issn 2277-4289│ review articlegjrmi.com/upload/may2017/kavita k et al., (2017)_ gjrmi 6 (5)_...

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 6, Issue 5 | May 2017 | 75–88

Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||

ISSN 2277-4289│ www.gjrmi.com │International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly online Journal

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON PRAMEHA MANAGEMENT

FROM VARIOUS COMPENDIA

Kavita Kumari1, Suman Singh2, Bhupesh Patel3

1M.D. Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat,

India -361 008 2 PhD Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat,

India -361 008 3Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar,

Gujarat, India -361 008

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]; Mobile: +91-7284021574

Received: 09/04/2017; Revised: 24/05/2017; Accepted: 30/05/2017

ABSTRACT

Prameha is defined as a disease, with excessive urination and turbidity. 20 types of Prameha is

described by Acharyas, 4 are due to Vata, 6 due to Pitta and 10 are caused by Kapha. Though it is

Yapya (not totally curable / difficult to cure) disease, but the prolonged Ayurvedic treatment will

help the person to prevent its complication and lead a healthy life. This review work is an attempt to

compile and present Prameha management in systematic manner with scientific observations from

various compendia and web searches. In present study, different formulations as well as single drugs

were compiled from 10 different compendia, for the treatment of Prameha. Analysis of the compiled

data shows that, about 150 formulations (Rasa-43, Kwatha-41, Vati-15, Ghrita-12, Churna-11,

Avleha-10, Taila-6) has been described and 40 single drugs are being used, among them maximum

drugs are of plants origin (28) followed by minerals (10) and animal origin (1). Some of these drugs

are reported for various pharmacological activities like antidiabetic (13), anti-hyperlipidaemic (4),

antioxidant (10), immune-modulatory activity (7) etc. Prameha can be correlated with the disease

Diabetes mellitus of modern science. Different properties and mode of action of these drugs

compiled, may give a lead to find out new approaches for the treatment of Prameha and helpful to

prevent its complications.

KEYWORDS: Antidiabetic, Diabetes, Madhu, Prameha, Yapya

Review Article

Cite this article:

Kavita Kumari*, Suman Singh, Bhupesh Patel (2017), A CRITICAL REVIEW ON

PRAMEHA MANAGEMENT FROM VARIOUS COMPENDIA,

Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 6 (5): 75–88

http://www.gjrmi.com/

mailto:[email protected]



INTRODUCTION:

Ayurvedic classics have laid importance

upon the etiological factors, their role in

vitiations of Dosha (body humour) and Dushya

(body tissues) which manifest disease

conditions. Besides this, some conditions are

also considered due to Beeja dushti (defects in

the gametes) i.e. Prameha (urinary disorder)

and Arsha (piles). Prameha are categorized into

two types based upon its origin i.e. Sahaja

(congenital) and Apathyanimittaja (due to over

eating and poor habits). In these two categories,

former occurs due to Beeja dushti and latter

one due to improper diet and lifestyle. In

Ayurvedic classics, detail description of

etiological factors like excessive intake of

heavy, unctuous and saline foods, new cereals

and fresh wine consumption in large quantity,

sedentary life style, not indulging in any sort of

physical and mental exercise and not

undergoing bio-purification of body are

mentioned for Prameha (Acharya YT, 2011).

These etiological factors aggravate Kapha

(watery element), Pitta (fiery elements or bile),

Meda (fatty tissue), Mamsa (muscles) and

obstruct the normal pathway of Vata (air

elements), agitated Vata carries the Ojas

(immunity) to Basti (urinary bladder) and

causes Prameha. Which ultimately leads to

Madhumeha (Acharya YT, 2011). Prameha is

defined to be characterized with excessive

urination (both in frequency & quantity) and

turbidity (Acharya YT, 2009). Acharya

Vagbhata further clarifies that nature of the

turbidity may vary depending upon the body

reaction with the Doshas (Shashtri

Harisadashiva, 2010). Acharyas have classified

Prameha into two categories on management

basis, first who are Sthula (obese) and strong

and second one those who are emaciated

(Krisha) and weak. The patient belonging to

the latter category should be given Brimhana

(nourishing) and Shamana chikitsa (pacifying

therapy) while patients of the former category

have more Dosha in the body, should be

administered Shodhana Chikitsa (elimination

therapy) (Acharya YT, 2011). Seers of

Ayurveda have considered that every Prameha

with passage of time is converted into

Madhumeha. Therefore, Prameha can be

correlated with the early stage of diabetes

mellitus. Diabetes describe as a metabolic

disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by

chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance of

carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

resulting from defects in insulin secretion,

insulin action or both. Diabetes is a growing

public health problem in both developed and

developing countries. Globally, an estimated

422 million adults are living with diabetes

mellitus, according to the latest 2016 data from

the World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO,

2016). Diabetes prevalence is increasing

rapidly; the number is projected to almost

double by 2030 (Wild S, 2004). Type 2

diabetes makes up about 85–90% of all cases

(Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth Polonsky, P.Reed

Larsen, Henry Kronenberg, 2011). Until

recently, India had more diabetics than any

other country in the world, according to the

International Diabetes Foundation (Gale,

2010), although the country has now been

surpassed China to the top spot (BBC, 2010).

