Madagascar, Catharanthus lanceus, C. roseus, Aloe macroclada were being used for cancer [25].

According to the study of Pirbalouti et al., it is worth noting the use of the species Myrtus communis for air freshener in Mersin-Adana and Ilam(Iran) [27]. Myrtus communis was mostly collected for treating women diseases, wound (antimicrobial) in Ilam. In addition, We were compared similiar species with different uses. For example, Crocus sativus is used as a tonic for heart and culinary use; Elaeagnus angustifolia is used as anti-diarrheal, treatment of gastric pain and hepatoprotective; Peganum harmala is used as anti-septic for air, treatment of scorpion bite, snake bite, toothache and soporific; Pimpinella anisum is used as carminative and culinary use; Rosa canina is used for Indigestion; Viscum album is used as treatment of body pain, knew joint pain, and abscess in Ilam, while Crocus sativus is used as vitamin- endorphins; Elaeagnus angustifolia is used as threatment of prostate, Peganum harmala is used as diuretic, relieve of kidney and bladder pain, Pimpinella anisum is used as treatment of stomach discomfort; Rosa canina is used as treatment of immunity diseases for finally, Viscum album is used as sedative effect and treatment of hormonal related diseases in Mersin-Adana [26].

Most of the plants indicated by the interviewees are reported in Salt Range (Pakistan) literature. There were reported in the official Salt Range-specific phytotherapy of the use of Foeniculum vulgare as treatment of gastric flatulence and cramp like pains in gastrointestinal tract; Linum usitatissimum as treatment of boils, burns, eczema, pneumonia and bronchitis; Tribulus terrestris as treatment of painful urination and spermatorrhoea [28]. While Foeniculum vulgare is


used as treatment of digestive system diseases, Linum usitatissimum menopause, stomach pain and constipation, Tribulus terrestris is used as treatment of circulatory system diseases in Mersin-Adana region.

Also, similar 5 species in our list were reported by Italian researchers in Mundimitar-Montemitro (Southern Italy); Foeniculum vulgare (diuretic or for treating gastric reflux), Humulus lupulus (spice), Matricaria chamomilla (tranquillizer), Rosa canina (for treating sore throat) [29]. Similarly, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula angustifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium used mostly as antiseptic in Iberian Peninsula, were common to Mersin-Adana [5,6].

The uses of some plants that are presented in our list could be different in the other regions of Turkey. For example, Althaea officinalis mostly used as reducing cough and expectorant in Mersin-Adana, as treatment of insect and fly bites in Bozüyük-Bilecik, Rumex patienta mostly used for immun system and skin disorders in Mersin-Adana, as anti-furuncular, diuretic in Bozüyük-Bilecik; The leaves of Cichorium intybus is mostly used for kidney stones and abdominal ache in Edremit Gulf- Balıkesir, for allergy in Mersin-Adana; aerial parts of Ceterach officinarum is mostly used for stomachache, gallbladder disease, urinary diseases in Marmaris, for eczema in Mersin-Adana; The flower, leaf, root of Tribulus terrestris is used for kidney sand and hemorrhoids in Afyonkarahisar, for cardiac disorder, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, vasodilators in Malatya, mostly used for circulatory system diseases in Mersin-Adana; The leaves of Ocimum basilicum is used as treatment of diabetes, scorpion stings in Manisa, mostly used as sedative in Mersin-Adana; The aerial part of Hypericum perforatum is commonly used for diarrhea, colic and hemorrhoids in Aladağlar-Niğde, as antiseptic and treatment of gynecological diseases in Mersin-Adana. In addition, the fruit of Rosa canina, mostly used as treatment of immun system in our region, is commonly used for slimming in Andırın-Kahramanmaras [3, 30-36].

The most representative families in our study were Lamiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Apiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Ericaceae and Fabaceae. In an ethnobotanical survey of plants used in Mediterranean countries, the most common represented families according to the number of species were Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae [30, 37-39]. There seems to be similarly to ours because of the similiar geographical regions and vegetation types.