Diabetes currently affects more than 62 million

Indians, which is more than 7.1% of the adult

population (IANS, 2014). Nearly one million

Indians die due to diabetes every year (Gale,

2010). The high incidence is attributed to a

combination of genetic susceptibility plus

adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle

by India's growing middle class (Kleinfield

NR, 2006).

Though patho-physiology of diabetes

remains to be fully understood, experimental

evidences suggest the involvement of free

radicals in the pathogenesis of diabetes

(Matteucci E, 2000) and more importantly in

the development of diabetic complications

(Oberley LW, 1988, Lipinski B, 2001). In

search of natural origin medicines for

combating such metabolic syndromes with

fewer side effects, there has been an

exponential growth in the field of herbal

medicine and these drugs are gaining

popularity both in developing and developed

countries. Many traditional medicines in use

are derived from medicinal plants, minerals and

organic matter (Grover JK et al., 2002). Hence,



present review is an attempt to update

information regarding management of Prameha

from various compendia of medieval period

with evidence based experimental and clinical

studies on diabetes mellitus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In present study, compound formulations as

well as single drugs, indicated for Prameha

management were compiled from

Vaidyajeevana (Sharma PV, 2013),

Bhavaprakashasamhita (Mishra Brahmasankar,

2005), Basvarajeeyam (Pandey Gyanedra,

2010), Vyadhinigraha (Giri Kapildev, 1999),

Chamatkara chintamani (Brahmananda

Tripathi, 2006), Yogachintamani (Dattaram,

2003), Yogaratnakara (Shashtri Lakshmipati,

2010), Vaidyarahasya (Tripathi Indradev,

2000), Bhaishjyaratanavali (Mishra

Siddhinandan, 2011), Sahasrayoga (Arya

mahendrapalsingh, 1990). Various research

journals and books were referred to gather the

update information regarding scientific

documentation of the role of these drugs in the

prevention and management of Prameha. The

recorded data are presented in a scientific

manner with regards to their Sanskrit name,

dosage form, dose, vehicle and reported

research activity.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Analysis of the compiled data shows that,

about 150 compound formulations (Rasa-43,

Kwatha-41, Vati-15, Ghrita-12, Churna-11,

Avleha-10, Taila-6) and 40 single drugs has

been described, among them maximum drugs

are of herbal origin (28) followed by mineral

(10) and animal origin (1). Mainly used dosage

form is Kwatha (decoction) and Anupana

(vehicle) is Madhu (Honey) among the

observed data (Table 1). Honey possesses

Kapha-Medanashaka property and it is best

vehicle described in Ayurvedic classics as they

aid in channelizing the drugs to every Dhatu

(body tissues) and Srotas (channels of the

body) of the body (Acharya YT, 2011). Honey

has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen

species, ameliorate oxidative stress and reduce

hyperglycaemia. (Beretta G et al., 2007,

Erejuwa OO et al., 2010a). While honey

supplementation in diabetic rats ameliorates

renal oxidative stress independent of the dose,

its hypoglycaemic effect is dose-dependent

(Erejuwa OO et al., 2010b). It is hypothesized

that the fructose and oligosaccharides present

in honey might in some way contribute to the

observed hypoglycaemic effect. (Erejuwa OO

et al., 2012, Erejuwa OO et al., 2011a). In

addition, honey supplementation ameliorates

several metabolic derangements commonly

observed in diabetes. These include reduced

levels of hepatic transaminases, triglycerides

and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as well

as increased HDL cholesterol. (Erejuwa OO et

al., 2011b, Chepulis L, 2008, Busserolles J,

2002). Most of these drugs possess Rasayana

(rejuvenator) action which is followed by

Deepana (appetizer), Chakshushya (good for

eye health), Balya (improves strength) etc.

Some of these drugs are reported for various

pharmacological activities like antidiabetic

(13), anti-hyperlipidaemic (4), antioxidant (10),

immunomodulatory (7) etc. (Table 1) One of

the etiologic factors implicated in the

development of diabetes and its complications

is the damage induced by free radicals. Free

radicals are capable of damaging cellular

molecules, DNA, proteins and lipids leading to

altered cellular functions. Natural antioxidants

strengthen the endogenous antioxidant defenses

from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and

restore the optimal balance by neutralizing the

reactive species. Many recent studies reveal

that antioxidants capable of neutralizing free

radicals are effective in preventing

experimentally induced diabetes in animal

models (Kubisch HM, et al.,1997, Naziroglu M

et al., 2001) as well as reducing the severity of

diabetic complications (Lipinski B, 2001)

hence an anti-diabetic compound with

antioxidant properties would be more

beneficial. Components of the immune system

are altered in type-2 diabetes (T2D), with the

most apparent changes occurring in adipose

tissue, liver, pancreatic islets, in vasculature

and circulating leukocytes. These

immunological changes include altered levels

of specific cytokines and chemokines, changes

in the number and activation state of various



leukocyte populations and increased apoptosis

and tissue fibrosis. Preliminary results from

clinical trials with salicylates and interleukin-1

antagonists (Claus ML et al., 2007) support this

notion and have opened the door for immune-

modulatory strategies for the treatment of T2D

that simultaneously lower blood glucose levels

and potentially reduce the severity and

prevalence of the associated complications of

this disease (Marc YD and Steven ES, 2011).

Hence, drugs like Haridra (Curcuma longa)

(Jennifer RA et al., 2012), Guduchi (Tinospora

cordifolia) (K. Salkar et al., 2014), Amalaki

(Phyllanthus emblica) (Chatterjee A, 2011),

Bala (Sida cordifolia) (Meera Sumanth and SS

Mustafa, 2009), Shatavari (Asparagus

racemosus) (Gautam M et al., 2009) etc.

possess immune-modulatory activity which can

be helpful in preventing various associated

complications of diabetes thereby maintains

quality of life. (Table 1)

Table 1 – Single drugs of plant origin indicated in the management of Prameha

S.n

o.

Drugs Botanical

source

Dosage

form

Vehicle Actions Reported activity

1. Haritaki Terminalia

chebula Linn.

(Combretaceae)

Churna

(Powder)

Madhu

(Honey)

Deepana

(appetizer), Medhya

(nootropic),

Rasayana

(rejuvenator),

Chakshushya,

Anulomana

Hypolipidaemic (V.

Maruthappan and K.

Sakthi Shree, 2010),

Antioxidant

(Bibhabasu Hazra et

al., 2010),

Antidiabetic

(MuraliYK et al.,

2007)

2. Haridra Curcuma longa

Linn.

(Zingiberaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

Raktashodhaka,

Twakdoshahara,

Shothahara,

Deepana

(appetizer), Grahi,

Vishaghna

Antioxidant

(R.Selvam et al.,

1995),

Immunomodulator

(Jennifer RA et al.,

2012), Anti-diabetic

(Rai PK et sal.,

2010),

Hypolipidaemic

(Faizal IP et al.,

2009)

3. Palasha

pushpa

(flower)

Butea

monosperma

(Lamk.)Taub.

(Fabaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

Sugar Deepana

(appetizer), Vrishya

(aphrodisiac), Sara

Anti-oxidant (Prasad

GJ et al., 2013),

Antidiabetic (Chusri

Talubmook and

Nopparat B, 2012)

4. Guduchi Tinospora

cordifolia

Willd. (Menispermaceae)

Swarasa

(Juice)

Madhu

(Honey)

Tridoshahara,

Deepana

(appetizer),

Rasayana

(rejuvenator),

Grahi,

Chakshushya,

Medhya (nootropic)

Immunomodulator

(K. Salkar et al.,

2014),Antidiabetic

and hyperglycemic

(Wadood N et al.,

1992), Antioxidant

(Methew S and

Kuttan G, 1997)



5. Guduchi

satva

Tinospora

cordifolia

Willd. (Menispermaceae)

Satva Madhu

(Honey)

Tridoshahara,

Deepana

(appetizer),

Rasayana

(rejuvenator),Grahi,

Chakshushya,

Medhya (nootropic)

Immunomodulator

(Bhatnagar SP et al.,

2010), Antioxidant

(Rachana Dwivedi

et al., 2014)

6. Kataka Strychnos

potatorum

Linn.f.

(Loganiaceae)

Seed

powder

Chakshushya Antidiabetic

(Dhasarathan P,

2011), Antioxidant

(Sanmugapriya E

and Venkataraman,

2006)

7. Aamalaki Phyllanthus

emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)

Swarasa

(Juice)

Madhu

(Honey)and

haridra

churna

(turmeric

powder)

Rasayana(rejuvenat

or),

Vrishya(aphrodisiac

), Chakshushya,

Deepana (appetizer)

Antioxidant (Satio

K et al., 2008),

Antidiabetic

(Suryanarayana P et

al., 2007),

Hypocholesteromic

(Kim HJ et al.,

2005),

Hypolipidaemic

(Mathur R et al.,

1996),

Immunomodulatory

(Chatterjee A, 2011)

8. Bala Sida cordifolia

Linn.

(Malvaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

Lodhra

churna

(lodhra

powder)and

Madhu

(Honey)

Balya(improves

strength), Vrishya

(aphrodisiac),

Grahi, Brimhana,

Prajasthapana

Antioxidant

(Sharma HM et

al.,1992),

Antidiabetic (Kanth

VR and Diwan PV,

1999) and

Hypercholesteromic

(Kaur G et al.,

2011), Adaptogenic

(Meera Sumanth

and SS Mustafa,

2009),

Immunomodulator

(Meera Sumanth

and SS Mustafa,

2009)

9. Shatavari Asparagus

racemosus

Willd.

(Liliaceae)

Swarasa

(Juice)

Milk Balya (improves

strength), Rasayana

(rejuvenator),

Netrya, Shukrala,

Stanyakara

Antioxidant (Lalana

Kongkaneramit et

al., 2011),

immunomodulator

(Gautam M et al.,

2009)



10. Bhumiama

laki

Phyllanthus

amarus

Schum.et.Thon

n (Euphorbiaceae)

Churna

(Powder)

Maricha

churna

(Piper

powder)

Kasahara,

Shwasahara,

Rasayana

(rejuvenator)

Hypoglycemic (AA

Adeneye et al,

2006), Antidiabetic

(AA Shetti et al.,

2012), Antioxidant

(Lim Y and

Murtijaya, 2007)

11. Bilvapatra Aegle marmelos

Linn.(Rutaceae)

Swarasa

(Juice

Sugar Balya (improves

strength),Grahi,

Deepana

(appetizer),

Pachana

Antidiabetic (M.