Table 1 presents the three pathologies of the immune system most frequently mentioned in each of the cities (Mersin-Adana and Sakarya). The largest number of taxa from Mersin-Adana is used to treat immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 %) and analgesic, anodyne, emollient (15.05 %) disorders while Uzun et al. reported that the most common use of medicinal plants in Sakarya was in the treatment of immune system (18%), and mental and neurological disorders (13.7 %) [40]. According to the previous study in Mersin-Adana region in 2005, immune system, analgesic, anodyne, emollient and psychological disorders have rather increased while gastrointestinal-digestive, respiratory system, gynecological disorders have decreased in 2012-2013 [6].

In addition, Polat et al. reported that in Balıkesir (Edremit Gulf) the majority of herbs is being used for treatment of illnesses of gastrointestinal (25 %), respiratory system (23.22 %), urinary system disorders (11.6 %) [31]. Kultur et al. showed the largest number of herbs from Kırklareli is used for the treatment of immune system (24.6 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (20.0 %), respiratory system (19.0 %) and urinary system (18.2 %) disorders [41].

As reflected in Table 2, the pathologies of the gastrointestinal-digestive were the most frequently mentioned and showed rather high diversity of uses in all countries. The usage of medicinal plants in Naran Walley, Pakistan was 32.76 % for treatment of gastrointestinal-digestive disorders [42]. This is a high percentage when compared with the our region (18.10 %) and North east Bosnia-Herzegovina (17.3 %) [43]. The largest common number of herbs from Mersin-Adana, Naran Walley and North east Bosnia-Herzegovina is used for the treatment of respiratory system (5.19, 13.72, 15.2 %), urinary system (10.04, 9.13, 12.7 %), heart-blood (9.06, 7.37, 7.2 %) and skin (4.25, 7.03, 10.4 %) disorders, repectively. In literature, the usage of medicinal plants for treatment of gastrointestinal-digestive disorders were rather common in Montenegro 57.4 %, Central Serbia (50 %) and Liguira-İtaly (21.5 %) [44-46].

ConclusionIn Mersin-Adana, medicinal herbs are widely used in both rural and urban areas. Some of them are used in formulation of home remedies, such as tea, spice, paste, cosmetic products, oil, powder, infusion or as a consequence of the current development of the pharmaceutical products, less often in tablet and capsules (Figure 2). The practioners used the plants when fresh or dry, essentialy in the form of a maceration as an infusion, a decoction, as a paste or powder prepared with a handful. Mostly, there was not a standardized method in the use of traditional medicine in Mersin-Adana.

Contrary to the previous study, there is an increase incidence of immun system ailments in this survey studied [6]. This increase may be related to the environmental pollution, climatic conditions or migration that increased rapidly in recent years. Human activity in migration conditions is likely to lead to change in the distribution of the infections with microorganisms [47].

Our study shows clearly that in the South of Turkey (Mersin-Adana), the herbs used mainly for pathologies of the intestinal-digestive disorders, respiratory, urinary system, heart-blood, vascular, skin and other related ailments which are related to the malnutrition, unconscious nutrition, the use of unnecessary antibiotics and undeveloped hygiene habits. In addition, these years were the times that the sales of slimming and soothing teas has increased. During the later five years, the sales of plants used for antidepressant (camomile) and obesity exploded.

It is important to highlight that this work constitutes the second survey performed with ethnobotanical data gathered in Mersin-Adana. We reported that the herbal markets of Mersin-Adana have always played a vital role in the lives of people. Furthermore, this survey underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and need further researches which could lead to new therapeutic drugs [48].

Additional File 1An additional “Table 1. The list of Medicinal plants of research area” file shows this in more detail [see Additional file 1].

AcknowledgementsI would like to thank to and herbal markets of Kor Yusuf, Amazon, Papatya, Naturel Malatya, Baharat Dunyasi, Burcu, Hekimoglu, Yonca, Yusuf Aysu, Ozderman, Lokman Hekim, Hekimhan, Yesilay, Adana Cerci Yusuf, Bitki Cenneti, Cerkez Ibo, Saimbeyli Surmeneli Ayse and license students of Biology (Mevlut Guven, Emine


Adıyaman, Kubra Karacelik, Burcu Keme, Kaan Karaca, Cihat Karaagac) to made surveying with some herbalists and others who have provided me with the various herbal samples and information.

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Copyright: ©2017 Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz and Ayse Everest. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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