C.Sabu and

Ramadasan Kuttan,

2004),Antioxidant

(Sharmila upadhya

et al.,

2004),Immuno-

modulator (HV

Govinda and SMB

Asdaq, 2011)

12. Parijata Nyctanthes

arbortristis

Linn. (Nyctanthaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

Madhu

(Honey)

Anulomana Antioxidant (Rathee

JS et al., 2007),

Antidiabetic

(Pattanayak C et al.,

2012),

Immunomodulator

(Marikani kannan

and Ranjit Singh

AJA, 2010)

13. Agnimanth

a

Clerodendrum

phlomidis Linn.

(Verbenaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

- Anti-hyperlipidemic

(MJ Patel and JK

Patel, 2012),

Antioxidant (Gokani

RH et al., 2010)

14. Nimba Azadirachta

indica A. Juss.

(Meliaceae)

Kwatha

(Decocti

on)

- Deepana

(appetizer), Netrya

Antioxidant(Rao

AD et al., 1998),

Immuno-stimulant

(Ujjwal KD and

Mukherjee R, 2009)

Antidiabetic

(Rasheda Akter, et

al., 2013)

Minerals and herbo-mineral preparations

are fewer in Samhita period with succession of

time their uses are increased which reflects in

compendia of medieval periods. It is observed

that herbo-mineral complexes are more stable

and more interactive which results in faster

therapeutic action and have a longer shelf life.

In the management of Prameha, individual uses

of 9 different minerals were found in referred

compendia (Table 2). These minerals were

prescribed with various Anupana (vehicle) like

Madhu (honey), milk, Triphala etc. In classical

texts, a great emphasis is laid on dosage and

Anupana (vehicle) with which a Bhasma

should be administered. Anupana may possibly

play the key role in the safety of the Bhasma. In

absence of such caution, adverse reaction is

likely (Kapoor R, 2010). Madhu (honey) as



Anupana (vehicle) brings about quick action

due to its Yogavahi (super-advenient) property

(Chunekar KC, 2004). Minerals were reported

for their antioxidant activity, antidiabetic

activity, immunomodulatory effect etc. in

experimental studies mentioned in table 2.

Frequently used 30 important compound

formulations described in table 3, were found

in referred compendia with different dosage

forms and vehicles. These formulations are

indicated in Prameha, its various types and

many other conditions.

Table 2-Single drugs of mineral origin indicated in the management of Prameha.

S.N Drug Botanical

/English

Name

Anupana (Vehicle) Reported activity

1. Lauha

Bhasma

Iron Madhu (Honey) -

2. Vanga

Bhasma

Calx of Tin Pure Shilajitu Antidiabetic (Soni Chandan et al., 2011)

3. Naga

Bhasma

Lead Calx Madhu,Haridra,Amalaki Antidiabetic (Deshmukh SM, 2013)

4. Shilajitu Asphaltum Milk,Sugar,Honey Immunomodulatory (Ghosal S, 2009),

Hypolipidemic (Trivedi NA, 2004),

Antidiabetic (Trivedi NA, 2004)

5. Abhraka

Bhasma

Calx of Mica Honey,Triphala,Haridra Hypoglycemic activity (Raghava Rao

Gundimeda, 2010)

6. Gandhaka

yoga

Sulphur Puranaguda

(Jaggery),Milk

-

7. Swarna

Makshika

Copper Pyrite Madhu,Guduchisatva Antidiabetic (Singh Neetu et al., 2014)

8. Roupya

Makshika

Iron Pyrite Saradiganabhavna

(Levigation)

Antioxidant

9. Sphatika

Churna

Quartz Stone - -

Table 3-Compound formulations indicated in Prameha

S.no Name Dose & Vehicle Indication Referenc

es of

books*

1. Mehantaka rasa Kshnamatravati,

Mushali, Shatavari rasa,

Navneeta

Vinshati Prameha 7,9

2. Harishankara rasa

1,2

Honey Vinshati Prameha 7,9

3. Pramehakalanala

rasa

250 mg, Gunjakwatha Vinshati Prameha 9

4. Pramehakulantaka

rasa

Milk,Amalakiswarasa Vinshati Prameha,Pandu,Kamla,

Mutrakricchra, Ashmari

9

5. Vasantakusumakara

rasa

Ghrita, Madhu(Honey) Prameha,Ekadasakshaya, Soma roga 7,9

6. Vangeshwara rasa

1,2,3,4

Pippalichurna,Madhu Vinshati Prameha 7,8,9



7. Maha Vangeshwara

rasa

- Vinshati Prameha, Pandu,

Somaroga, Mutrakricchra, Ashmari

7

8. Jalajamrita rasa Sugar Mutrakricchra, Vinshati Prameha

7

9. Pramehasetu rasa 3 rati (415), with

Triphalachurna-Honey

Vinshati Prameha 9

10. Phalatrikadikwatha Honey(Madhu) All chronic Prameha 2,7,9

11. Triphaladikwatha Honey (Madhu) Vinshati Prameha 4,6,7,9

12. Aakulyadikwatha Honey (Madhu) Vinshati Prameha 10

13. SarjadiKwatha Honey (Madhu) Udakameha 9

14. Manjisthadikwatha Honey (Madhu) Shukra, Raktameha 9

15. Chandraprabhavati

1,2

Karsha, with Ghrita-

Madhu(Honey)

Mutradosha,Pradara, Prameha,

Arsha, Ashmari, Vidradhi,

Pandu,Udararoga

6,7,8,9

16. Gokshuradivati/gug

gulu

- Vataroga, Vatarakta, Mutradosha,

Pradara

2,6,7

17. Induvati 60mg,Honey Madhumeha 8

18. Panchananavati 1 Rati (125mg) Vinshati Prameha, Kushtha, Shoola,

Gulma, Jwara

8

19. Eladi Churna With Rice water Vinshati Prameha 9

20. Sinhamritaghrita - Madhumeha, Kushtha, Bhagandara 2,7

21. Dhanvantraghrita 6-12gm,With hot milk or

hot water

Prameha, Kushtha,

Bhagandara,Unmada, Apasmara

2,9,10

22. Shalmalighrita 12 gm, With hot milk or

hot water

Vinshati Prameha (Shukrameha),

Napuskata, Dhatukshya,Kasa

9

23. Arjunadyaghrita - Pittaja Prameha 2,7

24. Dadimadyaghrita

1,2,3

6-12gm,With hot milk or

hot water

Prameha, Kushtha, Kasa, Shwasa,

Hikka, Ashmari

2,9

25. Ashvagandhapaka - Prameha,JeernaJwara, Shotha,

Gulma,Vata-Pitta roga

6,7

26. Gokshuradyavleha 4 Tola(96gm) Ashmari, Madhumeha, Mutradaha,

Vibandha

2,7

27. Drakshapaka 2 Karsha(48gm) Prameha,Vibandha,Pittajaroga 7

28. Ashwagandhapaka Prameha, Jwara, Shotha,

Agnideepaka

7

29. Lodhrasava 1 Pala (96gm) Kapha-Pitta prameha, Grahani,

Arsha,Pandu

7

30. Devdarvyadiarishta - Prameha, Vataroga, Grahani, Arsha,

Dadru

7,9

*Vaidyajeevana (1), Bhavaprakashasamhita (2), Basvarajeeyam (3), Vyadhinigraha (4), Chamatkarachintamani (5),

Yogachintamani (6), Yogaratnakara (7), Vaidyarahasya (8), Bhaishjyaratanavali (9), Sahasrayoga (10)

CONCLUSION

Plants have always been an important

source for finding new remedies for human

diseases. Among hundreds of plants that have

been studied for diabetes, only a small fraction

has been tested in animal studies and is under

clinical trials. The drugs described in this

paper, particularly Terminalia chebula, Butea

monosperma, Shilajatu and Vanga Bhasma had

some clinical evidence for their antidiabetic

effects. Therefore, it seems that physicians can

rely on these single drugs as well as

formulation, at least as complementary

therapeutics, along with current hypoglycemic

drugs to improve management of diabetic

patients. The observed result may be helpful in

planning further scientific studies about the

efficacy of these drugs on prevention as well as

management of Prameha (Diabetes).



REFERENCES

A.A. Shetti, R. D. Sanakal, B. B. Kaliwal.

(2012), Antidiabetic effect of ethanolic

leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in

alloxan induced diabetic mice. Asian

Journal of Plant Science and Research,

2 (1): 11–15

A.A. Adeneye, O.O. Amole, A.K. Adeneye.

(2006) Hypoglycemic and hypo-

cholesterolemic activities of the

aqueous leaf and seed extract of

Phyllanthus amarus in mice. Volume

77, Issues 7–8, Pages 511–514

Acharya YT (2009), Sushrutasamhita.

Chaukhamba Surbharati Varanasi.

Nidanasthana 6/6, pp. 290.

Acharya YT (2011), Charaka samhita, with

Ayurvedadipika commentary by

Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surabharati

Prakashana,Varanasi,p.103–446.

Arya Mahendrapalsingh (1990),

Sahastrayoga,Sanskrit-Hindi-English

anuvada, transalated by Dr.D.B.

Panditarao, Vandamanya anusandhan

ekaka, CCRAS, New Delhi,

Beretta G, Orioli M, Facino RM: (2007),

Antioxidant and radical scavenging

activity of honey in endothelial cell

cultures (EA.hy926). Planta Med. 73,

1182–1189.

Bibhabasu Hazra, Rhitajit Sarkar, Santanu

Biswas and Nripendranath Mandal,

(2010), Comparative study of the

antioxidant and reactive oxygen species

scavenging properties in the extracts of

the fruits of Terminalia chebula,

Terminalia bellerica and Emblica

officinalis. BMC Complementary and

Alternative Medicine.10:20

Brahmananda Tripathi (2006),

Chamtkarachintamani, edited with The

Vimala Sanskrit and Hindi

Commentaries, Chaukhambha Bharti

Academy, Varanasi

Busserolles J, Gueux E, Rock E, Mazur A,

Rayssiguier Y: (2002), Substituting

honey for refined carbohydrates

protects rats from hypertriglyceridemic

and prooxidative effects of fructose. J

Nutr. 132, 3379–3382.

Chatterjee A, Chattopadhyay S,

Bandyopadhyay SK. (2011), Biphasic

Effect of Phyllanthus emblica L.extract

on NSAID-induced ulcer: an

antioxidative trial weaved with

immunomodulatory effect. Evid Based

Complement Alternat Med. 1–13.

Chepulis L, Starkey N: (2008), The long-term

effects of feeding honey compared with

sucrose and a sugar-free diet on weight

gain, lipid profiles, and DEXA

measurements in rats. J Food Sci. 73,

H1–H7.

China faces 'diabetes epidemic', research

suggests". BBC. March 25, 2010.

Retrieved 22 February 2017.

Chunekar KC. (2004), Bhavaprakash Nighantu

of Bhavamishra Commentator., Ver. 5.

Reprint Edition. Chaukhamba Bharti

Academy, Varanasi. Madhu Varga, p.

788.

Chusri T. , Nopparat B. (2012), Antioxidant

and anti-diabetic activities of flower

extract from Butea monosperma (Lam.)

Taub. GSTF International Journal of

Bio Sciences (JBio). 2 (1), 7–10

Claus M. Larsen (2007), Interleukin-1–

Receptor Antagonist in Type 2 Diabetes

Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 356, 1517–

1526



Dattaram (2003), Yogachintamani, with

“Mathurimanjusha” hindi commentary,

Khemraj shrikrishnadas Bombay

prakashan.

Deshmukh Smita M, Bhingare Chandrashekhar

L, Kshirsagar Sanjay J., (2013).

Screening of antidiabetic effect of Naga

bhasma in alloxan induced

hyperglycemic rats. Int. J. Res.

Ayurveda Pharm. 4(2), 240–243

Dhasarathan P, Theriappan P. (2011),

Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of

Strychonous potatorum in alloxan

induced diabetic rats. J Med Med Sci. 2,

670–4.

Erejuwa OO, Gurtu S, Sulaiman SA, Ab

Wahab MS, Sirajudeen KN, Salleh MS:

(2010b), Hypoglycemic and antioxidant

effects of honey supplementation in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int

J Vitam Nutr Res. 80, 74–82.

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MS, Salam

SK, Salleh MS, Gurtu S: (2011b),

Hepatoprotective effect of tualang

honey supplementation in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int

J Appl Res Nat Prod. 4, 37–41.

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MS,

Sirajudeen KN, Salleh MS, Gurtu S:

(2010a), Antioxidant protection of

Malaysian tualang honey in pancreas of

normal and streptozotocin-induced

diabetic rats. Ann Endocrinol (Paris).

71, 291–296.

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MS:

(2011a), Oligosaccharides might

contribute to the antidiabetic effect of

honey: a review of the literature.

Molecules. 17, 248–266.

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, Wahab MS:

(2012), Fructose might contribute to the

hypoglycemic effect of honey.

Molecules. 17, 1900–1915.

Faizal IP, Suresh S, Satheesh Kumar R,

Augusti KT (2009), A study on the

hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic

effects of an ayurvedic drug

rajanyamalakadi in diabetic patients.

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.

24, 82–87

Gale, Jason (November 7, 2010). "India's

Diabetes Epidemic Cuts Down Millions

Who Escape Poverty". Bloomberg.

Retrieved 8 June 2012.

Gautam M (2009), Immunomodulatory activity

of Asparagus racemosus on systemic

Th1/Th2 immunity: implications for

immunoadjuvant potential. J

Ethnopharmacol. 21; 121(2), 241–7.

Ghosal, S. (2009). Chemistry of Shilajit, an

immunomodulatory Ayurvedic

Rasayana. Pure and Applied Chemistry,

62(7), 1285–1288.

Giri Kapildev (1999), Vyadhinigraha &

prashsta aushadha sangrah, Transalated

by Tripathi Indradeva, 1st edition,

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan,

Varanasi.

Gokani R.H, Rachchh M.A, Lahiri S.K, Santani

D.D, Shah M.B. (2010), Evaluation of

in vitro Anti-Oxidant Activity of

Premna integrifolia Linn. Mant. Root,

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy

and Phytochemistry.3, 196–199.

Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. (2002), Medicinal

plants of India with anti-diabetic

potential.J Ethnopharmacol. 81(1), 81-

100.

H V Govinda, S. M.B. Asdaq. (2011),

Immunomodulatory Potential of

Methanol Extract of Aegle marmelos in

Animals. Indian J Pharm Sci. 73(2),

235–240.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038322

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038322



IANS (2014), Diabetes can be controlled in 80

percent of Cases in India".

news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 6

February 2014

Jennifer R. Alambra (2012),

Immunomodulatory effects of turmeric,

Curcuma longa (Magnoliophyta,

Zingiberaceae) on Macrobrachium

rosenbergii (Crustacea, Palaemonidae)

against Vibrio alginolyticus

(Proteobacteria, Vibrionaceae). AACL

Bioflux. 5(1), 13–17.

K. Salkar, A. Suthar and C. Chotalia (2014),

Study of Immunomodulatory activity of

Tinospora cordifolia extract.

Internatinal journal of Pharma and Bio

Sciences 3(4), 880–883

Kanth VR, Diwan PV. (1999), Analgesic, anti-

inflammatory and hypoglycaemic

activities of Sida cordifolia. Phytother

Res.13, 75–7.

Kapoor R. (2010), Some observations on the

metals based preparations in the Indian

system of medicine. Indian J Tradit

Knowl. 9, 563.

Kaur G, Kamboj P, Kalia A. (2011),

Antidiabetic and anti-

hypercholesterolemic effects of aerial

parts of Sida cordifolia Linn. on

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2(4),428–34.

Kim HJ, Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Tohda C, Rao

TP, Juneja LR. (2005), Influence of

Aamla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on

hypercholesterolemia and lipid

peroxidation in cholesterol-fed rats. J

Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 51, 413–

418.

Kleinfield, N. R. (2006). "Modern Ways Open

India's Doors to Diabetes". New York

Times. Retrieved 8 June 2012

Kubisch HM, Wang J, Bray TM, Phillips JP.

(1997), Targeted overexpression of

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase protects

pancreatic beta-cells against oxidative

stress in Diabetes. 46(10), 1563–6.

Lalana Kongkaneramit (2011), Antioxidant

activity and anti-apoptotic effect of

Asparagus racemosus root extracts in

human lung epithelial H460 cells. Exp

Ther Med. 2(1), 143–148.

Lim Y, Murtijaya J. Antioxidant properties of

Phyllanthus amarus extracts as affected

by different drying methods. Food

Science and Technology 2007;

40(9):1664–1669

Lipinski B. (2001), Pathophysiology of

oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. J

Diabetes Complications. 15(4), 203–

10.s

M. C. Sabu, Ramadasan Kuttan. (2004),

Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos

and its relationship with its antioxidant

properties. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol.

48 (1), 81–88.

Manish J. Patel, Patel JK. (2012), Evaluation of

the anti-hyperlipideamic activity of

Premna integrifolia on nicotine induced

hyper-lipidemia in rats, International

Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6,

8–12.

Marc Y. Donath , Steven E. Shoelson. (2011),

Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory

disease. Nature Reviews Immunology.

98–107

Marikani Kannan, Ranjit Singh AJA. (2010),

An Immuno-pharmacological

Investigation of Indian Medicinal Plant

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.World

Appli. Sci. J. 11(5), 495–503.



Mathur R, Sharma A, Dixit VP, Varma M.

(1996), Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit

juice of Emblica officinalis in

cholesterol-fed rabbits. J

Ethnopharmacol. 50, 61–68.

Matteucci E, Giampietro O. (2000), Oxidative

stress in families of type 1 diabetic

patients. Diabetes Care. 23 (8), 1182–6.

Meera Sumanth, S. S. Mustafa. (2009),

Antistress, adoptogenic activity of Sida

cordifolia roots in mice. Indian J Pharm

Sci, 71 (3), 323–324

Methew S , Kuttan G, (1997), Antioxidant

activities of Tinospora cordifolia and its

usefulness in the amelioration of

cyclophosphamide induced toxicity, J

Exp Clin Cancer Res. 16:407

Mishra Brahmasankar (2005),

Bhavaprakashsamhita, with Vidyotani

Hindi Commentatry, 9th Edition,

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana,

Varanasi

Mishra Siddhinandan (2011),

Bhaishjyaratnavali, edited with

Siddhiprada Hindi commentrary,

Chaukhasurabharati prakashan,

Varanasi.

Murali YK, Anand P, Tandon V, Singh R,

Chandra R, Murthy PS. (2007), Long-

term effects of Terminalia chebula

Retz. on hyperglycemia and associated

hyperlipidemia, tissue glycogen content

and in vitro release of insulin in

streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.115(10),

641–6.

Naziroğlu M, Cay M. (2001), Protective role of

intra-peritoneal administered vitamin E

and selenium on the anti-oxidative

defence mechanisms in rats with

diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biol

Trace Elem Res. 79(2), 149–59.

Oberley LW. (1988), Free radicals and

diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 5(2),

113–24.

Pandey Jaiminy (2010), Haritsamhita, with

“Nirmala” Hindi commentary, 1st

Edition, Chukhambha Vishva bharati.

Pattanayak C, Datta PP, Chauhan AS, Firdoush

KA, Prasad A, Panda P. (2012),

Hypoglycaemic effect of Nyctanthes

arbortristis leaf extract on alloxan

induced diabetic rats. American Journal

of Pharm Tech Research. 2(6), 380–

387.

Prasad G. Jamkhande, Patil P.H, Priti S. Tidke.

(2013), InVitro Antioxidant activity of

Butea monosperma Flowers Fractions.

Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res. 5 (3), 245–255

R. Selvam, Lalitha Subramanian, R. Gayathri,

N. Angayarkanni. (1995), The anti-

oxidant activity of turmeric (Curcuma

longa). Journal of Ethnopharmacology,

47(2), 59–67.

Rachna Dwivedi, (2014), Qualitative

estimation of phyto-constituents and In

Vitro antioxidant potential of Tinospora

cordifolia stem extract. International

Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical

Research. 5(2), 114–119

Raghava Rao Gundimeda (2010). Evaluation of

effect of hypoglycemic activity of

Abhraka bhasma prepared with Katuki

kwatha” –an experimental study.

Dissertation, Gadag, RGUHS.

Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma

B, et al. (2010) Effect of Curcuma

longa freeze dried rhizome powder with

milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian

J Clin Biochem 25, 175–181

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788741

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788741/47/2



Rao, A. D., Devi, K. N. and Thyagaraju, K.,

(1998), Isolation of antioxidant

principle from Azadirachta seed

kernels: determination of its role on

plant lipoxygenases. J. EnzymeInhib.

14, 85–86.

Rasheda Akter (2013), Comparative Studies on

Antidiabetic effect with phytochemical

screening of Azadirachta indica and

Andrographis paniculata. IOSR Journal

of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences.

5(2), 122–128

Rathee JS, Hassarajani SA, Chattopadhyay S.

(2007), Antioxidant activity of

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract.

Food Chemistry. 103(4), 1350–1357

S.P. Bhatnagar (2010), Immunomodulator

activity and method of preparation of

Guduchi Satwa. Adv. Pharmacol.

Toxicol. 11(3), 45–50

Saito K,Kohno M, Yoshizaki F, Niwano Y.

(2008), Extensive screening for edible

herbal extracts with potent scavenging

activity against superoxide anions. Plant

Foods Hum Nutr.63, 65–70.

Sanmugapriya E, Venkataraman S. (2006),

Studies on hepato-protective and

antioxidant actions of Strychnos

potatorum Linn. seeds on CCl4-induced

acute hepatic injury in experimental

rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 21; 105(1–2),

154–60

Sharma HM, Hanna AN, Kauffman EM,

Newman HA. (1992), Inhibition of

human low-density lipoprotein

oxidation in vitro by Maharishi Ayur-

Veda herbal mixtures. Pharmacol

Biochem Be. 43(4), 1175–82.

Sharma PV (2013), Vaidyajivan, with Dipika

Commentary by Rudrabhatta,

Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashan,

Varanasi.

Sharmila upadhya (2004), A study of

hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity

of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced

diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol

Pharmacol. 48 (4), 476–480.

Shashtri Lakshmipati (2010), Yogaratnakar,

With Vidhyotani Commentry,

Chaukhambha prakashana, Varanasi.

Shastri Harisadashiv (2010), Ashtangahrudaya

with sarvangasundara of Arunadatta and

Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri,

Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashana,

Varanasi, Nidanasthana 10/7 p.503.

Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth Polonsky, P. Reed

Larsen, Henry Kronenberg (2011),

Williams textbook of endocrinology

(12th ed.). Philadelphia:

Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1371–1435

Singh Neetu, Singh Amit, Chaudhary Anand.

(2014) An experimental study of

Swarna Makshika bhasma as anti-

diabetic medicine.UJAHM. 02 (06), 1–6

Soni Chandan (2011), Screening of anti-

diabetic effect of Vanga bhasma (Tin

ash) in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic

rats. IJRAP. 2 (4), 1225–1230

Suryanarayana P, Saraswat M, Petrash JM,

Reddy GB. (2007), Emblica officinalis

and its enriched tannoids delay

streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract

in rats. Mol Vis. 13, 1291–1297.

Tripathi Indradev (2000), Vaidyarahasya, with

Madhuri Hindi commentary, 1st Edition,

Krishnadas Acadamy, Varanasi.

Trivedi N A, Mazumdar B, Bhatt J D,

Hemavathi K G., (2004).Effect of

Shilajit on blood glucose and lipid

profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Indian J Pharmacol. 36, 373–6.



Ujjwal KD, Mukherjee R. (2009), The

inhibitory response of Azadirachta

indica extract on nitric oxide production

by milk leukocytes during clinical

mastitis. VETERINARSKI ARHIV. 79

(1), 41–50

V. Maruthappan, K. Sakthi Shree. (2010),

Hypo-lipidemic activity of Haritaski

(Terminalia chebula) in atherogenic

diet induced hyper-lipidemic rats. J Adv

Pharm Technol Res. 1(2), 229–235.

Wadood N, Wadood A , Shah S A W. (1992),

Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on blood

glucose and total lipid levels of Normal

and Alloxan-diabetic rabbits, Planta

Medica. 58 (2), 131.

WHO (2016), Global Report on Diabetes.

Geneva, 2016. Accessed 30 August

2016.

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H

(2004). "Global prevalence of diabetes:

Estimates for the year 2000 and

projections for 2030". Diabetes Care. 27

(5), 1047–53

Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared

issn 2277-4289│ review articlegjrmi.com/upload/may2017/kavita k et al., (2017)_ gjrmi 6 (5)_...

Documents